GENERAL MATHEMATICS TABLE OF VALUES
MODULE 1 FUNCTIONS Which of the following table of values represents a
function?
RELATION – a set of ordered pairs consist of domain
and range.
DOMAIN - set of first elements
RANGE – set of second elements
Examples:
𝐴 = {(1,2), (1, −3), (7,10)}
Domain: 𝑑(𝐴) = {1, 5, 7}
Range: 𝑟(𝐴) = {−3, 2, 10}
1
𝐵 = {(3,4), ( , 8) , (5,7), (3,3), (6,1)}
2
1
Domain: 𝑑(𝐵) = { , 3, 5, 6}
2
Range: 𝑟(𝐵) = {1, 3, 4, 7, 8}
𝐶 = {(𝑎, 1), (𝑏, 0), (𝑐, 1), (𝑑, 2)}
Domain: 𝑑(𝐶) = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐}
Range: 𝑟(𝐶) = {0, 1, 2}
FUNCTIONS – a relation in which every element in the
domain corresponds to exactly one element in the range.
Remember: All functions are relations but not
all relations are functions.
Functions can be represented in 5 ways:
1. Set of ordered pairs 4. Graphs
2. Mapping Diagram 5. Equations
3. Table of values
GRAPHS
To determine if a graph represents a function, a vertical
SET OF ORDERED PAIRS
line test is used.
Which of the following sets of ordered pairs is a
VERTICAL LINE TEST
function?
If a vertical line intersects the graph/curve more
1. 𝐴 = {(1, 2), (5, −3), (7,10)} FUNCTION
1 than once, then the graph does not represent a function.
2. 𝐵 = {(3,4), ( , 8) , (3,3), (6,1)} NOT A FUNCTION
2
3. 𝐶 = {(5,1), (4,0), (1,1), (3,2)} FUNCTION
4. 𝐷 = {(1,1), (1,0), (2,1), (2,2)} NOT A FUNCTION
5. 𝐸 = {(7,1), (6,1), (12,1), (2,1)} FUNCTION
MAPPING DIAGRAM
Which of the following mapping diagrams represents a
function?
One-to-One
Function
One-to-Many
Not A Function
Many-to-One
Function
EQUATIONS Which of the following equations denotes y as a function
Which of the following equations denotes y as a function of x?
of x? 1. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 = 12 Function
1. 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4 2. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 12 Not Function
Solution: 3
3. 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 15 Function
a. Solve y in terms of x: 4
4. 𝑦 = 12 − 𝑥 Not Function
𝑥+𝑦 = 4 3
5. 𝑦 = √𝑥 + 4 Function
𝑦 =4−𝑥
b. assign values of x: FUNCTIONS AS A REPRESENTATION OF REAL-
if 𝑥 = 1 if 𝑥 = 0 LIFE SITUATIONS
𝑦 = 4 − (1) 𝑦 = 4 − (0) Represent the functions of the following situations.
𝑦=5 𝑦=4 1. A person is earning P600 per day to do a certain job.
(1, 5) (0, 4) Express the total salary S as a function of the number n
Since we obtain one value of y in each values of x, of days that the person works.
then the equation is a FUNCTION.
Solution:
2. 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = 9 Let 𝒏 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
Solution: 𝑺(𝒏) = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦
a. Solve y in terms of x: Answer:
𝑥 + 𝑦2 = 9 𝑺(𝒏) = 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒏
𝑦2 = 9 − 𝑥
√𝑦 2 = √9 − 𝑥 2. Give a function P that can be used to represent the
𝑦 = ±√9 − 𝑥 amount of buying x juice, if one juice costs P15.00.
b. assign values of x:
if 𝑥 = 0 Solution:
Let 𝒙 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
𝑦 = ±√9 − 𝑥
𝑷(𝒙) = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦
𝑦 = ±√9 − 0
Answer:
𝑦 = ±√9 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝟏𝟓𝒙
𝑦 = ±3
(0, 3) and (0, -3)
Since we obtain two values of y when we let x=0, then
the equation is a NOT A FUNCTION. PIECEWISE FUNCTION
A piecewise function is a function where more
3. 𝑦 = √𝑥 + 1 than one formula or functions are used define the output.
Solution:
a. Solve y in terms of x: NOTATION FOR PIECEWISE FUNCTIONS
𝑦 = √𝑥 + 1
b. assign values of x: 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 1
if 𝑥 = 3 𝑓(𝑥) = {𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 2
𝑦 = √𝑥 + 1 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 3
𝑦 = √3 + 1
𝑦 = √4
𝑦=2 Example:
(0, 2) 4𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 > 4
𝑓(𝑥) = {
Since we obtain one value of y when we let x=0, then 8, 𝑥<4
the equation is a FUNCTION.
1. A slice of cassava cake costs ₱30. However, if you buy
4. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 = 8
more than 10 slices of cassava cake, it will be ₱25 per
Solution:
slice. Use a piecewise function to represent the total cost
a. Solve y in terms of x:
C in terms of the slices of cassava cake x bought.
𝑥2 + 𝑦 = 8
𝑦 = 8 − 𝑥2
Solution:
b. assign values of x:
Let 𝒙 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑡
if 𝑥 = 2
𝑪(𝒙) = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑦 = 8 − 𝑥2
𝑦 = 8 − (2)2 30𝑥 , 0 < 𝑥 ≤ 10
𝑦 =8−4 𝑪(𝒙) = {
25𝑥, 𝑥 > 10
𝑦=4
(2, 4)
Since we obtain one value of y when we let x=2, then
the equation is a FUNCTION.
2. A user is charged P500 monthly for a particular mobile 3. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 5, evaluate the function at
plan which includes 200 free text messages. Messages in 1
𝑥= .
2
excess of 200 are charged P1 each. Represent the monthly
Solution:
cost for text messaging using the function t(m), where m
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 5
is the number of messages sent in a month.
Substitute the value of x:
1 1 2 1
Solution: 𝑓( ) = ( ) + 3( ) − 5
2 2 2
Let 𝒎 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ 1 1 3
𝑓( ) = + −5
𝒕(𝒎) = 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 2 4 2
1 1+6−20
𝑓( ) =
2 4
500 , 0 < 𝑚 ≤ 200 1 7−20
𝒕(𝒎) = { 𝑓( ) =
500 + 1(𝑚 − 200) , 𝑚 > 200 2 4
𝟏 𝟏𝟑
𝒇( ) =
𝟐 𝟒
excess
4. Given 𝑥 = 4, what is the value of the following
3. The minimum fare for a tricycle ride during this
functions.
pandemic is P20.00 for the first 4 kilometers, and each
additional integer kilometer adds P2 to the fare. Use a
piecewise function to represent the tricycle fare T(d) a. ℎ(𝑥) = √25 − 𝑥 b. 𝑔(𝑥) = √49 − 𝑥
where d is the distance in kilometers.
solution: solution:
Solution: ℎ(4) = √25 − 4 𝑔(4) = √49 − 4
Let 𝒅 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝒉(𝟒) = √𝟐𝟏 𝑔(4) = √45
𝑻(𝒅) = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑔(4) = √(9)(5)
20 , 0<𝑑≤4 𝒈(𝟒) = 𝟑√𝟓
𝒕(𝒎) = {
20 + 2(𝑑 − 4) , 𝑑>4
5. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3, what is 𝑓(𝑥 + 1)?
Solution:
EVALUATING FUNCTIONS
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3
It is the process of determining the value of the
Substitute the value of x:
function at the number assigned to a given variable.
𝑓(𝑥 + 1) = 2(𝑥 + 1)2 + (𝑥 + 1) − 3
To evaluate function, you just need to; 𝑓(𝑥 + 1) = 2(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1) + (𝑥 + 1) − 3
a. replace each variable in the expression with the 𝑓(𝑥 + 1) = 2(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) + (𝑥 + 1) − 3
assigned value, 𝑓(𝑥 + 1) = 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 2 + 𝑥 + 1 − 3
b. perform the operations in the expression using 𝑓(𝑥 + 1) = 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝑥 + 2 + 1 − 3
the correct order of operations, and 𝑓(𝑥 + 1) = 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 3 − 3
c. simplify the resulting numerical expression. 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙
EXAMPLES 6. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1, what is 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ)?
1. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 5, evaluate the function at Solution:
𝑥 = −3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1
Solution: Substitute the value of x:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 5 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 2(𝑥 + ℎ)2 + (𝑥 + ℎ) − 1
Substitute the value of x: 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 2(𝑥 2 + 𝑥ℎ + 𝑥ℎ + ℎ2 ) + (𝑥 + ℎ) − 1
𝑓(−3) = (−3)2 + 3(−3) − 5 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 2(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ2 ) + (𝑥 + ℎ) − 1
𝑓(−3) = 9 + (−9) − 5 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥ℎ + 2ℎ2 + 𝑥 + ℎ − 1
𝑓(−3) = 9 − 9 − 5 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒉) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒉𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙𝒉 + 𝒙 + 𝒉 − 𝟏
𝑓(−3) = 9 − 14
𝒇(−𝟑) = −𝟓
OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
2. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥2 + 3𝑥 − 5, evaluate the function at Let f and g be any two functions, the sum (f + g),
𝑥 = 0. difference (f − g), product (f ∙ g), and quotient(f/g), are
Solution: functions whose domains are set of real numbers
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 5 common to Df and Dg (Df ∩ Dg) and defined as follows:
Substitute the value of x: 1. Sum: (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑓(0) = (0)2 + 3(0) − 5 2. Difference: (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑓(0) = 0 + 0 − 5 3. Product: (𝑓 ∙ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) ∙ 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓(0) = 0 − 5 4. Quotient: ( ) (𝑥) =
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥)
𝒇(𝟎) = −𝟓
EXAMPLES (OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS)
1. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 8, what is (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥)?
Solution:
(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)
(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4) + (𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 8)
(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 + 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 8
(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 7𝑥 − 4 − 8
(𝒇 + 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐
2. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 8, what is (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥)?
Solution:
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4) − (𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 8)
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 − 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 8
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 7𝑥 − 4 + 8
(𝒇 − 𝒈)(𝒙) = −𝟒𝒙 + 𝟒
3. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 8, what is (𝑓 ∙ 𝑔)(𝑥)?
Solution:
(𝑓 ∙ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) ∙ 𝑔(𝑥)
(𝑓 ∙ 𝑔)(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 8)
(𝑓 ∙ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 8) + 3𝑥(𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 8) − 4(𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 8)
(𝑓 ∙ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 7𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 3 + 21𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 − 28𝑥 + 32
(𝑓 ∙ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 7𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 2 + 21𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 − 28𝑥 + 32
(𝒇 ∙ 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟑 + 𝟗𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝟐
𝑓
4. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 8, what is ( ) (𝑥)?
𝑔
Solution:
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
( ) (𝑥) =
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑓 𝑥 2 +3𝑥−4
( ) (𝑥) =
𝑔 𝑥 2 +7𝑥−8
Factor the numerator and denominator:
𝑓 (𝑥+4)(𝑥−1)
( ) (𝑥) = (𝑥+8)(𝑥−1)
𝑔
Simplify:
𝑓 (𝑥+4)(𝑥−1)
( ) (𝑥) = (𝑥+8)(𝑥−1)
𝑔
𝒇 (𝒙+𝟒) 𝒙+𝟒
( ) (𝒙) = (𝒙+𝟖) =
𝒈 𝒙+𝟖
𝑔
5. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 8, what is ( ) (𝑥)?
𝑓
Solution:
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥)
( ) (𝑥) =
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑔 𝑥 2 +7𝑥−8
( ) (𝑥) =
𝑓 𝑥 2 +3𝑥−4
Factor the numerator and denominator:
𝑔 (𝑥+8)(𝑥−1)
( ) (𝑥) = (𝑥+4)(𝑥−1)
𝑓
Simplify:
𝑔 (𝑥+8)(𝑥−1)
( ) (𝑥) = (𝑥+4)(𝑥−1)
𝑓
𝒈 (𝒙+𝟖) 𝒙+𝟖
( ) (𝒙) = (𝒙+𝟒) =
𝒇 𝒙+𝟒
COMPOSITIONS ON FUNCTIONS
The composition of the function f with g is denoted by (f ⃘ g) and is defined by the equation:
(f ⃘ g)(x) = f(g(x))
The domain of the composition function (f ⃘ g) is the set of all x such that
1. x is in the domain of g and
2. g(x) is in the domain of f.
Examples:
1. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 5 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 4, what is (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥)?
Solution:
(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))
(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 4(𝑔(𝑥)) − 5
(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 4(𝑥 2 + 4) − 5
(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 + 16 − 5
(𝒇 ∘ 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏
2. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 5 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 4, what is (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥)?
Solution:
(𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥))
2
(𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = (𝑓(𝑥)) + 4
(𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = (4𝑥 − 5)2 + 4
(𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = (16𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 − 20𝑥 + 25) + 4
(𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 16𝑥 2 − 40𝑥 + 25 + 4
(𝒈 ∘ 𝒇)(𝒙) = 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝟎𝒙 + 𝟐𝟗
3. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 5 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 4, what is (𝑔 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥)?
Solution:
(𝑔 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑔(𝑥))
2
(𝑔 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = (𝑔(𝑥)) + 4
(𝑔 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 + 4)2 + 4
(𝑔 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = (𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 2 + 16) + 4
(𝑔 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 8𝑥 2 + 16 + 4
(𝒈 ∘ 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟖𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟎
4. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3, what is (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(2)?
Solution:
First, solve for (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥):
(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))
(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 2(𝑔(𝑥)) − 1
(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 2(𝑥 2 + 3) − 1
(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 6 − 1
(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 5
Then solve for (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(2) using the obtained function
(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 5
(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(2) = 2(2)2 + 5
(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(2) = 2(4) + 5
(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(2) = 8 + 5
(𝒇 ∘ 𝒈)(𝟐) = 𝟏𝟑
5. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3, what is (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(2)?
Solution:
First, solve for (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥):
(𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥))
2
(𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = (𝑓(𝑥)) + 3
(𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = (2𝑥 − 1)2 + 3
(𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = (4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1) + 3
(𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 + 3
(𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4
Then solve for (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(3) using the obtained function
(𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4
(𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(3) = 4(3)2 − 4(3) + 4
(𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(3) = 4(9) − 12 + 4
(𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(3) = 36 − 12 + 4
(𝒈 ∘ 𝒇)(𝟑) = 𝟐𝟖
