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GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
Quarter II – Week 4
Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis and
Krebs Cycle
CLAS
CONTEXTUALIZED LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF PUERTO PRINCESA CITY
General Biology 1 – Grade 12
Contextualized Learning Activity Sheets (CLAS)
Quarter II - Week4: Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle
First Edition, 2020
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Lesson 1
Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis &
Krebs Cycle
MELC: Distinguish major features of Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-8
Objectives: 1. Articulate the events that take place in glycolysis and Krebs Cycle
2. Describe the reactions that produce and consume ATP.
3. Recognize the importance of requiring energy (ATP) to carry life.
Let’s Explore and Discover
Why do we need food? How are these foods broken
UNLOCKING DIFFICULTY down into the simplest form? What are the processes or
Glycolysis occurs in the reactions happened inside of our body that converts food
cytoplasm of the cell. into energy? These are the most frequent questions that
During this stage, the six- might play in our minds as we study the different reactions
carbon glucose (C6H12O6) inside of our body.
is broken down into two (2)
In this module/lesson, we will only focus on the
molecules of pyruvate. processes including Glycolysis and Kreb Cycle which
produce and consume ATP.
Krebs Cycle break down
pyruvate into carbon Glycolysis, which translates to "splitting sugars",
dioxide and Acetyl Co-A is the process of releasing energy within sugars. In glycolysis,
and release more energy. a six-carbon sugar known as glucose is split into two
molecules of a three-carbon sugar called pyruvate. This
multistep process yields two ATP molecules containing free
energy, two pyruvate molecules, two high energy, electron-
carrying molecules of NADH, and two molecules of water.
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Glycolysis takes place in the cytosol of the cell's cytoplasm. A net of two ATP
molecules are produced through glycolysis (two are used during the process and four are
produced.) Learn us more about the 10 steps of glycolysis below.
Step 1 - The enzyme hexokinase phosphorylates or adds a phosphate group to glucose in
a cell's cytoplasm. In the process, a phosphate group from ATP is transferred to glucose
producing glucose 6-phosphate or G6P. One molecule of ATP is consumed during this
phase.
Step 2 - The enzyme phosphoglucomutase isomerizes G6P into its isomer fructose 6-
phosphate or F6P. Isomers have the same molecular formula as each other but different
atomic arrangements.
Step 3 - The kinase phosphofructokinase uses another ATP molecule to transfer a
phosphate group to F6P in order to form fructose 1,6-bisphosphate or FBP. Two ATP
molecules have been used so far.
Step 4 - The enzyme aldolase splits fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into a ketone and an
aldehyde molecule. These sugars, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde
3-phosphate (GAP), are isomers of each other.
Step 5 - The enzyme triose-phosphate isomerase rapidly converts DHAP into GAP (these
isomers can inter-convert). GAP is the substrate needed for the next step of glycolysis.
Step 6 - The enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) serves two
functions in this reaction. First, it dehydrogenates GAP by transferring one of its hydrogen
(H⁺) molecules to the oxidizing agent nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) to form
NADH + H⁺.
Next, GAPDH adds a phosphate from the cytosol to the oxidized GAP to form 1,3-
bisphosphoglycerate (BPG). Both molecules of GAP produced in the previous step undergo
this process of dehydrogenation and phosphorylation.
Step 7 - The enzyme phosphoglycerokinase transfers a phosphate from BPG to a molecule
of ADP to form ATP. This happens to each molecule of BPG. This reaction yields two 3-
phosphoglycerate (3 PGA) molecules and two ATP molecules.
Step 8 - The enzyme phosphoglyceromutase relocates the P of the two 3 PGA molecules
from the third to the second carbon to form two 2-phosphoglycerate (2 PGA) molecules.
Step 9 - The enzyme enolase removes a molecule of water from 2-phosphoglycerate to form
phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). This happens for each molecule of 2 PGA from Step 8.
Step 10 - The enzyme pyruvate kinase transfers a P from PEP to ADP to form pyruvate
and ATP. This happens for each molecule of PEP. This reaction yields two molecules of
pyruvate and two ATP molecules.
(Bailey, Regina. "Glycolysis." ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/steps-of-glycolysis-
373394.)
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Transition reaction- prepares pyruvate/pyruvic acid before entering Krebs Cycle. As soon
as pyruvate is produced in glycolysis, it will
immediately be dispersed in the mitochondrion.
Pyruvate will be chemically prepared before it enters
next process of Krebs Cycle. As seen in the figure,
the two molecules of pyruvate will be oxidized to
reduce to molecules of NAD+ to two molecules of
NADH. Pyruvate will also lose two molecules of
carbon dioxide (a toxic substance you exhale) as two
molecules of coenzyme A will be added to them. With
this, two new resulting molecules of acetyl CoA will
be produced.
KREBS CYCLE
The main role of Krebs cycle is to generate multiple NADH, FADH2 and a little of
ATP. This key cycle is discovered by Sir Hans Adolf Krebs, a German physician and
biochemist. He earned a Nobel Prize award in 1953 for discovering Krebs cycle also called
tricarboxylic acid/citric acid cycle.
://cdn.kastatic
.org/ka-pe
The Krebs cycle is a closed-loop set of reactions in eight steps:
1. The two-carbon acetyl CoA is combined with a four-carbon oxaloacetic acid and
hydrolyzed to produce a six-carbon compound called citric acid or citrate.
2. Citrate is then converted into isocitrate, a six-carbon isomer of citrate by
dehydrating and then hydrating the molecule to reshuffle its structure.
3. Isocitrate is oxidized and decarboxylation occurs with a carbon dioxide molecule
released. The coenzyme NAD+ is reduced to form another dinucleotide, NADH. With
the removal of the carbon molecule, the five-carbon molecule α-ketoglutarate is
produced.
4. The α-ketoglutarate molecule is oxidized, NAD+ is reduced to form NADH and
another carbon molecule is released. The four-carbon molecule produced combines
with Coenzyme A, forming the unstable succinyl CoA compound.
5. A phosphate group replaces the Coenzyme A in succinyl CoA, which is then
transferred to ADP (adenosine diphosphate) to form ATP. The transference of the
phosphate groups occurs between GDP (guanosine diphosphate) to form GTP
(guanosine triphosphate) in some cells. The four-carbon molecule that remains is
called succinate.
The remaining steps of the Krebs cycle regenerate oxaloacetic acid from succinate:
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6. Succinate is oxidized to form the four-carbon molecule called fumarate. The
electron carrier FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide), is reduced to FADH2 by the
transference of two hydrogen atoms.
7. Fumarate is converted into the four-carbon molecule called malate by the addition
of a water molecule.
8. The original reactant oxaloacetic acid is regenerated by the oxidation of malate. The
coenzyme NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is reduced to NADH by the
transference of one hydrogen atom.
In the cycle, we can see that six molecules of NADH and 2 FADH2 were produced. So far,
with the four molecules of NADH produced in glycolysis as well as in transition period. We
can account for a total of 10 NADH molecules and 2 FADH 2 molecules. These energy
carrying coenzymes will be used in the next process to produce mass amounts of ATP.
Let’s Practice
Directions: Identify the following processes whether they belong to GLYCOLYSIS or KREB’S
CYCLE. Write your answers on the space provided below.
1. Splitting of glucose into two pyruvate.
2. Production of 2 FADH2
3. Binding of oxaloacetate to acetyl CoA.
4. Removal of water to form phospoenolpyruvate (PEP).
5. Isocitrate is oxidized and decarboxylated.
6. Addition of phosphate to glucose and producing glucose-6 phosphate.
Directions: Write the role of each of the following enzymes.
1. Hexokinase –___________________________________________________________________
2. Enolase – ______________________________________________________________________
3. Pyruvate kinase – ______________________________________________________________
4. Succinyl Co-A Synthetase –_____________________________________________________
5. Fumarase –____________________________________________________________________
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Let’s Do More
Directions: Identify what specific stage of glycolysis consumes and produces ATP. Write your
answers on the space provided.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Directions: Account the number of ATP, NADPH, FADH2 produce in each of the
following:
ATP NADPH FADH2
1. Glycolysis
2. Transition Reaction
3. Krebs Cycle
Let’s Sum It Up
Directions: Answer the following questions briefly but substantially.
1. In your own words, explain the process of glycolysis.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
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2. Explain the transition process between glycolysis and Krebs cycle.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
3. Briefly discuss the Krebs cycle.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
Let’s Assess
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer to each question.
Write your answer on the space provided before each number.
_____1. Which of the following enzyme catalyzes the first step of glycolysis?
A. Hexokinase C. Glucokinase
B. Pyruvate kinase D. Phosphofructokinase-1
_______2. Which of the following is TRUE about glycolysis?
A. Glucose into pyruvate C. Fructose into pyruvate
B. Glucose into phosphoenolpyruvate D. Fructose into phosphoenolpyruvate
_______3. In glycolysis, how many ATP are produced in the breakdown of glucose into two
pyruvate?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5
_______4. The steps of respiration occur in different parts of the cell. Where in the cell does
glycolysis occur?
A. Chloroplast B. Cytoplasm C. Mitochondria D. Nucleus
_______5. When oxygen is present, pyruvate enters the Kreb cycle. Where in the eukaryotic
cell does this occur?
A. Chloroplast B. Cytoplasm C. Mitochondria D. Nucleus
_______6. Which of the following enzymes splits fructose 1,6-biphosphate or FBP into a
ketone and an aldehyde molecule?
A. Hexokinase B. Glucokinase C. Aldolase D. Enolase
_______7. How many NADH molecules are yielded in the transition period in one glucose?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. 8
_______8. Which of the molecules binds with acetyl CoA to form 6-carbon molecule citrate?
A. Succinate B. Fumarate C. Malate D. Oxaloacetate
_______9. How many molecules of acetyl CoA are produced from a single molecule of
glucose for participation in the Krebs cycle?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. 8
_______10. What are the products of Krebs cycle that is essential for electron transport
chain?
A. Oxaloacetate B.ATP C. NADH and FADH2 D. Acetyl CoA
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Answer Key
Let’s Practice
Let’s Do More
Consumption of ATP
Production of ATP
ATP NADH FADH2
1. Glycolysis
2. Transition Reaction
3. Krebs Cycle
Let’s Sum It Up
Answers may vary
Let’s Assess
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References
Bayo-Ang, Roly B. et. al. 2016 Earth and Life Science For Senior High School/Quezon
City.Philippines
Scheve, Larry G. 1984 Elements of Biochemistry/California State University.Hayward
Ramos, John Donnie et. al. 2012 Biology Laboratory Manual “ Exploring Life Through
Science” Second Edition/Quezon City.Philippines
Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L. Biochemistry. 5th edition. New York: W H Freeman; 2002.
Chapter 17, The Citric Acid Cycle.
Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L. Biochemistry. 5th edition. New York: W H Freeman; 2002.
Section 17.1, The Citric Acid Cycle Oxidizes Two-Carbon Units.
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