Here are the answers to your PGDCA Paper-IV model questions, made a bit more concise:
Group - A
1. Write short notes on any three of the following:
a. Operator overloading in C++
Operator overloading allows redefining how standard operators (like +, -) work for
user-defined data types (objects). This makes operations on objects intuitive and readable,
letting you use operators with custom classes similar to how they work with built-in types.
b. Header files
Header files in C++ contain declarations of functions, classes, and variables. They are
included using #include to make pre-defined functionalities available in your program,
promoting code reuse and organization.
d. Virtual function
A virtual function, declared with virtual in a base class, is meant to be overridden in derived
classes. Its purpose is to achieve runtime polymorphism, ensuring the correct derived class's
function version is called when accessed via a base class pointer or reference.
2. a) What do you mean by inheritance? Explain difference between multilevel and
multiple inheritance.
Inheritance
Inheritance is an OOP concept where a new class (derived) acquires properties and behaviors
from an existing class (base). It promotes code reusability and establishes an "is-a"
relationship between classes.
Difference between Multilevel and Multiple Inheritance:
Multilevel Inheritance:
● A class inherits from another class which is itself a derived class, forming a chain (e.g.,
Class A -> Class B -> Class C).
Multiple Inheritance:
● A single class inherits directly from two or more base classes (e.g., Class C inherits from
Class A and Class B simultaneously).
2. b) What are the main properties involved in object oriented programming?
The main properties (pillars) of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) are:
● Encapsulation: Bundling data and methods into a single unit (class) and hiding internal
implementation details.
● Abstraction: Showing only essential information while hiding complex background
details.
● Inheritance: Allowing a new class to reuse properties and behaviors from an existing
class.
● Polymorphism: Enabling objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a
common type, allowing a single interface for different implementations.
3. What are the different types of looping statements available in C++?
Looping statements in C++ repeat a block of code based on a condition:
● for loop: Used when the number of iterations is known beforehand.
● while loop: Continues executing as long as a condition remains true, checking before
each iteration.
● do-while loop: Executes its block at least once, then continues based on a condition
checked after each iteration.
4. What are the different branching techniques available in C++?
Branching techniques in C++ control program flow based on conditions:
● if-else statement: Executes different code blocks depending on whether a condition is
true or false.
● switch statement: Selects a block of code to execute based on the value of a variable or
expression.
● break statement: Immediately terminates the current loop or switch statement.
● continue statement: Skips the rest of the current loop iteration and proceeds to the
next.
● goto statement: Unconditionally transfers control to a specified label (generally
discouraged due to readability issues).
5. (a) Explain the concept of operator overloading in C++?
Operator overloading is a compile-time polymorphism feature in C++ that allows you to
redefine how operators behave when applied to objects of user-defined classes. This makes
code more intuitive and readable by enabling operators to perform custom operations on
objects, similar to how they operate on built-in data types.
Here's an example demonstrating operator overloading for adding two complex numbers:
C++
#include <iostream>
class Complex {
private:
double real, imag;
public:
Complex(double r = 0.0, double i = 0.0) : real(r), imag(i) {}
// Overload the + operator
Complex operator+(const Complex& other) {
return Complex(real + other.real, imag + other.imag);
}
void display() { std::cout << real << " + " << imag << "i" << std::endl; }
};
int main() {
Complex c1(10, 5);
Complex c2(2, 3);
Complex c3 = c1 + c2; // Uses overloaded + operator
c3.display(); // Output: 12 + 8i
return 0;
}
6. (a) What are the differences between constructor and destructor in C++?
Constructors and destructors are special member functions handling object initialization and
cleanup.
Feature Constructor Destructor
Purpose Initializes an object upon Cleans up and deallocates
creation. resources on object
destruction.
Name Same as class name. Same as class name,
prefixed with ~.
Return Type None (not even void). None (not even void).
Parameters Can take parameters. Cannot take any
parameters.
Overloading Can be overloaded. Cannot be overloaded.
Calling Automatically called on Automatically called on
object creation. object destruction.
Virtual Cannot be virtual. Can be virtual (for
polymorphic cleanup).
6. (b) What are the differences between structures and classes in C++?
Both struct and class define custom data types, but differ in default access.
Feature Structure (struct) Class (class)
Default Member Access Members are public by Members are private by
default. default.
Default Inheritance public for inheritance by private for inheritance by
Access default. default.
Primary Usage Traditionally for simple data For full OOP
grouping (PODs). implementation
(encapsulation,
polymorphism).
7. a. What is constructor overloading? Explain with examples.
Constructor Overloading
Constructor overloading means a class can have multiple constructors with different
parameter lists. This allows flexible ways to initialize objects of the same class based on the
arguments provided during creation.
Here's an example demonstrating constructor overloading for a Box class:
C++
#include <iostream>
class Box {
private:
double length, breadth, height;
public:
Box() : length(0), breadth(0), height(0) {} // Default constructor
Box(double side) : length(side), breadth(side), height(side) {} // For a cube
Box(double l, double b, double h) : length(l), breadth(b), height(h) {} // Custom dimensions
double getVolume() { return length * breadth * height; }
};
int main() {
Box box1; // Calls default constructor
Box box2(5.0); // Calls constructor for cube
Box box3(3.0, 4.0, 5.0); // Calls constructor for custom box
std::cout << "Volume of Box1: " << box1.getVolume() << std::endl; // 0
std::cout << "Volume of Box2: " << box2.getVolume() << std::endl; // 125
std::cout << "Volume of Box3: " << box3.getVolume() << std::endl; // 60
return 0;
}
7. b. What is difference between call by value and call by reference in C++?
These are two ways to pass arguments to functions, affecting how modifications inside the
function impact the original variable.
Feature Call by Value Call by Reference
Mechanism A copy of the argument's The memory address
value is passed. (reference) of the
argument is passed.
Modification Changes inside the Changes inside the
function DO NOT affect the function DO affect the
original. original.
Memory Creates a separate copy. No new copy; refers to the
same memory location.
Efficiency Less efficient for large More efficient for large
objects (full copy). objects (only address
passed).
8. What is recursive function? What are the merits and demerits of this type of
functions? How is it different from an ordinary function? What is the storage class used
in a recursive function?
Recursive Function
A recursive function is one that calls itself to solve a problem by breaking it into smaller, similar
subproblems until a simple "base case" is reached.
Merits:
● Can lead to more readable and elegant code for problems with inherent recursive
structure (e.g., tree traversals, fractals).
● Simplifies solving complex problems by dividing them into manageable parts.
Demerits:
● Higher memory consumption due to multiple stack frames, potentially leading to stack
overflow errors for deep recursion.
● Can be slower than iterative solutions due to function call overhead.
● Debugging can be more challenging.
Difference from an ordinary function: A recursive function calls itself, whereas an ordinary
function does not.
Storage class: Local variables and parameters in a recursive function use the auto storage
class by default, meaning they are allocated on the call stack for each function call.
9. Write short notes on any three of the following:
a. Function overloading in C++
Function overloading allows multiple functions to share the same name in the same scope,
provided they have different parameter lists (number, type, or order of arguments). The
compiler determines which function to call based on the arguments supplied.
b. Library files
Library files contain pre-compiled code (functions, classes) that offer reusable functionalities.
They are linked to your program, saving development time by providing ready-to-use
implementations for common tasks.
c. Logical operator
Logical operators (&& for AND, || for OR, ! for NOT) combine or modify boolean expressions.
They are used in conditional statements to create complex decision-making logic.
d. Pure Virtual function
A pure virtual function is a virtual function in a base class with no implementation (= 0). A
class containing one becomes an abstract class, which cannot be instantiated. Derived
classes must provide an implementation for all pure virtual functions to be concrete.
Group - B
1. Write a program in PHP to take input roll no., name, marks of five students and
display & store their grade card in a file grade.txt.
This PHP program will gather student details, calculate their grades, display these details on
the console, and then save all the grade card information into a file named grade.txt.
PHP
<?php
function calculateGrade($marks) {
if ($marks >= 90) return 'A+';
if ($marks >= 80) return 'A';
if ($marks >= 70) return 'B';
if ($marks >= 60) return 'C';
if ($marks >= 50) return 'D';
return 'F';
}
$filename = "grade.txt";
$file_content = "------ Student Grade Card ------\n\n";
echo "--- Enter details for 5 students ---\n";
for ($i = 0; $i < 5; $i++) {
echo "\nStudent " . ($i + 1) . ":\n";
echo "Roll No.: "; $rollNo = trim(fgets(STDIN));
echo "Name: "; $name = trim(fgets(STDIN));
echo "Marks: "; $marks = (int)trim(fgets(STDIN));
$grade = calculateGrade($marks);
$student_info = "Roll No.: " . $rollNo . "\n";
$student_info .= "Name: " . $name . "\n";
$student_info .= "Marks: " . $marks . "\n";
$student_info .= "Grade: " . $grade . "\n";
$student_info .= "------------------------------\n";
$file_content .= $student_info; // Append to content for file
echo "\n--- Grade Card for Student " . ($i + 1) . " ---\n";
echo $student_info; // Display on console
}
file_put_contents($filename, $file_content) or die("Unable to write to file!"); // Save to file
echo "\nAll student grade cards have been successfully saved to " . $filename . "\n";
?>
2. Develop a program in JAVA script to take input a number and then check whether it
is even or odd.
This JavaScript code, embedded within a simple HTML page, will prompt the user to input a
number. Upon clicking a button, it will determine if the number is even or odd and display the
result on the page.
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Even or Odd Checker</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Even or Odd Checker</h1>
<label for="numberInput">Enter a number:</label>
<input type="number" id="numberInput">
<button onclick="checkEvenOdd()">Check</button>
<p id="result"></p>
<script>
function checkEvenOdd() {
const number = parseInt(document.getElementById('numberInput').value);
const resultParagraph = document.getElementById('result');
if (isNaN(number)) {
resultParagraph.textContent = "Please enter a valid number.";
resultParagraph.style.color = "red";
return;
}
if (number % 2 === 0) {
resultParagraph.textContent = number + " is an EVEN number.";
resultParagraph.style.color = "green";
} else {
resultParagraph.textContent = number + " is an ODD number.";
resultParagraph.style.color = "blue";
}
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
3. What is the difference between a server and a client? What are the different types of
servers used in Internet? Explain their purpose and functionalities.
Difference between a Server and a Client:
Feature Server Client
Role Provides Requests
resources/services. resources/services.
Initiation Listens for client requests. Initiates requests to
servers.
Power Typically high-performance Can be various devices
machines. (PC, mobile, etc.).
Availability Often runs continuously Runs on demand by the
(24/7). user.
Different Types of Servers Used in the Internet:
● Web Server: Delivers web pages (HTML, CSS, JS) to browsers using HTTP/HTTPS. (e.g.,
Apache, Nginx).
● Database Server: Stores and manages databases, providing data access and retrieval
via queries (e.g., SQL). (e.g., MySQL, PostgreSQL).
● Mail Server: Handles sending, receiving, and storing email messages (SMTP, POP3,
IMAP). (e.g., Postfix, Microsoft Exchange).
● File Server: Provides centralized file storage and access for multiple users over a
network (e.g., FTP, SMB).
● Application Server: Hosts and runs applications, providing business logic and
functionality for software systems (e.g., Apache Tomcat, JBoss).
● DNS Server: Translates human-readable domain names (e.g., google.com) into
machine-readable IP addresses.
4. Explain HTML tag to draw a table. Explain HTML tags for various components of the
table such as caption of the table, row of table and column of table.
The main HTML tag for creating a table is <table>.
HTML tags for Table Components:
● <table>: Defines the entire HTML table.
● <caption>: Specifies the title or caption for the table.
● <tr>: Defines a single row within the table.
● <th>: Defines a header cell in a table (usually bold and centered).
● <td>: Defines a standard data cell in a table.
Here's an example of an HTML table structure:
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>Product Inventory</h1>
<table>
<caption>Current Stock Levels</caption>
<tr>
<th>Item ID</th>
<th>Product Name</th>
<th>Quantity</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>P001</td>
<td>Laptop</td>
<td>50</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>P002</td>
<td>Mouse</td>
<td>200</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
5. Write short notes:
a. Table tag of HTML
The <table> tag is the foundational HTML element used to create a structured table on a web
page. It acts as a container for all table content, organizing data into rows and columns for
clear presentation.
b. JavaScript events
JavaScript events are actions or occurrences (like user clicks, key presses, or page loads) that
happen in the browser. JavaScript can detect these events and execute specific code in
response, enabling dynamic and interactive web pages.
c. HTML frames
HTML frames (<frameset>, <frame>) were an older way to divide a browser window into
independent sections, each displaying a different HTML document. They are deprecated in
HTML5 due to various issues and are replaced by CSS layouts or <iframe> for embedding
content.
d. External link in HTML
An external link, created with the <a> (anchor) tag and href attribute, points to a resource
located on a different website or domain. Example: <a href="https://example.com">Visit
Example</a>.
e. File handling in PHP
File handling in PHP refers to functions that allow scripts to interact with the server's file
system (create, open, read, write, close, delete files). This is essential for tasks like logging,
storing user data, or managing content.
f. Error checking in JavaScript
Error checking (or handling) in JavaScript involves anticipating and managing runtime errors
using try...catch...finally statements. This prevents script crashes and provides a more robust
user experience.
g. Internal link in HTML
An internal link, created with the <a> tag, points to a resource within the same website or
HTML document. It can link to a different page (<a href="about.html">) or a specific section
on the current page (<a href="#section-id">).
h. MySQL connectivity in PHP
MySQL connectivity in PHP is the process of establishing a connection between a PHP script
and a MySQL database. This allows PHP applications to perform database operations (query,
insert, update, delete). Modern methods use MySQLi or PDO, as the older mysql extension is
deprecated.
6. What is the difference between a server and a client? What are the different types of
servers used in Internet? Explain their purpose and functionalities.
(This question is identical to Question 3 from Group B, and the answer has been provided
above.)
7. Explain the concept of frame in HTML. Also explain use of frameset and frame tags.
Concept of Frame in HTML:
In traditional HTML, a "frame" meant dividing a browser window into multiple independent
areas, each displaying a separate HTML document. This allowed for parts of a page (like
navigation) to remain static while other content changed.
frameset tag:
● Purpose: Defined how the browser window was divided into rows and/or columns of
frames. It replaced the <body> tag.
● Deprecation: Deprecated in HTML5; not for new development.
frame tag:
● Purpose: Used within <frameset> to define an individual frame, specifying the HTML
document to load into it via the src attribute.
● Deprecation: Also deprecated in HTML5.
8. Develop a program in JAVA script to take input a number and then check whether it
is prime or not.
This JavaScript program, embedded in an HTML page, will let a user input a number. After
clicking a button, it will check if the number is prime and display the result dynamically on the
page.
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Prime Number Checker</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Prime Number Checker</h1>
<label for="primeNumberInput">Enter a positive integer:</label>
<input type="number" id="primeNumberInput">
<button onclick="checkPrime()">Check if Prime</button>
<p id="primeResult"></p>
<script>
function checkPrime() {
const number = parseInt(document.getElementById('primeNumberInput').value);
const resultParagraph = document.getElementById('primeResult');
if (isNaN(number) || number <= 1) { // Handle invalid or non-prime cases
resultParagraph.textContent = number + " is not a prime number.";
resultParagraph.style.color = "red";
return;
}
// Check for divisibility up to the square root of the number
for (let i = 2; i * i <= number; i++) {
if (number % i === 0) {
resultParagraph.textContent = number + " is NOT a prime number.";
resultParagraph.style.color = "red";
return;
}
}
resultParagraph.textContent = number + " IS a prime number.";
resultParagraph.style.color = "green";
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
9. Explain the following terms in respect to PHP:
a. foreach
The foreach loop in PHP is used to easily iterate over elements of arrays and objects. It allows
you to access each value, or both the key and value, without managing an index.
b. array
An array in PHP is a special variable that can hold multiple values under a single name. PHP
arrays are flexible, supporting numeric indexing, named (associative) keys, and
multidimensional structures.
c. explode
The explode() function in PHP splits a string into an array of substrings. It takes a delimiter
(the character(s) to split by) and the string to be split.
d. mysql_query
The mysql_query() function was part of PHP's older mysql extension, used to send SQL
queries to a MySQL database. Important: This function and extension are deprecated since
PHP 5.5.0 and removed in PHP 7.0.0. Modern PHP uses mysqli or PDO for database
interactions.
e. file handling
File handling in PHP refers to functions that allow scripts to interact with the server's file
system. This includes operations like creating, opening, reading, writing, and closing files,
essential for managing data and content.
f. do-while
The do-while loop in PHP executes a block of code at least once, and then continues to loop
as long as its condition remains true. The condition is checked after each iteration.
g. implode
The implode() function in PHP joins array elements into a single string. It takes a separator
string (the "glue") and an array, returning a string where array elements are concatenated with
the separator between them.
