PREFACE

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Success in competitive examinations like IIT-JEE and others depends on systematic

IIT-JEE
planning and appropriate study material. It is physics which is the key and deciding
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The pattern of the examinations now-a-days requires a thorough understanding

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Basic Mathematics CO - C4 - IPL Physics

INDEX
Chapter No. Name of the Chapter Page No.

1. Basic Mathematics 03 - 30

2. Elements of Vectors 31 - 64

3. Kinematics - 1D 65 - 118

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1. BASIC MATHEMATICS
Ø QUADRATIC EQUATION :
An algebraic equation of second order (highest power of variable is 2) is called a quadratic equation
e.g.
ax2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0
− b ± b 2 − 4ac
It has solution for two values of x which are given by x =
2a
The quantity b 2 – 4ac, is called discriminant of the equation.
Ø BINOMIAL THEOREM :
i) The binomial theorem for any positive value of n
( x + a)n = x n + nC1ax n−1 + nC2 a2 x n− 2 + ..... + n Cr ar x n−r + ..... + an
n!
Where ‘a’ is constant and n Cr =
r ! ( n − r )!
Here n! = n(n – 1)(n – 2)......3 × 2 × 1
So, 5! = 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 120
n ( n − 1) 2 n ( n − 1)( n − 2) 3
ii) (1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x + x + ................
2! 3!
For x << 1, we can neglect the higher power of x.
So, (1 + x)n ; 1 + nx
Similarity (1 – x)n ; 1 – nx
(1 + x)– n ; 1 – nx
(1 – x)– n ; 1 + nx
Here n may have any value.
Example - 1
Evaluate (1.01)
Solution :
1 1
(1.01) 2 = (1 + 0.01) 2

1
= 1+ × 0.01 = 1.005
2
Ø LOGARITHMS :
Definition : Let a, N be two positive real numbers and a ≠ 1. If x is a real number such that ax = N,
then x is called the logarithm of N to the base 'a'. It is denoted by logaN.
i.e., ax = N
⇒ x = logaN
ax = N is called an exponential form and x = logaN is called a logarithmic form.
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Example :
Exponential form Logarithmic form
i) 25 = 32 5 = log232
ii) 73 = 343 3 = log7343
1 1
iii) 5–2 = –2 = log5
25 25
Note :
1) The logarithm of non positive real numbers cannot be defined.
2) The logarithm of the same number to the different bases are different.
i.e., logaN ≠ logbN (where a ≠ b)
Example : log464 = 3 and log264 = 6
∴ log464 ≠ log264
3) The logarithm of 1 to any base is always equal to zero.
i.e., loga1= 0 (where a ≠ 1)
Example : log101= 0, log7321= 0.
4) The logarithms of the different numbers to the same base are different.
i.e., logaN1 ≠ logaN2
Example : log216= 4 and log232 = 5.
∴ log216 ≠ log232
5) The logarithm of any number to the same base is always equal to '1'.
i.e., logaa = 1 (where a ¹ 1 )
Example : log1515 = 1, log3636 = 1.

6) If m( ≠ 1), n( ≠ 1) are any two co-primes, then log n m is an irrational number.

Example : log157, log125 are irrational numbers.
7) If m( ≠ 1), n( ≠ 1) are not co-primes, then lognm need not be rational.
Example : 1) log36 = log33 + log32 =1+log32 is an irrational.
2) log5125 = log553 = 3 is a rational
Ø Laws of Logarithms :
Ist Law loga(mn) = logam + logan

⎛ m⎞
IInd Law loga ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ = logam – logan
n
IIIrd Law loga(m)n = nlogam
Ø Types of logarithms :
1. Natural logarithms : The logarithms which are calculated to the base "e" are called natural logarithms
or napierian logarithms. logex is denoted by 'lnx' .
2. Common logarithms : The logarithms which are calculated to the base "10" are called common
logarithms or briggs logarithms. log10x is denoted by 'log x'.
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Ø TRIGONOMETRY :
Angles :
i) Degree measure : One sixtieth of a degree is called a minute and written 1|, and one sixtieth of
a minute is called second, written as 1||.
Thus 10 = 60| and 11 = 60|| . θ
O θ = 360°
ii) Radian measure :
I radian : An angle with its vertex at the centre of a circle which r
r
intercepts an arc equal in length to the radius of the circle is said to 1rad
have a measure of 1 radian. The circumference, s, of a circle of radius
r is 2πr . Thus one complete revolution subtends an angle.
2πr
θ= = 2π rad
r
Thus if a circle of radius r, an arc of length l subtends an angle θ radian at the centre, we have
l
θ=
r
iii) Relationship between degree and radian:
180°
2π radian = 360° or π radian = 180° or 1 radian = ; 57°16|
π
Degree 30° 45° 60° 90° 180° 270° 360°
π π π π 3π
Radian π 2π
6 4 3 2 2
Trigonometric function :
In a right angled triangle ABC, we can define that
y x
sin θ = cot θ = C
r y
x r
cos θ = cosecθ = r y
r y
y r θ
tan θ = secθ = A B
x x x
From above ratios, we have
1 1 1
i) cosec θ = ; sec θ = and tan θ =
sin θ cos θ cot θ
ii) for small angle (θ → 0), r → x and y → 0
∴ sin θ = tan θ and cos θ → 1
iii) sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ
1 + cot2 θ = cosec2 θ
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Ø Trigonometric Ratio :
Angle 30° 45° 60° 90° 120° 135° 150° 180°

1 1 3 3 1 1
sin 1 0
2 2 2 2 2 2

3 1 1 1 1 3
cos 0 – – – –1
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
tan 1 3 ∞ – 3 –1 – 0
3 3

Ø The Value of Trigonometric Ratio in Different Quadrants :

Angle –θ 90°– θ 90°+ θ 180°– θ 180°+ θ 270°– θ 270°+ θ 360°– θ 360°+ θ
sin – sin θ cos θ cos θ sin θ – sin θ – cos θ – cos θ – sin θ sin θ
cos cos θ sin θ – sin θ – cos θ – cos θ – sin θ sin θ cos θ cos θ
tan – tan θ cot θ – cot θ – tan θ tan θ cot θ – cot θ – tan θ tan θ

Ø Ratio of Different Trigonometric Angles :

i) Consider an arc BC length l which subtends an angle θ radian at A. The perpendicular on AC,
»
BC BD B
we have θ = and sin θ =
AB AB
r
sin θ BD
∴ = θ
θ »
BC A x D C
When θ → 0, BC » = BD lim sin θ = 1
θ →0 θ
ii) In a right triangle of sides 3, 4, 5 we have 5 37°
4
4 3
sin53° = = 0.8, cos37° = 0.8 and cos 53° = = 0.6, sin37° = 0.6 90°
5 5 θ 53°
3
Ø Important Trigonometric Formulae :
i) sin(A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB
ii) sin(A – B) = sinA cosB – cosA sinB
iii) cos(A + B) = cosA cosB – sinA sinB
iv) cos(A – B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB
tan A + tan B
v) tan(A + B) =
1 − tan A tan B
tan A − tan B
vi) tan(A – B) =
1 + tan A tan B
For A = B
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vii) sin2A = 2 sinA cosA
viii) cos2A = cos2A – sin2A
2 tan A
ix) tan2A =
1 − tan 2 A
Ø The sum and Difference Formulae :
A+ B A− B
i) sin A + sin B = 2sin . cos
2 2
A+ B A− B
ii) sinA – sinB = 2 cos . sin
2 2
A+ B A− B
iii) cosA + cosB = 2 cos . cos
2 2
A+ B A− B
iv) cosA – cos B = 2 sin . sin
2 2
Ø Product Formulae :
i) 2 sinA cosB = sin(A + B) + sin(A – B)
ii) 2 cosA sinB = sin(A + B) – sin(A – B)
iii) 2 cosA cosB = cos(A + B) + cos(A – B)
iv) 2 sinA sinB = cos(A – B) – cos(A + B)

Ø Properties of Triangle :
i) Laws of sines C
The sides of triangle are proportional to the sines of the opposite angle, b a
a b c
i.e., = =
sin A sin B sin C A c B
ii) Laws of cosines
In any triangles, the square of any side is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides
minus twice the product of these two sides into the cosine of their included angle,
i.e., a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A
b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac cos B
and c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C
Ø CONVERSIONS :
1 foot = 12 inch
1 yard = 3 feet = 91.44 cm
1 mile = 1609 m
1 ton = 1000 kg
1 hectare = 10000 m2
1 m3 = 1000 litre

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Ø MENSURATION :
Area and Volume :

1 1
i) Area of triangle of height h and base b A= bh h A = bh
2 2
b

1 h
ii) Area of a trapezium A= h (a + b ) A=
1
2
(a + b ) h
2
a

iii) Area of a circle A = π R2 A = π R2

iv) Surface area of cone A = π Rl

h l
π R 2h
Volume of cone V=
3
R

v) Surface area of sphere A = 4π R 2

R
4 3
Volume of sphere V = πR
3

Ø DIFFERENTIATION :
If y is the function of x, then we can write y = f(x)
Here x is the independent variable and y is the dependent variable. If x varies from x to x + Δx , then
y + Δy = f ( x + Δx )
Δy = ( y + Δ y ) − y = f ( x + Δx ) − f ( x )

Δy f ( x + Δx ) − f ( x )
And the ratio =
Δx Δx
Taking limits on both sides of above expression, we have

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⎛ Δy ⎞ f ( x + Δx ) − f ( x )
lim ⎜ ⎟ = lim
Δx → 0 ⎝ Δx ⎠ Δx → 0 Δx

⎛ Δy ⎞ ⎛ dy ⎞
The quantity Δlim ⎜ ⎟ is called differentiation of y w.r.t. x and we can written as ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
x → 0 ⎝ Δx ⎠ dx

⎛ dy ⎞ f ( x + Δx ) − f ( x )
Thus we write, ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ = Δlim .
dx x→0 Δx
Example - 2
Given y = 3x2 + 5, differentiate y w.r.t.x.
Solution :
Step - 1 : Substitude ( x + Δx ) in place of x in the given function, so we have

y + Δy = 3 ( x + Δx ) + 5
2

Step - II : Δy = ( y + Δy ) − y = ⎡⎣3 ( x + Δx ) + 5⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣3 x + 5⎤⎦

2 2

( ) (
or Δy = ⎡⎣3 x + Δx + 2 x Δx + 5⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣3 x + 5 ⎤⎦ = 3 Δx 2 + 2 xΔx
2 2 2
)
Step - III : =
2
(
Δy 3 Δx + 2 xΔx )
= 3 ( Δx + 2 x )
Δx Δx
⎛ Δy ⎞
Step - IV : Δlim ⎜ ⎟ = 3(0 + 2x) = 3 × 2x = 6x
x → 0 ⎝ Δx ⎠

dy d ⎡⎣3 x + 5⎤⎦
2

That is = = 3 × 2x2 – 1 + 0 = 6x
dx dx
Similarly, we can get
d
i)
dx
( )
ax n + b = anxn – 1

Where n may have any value.

ii) Differentiation of sum of difference of two or more function
Suppose y = u ± v , u and v are function of x.
dy d du dv
Then = (u ± v) = ±
dx dx dx dx
iii) Differentiation of the product of two functions :
Suppose y = uv

dy d (uv ) dv du
Then = =u +v
dx dx dx dx
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iv) Differentiation of quotient of two functions :
u
Suppose y =
v
⎛ u ⎞ ⎡ du dv ⎤
d ⎜ ⎟ ⎢v − u ⎥
dy ⎝ v ⎠ dx dx ⎦
= =⎣
dx dx v 2

v) Differentiation of a function of a functions :

dy ⎛ dy ⎞ ⎛ du ⎞
= ×
dx ⎜⎝ du ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ dx ⎟⎠
We can write

Example - 3
dy
Given y = (ax + b)2, evaluate .
dx
Solution :
Method - 1 : Substituting (ax + b) = u
du d ( ax + b) dy d ( ax + b) d (u )
2 2

Then = =a and = = = 2u
dx dx du du du
dy dy du
∴ = × = 2u × a = 2 ( ax + b) a = 2a(ax+b)
dx du dx
Method - 2 : y = (ax + b)2 = a2x2 + b2 + 2abx
dy d 2 2
Then = ⎡⎣ a x + b2 + 2 abx ⎤⎦
dx dx
d 2 2 d 2 d
=
dx
(
a x +
dx
)
dx
( )
b + ( 2 abx )

d ( x)
2
dy
= a 2
+ 0 + 2 ab
dx dx
2
= a × 2x + 2ab × 1 = 2a(ax + b)
Ø Differentiation of Trigonometric Function :
dy
Let y = sin x, then find .
dx
Step - I : Substitute x + Δx in place of x in the function, we have
y + Δy = sin(x + Δx )
⎛ x + Δx + x ⎞ ⎛ x + Δx − x ⎞
Step - II : Δy = ( y + Δy ) − y = sin ( x + Δx ) − sin x = 2 cos ⎜ ⎟⎠ sin ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
⎝ 2 2
⎛ 2 x + Δx ⎞ ⎛ Δx ⎞
= 2 cos ⎜ ⎟ sin ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

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2 cos
(2 x + Δx ) sin ⎛ Δx ⎞ ⎛ Δx ⎞
sin ⎜ ⎟
Δy 2 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎛ 2 x + Δx ⎞ ⎝ 2⎠
Step - III : = = cos ⎜ ⎟
Δx Δx ⎝ 2 ⎠ Δx
2

⎧ ⎛ Δx ⎞ ⎫
⎪ sin ⎜ ⎟ ⎪
Δy ⎧ ⎛ 2 x + Δx ⎞ ⎫ ⎪ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎪ ⎛ 2x + 0⎞
Step - IV : lim = ⎨ lim cos ⎜ ⎟ ⎬ × ⎨ lim ⎬ = cos ⎜ × 1 = cos x
Δx → 0 Δx
⎩ Δx → 0 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎭ ⎪ Δ x → 0 Δ
⎛ ⎞ ⎪
x ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ ⎪
⎩⎪ 2 ⎭
dy d d cos x
i) Thus = (sin x ) = cos x ii) = − sin x
dx dx dx
Similarly, we can get
d d
iii) ( tan x) = sec2 x iv) (cot x ) = − cosec 2 x
dx dx
d d
v) (cosec x) = – cot x cosec x vi) (sec x) = tan x sec x
dx dx
d d
vii) dx
( )
sin −1 x =
1
viii) dx
(
cos−1 x = − ) 1
1 − x2 1 − x2
Ø Differentiation of Logarithmic and Exponential Functions :

i) Let y = ln x ii)
( )=e
d ex x

dx
dy d ( ln x ) 1
Then = =
dx dx x
Example - 4
dy
Given y = sin 2x, then find .
dx
Solution :
dy d d (sin u) du
= (sin 2 x) = ×
dx dx du dx
Here u = 2x
du d (2 x ) d ( sin u)
∴ = = 2 and = cos u
dx dx du
dy
∴ = cos u × 2 = 2 cos 2x OR
dx
dy d d d (2 x )
= (sin 2 x ) = sin (2 x ) × = cos 2x × 2 = 2 cos 2x
dx dx d (2 x ) dx

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Example - 5
dy
Given y = ln(ax + b), then find .
dx
Solution :
dy d d ln ( ax + b) d ( ax + b ) a
= ln ( ax + b) = × =
dx dx d ( ax + b) dx ax + b

Successive Differentiation :
dy
is called differentiation of y w.r.t. x or first derivative of y.
dx
d 2 y d ⎛ dy ⎞
=
dx 2 dx ⎜⎝ dx ⎟⎠
is called second derivative of y and so on.

Example - 6
dy d 2 y d 3 y
3 2
y = x – 4x + 5, find , ,
dx dx 2 dx 3
Solution :
dy d 3
(
d x3
) d ( ) d
=
dx dx
x − 4x2 + 5 =
dx
−
dx dx
( )
4 x 2 + ( 5) = 3x2 – 4 × 2x + 0 = 3x2 – 8x

d2 y d d d
and
dx 2
=
dx
( )
3x 2 − 8 x =
dx
( )
3 x 2 − (8 x ) = 3 × 2x – 8 = 6x – 8
dx
d3y d d d
Also = ( 6 x − 8) = ( 6 x ) − ( 8) = 6
dx 3
dx dx dx
Ø Geometrical Meaning of Differentiation : Figure represents the graph of y versus x. Choose two
points P(x, y) ans Q(x + Δx , y + Δy ) on the curve. The slope of line
y
Δy
PQ is given by = tan θ
Δx Q
If point Q approaches P, the slope tan θ of the line
PQ approaches the slope of the tangent at P. Δy
⎛ Δy ⎞ dy P
Thus we have lim ⎜ ⎟ = = tan θ
Δx → 0 ⎝ Δx ⎠ dx y
⎛ dy ⎞
i.e., ⎜ ⎟ at any point of the curve gives slope of the tangent
⎝ dx ⎠ x x
at that point. Δx
Ø Partial Differentiation :
In physics, we often come across quantities which depend on two or more variables. For example
electric potential V depends on x, y coordinates as : V = xy. For given pair value of x and y, V has a
define value. If we differentiate quantity V w.r.t. x keeping y constant, then it is known as partial

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∂V
differentiation and represented by . Similar differentiation of V w.r.t. y keeping x is constant
∂x
∂V
represented by .
∂y
∂V ∂ ( xy ) ∂V ∂ ( xy )
Thus = = y and = =x
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
In general if f is a function of n variables x1, x2, ....xn, then partial differential coefficient of f with
∂f
respect to x1, keeping all the variables except x1 as constant can be written as ∂x .
1

Example - 7
Given φ = a(x2 + y2) + bz2, where a and b are constants. Find partial differentiation of φ w.r.t. x,
yand z.
Solution :
∂φ ∂ ⎡
( )
= ⎣a x 2 + y2 + bz 2 ⎤⎦ = a × 2x = 2ax,
∂x ∂x
∂φ ∂
=
∂y ∂y ⎣
( )
⎡ a x 2 + y 2 + bz 2 ⎤ = a × 2 y = 2 ay
⎦

∂φ ∂
and ( )
= ⎡⎣ a x 2 + y 2 + bz 2 ⎤⎦ = b × 2 z = 2bz
∂z ∂z
Ø Maxima and Minima : Y
Suppose a quantity y depends on another quantity x in a manner
shown in the figure. It becomes maximum at x1 and minimum at
x2. At these points the tangent the curve is parallel to the X-axis
and hence its slope is tan θ = 0.
dy X
Thus, at a slope = = 0. X1 X2
dx
Maxima : Just before the maximum the slope is positive, Y
at the maximum it is zero and just after the maximum if is
dy 23 θ4
4
negative. Thus, decreases at a maximum and hence θ2
dx 1
5
θ1 θ5
dy
the rate of change of is negative at a maximum. i.e., slope=m1 =tanθ1
dx
m1>m2>m3=0>m4>m5
d ⎛ dy ⎞ X
< 0 at maximum.
dx ⎜⎝ dx ⎟⎠ For maxima, as X increases
the slope decreases

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d ⎛ dy ⎞
The quantity is the rate of change of the slope.
dx ⎜⎝ dx ⎟⎠
d2 y
If is written as .
dx 2
Conditions for maximum are :
dy d2 y
a) = 0 b) 2 < 0 .
dx dx
Minima : Similarly at a minimum the slope changes from negative to positive. Hence with the increases
of x the slope is increasing that means the rate of change of slope with respect to x is positive hence
d ⎛ dy ⎞
> 0.
dx ⎜⎝ dx ⎟⎠

dy d2 y
Conditions for minima are : a) =0 b) 2 > 0
dx dx

Y slope=m1=tanθ1
m1<m2<m3=0<m4<m5
θ1 5 θ3
θ 1
2 4 θ4
2
3

X
For manima, as X increases
the slope increases
Quite often it is known from the physical situation whether the quantity is a maximum or a minimum.
d2 y
The test on 2 may then be omitted.
dx
Example - 8
Particle’s position as a function of time is given as x= 5t2 – 9t + 3. Find out the maximum value of
position co - ordinate ? Also, polt the graph.
Solution :
x = 5t2 – 9t + 3
dx x
= 10t – 9 = 0
dt (0,3)
9
∴t = = 0.9 0.9
10
-1.05 t
d2 x
Check, whether maxima exists. = 10 > 0
dt 2
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there exists a minima at t = 0.9
Now, check for the limiting values.
When t = 0, x = 3
t = ∞, x = ∞
So, the maximum position co-ordinate does not exist.
Putting t = 0.9 in the equation
x = 5(0.9)2 – 9(0.9) + 3 = – 1.05.
Note : If the coefficient of t2 is positive, the curve will open upside.
Example - 9
What is the maximum or minium point for the curve y = x2 – 4 ?
Solution :
First find the first and second derivatives :
y = x2 – 4
dy d2y
⇒ = 2x ⇒ =2
dx dx 2
dy
To find the maximum or minimum, put =0
dx
⇒ 2x = 0
⇒ x = 0 and y = 0 –4 = –4
Therefore the maximum or minimum is at (0, –4)
d2y
To decide whether it’s maximum minimum, consider the sign of 2 = 2
dx
This is positive, so we have a minimum.
Therefore there is a minimum at (0,–4)
Example - 10
What is the maximum or minimum point for the curve y = 4x – x4 ?
Solution :
First find the first and second derivatives :
y = 4x – x4
dy
⇒ = 4 − 4 x3
dx
d2y
⇒ 2
= −12 x 2
dx
dy
To find the maximum or minimum, put =0
dx
⇒ 4 − 4 x3 = 0
⇒ 4x3 = 4
⇒ x3 = 1
⇒ x = 1 and y = 4 – 1 = 3
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Therefore the maximum or minimum is at (1,3)
when x = 1
d2y
when x = 1, = −12 < 0
dx 2
This is negative, so we have a maximum.
There fore there is a maximum at (1, 3)
Example - 11
What is the maximum or minium point for the curve y = –3x2 – 12x + 5 ?
Solution :
First find the first and second derivatives :
y = –3x2 – 12x + 5
dy d2y
⇒ = −6 x − 12 ⇒ = −6
dx dx 2
dy
To find the maximum or minimum, put =0
dx
⇒ –6x – 12 = 0
⇒ 6x = –12
⇒ x = –2 and y = –3 × (–2)2 – 12 × (–2) + 5 = –12 + 24 + 5 = 17
Therefore the maximum or minimum is at (–2, 17)
d2y
To decide whether it’s a maximum or minimum, consider the sign of 2 when x = –2
dx
2
d y
When x = –2, 2 = –6 < 0
dx
This is negative, so we have a maximum
Therefore there is a maximum at (–2, 17)
Example - 12
A rectangle has length x m and its perimeter is 20m. What is the maximum area of such a rectangle ?
Solution :
If the perimeter is 20 m and the width is w m ⇒ x + w = 10 ⇒ w = 10 – x
Let the area of the rectangle be A m2
⇒ A = x (10 – x) = 10x – x2 x
First find the first and second derivatives :
A = 10 x – x2 (10-x)
dA
⇒ = 10 − 2 x
dx
d2 A
⇒ = −2
dx 2

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dA
To find the maximum or minimum, put =0
dx
⇒ 10 – 2x = 0
⇒ x=5
d2A
When x = 5, = –2 < 0 ⇒ A maximum
dx 2
So the maximum area occurs when x = 5 and we have a square of area 25 m2
Example - 13
Does the curve y = x4 – 2x2 + 2 have any horizontal tangents? If so, where ?
Solution :
dy
The horizontal tangents, if any occur where the slope is zero.
dx y y = x 4 − 2 x2 + 2
To find the points. We
(0,2)
dy dy d 4
1) Calculate : = (x – 2x2 + 2) = 4x3 – 4x
dx dx dx
1
dy (-1,1) (1,1)
2) Solve the equation : = 0 for x : 4x3 – 4x = 0
dx x
2 0
4x(x – 1) = 0 -1 1
x = 0, 1 – 1
The curve y = x4 – 2x2 + 2 has horizontal tangents at x = 0, 1 and – 1.
The corresponding points on the curve are (0, 1), (1, 1) and (– 1, 1).
Ø INTEGRATION :
The integration is the inverse operation of differentiation. Thus if the differentiate a function f(x) w.r.
d
t. x is f|(x), then the integration of f|(x) w.r.t. x will be f(x). That f ( x) = f | ( x)
dx
∫ f ( x ) dx = f ( x)
|
Then
Ø Constant of Integration :
The differentiation of a constant is zero, therefore in integration there may involve constant of

∫ f ( x ) dx = f ( x)
|
integration, let C. Thus we can write

i) ∫ dx = x + c vii) ∫ sin x dx = − cos x + c

ii) ∫ cdx = c∫ dx = cx viii) ∫ cos x dx = sin x + c
x n +1
∫ x dx = ( n + 1) + c (n ≠ −1)
n
∫ sec x dx = tan x + c
2
iii) ix)

∫x ∫ cos ec x dx = − cot x + c
−1
iv) dx = ln x + c x) 2

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Basic Mathematics CO - C4 - IPL Physics

v) ∫ (u + v) dx = ∫ (u) dx + ∫ ( v) dx + c Where u and v are function of x

∫ cosec x cot x dx = − cosec x + c ∫ e dx = e + c
x x
xi) vi)
xiii) ∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + c
Ø Integration By Substitution :
Example - 14
3
Find value of ∫ ( ax + b) 2 dx .
Solution :
Substitute (ax + b) = z in the given function.
d
Also, ( ax + b) = dz or a = dz
dx dx dx
dz
∴ dx = and
a
3
3
dz 1 32
∫ ( ax b) dx ∫ z a = a ∫ z dx
+ 2 = 2
×
⎛3 ⎞ 5
⎜ +1⎟
1 z⎝ 2 ⎠ 1 z2
= + c = +c
a ⎛3 ⎞ a 5
⎜⎝ + 1⎟⎠ 2
2
3 5
2
Substitute back for z, we get ∫ ( ax + b) 2 dx = 5a
( ax + b) 2 + c
Example - 15
dx
Find value of ∫ (ax + b)
Solution :
Substitute (ax + b) = z in the given function
d dz dz
Also ( ax + b) = or a =
dx dx dx
dz
∴ dx = and
a
⎛ dz ⎞
dx ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ 1 dz 1
a
∫ ( ax + b) ∫ z = a ∫ z = a ln z + c
=

Substitute back for z, we get

dx 1
∫ ( ax + b) = a ln ( ax + b) + c

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Example - 16

Find value of ∫ sin 2x dx

Solution :
Substitute 2x = z in the given function
d dz dz
Also (2 x ) = or 2 =
dx dx dx
dz ⎛ dx ⎞ 1 1
∴ dx = and ∫ sin 2 x dx = ∫ sin z ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ = ∫ sin zdz = ( − cos z ) + c
2 2 2 2
1
Substitute back for z, we get ∫ sin 2 x dx = ( − cos 2 x) + c
2
Ø Definite Integral :
When a function is integrated between lower and upper limit, it is called definite integral. If a ans b
b

∫ f ( x) dx = ⎡⎣ f ( x) + c⎤⎦
| b
are the lower and upper limits of variable x, then a
a
= {f(b) + c} – {f(a) + c}
= f(b) – f(a)
Here constant of integration c get cancelled so there is no need to place it in definite.
Ø GRAPHS :
Nature of curve : The nature of curve along which the particle move can be understood by making
the relationship between x, y coordinates of the curve. Some of the common curves are
1. Straight line : y = mx + c
y

mx+c
y=
m = tan θ
θ

c x
y=m
x
O
2. Circle : x2 + y2 = R2
y
(x,y)
R
y
O x x

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Basic Mathematics CO - C4 - IPL Physics
3. Parabola : The following may be the equations of a parabola
y y y

x=ax+by2
x=ky2

x O x O x
O y=ax-bx2

x 2 y2
4. Ellipse : 2 + 2 = 1. y
a b
A
b2 2b
Also e = 1 − 2
a E O x
a-semi - major axis
B b-semi - minor axis
2b 2 2a
Latus rectum AB =
a
5. Rectangular hyperbola : xy = constant

O x

6. Sinusoidal curve :
a) y = A sin x b) y = A cos x

y y

I II III IV I II III IV
A A

-90° 0° 90° 180° 270° 360° x -90° 0° 90° 180° 270° 360° x
-A -A

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LEVEL - I
1. If log3 x = log9 16, then x + 1 is _________. [ ]
1) 5 2) 4 3) 6 4) 2
2. The value of log10 (0.0001) is [ ]
1 1
1) 2) − 3) −4 4) 4
4 4

⎛3 ⎞
x×4 y
3. log ⎜ 1
⎟= [ ]
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
z5

1 1 1 1 1
1) log x + log y + log z 2) log x +4log y - log z
3 4 5 3 5
1 1 1 1 1
3) log x + log y - log z 4) 3log x + log y - log z
3 4 5 4 5
4. log2 (8) is _____________. [ ]
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
5. If cosA = 0.6, the value of 5 sinA – 3 tan A is [ ]
1) 1.2 2) 1.6 3) 0 4) 2.3
6. cos 315° = [ ]
1 1 1
1) 2) 3) 4) none
2 3 2
3 4
7. Given sin α = , cos β = , α and β are in 1st quadrant then sin (α + β) = [ ]
5 5
63 24
1) 2) 1 3) 4) 0
65 25
8. The value of cos(75°) is [ ]
3 −1 3 +1 3 +1 3 −1
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 2 2 2 4 4
9. sin2(37°) + sin2(53°) = [ ]
1 4
1) 0 2) 1 3) 4)
2 5
10. '− sin θ ' is equivalent to [ ]

⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
1) cos ⎜ + θ ⎟ 2) cos ⎜ − θ ⎟ 3) sin (θ − π ) 4) sin (π + θ )
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
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Basic Mathematics CO - C4 - IPL Physics
11. In the ΔABC , B = 90° , AB = 4 cm, BC = 3 cm, Match the following trigonometric ratios with their
values [ ]
Column - A Column - B
A) sin A p) 4/5
B) cos A q) 3/4
C) cos C r) 3/5
D) tan A s) 4/3
1) A - r, B - p, C - s, D - p. 2) A - r, B - p, C - q, D - r.
3) A - r, B - p, C - r, D - q. 4) A - p, B - r, C - s, D - s.
12. Match the following [ ]
Column - I Column - II
3
A) cos 150° p)
2
B) sin 120° q) 1
3
C) sin 180° r) −
2
D) tan 225° s) 0
1) A - q, B - s, C - p, D - r. 2) A - p, B - q, C - r, D - s.
3) A - r, B - p, C - s, D - q. 4) A - s, B - r, C - q, D - p.
13. The number of revolutions, a wheel of diameter 40cm makes in travelling a distance of 176m is
1) 140 2) 150 3) 160 4) 166 [ ]
14. The area of the shaded portion in the given figure is [ ]
1) 3.5 π sq. units
2) 4.5 π sq. units
3) 6.5 π sq. units
4) none 1 5
15. Area of shaded portion as shown in the given figure is _______ m2 [ ]

1) 4 F E

2) 6
4m
3) 8
2m
D C
G
4) 10 1m
A 3m B

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16. From the diagram area of the ΔABC = [ ]

area of the square C D

1 a
1) 2) 2
2
1 2 a B
3) 4) A
4 3
17. In the volume of a sphere is divided by its surface area, the resultant is 27cm. the radius of the sphere
is 3n. the value of 'n' is [ ]
1) 2 2) 8 3) 4 4) 6
18. In the volume of a sphere is divided by its surface area, the resultant is 27 cm. The radius of the sphere
is 3n. The value of 'n' is __________. [ ]
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
19. The slant height of a cone of radius 21 cm and height 28 cm is [ ]
1) 35 cm 2) 10 cm 3) 16 cm 4) 32 cm
20. The volume of the cylinder whose height is equal to diameter of the base (where r is radius and h is
height). [ ]
h3 r3
1) 2π 2 h 2) p 3) π 4) 2π r 3
2 4
21. The diagram shows a square prism with cross - second x units by x units, and length (9 – 2x) units.
What is the maximum volume of the prism ? [ ]
1) 16 units3
2) 24 units3
3) 27 units3 x (9-2x)
4) 30 units3
x
22. Water pours out at the rate of Q from a tap, into a cylindrical vessel of radius r. Then the rate at which
the height of water level rises when the height is h [ ]
Q Q πr 2
1) 2 2) 2 3) 4) πr 2Q
r πr Q
23. The acceleration of a particle starting from rest, varies with time according to the relation a = kt + c.
the velocity of the particle after time t will be [ ]
1 2 1 2 1
1) kt2 + ct 2) kt + ct 3) (kt + ct) 4) kt2 + ct
2 2 2

dy
24. Given y = sin2x, then find [ ]
dx
cos 2 x
1) 2sin2x 2) 3) 2cos2x 4) 2 cosx
2
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Basic Mathematics CO - C4 - IPL Physics

dy d 2 y d2y
25. 3 2
y = x – 4x + 5, find , and 3 . [ ]
dx dx 2 dx
1) (3x2 – 8x), (6x – 8), 6 2) (2x2 – 8), (6x – 4), 6
3) (3x2 – 4x), (4x – 6), 4 4) (3x2 – 8), (8x – 6), 3

26. The coordinates of a body moving in a plane at any instant of time t are x = αt 2 and y = βt 2 . The
velocity of the body is [ ]

1) 2t α + β 2 2
2) t 2α + β 2 2
3) t
α2
2
+ β2 (
4) 2t α + β
2 2
)
27. The motion of a particle along a straight line is described by the function s = 6 + 4t2 – t4 in SI units.
The velocity, acceleration, at t = 2s, and the average velocity during 3rd second is [ ]
–1 –2 –1 –1 –2 –1
1) –16 ms , –40 ms , –45 ms 2) 6 ms , 40 ms , 45 ms
–1 –2 –1
3) 8 ms , 4 ms , –15 ms 4) 16 ms–1, –45 ms–2, –40 ms–1
dy
28. x = 3cos θ , y = 3sin θ , then = [ ]
dx
1) − cot θ 2) − sin θ 3) tan θ 4) − sec θ

sin x dy
29. If y = , then = [ ]
x dx
cos x − sin x x sin x − cos x x cos x − sin x x cos x − sin x
1) 2) 3) 4)
x2 x2 x2 x3

30. The electric current in a charging R – C circuit is given by I = i0 e − t / k , where i0 and K are constants
and t is time. The rate of change of current at t = 5K. [ ]
−i0 i0 − Ki0
1) 2) 3) 4) Zero
Ke5 e5 e5
31. A ball is thrown in the air. Its height, h m, at any time t second is given by :
h = 5t(4 – t)
What is the maximum height reached by the ball ? [ ]
1) 20m 2) 24 m 3) 25 m 4) 40 m
32. From the given curve, identify the correct options (MAQ) [ ]

dy 5 dy P
1) = at x = 2 2) = 0 at x = 6 6
dx 4 dx A D
5
4
dy dy 5 2
= 1 at x = 6 = − at x = 10 B E F F
3) 4)
dx dx 4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

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CO - C4 - IPL Physics Basic Mathematics
dy
33. If y = x3 + 2x2 + 7x + 8, then will be [ ]
dx
1) 3x2 + 2x + 15 2) 3x2 + 4x + 7 3) x3 + 2x2 + 15 4) x3 + 4x + 7
34. Given PV = K (constant) we can say that [ ]
dP dV dP − dV dP 2dV dP −1 dV
1) = 2) = 3) = 4) =
p V p V p V p 2 V
35. Water is dropping out at the steady rate of 2 cc/sec through a tiny hole at the vertex of a conical
funnel, whose axis is vertical. When the slant height of the water is 4 cm then the rate of decrease of
the slant height of water is [Given that the vertex angle of the funnel is 120°]. [ ]
1
1) cm/sec r
π
2
2) cm/sec h
3π
l
4
3) cm/sec 60°
3π
1
4) cm/sec
3π
36. The function f(x) = 2x3 – 3x2 – 12x + 4 has (MAQ) [ ]
1) No maxima and minima 2) One maximum
3) One minima 4) Two minima
3
37. Find the value of ∫ ( ax + b) 2 dx [ ]
−5
2 2 5
5 5
3a 3
1)
3a
( ax + b ) 2 +C 2)
5a
( ax + b)2 + C 3)
2a
( ax + b )2 + C 4) (
5
ax + b )2 + C
dx
38. Find the value of ∫
( ax + b) . [ ]

1 1 1 1
1) ln ( ax + b) +C 2) ln ( ax + b) +C 3) ln ( ax + b) + C 4) ( ax + b) ln b + C
a b 2a

39. Find the value of ∫ sin 2xdx [ ]

1 1 1 1 ⎛ sin 2 x ⎞
1) (cos 2 x) + C 2) ( − cos 2 x ) + C 3) (cos2x) + C 4)
2 ⎜⎝ x ⎟⎠
+C
2 2 x

3t 2
40. Power supplied to a particle of mass 2kg varies with time as P = watt. Here t is in second. If
2
velocity of particle at t= 0 is v = 0. The velocity of particle at time t = 2s will be [ ]
1) 1 m/s 2) 4 m/s 3) 2 m/s 4) 2 2 m/s

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Basic Mathematics CO - C4 - IPL Physics
π
41. Solve the intergal I = ∫ sin 2 xdx [ ]
0

π π π
1) 2) 3) 4) π
2 4 3
42. A body is in straight line motion with an acceleration given by a = 32 – 4v. The initial conditions are
at t = 0, v = 4. Find the velocity when t = ln2. [ ]
15 17 23 31
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 2 4 4
43. A particle starts from rest and moves with acceleration a which varies with time t as a = kt where k is
a constant. The displacement s of the particle at time t is [ ]
1 2 1 2 1 2
1) kt 2) at 3) at 4) None
2 2 6
t

44. ∫ A sin ω t dt = ________. (where A and w are constants)

0
[ ]

A ω
1) 1–cos ω t 2) (1 − cos ω t ) 3) (1 − cos ω t ) 4) ω A (1 – cos ω t)
ω A
45. Find the area enclosed by the curve y = sinx and x – axis between x = 0 and x = π .

dp
46. The momentum p of a particle changes with time 't' according to the relation = (5 N ) + 2 ( t N / s ) .
dt
If the momentum is zero at t = 0, what will bee the momentum (Ns) at t = 1s.

⎛ 1 ⎞
47. ∫ ⎜⎝ x + x + 2⎟⎠ dx [ ]

x2 x2
1) x2 + logx 2) + log x + 2 3) x2 + ex + 2x 4) + log e x + 2 x
2 2

e x sin x + cos x + x sin x

48. ∫ sin x
dx [ ]

x x2 x x2
1) e − cos ec x + +C 2) e + cos ec x + +C
2 2

2 2
1 x2
3) + c os ec x + 1 + C
x
4) e + ln sin x + +C
2

x 2
π/4

49. ∫ tan 2 x dx = [ ]
0

π π π π
1) 1 − 2) 1 + 3) −1 4)
4 4 4 4

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50. Figure shows the curve y = x2. The area of the shaded part between x = 0 and x = 6 is [ ]
1) 27 units y
2) 72 units
3) 36 units
4) none of these
2X x
X
LEVEL - II
1. Fill in the blanks :
2π
i) radian = ................. degrees
3
ii) sin ( −θ) = .................
iii) if θ is very small, then sin θ = ...............
iv) if θ is very small, then cosθ = ...............

2. State True or False :

3
i) The value of sin 120° is . [ ]
2
ii) The value of tan 135° is –1. [ ]
1
iii) The value of tan 210° is . [ ]
3

3
iv) The value of cos 210° is − . [ ]
2
1
v) The value of cos 315° is . [ ]
2
1
vi) The value of tan 750° is . [ ]
3
vii) If f(x) = cos x + sin x, the value of f ( π ) is –1. [ ]
dy
viii) The rate of change of y with respect to x is . [ ]
dx
dy
ix) The slope of y-x graph is . [ ]
dx
d2 y
x) The rate of change of slope with respect to x is . [ ]
dx 2

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Basic Mathematics CO - C4 - IPL Physics
dy
3. Find in the following.
dx
i) y = (x2 + 1) (x3 + 3) ii) y = 3x2 + 4 cot x
x
iii) y = ex ln x iv) y=
sin x
x2 − 1
v) y= vi) y= (3x 2 + 4x + 5)
x2 + 1
vii) y = (ax + b)n viii) y = e ax + b
ix) y = ex sin2x x) y = t2 + 1
x2 + 1
xi)
ex
d2 y
4. Find in the following :
dx 2
i) y = sin (bx + c) ii) y = x5 + sin x + sec x
5. Find local maxima and minima of y.
i) y = x3 – 6x2 + 9x + 15 ii) y = x4 – 62x2 + 120x + 9

∂y
6. Find in the following.
∂x
i) y = 2x3 ii) y = 4x2z
7. If y = 4x2, find slope of y-x curve at point P(1, 4). [ ]
1) 4 2) 1 3) Zero 4) 8
8. The area under y-x curve is [ ]
1) positive y
2) negative
3) zero
4) none of these x
9. The area under y-x curve is [ ]
y
1) positive
2) negative
x
3) zero
4) none of these
10. The area under y-x curve is [ ]
y
1) non-zero positive
30
2) non-zero negative x
3) zero -30 10 20
4) none of these
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11. The area of shaded portion is (MAQ) [ ]
1) positive y
a
2) ∫0
ydx
a
3) ∫0
xdy
x
4) none of these a

12. The rate of change of momentum of a body is equal to applied force on the body. Mathematically,
dp
F = . Mark the correct options. (MAQ) [ ]
dt
1) ∫ dp = ∫ Fdt
t
2) pf – pi = change in momentum = ∫
0
Fdt
3) Change in momentum is equal to area under F-t graph
4) None of these
13. Find change in momentum from t = 0 to t = 2s. [ ]
F
1) 5 N-s
10N
2) 10 N-s
3) –10 N-s
4) None of these t
2s
14. Integrate the following functions
1
i) ∫ cos(cx + d)dx ii) ∫ e − x dx iii) ∫ dx
−2x + 4
π/2 1
iv) ∫ 0
(sin 3x + 4 cos x)dx v) ∫ 0
(x 2 + 2x + 1)dx

4
15. Find the value of ∫0
(1 − x) dx . [ ]
1) Zero 2) 1 3) 4 4) 5
dy
16. If = y 3 / 4 and for x = 0, y = 0. Then, [ ]
dx
1 1

1) x = 4y 4
2) x = 4y 2
3) y = 4x 4
4) At x = 4, y = 1
17. The rate of change of position gives velocity. If a particle is moving along x-axis as such its position
is x = b sin ω t, where b and ω are constants. Find the maximum velocity of the particle. [ ]
1) b ω 2) 2b ω 3) ω 2 b 4) 3ωb
3
x
18. If y = . Find the slope at x = 2.
6
15
19. If y = ( . Find the minimum value of y.
4 0.75sin θ + cos θ)
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Basic Mathematics CO - C4 - IPL Physics
20. Match the Column I with Column II and mark the correct options from the codes given below.
Column I Column II [ ]

∫ (4x + 3x 2 − 2x + 1) dx
1
3
i) p) 2
0
+π /2
ii) ∫ −π /2
sin xdx q) 0
+π /2 3
iii) ∫ −π /2
cos xdx r)
2
2
iv) ∫1
x−3 s) Non-zero
Codes :
i ii iii iv i ii iii iv
1) p q p r 2) p,s q p,s r,s
3) p qs p,s r 4) q q r s

KEY
LEVEL - I
1) 1 2) 3 3) 3 4) 3 5) 3 6) 1 7) 3 8) 1 9) 2 10) 1,3,4
11) 3 12) 3 13) 1 14) 2 15) 2 16) 1 17) 3 18) 4 19) 1 20) 4
21) 3 22) 2 23) 2 24) 3 25) 1 26) 1 27) 1 28) 1 29) 3 30) 1
31) 1 32) 1,2,4 33) 2 34) 2 35) 4 36) 2,3 37) 2 38) 1 39) 2 40) 3
41) 1 42) 4 43) 3 44) 2 45) 2 46) 6 47) 4 48) 4 49) 1 50) 2
LEVEL - II
1) i) 120° ii) − sin θ iii) θ iv) 1 2) all are true
ex
3) i) 5x4 + 3x2 + 6x ii) 6x – 4 cosec2x iii) + e x ln x iv) cosec x − x cot x cosec x
x
4x 3x + 2
v) vi) vii) na (ax + b)n −1 viii) ae ax+ b
(x 2 + 1) 2
3x 2 + 4x + 5
dt 2x − x 2 − 1
ix) ex sin 2x + ex sin2x x) 2t. xi)
dx ex
4) i) –b2 sin(bx + c) ii) 12x3 – sin x + sec3x + tan2 x . sec x
5) i) y max = 19, y min = 15 ii) y max = 68, y min = −1647 6) i) 6x2 ii) 8xz
7) 4 8) 1 9) 2 10) 3 11) 1,2 12) 1,2,3 13) 2
1 1
14) i) sin ( cx + d ) + constant ii) e–x + C iii) − ln (–2x + 4) + C
c 2
13 7
iv) v) 15) 4 16) 1,4 17) 1 18) 2 19) 3 20) 2
3 3
6
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