MATHEMATICS-III

Unit-I:
Basic Terms and Definitions:

A system of m n numbers arranged in the form of an ordered set of m

Matrix horizontal lines called rows & n vertical lines called columns is called an
m n matrix.
The matrix of order m n is written as

Rectangular matrix Any mxn Matrix where m n is called rectangular matrix

Eg: * +
Column Matrix It is a matrix in which there is only one column

Eg: =[ ]

Row Matrix It is a matrix in which there is only one row

[ ]

Square Matrix It is a matrix in which number of rows equals the number of columns
i.e its order is n x n.
=* +
Diagonal Matrix It is a square matrix in which all non-diagonal elements are zero

[ ]

Scalar Matrix It is a square diagonal matrix in which all diagonal elements are equal

[ ]

Unit Matrix: It is a scalar matrix with diagonal elements as unity

[ ]

Upper Triangular Matrix It is a square matrix in which all the elements below the principle
diagonal are zero

[ ]

Lower Triangular Matrix It is a square matrix in which all the elements above the principle
diagonal are zero

[ ]

Transpose of Matrix It is a matrix obtained by interchanging rows into columns or

columns into rows
 * +

[ ]

and be the transposes of A and B repectively, then

Since
Symmetric Matrix If for a square matrix A, A = then A is symmetric

[ ]

Skew Symmeric Matrix If for a square matrix A, -A= then it is skew -symmetric matrix.

[ ]

Note : For a skew Symmetric matrix, diagonal elements are zero.

Determinant of a Matrix Let A be a square matrix then

| A| =determinant of A i.e det A=| A|

If (i) then |A| matrix , A is called as non-singular and If (i) then

|A|=0 matrix, A is singular.

Note : for non-singular matrix exists

Inverse of a Matrix : Let A be any square matrix, then a matrix B, if exists such that AB = BA
=I then B is called inverse of A and is denoted by A-1.

Adjoint of a matrix Let A be a square matrix of order n. The transpose of the matrix got from
ABy replacing the elements of A by the corresponding co-factors is called
the adjoint of A and is denoted by adj A.
The conjugate of a matrix : The matrix obtained from any given matrix A, on replacing its
elements by corresponding conjugate complex numbers is called the
conjugate of A and is denoted by ̅
. Idempotent matrix If A is a square matrix such that = A then ‘A’ is called idempotent
matrix
Nilpotent Matrix If A is a square matrix such that =0 where m is a +ve integer then A is
called nilpotent matrix
Note : If m is least positive integer such that = 0 then A is called
nilpotent of index m
Involutary If A is a square matrix such that = I then A is called involuntary matrix
. Orthogonal Matrix A square matrix A is said to be orthogonal if A = A = I
Sub – Matrix Any matrix obtained by deleting some rows or columns or both of a
given matrix is called is submatrix.

E.g: Let A=[ ], Then * + is a sub matrix of A

obtained by deleting first row and fourth column of A

Minor of a matrix Let A be an mxn matrix. The determinant of a square sub matrix of A is
called a minor of the matrix.
Note: If the order of the square sub matrix is ‘t’ then its determinant is
called a minor of order ‘t’

Let A be mxn matrix. If A is a null matrix, we define its rank to be ‘0’. If A

is a non-zero matrix, we
say that r is the rank of A if
(i) Every (r+1)th order minor of A is ‘0’ (zero) & (ii) At least one rth order
minor of A which is not zero.
Rank of a matrix Note: 1. It is denoted by ρ(A)
2. Rank of a matrix is unique.
3. Every matrix will have a rank.
4. If A is a matrix of order mxn,
Rank of A ≤ min(m,n)
 5. If ρ(A) = r then every minor of A of order r+1, or more is zero.
6. Rank of the Identity matrix In is n.
7. If A is a matrix of order n and A is non-singular then ρ(A) = n
Important Note:
1. The rank of a matrix is ≤r if all minors of (r+1)th order are zero

2. The rank of a matrix is ≥r, if there is at least one minor of order ‘r’
which is not equal to zero.
Characteristic Equation: The equation | | is called the characterstic equation of the
matrix

Characteristic Polynomial: The determinant | | when expanded will give a polynomial, which
we call as characterstic polynomial of matrix A

Cayley-Hamilton Theorem: Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation
Eigen Values And Eigen
Vectors 1. Solving | | we get n roots for λ and these roots are called
characteristic roots or eigen values or latent values of the matrix
2. Corresponding to each value of λ the equation AX =Λx has a non-zero
solution vector X
3. If be the non-zero vector satisfying AX=Λx ,when λ=
is said to be the latent vector or eigen vector of a matrix A
corresponding to

1.The sum of the eigen values of a square matrix is equal to its trace
Properties Of Eigen Values and product of the eigen values is equal to its determinant.
And Eigen Vectors 2. If is an eigen value of A corresponding to the eigen vector X, then is
eigen value An corresponding to the eigen vector X.
3. A Square matrix A and its transpose AT have the same eigen values
4. If A and B are n-rowed square matrices and If A is invertible show that
A-1B and B A-1 have same eigen values
5. If are the eigen values of a matrix A then k ,
k , ….. k are the eigen value of the matrix KA, where K is a non-zero
scalar.
6. If λ is an eigen values of the matrix A then λ+K is an eigen value of
the matrix A+KI
7. If λ is an eigen value of a non-singular matrix A corresponding to the
eigen vector X, then is an eigen value of A–1 and corresponding
eigen vector X itself.
| |
8.If λ is an eigen value of a non singular matrix A ,then is an eigen
value of the matrix
9. Suppose that A and P be square matrices of order n such that P is non
singular. Then A and P-1AP have the same eigen values.
10. The eigen values of a triangular matrix are just the diagonal elements
of the matrix
11. The eigen values of a real symmetric matrix are always real
Conjugate Of A Matrix If the elements of the matrix A are replaced by their conjugates then the
resulting matrix is defined as the conjugate of the given matrix ,we
denote it with ̅
The Transpose Of The
Conjugate Of A Square
Matrix

Hermitian Matrix

Skew- Hermitian Matrix

Note: 1) The elements of the leading diagonal must be zero (or) all are
purely imaginary 2) A skew-Hermitian matrix over the field of real
numbers is nothing but a real skew-symmetric matrix.

Unitary matrix

Modal and spectral The matrix P in the above result which diagonalize the square matrix A is
matrices called modal matrix of A and
the resulting diagonal matrix D is known as spectral matrix
Quadratic form: A homogeneous polynomial of second degree in any number of variables
is called a quadratic form
 Eg: 2 is a quadratic form in
three variables
Rank of the quadratic form The number of square terms in the canonical form is the rank (r) of the
quadratic form
Index of the quadratic The number of positive square terms in the canonical form is called the
form index (s) of the quadratic form
Signature of the quadratic The difference between the number of positive and negative square
form terms = s – (r-s) = 2s-r, is called the signature of the quadratic form
Positive definite if all the eigen values are positive numbers
Negative definite if all the eigen values are negative numbers
Positive Semi-definite if all the eigen values are greater than or equal to zero and at least one
eigen value is zero
Negative Semi-definite if all the eigen values are less than or equal to zero and at least one eigen
value is zero
Indefinite if A has both positive and negative eigen values

Concepts
Problems:
K=2 or k=-6
To find two non singular matrices P and Q such that PAQ is in the normal form
Every matrix having the rank r can be reduced into the following form
PAQ=( ) ( ) or ( ) or ( )where P,Q are non singular matrices of orders m and n by
using both row and column operations .
Procedure:
1.Write A
2.Reduce the matrix A on LHS to its normal form by using both row and column operations.
3>Every elementary row transformation on A must be accompanied by the same transformation on
the pre factor on RHS.
4>Every elementary column transformation on Amust be accompanied by the same transformation
on the post factor on RHS.
Problems
Find the non-singular matrices P and Q such that PAQ is in normal and hence find the rank of A.
SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS:
PROBLEMS
Discuss the consistency of
 = [ ]

Discuss the consistency of

Examine for consistency and solve
Working rule to find characteristic equation:
For a 2 x 2 matrix:
Method 1:

Method 2:

For a 3 x 3 matrix:
Method 1:

Method 2:
6) Show that every square matrix is uniquely expressible as the sum of a Hermitian matrix and a
skew- Hermitian matrix.
Sol. Let A be any square matrix

S is skew-hermitian
PROBLEMS:
Important Questions

1. Define the rank of the matrix (JNTUA JUNE 2012,13,14,15)

2. Echelon form and Rank of the matrix

i) Reduce the matrix [ ] into echelon form and hence find its rank

ii) Reduce the matrix Reduce the matrix [ ] into Echelon form and hence find

its rank

iii) Reduce the matrix [ ] into echelon form and hence find its rank

(JNTUA JUNE 2011)

iv) Define the rank of the matrix and find the rank of the matrix [ ] (JNTUA

MAY 2005,06. SEP 2008)

v) Determine the rank of the matrix [ ]

vi) Find the value of such that the rank of [ ] is 2 (JNTUA 2006)

vii) Find the rank of [ ] (JNTUA 2008,09)

viii) Find the rank of the matrix [ ] (JNTUA 2008)

3 .NORMAL FORM ( OR) CANONICAL FORM

i) Reduce the matrix to canonical form and find its rank [ ]

ii) Reduce the matrix [ ] to canonical form (normal form) and find its rank

(JNTUA JUNE 2009)

iii) Reduce the matrix [ ] to normal form and find its rank (JNTUA 2008)
v) Find the rank of the matrix [ ] by reducing it to it to canonical form (JNTUA

2006,SEP 2008)

v) By reducing the matrix [ ] into normal form and find its rank (JNTUA 2002)

vi) Reduce to normal form and find its rank [ ] (JNTUA 2002)

vii) Reduce the matrix to canonical form and find its rank [ ] (JNTUA 2005)

4.Find two non-singular matrices P and Q such that PAQ is in the normal form form of the
following matrices and find the rank of the following matrices.

i) [ ] ii) [ ] iii) [ ]

iv) [ ] (JNTUA 2005)

v) [ ] vi) [ ] (JNTUA MAY 2005)

5.NON- HOMOGENOUS SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS (AX =B)

i) Find the following system of equations are consistent if so solve them
(JNTUA
2001,02,04,05)
ii) Find whether the following equations are consistent, if solve them .
(JNTUA MAY 2005)
iii) Find the value of  for which the system of equations
Will have infinite number of solutions
and solve them with that  value
iv) Find whether the following set of equations are consistent if so, solve them.

(JNTUA MAY 2005)

v) Prove that the following set of equations are consistent and solve them.
(JNTUA MAY
2006,07,08(K),09(H),09(K),10)
vi) Solve (JNTUA 2008)
vii) Test for consistency and solve
viii) Find the values of a and b for which the equations
are consistent. when will these equations have
a unique solution? (JNTUA 2004)
6.HOMOGENOUS SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS (AX =O)
i)Solve the system of equations
ii)Solve the system of equations
iii)Show that the only real number or which for which the system
has non-zero solution is 6 and solve
them, when (JNTUA 2005,06,08)
iv)Determine whether the following equations will have a non-trivial solution if so solve them.
4 (JNTUA MAY 2006)
v) Solve the system of equations
(JNTUA 2008,09)
vi) Solve the system of equations
(JNTUA 2008)
vii)Find all the solutions of system of equations
(JNTUA 2008)
viii)Solve completely the system of equations

EIGEN VALUES AND EIGEN VECTORS (JNTUA 2009)

1.Find the characteristic roots of the matrix [ ] (JNTUA 2008,09)

II. Find the eigen values and the corresponding eigen vectors of the following matrices

i) [ ] (JNTUA MAY 2006,08,12) ii) [ ]

iii) [ ] (JNTUA MAY 2006,08) iv) [ ] (JNTUA 2001,06)

v) [ ] (JNTUA 2005) vi) [ ] (JNTUA 2006)

vii) [ ] (JNTUA 2008) vii) [ ] (JNTUA

2008,10)

ix)Verify that the sum of eigen values is equal to trace of ‘ for the matrix [ ]

(JNTUA 2007) and find the corresponding eigen vectors x) * + (JNTUA 2009)
III. DIAGONALIZATION AND CALUCULATION OF POWERS OF A MATRIX

i) Determine the modal matrix [ ] and hence diagonalize .

8 8  2
ii) Diagonalize the matrix 4 3 2 and find A4 (JNTUA 2006)
[3 4 1 ]
1 1 1
iii) If A= 02 1 find a) A8 b) A4 (JNTUA 2006)
[ 4 4 3 ]

iv) Diagonalize the matrix A =[ ] (JNTUA 2004,09)

v) Find a matrix P which transforms the matrix, [ ] to diagonal form J(A)

Dec2016
1 0 0
vi) Diagonalize the matrix A = 0 3 1 and find A5
[0 1 3 ]
vii) If A=* +
IV.CAYLEY-HAMILTON THEOREM AND ITS PROBLEMS
i) State and prove Cayley- Hamilton theorem
8 8  2
ii) Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the matrix A= 4 3 2 .Hence find (JNTUA
[3 4 1 ]
2005,06)

iii) Find the inverse of the matrix A =[ ] by using Cayley-Hamilton theorem iv)State

Cayley-Hamilton theorem and use it to find the inverse of the matrix A =[ ](JNTUA

2001)
v)Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem find the inverse and of the matrix

A =[ ](JNTUA 2002)

vi)Show that the matrix A =[ ] satisfies its characteristic equation . Hence find

(JNTUA 2002)
vii) Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem find the inverse and of the matrix A =* +(JNTUA
2003)

viii) If A =[ ] Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem (JNTUA 2006)

ix) Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem and find the characteristic roots where A =[ ] (JNTUA

2009)

x) Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the matrix A= [ ] .Hence find (JNTUA 2009)

COMPLE X MATRICES
i)Define Hermitian and Skew-Hermitian and Unitary matrices(JNTUA 2002,04,10,11,15)
I.Properties of Hermitian and Skew-Hermitian and Unitary matrices
i)The eigen values of a Hermitian matrix are all real (JNTUA 2002,04,10,11,12,15)
ii) The eigen values of a Skew-Hermitian matrix are purely imaginary or zero(JNTUA 2002)
iii) The eigen values of Unitary matrix have absolute value (JNTUA 2002,03)
iv)The inverse and transpose of an unitary matrix is unitary (JNTUA 2002)
v)If is any square matrix then prove that
a) is Hermitian matrix (b) are Hermitian matrices (c) is a Skew-
Hermitian matrix (JNTUA 2009)
vi)Every square matrix can be expressed as Hermitian matrices
II.Problems of Hermitian and Skew-Hermitian and Unitary matrices(JNTUA 2005)
Find the eigen values of the following matrices
√

i) ( ) (JNTUA 2006) ii) ( ) iii) [ ]

√

iv) Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the Hermitian matrix ( )(JNTUA
2006)

v)S.T A = [ ] is a Skew- Hermitian matrix and also Unitary. Find the eigen values and

eigen vectors of A(JNTUA 2006)

vi) Show that A = ( ) is unitary if a2+b2+c2+d2 = 1(JNTUA 2004)
QUADRATIC FORMS
i)Define Quadratic form
ii)Define Index, Signature, Nature of Quadratic form
I.Find the symmetric matrix of the following Quadratic forms
i) )

iii) (JNTUA 2003) iii)

iv)
II.Find the Quadratic form relating to to the following matrices

i) A =[ ] ii) A =[ ] iii) A = [ ] iv) A =[ ] (JNTUA

2003)
III.Reduce the following Quadratic forms to Canonical form (or) normal form (or) sum of
squares form by using Linear Transformation and also find Rank, Index, Signature,
Nature
) (JNTUA 2007,08) (ii)
(JNTUK 2008)
iii) iv)
v) vi)
(JNTUA 2008)
vii) (JNTUH 2009)
IV. .Reduce the following Quadratic forms to Canonical form (or) normal form (or) sum of
squares form by using Orthogonal Transformation
and give the matrix of transformation. And also
find Rank, Index, Signature, Nature.
i) ii)
iii) iv)

v) vi)

vii) (JNTUA 2005,06,08,10) viii)

(JNTUH 2011, JNTUA 2009)

V.Reduce the following Quadratic forms to Canonical form (or) normal form (or) sum of
squares form by using Lagrange’s reduction and also find Rank, Index, Signature, Nature
i) ii) (JNTUA 2009)
iii) iv)

v) (JNTUK 2011)
VI.Identify the nature of the following Quadratic forms
) ii)
iii) iv)

v)identify the nature of the matrix A =[ ] (JNTUA 2000,2009)

What is the rank of the matrix [ ] J(A) Dec 2016

2.Explain unitary matrix with proper example J(A) Dec 2016

3.Find the characteristic equation of the matrix A =[ ] and hence find its inverse use

cayley-Hamilton theorem J(A) Dec 2016

4. Find the Eigen vectors of the matrix [ ] and hence reduce the quadratic form

to a sum of squares also write its nature J(A) 2015

5.Determine the value of λ for which the following system of equations has non trivial solutions and
find them
(λ-1) x+(3λ+1)y +2λz=0, (λ-1) x+(4λ-2)y +(λ+3)z=0 ,2x+(3λ+1)y+3(λ-1)z=0 J(A) 2015