Microbiología de suelo
®
TOCMO BIOSCIENCE
Biotechnology & Bioengineering Company
MO
Composición 5%
Agua
Mineral 25%
45%
Suelo Aire
25%
Horizonte Mineral Aire Agua Materia Orgánica
Arcilla < 0.002 mm Marchitez permanente Residuos frescos
Microporos
O En descomposición
A Limo 0.002 a 0.05 mm
Estabilizado (Humus)
B Capacidad de campo Microorganismos 5 %
E Arena 0.05 a 2.00 mm
C
Macroporos Saturado
R
12 clases texturales
Nutrientes
Arcilloso Franco Arenoso Macronutrientes
C, H, O Agua y aire
N, P, K
Ca, Mg, S Suelo y
Fertilizantes
Micronutrientes
Fe, B, Cl, Cu, Mn, Mo, Zn Suelo y
Fertilizantes
Erosión
< Infiltración > Infiltración Agua
Escorrentía
Presente, no disponible > Lixiviación Nutrientes
Intercambio Catiónico:
Capacidad de adsorción de
Adsorción
cationes (nutrientes).
Absorción
Excepto: H, Al, Na Reacciones de Oxidación y Reducción
Precipitación
> Adsorción = > Absorción
< CCI = < fertilidad
Potencial de Hidrógeno pH
• Material parental
• Disponibilidad de nutrientes
• Toxicidad de elementos Ciclo de Nutrientes
• Actividad de microrganismos Manejo de nutrientes
SUELO Geotropismo
Microbioma - Planta Fototropismo
Protección:
Planta-Animal Hidrotropismo • Hongos y bacterias
Planta - Planta • Metales pesados
Nutritropismo
Química del suelo
Tigmotropismo
Física del suelo
RAIZ
Rizosfera
Rizoplano
Rizoplano
Rizosfera
Endosfera
MICROORGANIMOS PROMOTORES 1. Solubilización de macro y micronutrientes
DEL CRECIMIENTO DE LAS PLANTAS 2. Incremento de absorción de nutrientes
3. Fijación de Nitrógeno Atmosférico
4. Producción de fitohormonas
Rizobacteria 5. Producción de sideróforos
6. Control de microorganismos patogénicos
Micorrizas arbasculares 7. Mayor contenido de clorofila en las hojas
8. Alimentos Nutraceúticos
Extremófilos
9. Desintoxicación de suelos de metales
Termófilos Obligados >50°C, Facultativos 50 a 70 °C pesados y plaguicidas
10.Incremento del rendimiento
Psicrófilos Obligados <20°C, Facultativos >20 °C (0 °C)
11.Producción de enzimas
Alcalófidos 12.Uso eficiente del agua
13.Sistema de Resistencia Inducida
Acidófilos
14.Soporte del estrés biótico y abiótico
Xerófilos
Halófilos
Metales pesados
COLONIZACIÓN MICROBIOLÓGICA DE LA RIZOSFERA DE LAS PLANTAS
Bacteria
Aminoácidos, ácidos
orgánicos, azucares,
vitaminas y enzimas.
AM
Movimiento quimiotáctico Anclaje a la superficie de la Entrada y distribución en las
hacia las raíces raíz células
Micorriza Arbascular
Bacteria Nódulo
7 grupos Ectomicorrizas Endomicorrizas
Micorriza Arbascular
SISTEMA DE
SISTEMA DE RESISTENCIA ADQUIRIDA
RESISTENCIA
SRA
INDUCIDA SRI
¿Como aplicar micro organismos?
• Unidades Formadoras
de Colonias
• Dosis
• Densidad de siembra
• Época de siembra
Micro organismos: Biocontrol, bioestimulantes
Bioquímicos: Fitohormonas
Biofertilizantes e Inoculantes
Intereses en Guatemala Oportunidades
Producción de alimentos nutraceúticos
• Desarrollo de ciencia y tecnología
• Suelo
• Agua
• Ciencia
• Cultivo
• Infraestructura
• Insectos
• Tecnología
• Microrganismos
• Inversión
• Nutrientes
• Educación
• Atmosfera
• Networking
• Ecosistemas
• Salud
• Clima
Chlorophyll Content Index Response to Nitrogen Supply
in Sweet Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum spp.)
Dennis Gustavo Toc Mo, Petrus Langenhoven, and Nathan Shoaf
INTRODUCTION Experimental design Chlorophyll Content Index (CCI) Measurements
Recover and manage of the potential of the soil Randomized Block Design: 13 treatments (Table 1) 5 representative plants were selected from the
is a factor to increase the productivity growing and 3 replicants. In total there were 39 plots. 20 plants contained in each subplot. They were
vegetables. This research project support one of Pepper varieties also labeled, with the objective of collecting
three pillars of the Soil To Market program: Carmen Flavorburst Marcato data on the same plants. The CCI measured was
Productivity, Economics and Food Safety. using the MC-100 instrument (Apogee Inc). This
MATERIALS AND METHODS Table 1. Treatments evaluated
is a nondestructive measurement, and the CCI
Experiment site Cover Crop reading is obtained quickly around three
The experiment was conducted at Meigs Purdue Seasons (year) seconds. The sampling data was in the morning
Ag Center, under open field conditions from TRT Description 1 2 3 4 during 9:00 a.m. to 11:00. In total, plants were
May 24 to Sep 5, 2023. The experimental area 1 Control Org. Nutrients
sampled 13 times, approximately at a weekly
was delimited in nine rows oriented from west 2 Control Conv. Nutrients
interval, following the next steps:
to east. A line irrigation drip tape per row was 3 Compost Plant based
• Recently fully expanded leave.
established (12 inches between emitter) and 4 Compost Manure based • Clipping sensor MC-100 onto the leave.
protected by plastic mulch. Finally Buckwheat 5 Compost 120 ton.ha-1 - X X X • 1 leaves from 5 different plants per subplot.
cover crop was planted in each row middle. 6 Compost 240 ton.ha-1 - X X X
7 Sunn Hemp - X X X
8 Sorghum - X X X
a)
9 Compost 120 ton.ha-1 X X X X
10 Compost 240 ton.ha-1 X X X X
11 Sunn Hemp X X X X
b)
12 Sorghum X X X X
13 Conv. + Org. Nutrients X X X X
c)
Carmen Triangular transplanting system
Subplots
Figure 1. Preparation of the experimental area.May 5, PLOT Flavorburst Figure 2. a) MC-100 Instrument (Apogee Instruments). b
2023 Marcato & c) Chlorophyll Content Index Measurements
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The chlorophyll content index CCI in leaves is high in
the vegetative stage. CCI decrease in the leaves in the
reproductive stages due to nutrient translocation
(Figure 3). The CCI of the Flavorburst cultivar was
below Carmen and Marcato, although Flavorburst
showed the highest yield (Figure 4). However, there is
no significant difference (Prob > 0.3616).
60
Harvest
50
40
CCI
30
20
10
0 Prob>0.9998
19 27 33 42 47 54 61 68 75 82 89 96 104
Carmen Flavorburst Marcato
Figure 3. Yield per treatments (kg/ha). Figure 5. Relationship between Chlorophyll Content Index (color) and Yield kg.ha-1(size of the rectangle) per variety
25000 The Chlorophyll Content Index CCI per cultivar by 30000
Prob>F 0.3616 Prob>F 0.6237
treatment (Figure 5), shows the same tendency in 25000
20000
in the (Figure 3). The Carmen variety had the
Yield (kg/ha)
20000
Yield (kg/ha)
15000 highest CCI in the majority of the treatments, then
10000
Marcato and finally Flavorburst. The heatmap 15000
about the relationship (CCI and Yield kg/ha) show 10000
5000 that the treatment 6 and 10 had the most high 5000
0 value of CCI. However no significant difference in
0
Carmen Flavorburst Marcato performance was found when the treatments were 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Figure 4. Yield per cultivar (kg/ha). analyzed. Figure 6. Yield per treatments (kg/ha).
CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENT
No significant difference in yield (kg/ha) was found in the statistical analyzes carried out by variety, • Petrus Langenhoven
treatment and interaction between variety and treatment. However, treatments 6 and 10 showed the • Nathan Shoaf
highest yields for the 3 varieties, although treatment 6 differs from treatment 10 in that it did not have a • Chloe Richard
cover crop in year 1.
REFERENCIAS
Bahadur, H & Vaishnav, A. (2022). Sustainable
Agriculture: Advances in Microbe-based
Biostimulants. ELSEVIER. ISBN: 978-0-323-85577-8
Bahadur, H & Vaishnav, A. (2022). Sustainable
Agriculture: Microorganisms as Bioestimulants .
ELSEVIER. ISBN: 978-0-323-85163-3
Bahadur, H & Vaishnav, A. (2022). Sustainable
Agriculture: Revisting Green Chemicals. ISBN: 978-0-
323-85581-5
Beeckman, T & Eshel, A. Plant Roots: The Hidden
Half, Fifth Edition. DOI: 10.1201/b23126
Dennis Gustavo Toc Mó
[email protected] 4027 1736
