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Aghor Medicine Pollution Death and Healing in Northern
India 1st Edition Ronald L. Barrett Digital Instant
Download
Author(s): Ronald L. Barrett, Jonathan P. Parry
ISBN(s): 9780520252189, 0520252187
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 3.25 MB
Year: 2008
Language: english
Aghor Medicine

http://avaxhome.ws/blogs/ChrisRedfield
Aghor Medicine
Pollution, Death, and Healing
in Northern India

Ron Barrett
Foreword by Jonathan P. Parry

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS

Berkeley . Los Angeles . London
University of California Press, one of the most distin-
guished university presses in the United States, enriches
lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the
humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its
activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation
and by philanthropic contributions from individuals
and institutions. For more information, visit
www.ucpress.edu.

Unless otherwise noted, all photographs are by the

author.

Chapter 5 was previously published in different form

as Ronald L. Barrett, “Self-Mortification and the
Stigma of Leprosy in Northern India,” Medical
Anthropology Quarterly 19, 2 (June 2005): 216–30.
Copyright © 2005 by the American Anthropological
Association.

University of California Press

Berkeley and Los Angeles, California

University of California Press, Ltd.

London, England

© 2008 by The Regents of the University of California

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Barrett, Ron.
Aghor medicine : pollution, death, and healing in
northern India / Ron Barrett ; foreword by Jonathan P.
Parry.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
isbn 978-0-520-25218-9 (cloth : alk. paper)
isbn 978-0-520-25219-6 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Medical anthropology—India—Varanasi (Uttar
Pradesh). 2. Aghoris—Rituals. 3. Healing—
Religious aspects—Aghoris. 4. Leprosy—Treatment—
India—Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh). I. Title.
GN296.5.I4B37 2008
306.4'6109542—dc22 2007007627

Manufactured in the United States of America

17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

This book is printed on New Leaf EcoBook 50, a

100% recycled fiber of which 50% is de-inked post-
consumer waste, processed chlorine-free. EcoBook 50
is acid-free and meets the minimum requirements of
ansi/astm d5634-01 (Permanence of Paper).
For Baliram Pandey
Contents

List of Illustrations ix

Foreword xi
Jonathan P. Parry

Note on Transliteration, Abbreviations, and Names xvii

Acknowledgments xix

Introduction 1
1. The Cosmic Sink 29
2. Fire in the Well 57
3. The Reformation 84
4. The Wrong Side of the River 101
5. Dawa m and Duwa m 119
6. Death and Nondiscrimination 138
Conclusion 167

Notes 187
Glossary 195

References 199

Index 211
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patience and favour, nor has he encountered any but honourable
opposition; proving how much depends on the manner in which a
man fights his battle, and how much is conceded to courage with
courtesy. Dr. Collins has argued, “Ought Vaccination to be enforced?”
before the Abernethian Society; he has met Dr. W. B. Carpenter in
public debate; he has discussed the Vaccination Disaster at Norwich
in 1882; he has answered Sir Lyon Playfair; and he has brought the
doctrine of evolution to bear on the generation of disease.[297] If
sometimes we refer to the medical profession with severity, the
recollection of members like Dr. Collins operates as a check. Still we
must be just. Professions, like kindred trade unions, are controlled
by their interests, and there never was church, or community, or
corporation which surrendered any source of gain, save by external
compulsion. Public vaccination in England represents a medical
endowment of £100,000 annually, which the profession, true to the
law of its being, cannot renounce voluntarily; and there is no sense
in shutting our eyes to that certainty. Of course, it would be absurd
to charge medical men individually with defending vaccination
because of the gain attached thereto: nothing of the kind is
intended: but as Hobbes observed of mankind in the gross, “Even
the axioms of geometry would be disputed if their interests were
peculiarly affected by them.”
When, therefore, it is said that vaccination is a medical question
which may be left to medical men to settle, the answer is—“Nay:
vaccination is paid for out of the public pocket, and whatever the
evidence adverse to its usefulness, it will be upheld as beneficial by
those who profit by it. If those who pay do not object, those who
are paid never will. In face of common experience, we hold it cannot
be otherwise.”
There are fashions in medicine as in millinery: they are started;
they flourish; they pass away; but the permanence of any medical
fashion might be secured if fortified by endowment. Venesection was
once in vogue; now it is scarcely known; but if in its heyday a law
had been passed for its performance at the public expense, a ring of
official venesectors would have been created to justify the practice
against all gainsayers; to deny or explain away every disaster and
fatality; and at all hazards preserve its credit from reproach; whilst it
would cost something like a constitutional struggle for the nation to
escape from the imposition. It is thus with vaccination. Left to itself,
it would, like venesection, have dropped into disuse; but it acquired
permanence from the initial error—the endowment of the National
Vaccine Establishment in 1808.
The enforcement of vaccination supplies a yet stronger reason for
public interference. A church endowed by the State might be
endured by Dissenters, but if submission to any of its offices were
made compulsory, endurance would give place to active resistance.
Such is the case with vaccination. As it is endowed and enforced, it
is hopeless to try to reserve it from general discussion and
denunciation. Since citizens are liable to fine and imprisonment who
withhold their children from the lancet, it becomes their duty to
satisfy themselves as to the character of the operation for which
they are taxed, and with which their families are menaced; and
should their convictions be adverse to its utility and safety, they
cannot do their fellow-citizens better service than by bearing the
testimony of open resistance.
Thus vaccination is translated to politics and made every man’s
business; whilst the interest created by its endowment and
enforcement deprives its medical advocates of judicial authority in
the controversy. It would be as reasonable to expect slaveholders to
denounce slavery, or protected manufacturers to advocate free trade
as for those whose professional prestige and advantage are involved
in the practice to speak the truth about vaccination. Let us be
reasonable. Do men gather grapes of thorns, or figs of thistles? We
should not require of average human nature the virtue of its rarer
forms. Like all monopolies, vaccination endowed and enforced, is
defended with unanimity from within, and must be attacked and
overthrown from without—nevertheless be it said with some
assistance from within, and that assistance most efficient.
 It is therefore no cause for surprise that a large share in the
agitation against compulsory vaccination has fallen to laymen. Mr.
George S. Gibbs (cousin of John Gibbs and brother of R. B. Gibbs)
has for thirty years maintained a criticism, chiefly statistical, of the
official defences of vaccination, characterised throughout by an
accuracy which has never been impugned.[298]
Mr. H. D. Dudgeon has been described as “a veritable and
venerable apostle of health.” With a consummate knowledge of
hygiene, and a profound faith in its power to overcome zymotic
disease, he has set forth its principles with such lucidity and
persistency that he has gone far to educate Leicester in setting at
naught the vaccine superstition. To the standard assertion of the
vaccinators, that sanitation is good against all febrile affections,
except smallpox, for which there is no preventive save vaccination
(the sovereign variety being conveniently undefined) he has been an
opponent merciless as truth. Regret is frequently expressed that the
abundant information and admirable sense which pervade Mr.
Dudgeon’s writing have been confined to newspapers and occasional
pamphlets, but it is probable his teaching has been all the more
fruitful because adapted to immediate circumstances.[299] The word
spoken in due season how good it is!
The name of Mr. Alexander Wheeler of Darlington is familiar
wherever vaccination is brought under discussion. Mr. Wheeler’s
interest in the subject was first excited, he writes, by Mr. G. S. Gibbs,
“whose scepticism as to its virtue seemed to me absurd”—
Mr. Gibbs inquired whether I had examined the question, and when I
confessed that I had not, he asked if I would read Baron’s Life of Dr.
Jenner. Nothing loath, I accepted the loan of the volumes. Doubts began
to trouble me with the first volume, and the second quite upset my
confidence in Vaccination as a positive preventive of Smallpox. I then set
to work to ascertain with what care I could, whether there was any truth
in the assertion that Vaccination diminished Smallpox or modified its
virulence. The process of determination was not rapid, but long before I
had formed a definite opinion, I was satisfied that Compulsory Vaccination
was indefensible; and my first efforts were directed to the protection of
my own children from the infliction. Unsatisfied as to what Vaccination
 was, or what the Vaccinator effected, I clearly saw that the State had no
right to enforce a practice by no means harmless, nor preventive of
Smallpox, nor easy to explain the use of.

As lecturer, debater and newspaper controversialist, Mr. Wheeler

has acquired well-earned distinction. Knowing far more of
vaccination, its history, varieties, consequences, and statistics than
his adversaries, they are usually overthrown with a dexterity realised
as horrible and astonishing. Like savages with bows and arrows,
they come forth in the innocence of faith to encounter arms of
precision. In 1878 Mr. Wheeler held a debate with Dr. George Wyld,
an enthusiastic advocate of the cowpox discarded by Jenner as
impotent against smallpox. Sir Thomas Chambers presided, and the
question discussed being, “Is Vaccination worthy of National
Support?” How rash and how futile was Dr. Wyld’s championship is
recorded in the report of the debate.[300]
Mr. William Tebb is another well-known name in connection with
the movement against vaccination. For a time dubious, his attention
was quickened and his course decided by the summons of the St.
Pancras guardians to have his daughter, Beatrice, vaccinated. His
refusal was followed by prosecution after prosecution in the
Marylebone police-court, until at last the guardians gave up the
contest as hopeless.[301] It was a bad day for vaccination when the
compulsory law was applied to Mr. Tebb. As with many others,
persecution made of him an inflexible and active antagonist. His
tongue, his pen, and his purse, coupled with untiring industry and
eminent executive ability, have been devoted to the exposure and
overthrow of the conjoint superstition and tyranny. Mr. Tebb is a fine
exemplification of Sir T. Fowell Buxton’s opinion, “Vigour, energy,
resolution, firmness of purpose—these carry the day. Is there one
whom difficulties dishearten, who bends to the storm? He will do
little. Is there one who will conquer? That kind of man never fails:”
adding, “The longer I live, the more I am certain that the great
difference between men, between the feeble and the powerful, is
energy—invincible determination, a purpose once fixed, and then
death or victory. That quality will do anything that can he done in
this world.”[302]
Mr. P. A. Taylor’s speeches in the House of Commons have been
widely read, but his Letter to Dr. W. B. Carpenter has been, perhaps,
the most effective contribution to the good cause.[303] Dr. Carpenter
had volunteered for the defence of vaccination, and had challenged
Mr. Taylor; and being of a credulous and uncritical habit of mind, he
collected and recited the various legends and factitious statistics that
form the body of vaccination, with additions from his private
resources; thus constituting himself an objective of attack, and
providing Mr. Taylor with an excellent opportunity. Mr. Taylor
accepted the challenge: he captured and destroyed Dr. Carpenter’s
positions seriatim, leaving him routed and helpless. The Letter has
had an immense circulation, and its influence on public opinion is
manifesting itself in a thousand ways. Neither Dr. Carpenter nor any
vaccinator has ventured to reply to Mr. Taylor; the fact being that no
reply is possible. Any one who attentively reads Mr. Taylor’s Letter
cannot fail to perceive that the practice represented by Dr. Carpenter
is rooted in illusion and imposture. Silence under the circumstances
may therefore pass for discretion: silence on Dr. Carpenter’s part
possesses a significance it would be difficult to misinterpret. Indeed,
none know better than those responsible for vaccination as a
medical interest, that the less it is brought under discussion the
more likely it is to endure. Quieta non movere is their motto; and
officious champions like Dr. Carpenter have little thanks for their
restlessness.
Correspondence in newspapers is a well-recognised means for the
diffusion of new ideas, and in the use of this means the opponents
of vaccination have acquired no little distinction. There is an
increasing number throughout the country who not only know their
own case, but the case of their adversaries better than do their
adversaries themselves; and if an editor has grace enough to
maintain a fair field and show no favour, the issue is invariably
satisfactory. Two able correspondents, who have gone hence, are
especially worthy of mention—Andrew Leighton and William Gibson
Ward. Mr. Leighton was a Liverpool merchant, who, having become
interested in the vaccination question, made its discussion the
occupation of his leisure. With a clear and logical mind, patient,
sagacious, and tolerant, prejudice itself could scarcely withstand his
sweet reasonableness. Almost to the day of his death, 14th January,
1877, he was engaged in newspaper controversy, each letter bearing
witness to his admirable temper and persuasive power.[304] Mr. Ward
of Perriston Towers was a man of wide reading and perfervid
character, who wrote and talked after the manner of Cobbett, whom
in many respects he resembled. Having discovered the truth as
concerned vaccination, he applied himself vigorously and
successfully to its diffusion. He sustained his prosecution as a parent
with the joy of one who delights in battle; and, indeed, as it was
said, a periodical prosecution would have suited him exactly,
providing him with occasion for a rousing speech in court and a
discussion with the bench, to be duly reported in the Herefordshire
newspapers. Mr. Ward died 18th October, 1882. Latterly he had
access to The Times, and followed up a series of letters on subjects
he had made his own with one on which he argued, that smallpox
was neither an unmixed evil, nor a cause of extra mortality.[305]
To enter into a closer enumeration of those engaged in the
movement against vaccination would be invidious and bound to
imperfection. Still it would be grateful to refer to the various services
of veterans like Sir Jervoise Clarke Jervoise, Mr. Thomas Baker, Dr.
Edward Haughton, Mr. T. B. Brett of St. Leonards, Mr. Edmund
Proctor of Newcastle, Mr. John Lucas of Gateshead, Mr. R. A. Milner
of Keighley, Mr. W. F. Fox of Dewsbury, Dr. E. J. Crow of Ripon, Mr.
Francis Davis, jun., of Enniscorthy, Mr. Wm. Thurlow of Sudbury, Mr.
Wm. Adair of Maryport, Mr. Charles Gillett of Banbury, Dr. T. L.
Nichols, Mr. James Burns, and Mr. Amos Booth of Leicester. These
and others have borne the odium of despised truth, and live to see it
steadily acquiring favour and force, whilst the delusion to which it is
opposed is entering the region of scepticism preparatory to
dispersion and contempt.
 All means are good against evil, but deeds are more than words;
and talk against vaccination counts far less than resistance to its
infliction. The more who are withheld from the rite, the more live to
prove its inutility; and the more the law designed to enforce is set at
defiance, the surer and sooner will be its overthrow. Nevertheless,
let us not forget what this warfare costs, nor how we are indebted to
the men and women, brave, tender, and true, by whom it is
endured. As a rule, the rich are exempt: the contest is with the poor.
As Mrs. Jacob Bright says—
I object to Compulsory Vaccination because it is an outrageous piece of
class legislation. No one in easy circumstances, no one possessing the
luxury of a family doctor, need have his child vaccinated. He has only to
tell his family doctor that he objects to Vaccination, and the matter is at
an end. Did ever any one hear of a family doctor who threatened to
prosecute the head of a family for nonconformity in this respect? I think
not. But the family doctor of the poor is the parish doctor. He is quite
independent of his patient, and being paid by other people to vaccinate
them, he not only vaccinates them in many cases against their will, but he
does it when he likes, and with what virus he likes, irrespective of the
feelings or opinions they may entertain.
I was riding some time ago in Sherwood Forest, and stopped to ask for
a glass of water at a cottage, where a poor woman was standing with her
fat little baby in her arms. I said, “You’ve got a pretty boy there. Has he
been vaccinated?” The mother’s face, which was glowing with pride at
praise of her boy, suddenly fell, and she said, “No, madam, he hasn’t, but
he’ll have to be. We’ve lost one through it,” she added, with tears in her
eyes. She is one of a great number of poor people who, rightly or wrongly,
believe that Vaccination is dangerous, and yet are not able to resist the
pressure put upon them to vaccinate; they are too poor, and in most cases
have not the spirit to resist.
I say that it is disgraceful to fine and imprison people for forming an
independent opinion on a medical question; and it is particularly
disgraceful that my poor neighbour should be thus persecuted when I am
free, absolutely free, to please myself whether my children shall be
vaccinated. It is not possible that this thing can continue. [306]

The contest, be it repeated, is with the poor. “There is no getting

over the fact,” says Dr. John Scott of Manchester, “that vaccination is
hated among the working class, in Lancashire, at least.” Vaccination
is hated, and rightly hated, and the law is set to overcome that
hatred. Multitudes submit because they either know not how, or
dread to do otherwise; but an honourable and increasing number
prefer the better part—holding by what they recognise for right,
resolved to obey God rather than man. It has been said, “The days
of martyrdom, like those of miracles, have ceased”; but have they?
The record of humble English folk, who, during the past thirty years,
have withstood the infamous Vaccination Acts, bears witness to the
contrary. Martyrdom and heroism are rarely recognised by those who
occasion or dislike their manifestation: it is sympathy that opens the
eyes to their appearance. Unknown or despised, these medical
nonconformists have stood true to their faith in the order of nature
against doctor-craft, and have counted nothing dear to them if so be
they could preserve their children and conscience from outrage.
They have been prosecuted with all the malice and pertinacity of
petty authority—of Justice Shallow and Bumble; have been insulted
from the judgment seat; have been fined to the uttermost farthing
and loaded with uttermost costs, and this repeatedly; have had their
goods and furniture distrained, and their homes broken up; have
been sent to jail with hard labour, and subjected to every indignity
and cruelty of the prison-house; have been hunted from parish to
parish, and in despair driven to exile. And these have been
Englishmen, the law English, and the time our own! The Master of
the Rolls recently observed, “What is contrary to the feelings of
every honest man cannot be the law of England—or, if it be, the
sooner it ceases to be law the better.” It would be unfair to charge
the injustice of the Vaccination Acts to the English people. To most
of them their character and operation are unknown. The chief
sufferers are hidden under the hatches of poverty, and are unable to
make the land resound with their wrongs. Those, too, who essay to
speak for them are confronted with that obdurate dulness with
which the early Free-Traders had to contend when restriction was
thought to be as good for commerce as cowpox is thought to be
good for health in stopping smallpox. Mr. Bright, in praising the
speeches of Mr. Villiers at Birmingham, 29th January, 1884,
remarked—
 I mention their publication to revive the strange and painful fact that
during the years when those speeches—so convincing, so absolutely
unanswerable, were spoken in the House of Commons, they were
addressed, as it were, to men morally stone deaf. The arguments were not
answered, the facts adduced were not disproved, the appalling suffering
of the people was not denied.

A similar deafness to the oppression of compulsory vaccination

prevails, though there are signs of awakening. Still it is not for those
who suffer to wait on politicians. The words are trite, but true as
trite—
“Know ye not,
Who would be free, themselves must strike the blow?”
Many are discovering that in union is strength. Combinations for
mutual protection and insurance against penalties are multiplying.
Resist and Organise is their watchword: organise, study the law, find
out its weak places, make the most of them, harass its
administrators, vote only for guardians who are opposed to
compulsion; and, in short, do whatever is possible to frustrate the
pernicious legislation.
Sometimes it is asked, “Why not obey the law and agitate for its
repeal?” but the suggestion is designed for stultification. Suppose
the Society of Friends had consented to take oaths until the law was
adjusted to their consciences, would they not have been swearing to
this day? Suppose some dissenters had not refused to pay church
rates, when would church rates have been abolished? Suppose the
Irish had submitted to English rule until convinced by reason of the
wickedness and folly of their domination, how long would they have
had to wait for the redress of their wrongs? Such questions might be
run over pages, but to what purpose? All know (unless submerged in
cant) that those who would have must take; and that no man’s
rights can be entrusted to another’s good-will, be the trustee ever so
just. Vaccination is a medical monopoly established, endowed, and
enforced—a tyranny to be overthrown. Those who profit by it will
never consent to its surrender, whatever the evidence of its inutility
and mischief: it would be against experience to expect otherwise:
and they will never be so valiant in defence of their monopoly, and
so profuse in the assertion of its overwhelming advantages, as when
its dissolution is imminent. The wise understand these things. There
is, therefore, but one way in which to get rid of the incubus, and
that way is outright resistance. Already such resistance has proved
successful in several parts of the country. The law has been reduced
to abeyance, and similar resistance will be rewarded with similar
results. Moreover, further legislation in favour of vaccination has
been checked. Parliament will pass no more Vaccination Acts. The
plague thus far is stayed: the worst possible has been seen: the
business is to clear away what remains.

It is sometimes said that vaccination is unnatural, and the saying

is disregarded as unscientific or absurd. But is it unscientific? and is
it absurd? Men deserve an order in Nature, and when they perceive
that any procedure is at variance with that order, they instinctively
condemn it as unnatural, though possibly they may be unable to
give a philosophic account of their aversion.
We unite in the assertion that vaccination is unnatural, and when
we are asked, Why? we answer, Because it is an operation which
violates the order maintained in the formation of the blood. If we
follow food into the stomach and attend to the processes of
digestion, rejection, and assimilation—the infinite care, in short, with
which blood is made, we shall start back with dislike, and even
horror, from a practice which sets at naught all this care; which
attacks the blood directly, and attacks it to poison it. Hence it is that
vaccination is stigmatised as unnatural, being a process which not
only reverses the course of Nature in blood-making, but doubly
unnatural, as violating that course and poisoning its product.
To re-affirm and illustrate our meaning, we take the following
piece of physiological poetry, poetic yet scientifically accurate, from
Dr. Garth Wilkinson—
 In the human body, whatever enters the blood, be it even the most
bland food, the juice of the grape or the pomegranate, or the fine flour of
wheat, be it oil, wine, or fig, is broken up first, and then led inwards
through long avenues of introduction. The most innocent food goes in
most easily and first. The police and surveillance for the rest are
exceeding great and many. The senses electively appetise the fine food; it
has to pass through their peremptory doors of liking and disliking;
instructed doors of memory, association, imagination, reason, wisdom,
religion, in adults. It is then attacked by digestive salivas, tests,
examinations, and severe juices, and questioned to the uttermost in that
degree, which corresponds to the former. It is strained through organ
after organ; each a tribunal of more than social exactitude. It is absorbed
by the finest systems of choice in pore and vessel, organic judgment
sitting in every corner, and presiding over each inner doorway. It is
submitted to glandular and lung purifications, and their furnaces of trials
and eliminations. At last it is weighed in the balances, and minted by
supreme nerve wisdoms; and only after all these processes is it admitted
into the golden blood. This of the best food, such as good and wise men
eat. The worst food is made the best of by a constant passage through
bodily mercies and mitigations—a no less sedulous though a penal
process. This is physiology, and divine-human decency, and like a man’s
life. Vaccination traverses and tramples upon all these safeguards and
wisdoms; it goes direct to the blood, or, still worse, to the lymph, and not
with food; it puts poison, introduced by puncture, and that has no test
applicable to it, and can have no character given to it but that it is fivefold
animal and human poison, at a blow into the very centre, thus otherwise
guarded by nature in the providence of God. This is blood assassination,
and like a murderer’s life. [307]

Finally, vaccination is an attempt to swindle Nature. The vaccinator

says, “Come, my little dear, come and let me give you a disease
wherewith I shall so hoax Nature that henceforth you may live in
what stench you please, and smallpox shall not catch you.” But can
Nature be swindled? can Nature be hoaxed? Mr. Lowell, in praising
the genius of Cervantes, says, “There is a moral in Don Quixote, and
a very profound one it is—that whoever quarrels with Nature,
whether wittingly or unwittingly, is certain to get the worst of it.”
There is sometimes an apparent triumph over Nature. We do wrong,
and fancy we may evade the penalty by some cunning contrivance,
but ere long we perceive with dismay that the consequences were
only concealed or staved off, and that we have to answer to the
uttermost farthing. Vaccination is a dodge kindred with incantations
and similar performances whereby it is hoped to circumvent the
order of the Highest, and compel his favour apart from obedience to
his will. By artifice it is attempted to obviate a consequence of ill-
living, whilst persisting in ill-living; but if it were possible to escape
smallpox by such means, we should have equal punishment in some
other mode. No: smallpox with its alternatives and equivalents can
only be avoided through compliance with the old-fashioned
prescription, “Wash you, make you clean; cease to do evil, learn to
do well.” The lesson is hard to learn, and harder to practise; but
there is no evading it if we would be healthy and happy. Wherefore
all tricks like vaccination are bound to nullity and disaster. As Hosea
Biglow says—
“You hev gut to git up airly
Ef you want to take in God.”

WILLIAM A. GUY, F.R.C.P., F.R.S.

Is Vaccination a preventive of Smallpox? To this question there is, there
can be, no answer except such as is couched in the language of figures.—
Journal of the Statistical Society, 1882, vol. xlv. p. 414.
G. F. KOLB,
Member of the Royal Statistical Commission of Bavaria.
From childhood I had been trained to look upon Cowpox as an absolute
protective from Smallpox. I believed in Vaccination more strongly than in
any ecclesiastical dogma. Numerous and acknowledged failures did not
shake my faith. I attributed them either to the carelessness of the
operator or the badness of the lymph.
In course of time the question of Compulsory Vaccination came before
the Reichstag, when a medical friend supplied me with a mass of statistics
in favour of Vaccination, in his opinion, conclusive and unanswerable. This
awoke the statistician within me. On inspection, I found the figures
delusive; and closer examination left no shadow of doubt in my mind that
the statistical array of proof represented a complete failure.
My investigations were continued, and my judgment was confirmed. For
instance, Cowpox was introduced to Bavaria in 1807, and for a long time
none, except the newly-born, escaped Vaccination; nevertheless in the
epidemic of 1871, of 30,472 cases of Smallpox, no less than 29,429 were
vaccinated, as is shown in the documents of the State.— From Letter to
M r . W illiam T ebb , 22nd January, 1882 .
 FOOTNOTES:
[293] The Statistics of the Medical Officers to the Leeds Smallpox
Hospital Exposed and Refuted in a Letter to the Leeds Board of
Guardians. By John Pickering. Leeds, 1876.
[294] Mr. Constable’s publications have been as follows—
Medical Evidence in the Case of Dale v. Constable. York, 1872. Pp.
30.
Doctors, Vaccination, and Utilitarianism. York, 1873. Pp. 239.
Our Medicine Men: a Few Hints. Hull, 1876. Pp. 689.
Fashions of the Day in Medicine and Science. Hull, 1879. Pp. 300.
[295] Vaccination Tracts with Preface and Supplement. London,
1879. Pp. 348.
[296] Can Disease protect Health? being a Reply to Mr. Ernest
Hart’s pamphlet, entitled The Truth about Vaccination. By Enoch
Robinson, M.R.C.S. London, 1880. Pp. 38.
[297] A Review of the Norwich Vaccination Inquiry. London, 1883.
Sir Lyon Playfair’s Logic. London, 1883. Specificity and Evolution
in Disease. By W. J. Collins, M.D., B.S., B.Sc. (Lond.) London,
1884.
[298] The first publication of Mr. Gibbs, The Evils of Vaccination,
is dated 1856: the latest is a reply to the question, “Is Vaccination
Scientific?” in The Journal of Science, March, 1884.
[299] An article, “Compulsory Vaccination,” in evidence of Mr.
Dudgeon’s quality, will be found in The Westminster Review, No.
CXXX., April, 1884.
[300] Vaccination: Is it Worthy of National Support? A Public
Discussion in South Place Chapel, Finsbury, on 28th May, 1878,
under the Presidency of Sir Thomas Chambers, M.P., Recorder of
the City of London. London, 1878.
Mr. Wheeler has published the following pamphlets—
Vaccination in the Light of History. London, 1878.
Vaccination—Opposed to Science and a Disgrace to English Law.
London, 1879.
Vaccination—1883. London, 1884.
[301] Government Prosecutions for Medical Heresy; a Verbatim
Report of the case Regina v. Tebb. Dedicated to the Board of St.
Pancras Guardians. With an Introduction and Appendix of
Illustrative Matter. London, 1879.
[302] Mr. Tebb’s publications have been many, and his last is
especially noteworthy—Compulsory Vaccination in England: with
Incidental References to Foreign States. London, 1884. Pp. 64.
[303] Vaccination. A Letter to Dr. W. B. Carpenter, C.B. By P. A.
Taylor, M.P. London, 1881.
[304] Mr. Leighton published nothing outside the newspapers
except a letter addressed to William Chambers of Edinburgh,
entitled, The People of Dewsbury and Vaccination. London, 1876.
[305] “A New View of Smallpox.”—The Times, 25th December,
1879.
[306] Letter from Ursula M. Bright to Annual Meeting of the
London Society for the Abolition of Compulsory Vaccination, held
in Shoreditch Town Hall, 13th May, 1884.
[307] On Human Science, Good and Evil, and its Works; and on
Divine Revelation and its Works and Sciences. London, 1876.
 INDEX.

Abbott, Mr., speaker, House of Commons, 219.

Abercrombie, Sir Ralph, 396.

Aberdeen degrees, 330.

Aberdeenshire, Maitland at home, 34.

Acksell, Dr., 408.

Adair, William, 590.

Adams, Dr., Waltham, uses smallpox cowpox, 76.

Adams, Dr., pearly pox for variolation, 120;

on cowpox before Jenner, 138.

Adams, American president, 379.

Adderley, Sir Charles, 553.

Addington, Mr., 186, 195.

Addington, John, surgeon, 189, 218.

Addison, W. J., evidence House of Commons’ committee, 1871, 556.

Alexander, Emperor of Russia, cautioned by Jenner against Walker, 329;

disappoints Jenner, 362;
enforces vaccination, 406.
Allen v. Worthy, 551.

Alsop, Mr., surgeon, Calne, 130.

Amelia, Princess, variolated, 18, 22.

Anderson, Mr., Madras, fraud, 387.

Anderson, Dr., Leith, 151.

Angerstein, Mr., 230.

Antimony, tartarated, substitute for cowpox, 121, 348.

Anti-Vaccination Congresses—Paris 1880, Cologne 1881, Berne 1883, 581.

Anti-Vaccinator, Henry Pitman’s, 544;

John Pickering’s, 574.

Anti-Vaccinators, characterised by Robert Lowe, 528;

by Simon, 558-59;
by Marson, 563;
by Seaton, 569;
by British Medical Association, 580;
by J. G. Talbot, M. P., and by Dr. Barrow, 581.

Aspinwall, Dr., variolator, Boston, 376, 377.

Atheism imputed to variolators, 42.

Austria, death-rates compared with those of England, 506.

Avelin, Professor, vaccination in Prussia, 405.

Ayrton, A. S., vaccinators should be subject to penalties, 532.

Badcock, Mr., Brighton, produces and uses smallpox cowpox, 75, 272, 472, 512,
514.

Bagehot, Walter, 8.

Baillie, Dr., witness for Jenner, 190.

Baker, Sir George, practice of the Suttons, 47.

Baker, John, one of Jenner’s victims, 117, 154.

Baker, Thomas, 509, 590;

evidence House of Commons’ committee 1871, 555.

Bakewell, Dr. R. H., evidence House of Commons’ committee 1871, 559-560.

Ballard, Dr., prize Essay on Vaccination, 547, 548.

Balmis, Dr. F. X., expedition as trader and vaccinator, 401.

Banks, Mr., Jenner’s claims, 195, 233.

Banks, Sir Joseph, 146, 147, 226.

Baptism conjoined with vaccination, 276.

Barbados, variolation, 38.

Barge, Mary and John, 104, 119.

Baron’s Life of Jenner, 349-363, 586.

Baron, Dr. John, romance as to Jenner’s early years, 94;

extra-ordinary narrative, 95;
gush over George IV., 220;
Jenner v. Walker, 226;
Jenner’s shyness, 230;
letter from Jenner on Grosvenor case, 319;
first meeting with Jenner and attitude toward him, 349, 352;
appalled by no inconsistency, 354;
nor admitted change of mind in Jenner, 355-356;
rant over Balmis expedition, 402;
Jenner’s inability to count, 416;
Dr. Watt’s mischievousness, 452.
Uses and sends Jenner equine virus, 269;
apology for confounding horsegrease with horsepox, 270.

Barrow, Dr., “a disgrace to humanity,” 581.

Barrow, Mr., 538.

Barttelot, Colonel, 537.

Bath Vaccine Pock Institution, 163.

Bathurst, Lord, servant variolated and died, 34.

Batts of Temple variolated, 19.

Bavaria, results of vaccination, 596.

Beale, Dr. Lionel, much vaccinated, 302.

Beaufort, Duke of, 176.

Beddoes, Dr., cowpox, 138;

smallpox after cowpox, 165.

Bedford, Duke of, 219, 220.

Bengal subscription to Jenner, 390.

Berkeley, Jenner’s birthplace and home, 92;

inhabitants variolated, 99.

Berkeley, Admiral, 186, 194.

Berkeley, Earl of, 176, 191.

Berlin Royal Vaccine Institution, and Jennerian feast, 405.

Berne Anti-Vaccination Congress, 1883, 581.

Birch, John, variolation harmless, 66;

treatment of smallpox a chief cause of fatalities, 85;
summoned on Jenner’s case, 187;
character of his opposition to vaccination, 274;
scorn for means used to extend craze, 276;
nature of evidence submitted to House of Commons, 276;
desire to know what cowpox was, 277;
absurdity of spurious cowpox, 277;
what had Jenner discovered? 278;
 assertion that cowpox was harmless and would never prove fatal, 279;
futility of variolous test, 279;
smallpox following vaccination, 280;
Jenner pestered with failures, 280;
fine promises belied, 281;
death and epitaph, 281, 282;
Jenner’s treatment of Birch, 283;
mention in Edinburgh Review, 290.

Birch, Penelope, reprints brother’s papers, 281,

and erects his monument, 282.

Blandford fire and smallpox, 85.

Blane, Sir Gilbert, 83, 397;

witness for Jenner, 187;
estimate of smallpox for United Kingdom, 208, 209.

Bleeding, 519, 584.

Blistering, 519.

Blood-making, process described, 594-595.

Bombay, vaccination introduced, 385, 388;

subscription to Jenner, 390.

Bompas, flaming fire-brand, 77.

Booth, Amos, 590.

Boringdon, Lord, bill to suppress variolation, 73, 353.

Boston, variolation first practised, 2-4, 7, 377;

completely variolated, 57;
method of practice, 58, 373;
smallpox in 18th century, 371-373.

Bouley, Prof., experiments with horsepox, 273.

Bourne, Sturges, denounces variolation, 72, 246.

Boy, cowpox ox-faced, 297.

Boylston, Dr. Zabdiel, variolation in New England, 2, 5-7, 56, 371.

Bowman, Mr., Newcastle, 550.

Bradley, Dr., Jenner’s conjectural income, 188.

Brady, Mr., liberal pay for vaccination, 536.

Bragge, Mr., surgeon, attempts use of cowpox, 138.

Brahmins hold cowpox impure, 387.

Bread, Beef and Beer, 88, 316.

Bremer, Dr., vaccinations in Berlin, 406.

Brett, T. B., St. Leonards, 590.

Bridgewater, Duke of, son variolated and killed, 34.

Bright, Jacob, 553;

cites Gregory against Marson on marks, 561.

Bright, John, deafness of House of Commons, 592.

Bright, Ursula M., forcible vaccination of poor, 590.

British Medical Journal, refusal of advertisements, 582.

British Medical Association on anti-vaccinators, 579-580.

Brodie, Sir Benjamin, medical practice, 92.

Brotherton, Joseph, 501.

Brown, Thomas, Musselburgh, criticism of vaccination, 285;

sees vaccinated with smallpox, 286;
fallacy of variolous test, 287;
attempted refutation by Edinburgh vaccinators, 287;
re-affirmed position in 1842, 288;
Jenner’s malice toward, 351;
Moore’s insolence, 457;
 confession that Brown was in the right, 458;
cited by Hamernik against re-vaccination, 520.

Browne, Hawkins, 246.

Bruce, H. A., spokesman for vaccination ring, 530-531;

untruthful statement, 537-538.

Bryce’s Test, 353.

Buchan, Dr. William, Domestic Medicine, 53;

recommends variolation, 54;
appeal to clergy, 54;
mortality from smallpox and variolation, 66;
maltreatment of smallpox, 85;
prevalence and cause of scurvy, 87-88;
denounces tea, 90.

Bullpox, 144, 272, 374.

Burdett, Sir Francis, scepticism as to vaccination, 253.

Burnet, Mr., prosecuted for variolation, 463.

Burns, James, 590.

Burrows, Dr., London bills of mortality, 1818, 77.

Burrows, Sir J. Cordy, production of smallpox cowpox, 76.

Butler, Bishop, national insanities, 91.

Buxton, Sir T. Fowell, 587.

“Buying the smallpox,” 29.

Byng, Lady, two children variolated, 21.

Calcraft, Miss, Jenner on Grosvenor case, 320.

Calcutta Gazette, 1804, 383.

Cameron, Dr., smallpox cowpox, 273.

Candlish, John, 565, 567, 577;

repeated prosecutions, 550-552;
witness before House of Commons’ committee 1871, 553.

Canning, George, declaration as to compulsory vaccination, 254, 310, 476, 480,

485.

Canterbury, Archbishop of, would not commit Church, 275.

Carioli, syphilis invaccinated, 523.

Carlyle, stupidity, 19;

teeth outwards, 215;
swarmery, 291, 292;
injustice by law, 548.

Caroline, Princess of Wales, has six felons variolated, 14;

six charity children, 17;
her own children, 18, 22;
promoter of Maitland’s experiments, 171.

Carpenter, Dr. W. B., answered by Dr. Collins, 583,

and by P. A. Taylor, 588.

Carter, R. Brudenell, invaccination of syphilis, 310.

Catharine, Empress of Russia, variolated, 62, 362, 514;

payment to Dimsdale, 64.

Catpox, 170.

Caution against Vaccine Swindlers, 326.

Ceely of Aylesbury generates smallpox cowpox, 75, 272, 472, 514, 528.

Cervantes, 595.

Ceylon, variolation and vaccination, 345;

smallpox, 392-393; 408.

Chadwick, Edwin, “Keep your eye on the death-rate,” 450.

Chambers, Sir Thomas, denies that smallpox increases mortality, 439;
his prophecy, 538;
Wheeler and Wyld debate, 586.

Chambers, Wm., Andrew Leighton’s letter to, 589.

Chapman, Mrs., variolator, 44.

Charlotte, Queen, 171, 219, 221, 370, 380.

Chastellux, 59.

Chavasse, Dr., ravages of smallpox, 77.

Chemists and apothecaries friends of smallpox, 325.

Chester smallpox in 18th century, 69.

Cheyne, Dr. George, prevalence of scurvy, 87-88.

Chickenpox, alias smallpox, 366-367.

China, vaccination introduced, 386, 393.

Chinese method of variolation, 16, 394.

Chincough, Watt’s treatise, 439.

Christ’s Hospital, smallpox from, 15;

mortality of smallpox among inmates, 23, 32, 524.

Christie, Dr. Thomas, Ceylon, 392.

Chiswell, Sarah, 8, 10.

Cholera, 1831-32, 448.

Church-rates, compulsory, 542, 560, 593.

Clarence, Duke of, (William IV.) 171, 191, 219.

Clarke, Dr., advocates compulsory vaccination, 305.

Cline, Henry, letter describing first vaccination, 128;
advises Jenner to come to London, 129;
witness for Jenner, 189;
apology for Walker, 227;
National Vaccine Establishment, 459.

Cobbett, William, shuffles of quackery, 20;

in Gray’s Inn, 81;
denounces potatoes and tea, 89-90, 316;
power in common sense, 304;
vaccination fury, 305;
addresses Wilberforce on compulsion, 305;
endowment of vaccination, 307, 311;
its proved failure, 308;
spurious cowpox dodge, 309;
foresees invaccination of syphilis, 309, 531;
Advice to Young Men, 312;
smallpox-made-milder dodge, 313;
had Cobbett followed Jenner, 314;
children variolated, 315;
sanitary science undiscovered, 316;
honourable prejudices, 317.

Cockburn, Lord Chief Justice, unvaccinated infants, 77;

repeated prosecutions, 551.

Cockermouth and Dr. Walker, 220, 325.

Codd, Philip, son vaccinated by Jenner takes smallpox, 312.

Cole, James, infected with horsegrease, 115.

Collins, William, painter, 448.

Collins, Dr. W. J., opponent of vaccination, 543, 547;

evidence House of Commons’ committee, 1871, 554.

Collins, Dr. W. J., 583.

Colchester, itch and vaccination in 85th Regiment, 126, 277.

Coldbath Fields Smallpox Hospital, 40.

Colliander, Dr., Swedes decline variolation, 408.

Cologne Anti-Vaccination Congress, 1881, 581.

Combe, Andrew, 427.

Combes, The, 449.

Common-sense defined, 303.

Condamine, La, 59.

Coningham, William, 529.

Connah, Mr., Seaford, rarity of smallpox, 83.

Connell, Ira, 545.

Constable, H. Strickland, writings, 581.

Constantinople, practice of variolation, 1, 8, 11, 12, 18.

Convulsions, enormous death-rate in London, 80.

Cook, Turkey merchant, 15.

Cook, Captain, and Jenner, 92.

Cooke, C., cowpox did not prevent smallpox, 165.

Copenhagen, smallpox and vaccination, 420.

Copland, Dr., scepticism as to vaccination, 478.

Corfield, Dr., “the falsest of falsehoods,” 86.

Cornwallis, Marquis, 398.

Corrigan, Sir Dominic, evidence House of Commons’ committee, 1871, 560-561,

567.

Corry, Mr., withdraws 1866 vaccination bill, 532.

Cortez, Mexican smallpox, 511.

Corvisart and Jenner, 400.

Cother, Mr., variolates Jenner’s child, 357;

resulting scandal, 358.

Cough, Whooping, Newcastle, 429, 430;

Glasgow, 439-443;
England and Wales 1838-40, 505.

Courtney, Mr., amazing estimate, 194.

Covent Garden grave-yard, 82.

Covington, F., evidence House of Commons’ committee, 1871, 555.

Cowper, William, 80, 576.

Cowper, W. F., 496;

operates in House of Commons for Epidemiological Society, 497;
extreme docility, 498;
answer to Mr. Duncombe, 499;
simple-minded defence of compulsion, 500.

Cowpox, Jenner’s cases in Inquiry, 104-108;

assures absolute security from smallpox unaffected by time, 105, 121, 141;
incommunicable to those who have had smallpox, 106;
taken repeatedly, 107, 108, 141;
action in conjunction with smallpox, 150;
cowpox and smallpox modifications of same disease, 166;
description of in cow and man, 109;
generation in horsegrease beyond possibility of denial, 100, 110, 112;
reasons for this belief, 154;
difficulty of proof, 100;
indistinguishable in effects from horsegrease, 156, 157;
an uncommon and erratic disease, 75;
probable extinction, 111;
when it ought to be taken, 111;
its inflammation always erysipelatous, 143;
sores eat into flesh, and action checked with escharotics, 157;
recommended as an expulsive irritant, 123.
 Mr. Knight attests common faith, 132;
notorious belief in its prophylaxy, 94, 136-139, 179;
Jesty and Nash’s claims, 94-95, 204-206;
unnoticed in Cheshire, 133;
well known in south and unknown in north of England, 137;
known in Gloucestershire not to prevent smallpox, 95, 165;
inquiry of Ingenhousz in Wilts, 130;
unknown in New England, 375;
unknown in bulls, 144, 272.
Discovered, 1799, in London, 145;
distributed by Pearson, 146;
its diverse action, 149;
Jenner’s views discriminated from Pearson’s, 153, 178, 198, 203, 347.
Spurious Cowpox, 99, 113;
various definitions by Jenner, 240;
in Spain, 401;
disowned by Jenner, 239, 336, 454;
a dodge, 278, 356;
Birch’s inquiry, 277-278;
Cobbett, 309;
Hamernik’s opinion, 519-522.

Crewe, Lady, and Jenner, 231.

Crichton, Dr., vaccination and enforcement in Russia, 406-407.

Croft, Dr., faith in cowpox in Staffordshire, 137.

Cross, John, the Norwich epidemic, 1819, 432-439.

Crow, Dr. E. J., 590.

Cumberland, Duke of, 219.

Dairymaids’ faith in cowpox, 95, 114, 334.

Dalkeith, vaccination introduced, 151.

Darwin, Erasmus, letter to Jenner, 275, 371.

Davis, Francis, Enniscorthy, 590.

Davy, Sir Humphry, hydrophobia, 359, 371.

De Carro, Vienna, writes to Jenner, 264, 266-267, 405;

uses horsegrease, 265, 404-405, 512;
conveys virus to India, 384;
Jenner’s congratulation, 385.

Decimation by smallpox, 76.

Delafaye, Dr., preaches and writes against variolation, 42.

Denmark, variolation, 62;

vaccination, 419-420.

Des Gouttes, smallpox and variolation in Geneva, 61.

Devonshire, Duchess of, works for Jenner, 230.

Diarrhœa and vaccination, Newcastle, 429-430.

Diderot, promotes variolation, 59.

Diet, influence on smallpox, 87.

Dilke, Sir Charles, 578.

Dillwyn, William, letter from Jenner, 341-344.

Dimsdale, Dr. Thomas, variolator, 47-48;

controversy with Lettsom, 49;
summoned to Russia to variolate Catharine, 63;
price paid for job, 64, 362;
variolation from arm-to-arm, 76;
parish variolations, 379;
might have anticipated Jenner, 514.

Doddridge, Dr., favours variolation, 41.

Dog distemper, 360;

Jenner vaccinates King’s staghounds, 360.

Dolling, Mr., Blandford, vaccination before Jenner, 138.

Domeier, Dr., 221.

Don Quixote, 595.

Downe, Mr., Bridport, vaccination before Jenner, 139, 204.

Drew, Rev. Herman, anticipates vaccination, 138.

Drysdale, Dr., 84.

Druitt, Dr., 547.

Dublin, variolation, 34.

Dublin Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons report on vaccination, 242-243.

Dudgeon, H. D., 585-586.

Dumfries, variolation introduced, 34.

Duncan, Dr., introduces vaccination to Edinburgh, 151.

Duncombe, Thomas, discomfits sharp practice in House of Commons, 498-499;

disapproves of compulsion, 499, 529.

Dundee, vaccination introduced, 151.

Dunning, Mr., surgeon, 89, 340, 361, 385, 389, 390, 394;
enthusiasm for Jenner, 196;
first uses words vaccinate and vaccination, 229.

Dusthall, Anna, first vaccinated in India, 385.

Dutch in Ceylon, 392.

East India Company, 220.

Edinburgh, smallpox in 18th century, 50;

triumph of vaccination, 1806, 71;
vaccination introduced, 1799, 151;
smallpox epidemic among the vaccinated, 1818-19, 366;
variolation disused, 1815, and no smallpox, 463.
Edinburgh Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons report on vaccination, 241.

Edinburgh Dispensary and smallpox, 1805, 242;

official answer to Dr. Brown, 287.

Edinburgh Medical Journal, Brown of Musselburgh, 351.

Edinburgh Review, 300, 302, 303, 350;

comparative fatality of smallpox and variolation, 66;
smallpox diffused by variolation, 69;
rapid acceptance of vaccination, 70;
attacked by John Ring, 173;
anti-vaccinators described, 289;
a homicidal article, 364.

Edwards, Jonathan, killed by variolation, 56.

Egremont, Earl of, 167, 168, 220, 231.

Eldon, Lord, 73.

Elephants’ milk, 327.

Elgin, Lord, 384.

Ellenborough, asserts influence of vaccination to be transient, 353;

Jenner’s indignation, 354;
encounter with Jenner, 357;
Epidemiological Society, 482.

Ellis, Mr., fraud, 387.

Emerson, R. W., Dr. Garth Wilkinson, 549.

Emery, Aaron, evidence House of Commons’ committee, 1871, 555.

Encyclopædia Britannica, horsegrease and cowpox, 271.

Endowment of research illustrated by National Vaccine Establishment, 461.

English Cyclopædia, Cotton Mather and Lady M. W. Montagu, 7.

English death-rates compared with Austrian, 506.

Engrafting the smallpox, 1.

Enniscorthy, 508-509, 590.

Epidemics, Dr. Waterhouse bewildered, 382.

Epidemics of smallpox, Dr. Seaton on their irregular character, 568.

Epidemiological Society, organised to promote trade in vaccination, 480-491;

primes Lord Lyttelton, 480,
and W. F. Cowper, 497;
untruthful report, 485;
presses for more vaccination, 492;
bolder demands and more untruthful, 493-495;
medical place hunters, 497, 500.

Epps, Dr., variolation, 74;

Tweedledum and Tweedledee, 226;
character of Dr. Walker, 331.

Equination, 229, 264, 265, 368;

practised by Jenner, 268-269.

Erskine, Sir J. Sinclair, Jenner’s sacrifices, 194.

Erysipelas, a note of effective vaccination, 113, 119, 143, 157, 240, 279, 429, 503,
555.

Escharotics to allay vaccination, 109, 118, 157, 161, 198.

Evans, T. W., vaccination in Iceland, 420.

Evesham Guardians, advice from Local Government Board, 576.

Excell, Hannah, vaccinated, 118,

and vaccinifer, 128.

Faces, pock-marked, 468;

disappearance avouched by National Vaccine Establishment, 469-470.
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