Corbin's Concepts of Fitness And Wellness: A

Comprehensive Lifestyle Approach ISE 13th

Edition Charles B. Corbin download

https://ebookmeta.com/product/corbins-concepts-of-fitness-and-
wellness-a-comprehensive-lifestyle-approach-ise-13th-edition-
charles-b-corbin/

Download full version ebook from https://ebookmeta.com

We believe these products will be a great fit for you. Click
the link to download now, or visit ebookmeta.com
to discover even more!

Corbin Wealthy Bachelors 1 1st Edition B. L. Brooks

https://ebookmeta.com/product/corbin-wealthy-bachelors-1-1st-
edition-b-l-brooks/

Light Out of Darkness Lux E Tenebris Thelema and the

Necronomicon Gaius Corbin

https://ebookmeta.com/product/light-out-of-darkness-lux-e-
tenebris-thelema-and-the-necronomicon-gaius-corbin/

Terra Incognita: A History of Ignorance in the 18th and

19th Centuries 1st Edition Alain Corbin

https://ebookmeta.com/product/terra-incognita-a-history-of-
ignorance-in-the-18th-and-19th-centuries-1st-edition-alain-
corbin/

Personality Psychology 2017 1st Edition Larsen

https://ebookmeta.com/product/personality-psychology-2017-1st-
edition-larsen/
Always Mine Yours Everlasting Series Book 10 1st
Edition May Gordon

https://ebookmeta.com/product/always-mine-yours-everlasting-
series-book-10-1st-edition-may-gordon/

The Nature of History in Ancient Greece and Rome

Charles William Fornara

https://ebookmeta.com/product/the-nature-of-history-in-ancient-
greece-and-rome-charles-william-fornara/

The Secret Garden Frances Hodgson Burnett

https://ebookmeta.com/product/the-secret-garden-frances-hodgson-
burnett-2/

The Struggle for Inclusion: Muslim Minorities and the

Democratic Ethos 1st Edition Elisabeth Ivarsflaten

https://ebookmeta.com/product/the-struggle-for-inclusion-muslim-
minorities-and-the-democratic-ethos-1st-edition-elisabeth-
ivarsflaten/

Civil Military Legal Relations Where to from Here The

Civilian Courts and the Military in the United Kingdom
United States and Australia 1st Edition Pauline Therese
Collins
https://ebookmeta.com/product/civil-military-legal-relations-
where-to-from-here-the-civilian-courts-and-the-military-in-the-
united-kingdom-united-states-and-australia-1st-edition-pauline-
Crown of the Starry Sky (Painting the Mists #11) 1st
Edition Patrick Laplante

https://ebookmeta.com/product/crown-of-the-starry-sky-painting-
the-mists-11-1st-edition-patrick-laplante/
ISTUDY
 Corbin’s Concepts of
Fitness and Wellness
A Comprehensive Lifestyle Approach

THIRTEENTH EDITION

Gregory J. Welk
Iowa State University

Charles B. Corbin
Arizona State University

William R. Corbin
Arizona State University

Karen A. Welk
Mary Greeley Medical Center, Ames, Iowa

ISTUDY
 CORBIN’S CONCEPTS OF FITNESS AND WELLNESS

Published by McGraw Hill LLC, 1325 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10019. Copyright © 2023 by
McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may
be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the
prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic
storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.

Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the
United States.

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LWI/LWI 27 26 25 24 23 22

ISBN 978-1-265-18771-2
MHID 1-265-18771-1

Cover Image: Michael DeYoung/Getty Images

All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page.

The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does
not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw Hill LLC, and McGraw Hill LLC does not guarantee the
accuracy of the information presented at these sites.

mheducation.com/highered

ISTUDY
 Brief Contents
Section I Section V

Lifestyles for Health, Wellness, and Managing Stress 315

Fitness 1 16 Stress and Health 315
1 H
 ealth, Wellness, Fitness, and Healthy Lifestyles: 17 Stress-Management Strategies 331
An Introduction 1
2 D
 eterminants of Lifelong Health, Wellness, Section VI
and Fitness 17
3 S
 elf-Management Skills for Health Behavior
Avoiding Destructive Behaviors 351
Change 29 18 T
 he Use and Abuse of Tobacco and Other
Nicotine Products 351
Section II 19 The Use and Abuse of Alcohol 363

Foundations of Physical Activity 47 20 The Use and Abuse of Other Drugs 379

4 Preparing for Physical Activity 47 Section VII

5 The Health Benefits of Physical Activity 67
6 How Much Physical Activity Is Enough? 85 Adopting Preventive Habits 393
21 P
 reventing Sexually Transmitted
Section III Infections 393
22 C
 ancer, Diabetes, and Other Health
Engaging in Regular Physical Activity 99 Threats 407
7 Adopting an Active Lifestyle 99 23 Body Mechanics and Care of the Back 427
8 Cardiorespiratory Endurance 115 24 Making Informed Consumer Choices 463
9 V
 igorous Aerobic, Anaerobic, Sport, and 25 T
 oward Optimal Health and Wellness: Planning
Recreational Activities 137 for Healthy Lifestyle Change 479
10 Muscle Fitness and Resistance Exercise 155
11 Flexibility and Stretching Activities 195 Appendixes
12 Advanced Fitness Training 221 A Metric Conversion Charts 503
Section IV B Calories of Protein, Carbohydrates,
and Fats in Foods 504
Establishing Healthy Eating Habits 243 References 506
13 Body Composition and Health 243 Index 511
14 Nutrition and Principles of Healthy Eating 277
15 Principles of Effective Weight Control 301

ISTUDY
 Contents
Preface xvi 3 Self-Management Skills for Health
Behavior Change 29
Understanding Behavior Change 30
Section I
Importance of Self-Management Skills 32
Lifestyles for Health, Wellness, Making Lifestyle Changes 34
and Fitness 1 Using Self-Management Skills 37
Suggested Resources and Readings 42
1 Health, Wellness, Fitness, and Healthy
Lab 3A: Stages of Change and Self-Management
Lifestyles: An Introduction 1 Skills 43
The HELP Philosophy 2
National Health Goals 3
Section II
Health and Wellness 6
Physical Fitness 9 Foundations of Physical Activity 47
Using Self-Management Skills 12
4 Preparing for Physical Activity 47
Suggested Resources and Readings 14
Safety Considerations for Physical Activity 48
Lab 1A: Wellness Self-Perceptions 15 General Considerations for Physical Activity 49

2 Determinants of Lifelong Health, Recommendations for Typical Bouts of Physical

Activity 50
Wellness, and Fitness 17
Physical Activity in the Heat and Cold 52
Determinants of Health, Wellness, and Fitness 18
Physical Activity in Other Environments 55
Biological Determinants 18
Preparing for Emergencies and Handling Injuries 56
Social Determinants 19
Using Self-Management Skills 58
Lifestyle Determinants 21
Suggested Resources and Readings 60
Determinant Interactions 24
Using Self-Management Skills 24 Lab 4A: Readiness for Physical Activity 61
Suggested Resources and Readings 26 Lab 4B: The Warm-Up 63
Lab 2A: Healthy Habit Questionnaire 27 Lab 4C: Physical Activity Attitude Questionnaire 65

5 The Health Benefits of Physical

Activity 67
Physical Activity Promotes Health, Wellness, and
Fitness 68
Physical Activity Reduces Risks for Hypokinetic
Diseases 70
Physical Activity Promotes Cardiovascular Health 71
Physical Activity Promotes Metabolic Health 75
Physical Activity Promotes Musculoskeletal Health 76
Physical Activity Promotes Good Mental Health 77
Physical Activity Provides Many Other Health Benefits 78
Michael Reusse/Westend61/Getty Images Physical Activity as Lifestyle Medicine 79

iv

ISTUDY
 Contents v

Using Self-Management Skills 81 Suggested Resources and Readings 128

Suggested Resources and Readings 82 Lab Resource Materials: Evaluating Cardiorespiratory
Endurance 129
Lab 5A: Assessing Heart Disease Risk Factors 83
Lab 8A: Counting Target Heart Rate and Ratings
6 How Much Physical Activity Is Enough? 85 of Perceived Exertion 133
The Principles of Physical Activity 86 Lab 8B: Evaluating Cardiorespiratory Endurance 135
Application of the FIT/FITT Formula 87
The Physical Activity Pyramid 89 9 Vigorous Aerobic, Anaerobic, Sport, and
Physical Activity Patterns 92
Recreational Activities 137
Fundamentals of Vigorous Physical Activity 138
Physical Fitness Standards 93
Vigorous Aerobic Activities 139
Using Self-Management Skills 94
Vigorous Anaerobic Activities 142
Suggested Resources and Readings 94
Vigorous Sport Activities 142
Lab 6A: Self-Assessment of Physical Activity 95
Vigorous Recreational Activities 143
Lab 6B: Estimating Your Fitness 97 Patterns and Trends in Physical Activity
Participation 144
Guidelines for Vigorous Physical Activity 146
Section III Using Self-Management Skills 147
Engaging in Regular Physical Suggested Resources and Readings 148

Activity 99 Lab 9A: The Physical Activity Adherence

Questionnaire 149
7 Adopting an Active Lifestyle 99 Lab 9B: Planning and Logging Participation in
Fundamentals of Active Living 100 Vigorous Physical Activity 151
Minimizing Sedentary Behavior Is Part of an Active
Lab 9C: Combining Moderate and Vigorous
Lifestyle 102
Physical Activity 153
The Health and Wellness Benefits of Moderate Physical
Activity 104 10 Muscle Fitness and
Accumulating Moderate Physical Activity 104 Resistance Exercise 155
Monitoring Physical Activity and Sedentary Factors Influencing Muscle Fitness 156
Behavior 107 Health Benefits of Muscle Fitness Activities 158
Adopting and Sustaining an Active Identity 108 Progressive Resistance Exercise 159
Using Self-Management Skills 110 Progressive Resistance Exercise: How Much Is
Suggested Resources and Readings 110 Enough? 162

Lab 7A: Setting Goals for Moderate Physical Muscle Fitness Activities and Equipment 165
Activity and Self-Monitoring (Logging) Program 111 Principles of Muscle Fitness Training 167

Lab 7B: Estimating Sedentary Behavior 113 Risks with Muscle Supplements 169
Guidelines for Safe and Effective PRE 170
8 Cardiorespiratory Endurance 115 Using Self-Management Skills 171
Elements of Cardiorespiratory Endurance 116 Suggested Resources and Readings 172
Cardiovascular Adaptations to Physical Activity 117 Lab Resource Materials: Muscles of the Body
Cardiorespiratory Endurance and Health Benefits 120 (anterior view) 173
The FIT Formula for Cardiorespiratory Endurance 121 Lab Resource Materials: Muscles of the Body
Threshold and Target Zones for Intensity of Activity to (posterior view) 174
Build Cardiorespiratory Endurance 123 Lab Resource Materials: Muscle Fitness Tests 175
Guidelines for Heart Rate and Exercise Monitoring 126 Lab 10A: Evaluating Muscle Strength: 1RM and
Using Self-Management Skills 127 Grip Strength 187

ISTUDY
 vi Contents

Lab 10B: Evaluating Muscular Endurance and Performance Trends and Ergogenic Aids 232
Power 189 Using Self-Management Skills 233
Lab 10C: Planning and Logging Muscle Fitness Suggested Resources and Readings 234
Exercises: Free Weights or Resistance Lab Resource Materials: Skill-Related Physical
Machines 191 Fitness 235
Lab 10D: Planning and Logging Muscle Fitness Lab 12A: Evaluating Skill-Related Physical
Exercises: Calisthenics, Core Exercises, or Fitness 239
Plyometrics 193
Lab 12B: Identifying Symptoms of Overtraining 241
11 Flexibility and Stretching Activities 195
Factors Influencing Flexibility 196
Section IV
Flexibility, Injuries, and Rehabilitation 198
Flexibility: How Much Is Enough? 200 Establishing Healthy Eating
Stretching Methods 201 Habits 243
Popular Flexibility Activities 205
13 Body Composition and Health 243
Guidelines for Improving Flexibility 206
Understanding Obesity 244
Using Self-Management Skills 207
Body Composition Indicators and Standards 245
Suggested Resources and Readings 208
Methods Used to Assess Body Composition 246
Lab Resource Materials: Flexibility Tests 215
Health Risks Associated with Obesity 248
Lab 11A: Evaluating Flexibility 217
The Causes of Obesity 250
Lab 11B: Planning and Logging Stretching Treatment and Prevention of Overweight and
Exercises 219 Obesity 252
Body Image and Eating Disorders 254
12 Advanced Fitness Training 221
Using Self-Management Skills 255
High-Level Performance and Training
Characteristics 222 Suggested Resources and Readings 256
Training for Cardiorespiratory Endurance 224 Lab Resource Materials: Evaluating Body Fat 257
Training for Strength, Muscular Endurance, and Lab 13A: Evaluating Body Composition: Skinfold
Power 226 Measures 267
Training for Speed and Power 228 Lab 13B: Evaluating Body Composition: Height,
Training for Functional Fitness and Flexibility 229 Weight, and Circumference Measures 271
Training for High-Level Performance: Skill-Related Lab 13C: Determining Your Daily Energy
Fitness and Skill 230 Expenditure 273
High-Level Performance Training 231
14 Nutrition and Principles of Healthy
Eating 277
Guidelines and Recommendations for Healthy
Eating 278
Dietary Recommendations for Carbohydrates 280
Dietary Recommendations for Fat 282
Dietary Recommendations for Proteins 283
Dietary Recommendations for Vitamins 285
Dietary Recommendations for Minerals 287
Dietary Recommendations for Water and Other
Fluids 288
Understanding Contemporary Nutrition Terms, Issues,
US Air Force photo by Staff Sergeant Desiree N. Palacios and Trends 288

ISTUDY
 Contents vii

Section V
Managing Stress 315
16 Stress and Health 315
Sources of Stress 316
Stress in Contemporary Society 317
Reactions to Stress 318
Stress Effects on Health and Wellness 320
Individual Differences in the Stress Response 321
Using Self-Management Skills 324
Suggested Resources and Readings 326

Lab 16A: Evaluating Your Stress Level 327

Lab 16B: Evaluating Your Hardiness and Locus
of Control 329

17 Stress-Management Strategies 331

Physical Activity and Stress Management 332
Stress, Sleep, and Recreation 333
Principles of Stress Management 334
Effective Coping Strategies 336
Effective Time-Management Skills 340
Effective Social Support 342
Using Self-Management Skills 343
Jack Hollingsworth/Blend Images LLC Suggested Resources and Readings 344

Lab 17A: Time Management 345

Sound Eating Practices 291
Nutrition and Physical Performance 292 Lab 17B: Relaxation Exercises 347
Using Self-Management Skills 293 Lab 17C: Evaluating Levels of Social
Suggested Resources and Readings 294 Support 349

Lab 14A: Nutrition Analysis 295

Lab 14B: Selecting Nutritious Foods 299

15 Principles of Effective Weight

Control 301
Factors Influencing Weight and Fat Control 302
Confronting an Obesogenic Environment 304
Guidelines for Losing Body Fat 305
Facts about Fad Diets and Clinical Approaches to
Weight Loss 308
Using Self-Management Skills 309
Suggested Resources and Readings 310

Lab 15A: Selecting Strategies for Managing

Eating 311
Lab 15B: Evaluating Fast Food Options 313 Caiaimage/Robert Daly/Getty Images

ISTUDY
 viii Contents

HIV/AIDS 394
Section VI Common Sexually Transmitted Infections 398
Avoiding Destructive Behaviors 351 Factors That Contribute to Sexual Risks 401
Prevention and Early Intervention of STIs 403
18 The Use and Abuse of Tobacco and Other Using Self-Management Skills 403
Nicotine Products 351 Suggested Resources and Readings 404
Tobacco: Components and Implications of Use 352
Lab 21A: Sexually Transmitted Infection Risk
Smoked Tobacco: Health and Economic Costs 352
Questionnaire 405
Other Nicotine Products: Health and Economic Costs 355
Marketing and Use of Tobacco and Other Nicotine 22 Cancer, Diabetes, and Other Health
Products 356 Threats 407
Using Self-Management Skills 359 Cancer 408
Suggested Resources and Readings 360 Cancer Prevention 415

Lab 18A: Use and Abuse of Tobacco and Other Diabetes 416
Nicotine Products 361 Alzheimer Disease and Dementia 418
Mental Health 419
19 The Use and Abuse of Alcohol 363 Injury Prevention 419
Alcohol and Alcoholic Beverages 364
Infectious Diseases and Other Health Threats 420
Alcohol Consumption and Alcohol Abuse 365
Using Self-Management Skills 421
Health and Behavioral Consequences of Alcohol Use 366
Suggested Resources and Readings 422
Risk Factors for Alcohol-Related Problems 369
Lab 22A: Determining Your Cancer Risk 423
Alcohol Use in Young Adults 370
Effective Approaches for Alcohol Prevention and Lab 22B: Breast and Testicular Self-Exams 425
Treatment 372
23 Body Mechanics and Care of the
Using Self-Management Skills 373
Back 427
Suggested Resources and Readings 374
Anatomy and Function of the Spine 428
Lab 19A: Blood Alcohol Level 375 Anatomy and Function of the Core Musculature 428
Lab 19B: Perceptions about Alcohol Use 377 Causes and Consequences of Back and Neck
Pain 430
20 The Use and Abuse of Other Drugs 379 Prevention and Rehabilitation of Back and Neck
Classification of Illicit and Prescription Drugs 380 Problems 433
Prevalence and Consequences of Illicit Drug Abuse 382 Good Posture Is Important for Back and Neck
Drug-Specific Prevalence and Consequences 385 Health 434

Causes of Illicit Drug Abuse 388 Good Body Mechanics Are Important for Back and
Neck Health 438
Using Self-Management Skills 389
Exercise Guidelines for Back and Neck Health 438
Suggested Resources and Readings 390
Using Self-Management Skills 442
Lab 20A: Risk for Problem Drug Use 391
Suggested Resources and Readings 442

Lab Resource Materials: Healthy Back

Section VII Tests 455
Lab 23A: The Back/Neck Questionnaire and
Adopting Preventive Habits 393 Healthy Back Tests 457

21 Preventing Sexually Lab 23B: Evaluating Posture 459

Transmitted Infections 393 Lab 23C: Planning and Logging Core and Back
General Facts 394 Exercises 461

ISTUDY
 Contents ix

24 Making Informed Consumer Choices 463 Consider Environmental Influences on Your

Health 482
Quacks and Quackery 464
Adopt and Maintain Healthy Lifestyles 484
Physical Activity Quackery 465
Importance of Personal Actions and Interactions 485
Considerations with Exercise Equipment and Fitness
Programs 466 Using Self-Management Skills 487
Considerations with Health Clubs and Spas 467 Suggested Resources and Readings 489
Body Composition Quackery 468 Lab 25A: Assessing Factors That Influence Health,
Nutrition Quackery 469 Wellness, and Fitness 490
Consumer Protections Against Fraud and Quackery 470 Lab 25B: Planning for Improved Health, Wellness,
Health Literacy and the Internet 472 and Fitness 492
Using Self-Management Skills 473 Lab 25C: Planning Your Personal Physical Activity
Suggested Resources and Readings 474 Program 494
Lab 24A: Practicing Consumer Skills: Evaluating
Products 475 Appendixes
Lab 24B: Evaluating a Health, Wellness, or Fitness
Club 477 A Metric Conversion Charts 503
B Calories of Protein, Carbohydrates, and Fats
25 Toward Optimal Health and Wellness: in Foods 504
Planning for Healthy Lifestyle Change 479
Understand Inherited Risks and Strengths 480 References 506
Make Effective Use of Health Care 481 Index 511

gpointstudio/Shutterstock

ISTUDY
 Features
Corbin’s Concepts of Fitness and Wellness includes magazine-like features that help students integrate and apply information
they may see in the news or read about on the Internet. These features have follow-up activities available in McGraw Hill
Connect® and can be assigned online.
• A Closer Look provides information about new and sometimes controversial topics related to health, wellness, and fitness
and encourages critical thinking.
• T echnology Update describes emerging health and fitness technology, innovations, and research.
• In the News highlights late-breaking health, wellness, and fitness events, trends, and information.
• HELP personalizes fitness and health issues through brief narratives that relate to the defining elements of the HELP
Philosophy (H: Health, E: Everyone, L: Lifetime, P: Personal).

A CLOSER LOOK Technology Update

1. Health Websites and Podcasts 13
1. Mental Health During a Pandemic 8 2. Genetic Testing 18
2. Lifestyles and COVID-19 22 3. Health and Fitness Apps 39
3. Social Justice and the DEI Movement 32 4. Monitoring Environmental Conditions 55
4. AEDs 56 5. My Life Check: A Tool to Evaluate Your Heart Health 72
5. Long-Term Effects of COVID-19 on Heart Health 80 6. Wearable Technology in Health Care 92
6. Exercise in a Pill? 89 7. Standing Desks and Treadmill Desks 108
7. Sedentary Behavior: How Much Is Too Much? 103 8. Pulse Oximetry Sensors 125
8. High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) 123 9. Exergaming and Virtual Racing 141
9. 23 and 1/2 Hours 146 10. Online Resistance Training Options 167
10. CrossFit Controversy 166 11. Take-a-Break Reminders 198
11. Massage Rollers 207 12. Shoe Technology and the 2-Hour Marathon 233
12. “Heads Up” Concussion Awareness 223 13. Is Technology the Problem or the Solution? 251
13. What Happened to Body Positivity? 254 14. Start Simple with MyPlate 292
14. Benefits of Regenerative Farming 290 15. Can Smartphone Apps Help with Weight Control? 310
15. Food Insecurity and Obesity 305 16. Challenges with Interpreting Online Information 324
16. Systemic Racism and Stress 319 17. Online Stress-Management Resources 339
17. Weathering the Storm 334 18. Are There “Safer” Cigarettes? 354
18. E-Cigarettes: Smoking Cessation Method or a New Path 19. Apps to Treat Addiction? 372
to Addiction? 358 20. Vaping Technology and Cannabis 389
19. Controversies over Alcohol Plus Cannabis 369 21. “Hook-Up” Apps May Contribute to Risky Sex and
20. Cannabis/Marijuana Decriminalization 385 STIs 402
21. Sexual Misconduct on Campus 402 22. Drivers of COVID-19 Vaccine Development 421
22. FDA Proposes Safety Measures for Indoor Tanning 23. Breaking Bad Posture Habits 440
Devices 415 24. DNA Testing Services 474
23. Functional Movement Tests 430 25. Is the Star Trek Tricorder a Reality? 482
24. College Students: Victims of Misinformation 473
25. Getting Enough Sleep? Turn Off Your Phone 485

ISTUDY
 Features xi

In the News
1. Healthiest Places to Live 5 14. Boom in Plant-Based Foods 284
2. International Health 15. Strategies for Avoiding Emotional Eating 303
Rankings 21 16. The News Is Stressful! 320
3. Myths and Medical Conspiracy Theories 30 17. The Misinformation Superhighway 342
4. Sunscreens Are Not All Equally Effective 55 18. Tobacco-Use Controversies 359
5. Lifestyle Medicine 80 19. Has COVID-19 Increased or Decreased
6. Move Your Way! 93 Drinking? 366
7. Sedentary Behavior and Mental Health 101 20. The Opioid Crisis: Who Is at Fault? 387
8. Heritability and Fitness Adaptations 118 21. Condom Use Resistance and STIs 403
9. Youth Sports Matter 143 22. Cancer Screening Guidelines 412
10. Warnings about Muscle-Building Supplements 171 23. Digital Eye Strain and Zoom Fatigue 441
11. Yoga as a Complementary Health Approach 206 24. Operation Quack Hack: Targeting False COVID-19
12. Youth Sports: When Is It Too Much? 231 Information 465
13. Quarantine 15 244 25. Healthy Lifestyles During the Pandemic 486

HELP Health is available to Everyone for a Lifetime, and it’s Personal

1. COVID-19 3 12. Extreme Exercise 224

2. Social Determinants and Social Justice 20 13. Weight Discrimination 245
3. Do Your Friends Support or Hinder Your Efforts to Adopt 14. What Do Healthy and Natural Really Mean? 290
Healthy Lifestyles? 38 15. What Is the Secret for Long-Term Weight
4. Forming Physical Activity Habits 60 Control? 306
5. This Is Your Brain on Exercise 78 16. Telehealth Care for Stress 324
6. Physical Activity Guidelines Emphasize Personal 17. Dealing with College Stress 336
Choice 87 18. Outdoor Smoking Bans 357
7. Is Walking a Means to an End or an End in Itself? 105 19. Alcohol Treatment Navigator 372
8. Does College Make You More or Less Active? 127 20. Preventing Drug-Impaired Driving 388
9. Vigorous Exercise Boosts Metabolism Long after the 21. CDC Campaigns to Prevent STIs 396
Workout 139 22. Personal Health Versus Public Health 420
10. Resistance Exercise Boosts Confidence and Mental 23. Is Back Pain in Your Future? 432
Health 160 24. Can You Help Stop Fraud? 471
11. Functional Fitness 201 25. A Planetary Health Pledge 484

ISTUDY
 Lab Activities
All end-of-chapter Lab Activities are available in McGraw Hill Connect® and can be assigned,
completed, submitted, and graded online. Lab Resource Materials (extra materials for use in
completing Lab Activities) are available for all fitness self-assessments.

ACTIVITY

Lab 10A Evaluating Muscle Strength: 1RM and Grip Strength Seated Press (Arm Press)
This test can be performed using a seated press (see
Leg Press
To perform this test, use a leg press machine. Typically,
image) or using a bench press machine. When using the the beginning position is with the knees bent at right

Lab 10A
Lab 10A
seated press, position the seat height so that arm handles angles with the feet placed on the press machine pedals or
Name Section Date are directly in front of the chest. Position backrest so that a foot platform. Extend the legs and return to beginning
hands are at comfortable position. Do not
Purpose: To evaluate your muscle strength using 1RM and to determine the best amount of resistance to use for various distance away from the lock the knees
strength exercises. chest. Push handles when the legs
forward to full extension are straightened.
Procedures: 1RM is the maximum amount of resistance you can lift for a specific exercise. Testing yourself to determine and return to starting Typically, handles
how much you can lift only one time using traditional methods can be fatiguing and even dangerous. The procedure you position in a slow and are provided.
will perform here allows you to estimate 1RM based on the number of times you can lift a weight that is less than 1RM. controlled manner. Grasp the
Evaluating Muscle Strength: 1RM and Grip Strength

Evaluating Muscle Strength: 1RM and Grip Strength

Repeat. Note: Machine handles with the
Evaluating Strength Using Estimated 1RM may have a foot lever to hands when
1. Use a resistance machine for the leg press and arm or bench press for the evaluation part of this lab. help position, raise, and performing this
2. Estimate how much weight you can lift 2 or 3 times. Be conservative; it is better to start with too little weight than too lower the weight. test.
much. If you lift a weight more than 10 times, the procedure should be done again on another day when you are rested.
3. Using correct form, perform a leg press with the weight you have chosen. Perform as many times as you can up to 10.
4. Use Chart 1 in Lab Resource Materials to determine your 1RM for the leg press. Find the weight used in the left-hand
column and then find the number of repetitions you performed across the top of the chart.
5. Your 1RM score is the value where the weight row and the repetitions column intersect.
6. Repeat this procedure for the arm or bench press using the same technique.
7. Record your 1RM scores for the leg press and bench press in the Results section. Conclusions and Implications: In several sentences, discuss your current strength, whether you believe it is adequate
8. Next divide your 1RM scores by your body weight in pounds to get a “strength per pound of body weight” (1RM/body for good health, and whether you think that your “strength per pound of body weight” scores are representative of your
weight) score for each of the two exercises. true strength.
9. Determine your strength rating for your upper body strength (arm press) and lower body (leg press) using Chart 2 in Lab
Resource Materials. Record in the Results section. If time allows, assess 1RM for other exercises you choose to perform
(see Lab 10C).
10. If a grip dynamometer is available, determine your right-hand and left-hand grip strength using the procedures in Lab
Resource Materials. Use Chart 3 in Lab Resource Materials to rate your grip (isometric).

Results
Arm press: Wt. selected Reps Estimated 1RM
(or bench press) (Chart 1, Lab Resource Materials, page 175)

Strength per lb body weight Rating

(1RM ÷ body weight) (Chart 2, Lab Resource Materials, page 176)

Leg press: Wt. selected Reps Estimated 1RM

(Chart 1, Lab Resource Materials, page 175)

Strength per lb body weight Rating

(1RM ÷ body weight) (Chart 2, Lab Resource Materials, page 176)

Grip strength: Right grip score Right grip rating

Left grip score Left grip rating

Total score Total rating

(Chart 3, Lab Resource Materials, page 178)

187 188

Lab 1A Wellness Self-Perceptions 15 Lab 9B Planning and Logging Participation in Vigorous

Lab 2A Healthy Habit Questionnaire 27 Physical Activity 151
Lab 3A Stages of Change and Self-Management Skills 43 Lab 9C Combining Moderate and Vigorous Physical
Lab 4A Readiness for Physical Activity 61 Activity 153

Lab 4B The Warm-Up 63 Lab 10A Evaluating Muscle Strength: 1RM and Grip
Strength 187
Lab 4C Physical Activity Attitude Questionnaire 65
Lab 10B Evaluating Muscular Endurance and Power 189
Lab 5A Assessing Heart Disease Risk Factors 83
Lab 10C Planning and Logging Muscle Fitness Exercises:
Lab 6A Self-Assessment of Physical Activity 95
Free Weights or Resistance Machines 191
Lab 6B Estimating Your Fitness 97
Lab 10D Planning and Logging Muscle Fitness Exercises:
Lab 7A Setting Goals for Moderate Physical Activity and Self- Calisthenics, Core Exercises, or Plyometrics 193
Monitoring (Logging) Program 111
Lab 11A Evaluating Flexibility 217
Lab 7B Estimating Sedentary Behavior 113
Lab 11B Planning and Logging Stretching Exercises 219
Lab 8A Counting Target Heart Rate and Ratings of Perceived
Lab 12A Evaluating Skill-Related Physical Fitness 239
Exertion 133
Lab 12B Identifying Symptoms of Overtraining 241
Lab 8B Evaluating Cardiorespiratory Endurance 135
Lab 9A The Physical Activity Adherence Questionnaire 149

xii

ISTUDY
 Lab Activities xiii

Lab 13A Evaluating Body Composition: Skinfold Lab 20A Risk for Problem Drug Use 391
Measures 267 Lab 21A Sexually Transmitted Infection Risk
Lab 13B Evaluating Body Composition: Height, Weight, and Questionnaire 405
Circumference Measures 271 Lab 22A Determining Your Cancer Risk 423
Lab 13C Determining Your Daily Energy Expenditure 273 Lab 22B Breast and Testicular Self-Exams 425
Lab 14A Nutrition Analysis 295 Lab 23A The Back/Neck Questionnaire and Healthy Back
Lab 14B Selecting Nutritious Foods 299 Tests 457
Lab 15A Selecting Strategies for Managing Eating 311 Lab 23B Evaluating Posture 459
Lab 15B Evaluating Fast Food Options 313 Lab 23C Planning and Logging Core and Back Exercises 461
Lab 16A Evaluating Your Stress Level 327 Lab 24A Practicing Consumer Skills: Evaluating
Lab 16B Evaluating Your Hardiness and Locus of Control 329 Products 475
Lab 17A Time Management 345 Lab 24B Evaluating a Health, Wellness, or Fitness Club 477
Lab 17B Relaxation Exercises 347 Lab 25A Assessing Factors That Influence Health, Wellness,
Lab 17C Evaluating Levels of Social Support 349 and Fitness 490

Lab 18A Use and Abuse of Tobacco and Other Nicotine Lab 25B Planning for Improved Health, Wellness, and
Products 361 Fitness 492

Lab 19A Blood Alcohol Level 375 Lab 25C Planning Your Personal Physical Activity
Program 494
Lab 19B Perceptions about Alcohol Use 377

ISTUDY
 Building on 50 Years
of Success!
The thirteenth edition ushers in a new era with a new title—
Corbin’s Concepts of Fitness and Wellness—that honors the
vision and legacy of Dr. Charles (Chuck) Corbin in develop-
ing the Concepts approach over 50 years ago. Our established
tradition of innovation in the fitness and wellness field con-
tinues with completely updated content, features, and online
materials that are designed to support education on healthy
lifestyles.  

Moving into the Future

The new title also marks strategic authorship changes as
Dr. Greg Welk, Professor of Kinesiology and Fellow in the
Greg Welk Charles Corbin
National Academy of Kinesiology, takes over leadership with
this new edition and its development. Dr. Welk actively
teaches and conducts research in areas of fitness/wellness and
health promotion and will ensure that Corbin’s Concepts of Fit-
ness and Wellness continues to provide instructors and students
with the most current, accurate, and useful information.
Dr. Chuck Corbin, lead author of all the previous Concepts
books, continues to actively participate in all facets of author-
ship as a retired Emeritus Professor. Dr. Will Corbin, a professor
of clinical psychology with expertise in health psychology, leads
the content related to stress management, alcohol, tobacco,
drugs, and sexually transmitted infections. Dr. Karen Welk, an
established physical therapist, provides expertise in flexibility,
strength and conditioning, back care, and contraindicated
exercises. The diverse backgrounds and skills of the authors
contribute to the comprehensive coverage of health, fitness, and
wellness issues covered in the book. The authors work to reduce Will Corbin Karen Welk
the technical jargon and focus on self-management skills and
strategies to help students learn to adopt and sustain healthy
lifestyles throughout life.

xiv

ISTUDY
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
Edinburgh, “to put life in the design of Inverlochy,” turned off his
course and crossed the hills towards Braemar, with his foot, after
giving directions to Barclay’s dragoons to march up Deeside. Finding
Braemar house destroyed, and the vaults of it incapable of holding a
garrison, Mackay, after burning Inverey’s house and laying waste all
his lands, descended the river to Abergeldie, where he left a
detachment of 72 men as a check upon the Farquharsons. And
having placed the other troops which he had brought from the north
in quarters farther down the Dee, he posted off to Edinburgh, where
he arrived in the beginning of July, about a fortnight after the
surrender of the castle of Edinburgh, which capitulated on the 14th
of June, after a siege of three months.
On his arrival at Edinburgh, Mackay was exceedingly mortified to
find that no steps whatever had been taken by the government for
putting his design into execution, of erecting a fort at Inverlochy. As
the season was now too far advanced to collect materials for such
an erection, he proposed that a body of 1,500 pioneers should be
levied in the northern counties, each of whom should be obliged to
carry a spade, shovel, or pickaxe, along with him, and that a month’s
provisions of meal, with horses to carry it, should be furnished,
along with a force of 400 men. But this plan, the general himself
confesses, “considering the inability, ignorance, and little
forwardness of the government to furnish the necessary ingredients
for the advance of their service, was built upon a sandy foundation,
and much like the building of castles in the air.”[563] As an instance of
the slowness and irresolution of government, Mackay mentions, that
after his return from the north, they took three weeks to deliberate
upon the mode of conveying a fortnight’s provisions for 400 men; by
which delay he says he lost the opportunity of preventing Dundee
from occupying Athole, Badenoch, and other parts of the southern
Highlands.
The return of Mackay to the capital, after a fruitless and
exceedingly harassing series of marches and countermarches, seems
to have abated the ardour of some of the supporters of the
government, who, disappointed in their expectations, and displeased
at the preference shown by the court to others they considered less
deserving than themselves, had become either indifferent about the
result of the struggle, or secretly wished for a restoration. That such
an event might occur was indeed far from improbable. James was
already in possession, with the exception of two cities, of all Ireland,
and William was by no means popular in England. To give, therefore,
a decided and favourable turn to James’s affairs in Scotland, nothing
was wanting but to aid Dundee immediately with a few thousand
men from Ireland; but although the necessity of such a step was
urged by Dundee in his communications with the exiled monarch,
the latter did not, unfortunately for himself, consider the matter in
the same light. The expectation of such a reinforcement, which they
confidently looked for, had, however, its due effect upon the minds
of the Highlanders, who gladly endured during the recent campaign
all those painful privations which necessarily attend an army scantily
provided with the means of subsistence. No man was better fitted by
nature than Dundee for command under such difficulties, and at the
head of such troops. Whilst by his openness, frankness, and
disinterestedness he acquired an ascendency over the minds of the
chiefs, he was equally successful by attending personally to their
wants, by mixing frequently among them, and by sharing their
privations and fatigues, in securing the obedience of the clans. But
valuable and important as the services were of such a bold and
devoted band, it was evident that without a sudden and powerful
diversion from Ireland, or a considerable rising in the lowlands, it
would be impossible for Dundee, from the paucity of his forces, and
the want of cavalry, to carry the war into the south with any possible
chance of success.
As the Irish reinforcements were daily expected, Dundee enjoined
the chiefs of the clans, who, with their men, had taken a temporary
leave of absence on the departure of Mackay, to rejoin him as soon
as possible, and from his head-quarters at Moy, in Lochaber, he sent
expresses to the other chiefs who had not yet joined him to hasten
to the approaching muster.[564]
 About the same time he despatched a letter to the Earl of Melfort,
in which, after adverting to various circumstances, he advises him to
send over from Ireland a body of 5,000 or 6,000 men to Inverlochy,
which he considered the safest landing-place that could be selected
as being “far from the enemy,” and whence an easy entrance could
be obtained for an army into Moray, Angus, or Perthshire. On the
return of the transports from Inverlochy, Dundee advised Melfort to
send over as many foot as he conveniently could to the point of
Cantyre, on hearing of whose landing he would advance as far as
the neck of Tarbert to meet them, and that on the junction taking
place, Dundee would march “to raise the country,” and afterwards
proceed to the passes of the Forth to meet the king, who, it was
supposed, would follow the expedition. To deceive Mackay and the
Scottish council, and to induce them to withdraw their forces from
the north, and thus leave him at greater liberty to organize it,
Dundee industriously circulated a report that the forces from Ireland
would land altogether in some quarter south of the Clyde. To give an
appearance of certainty to the rumour, he wrote a letter to Lady
Errol, a warm supporter of James’s interest, acquainting her of the
expected landing in the west, and to prevent suspicion of any ruse
being intended, he inclosed some proclamations, which, it is
presumed, he intended to issue when the Irish arrived. As wished
and anticipated, this despatch was intercepted and sent to
Edinburgh. The device appears to have in part succeeded, as
Dundee informs Melfort, that the government forces were afterwards
withdrawn from Cantyre.[579]
Whilst Dundee was thus maturing his plans, preparatory to
another campaign, Mackay was urging the privy council to supply
him with a sufficient force, for carrying into effect his favourite plan
of erecting a strong fortification at Inverlochy. This leads to the
supposition that “the General,” a term by which Mackay distinguishes
himself in his memoirs, had not taken the bait which had been
prepared for him by his artful rival, for it is improbable, had Mackay
believed the story invented by Dundee, that he would have insisted
on carrying such a large force as 4,000 men, the number he
required, into Lochaber, so very remote from the scene of the
threatened invasion.
Having collected his forces, Mackay made the necessary
preparations for his departure, but he was detained nearly a
fortnight in Edinburgh, beyond the time he had fixed for his march,
by the delays of the government, in furnishing meal for his troops,
and horses for transporting it. In the meantime he was informed by
Lord Murray, eldest son of the Marquis of Athole, that Stewart of
Ballochin, his father’s chamberlain, and other gentlemen of the
county of Angus, had taken possession of the castle of Blair Athole,
belonging to the Marquis, and were fortifying it for behoof of King
James. Lord Murray offered to go immediately to Athole, and do
everything in his power to obtain possession of the castle of Blair,
before Dundee should arrive. As Lord Murray’s wife was known to be
very zealous for the presbyterian interest, and as his lordship and
the Marquis his father, who was secretly hostile to the government,
were at variance, Mackay gave a ready assent to the proposal, and
pressed his lordship eagerly to depart for Athole without loss of
time, informing him that all he required from him, was to prevent
the Athole-men from joining Dundee.[584]
Lord Murray accordingly proceeded to Athole, where he arrived
about the beginning of July, and lost no time in summoning his
father’s vassals to meet him. About 1,200 of them assembled, but no
entreaties could induce them to declare in favour of the government,
nor could a distinct pledge be obtained from them to observe a
neutrality during the impending contest. His lordship was equally
unsuccessful in an application which he made to Stewart of
Ballochin, for delivery of Blair castle; Stewart telling him that he held
the castle for behoof of King James, by order of his lieutenant-
general. The failure of Lord Murray’s mission could certainly occasion
no disappointment, as it was not to be imagined that a body of men
who had all along been distinguished for their attachment to the
exiled family, were, at the call of a young man, who by marriage,
and the disagreement with his father, may be supposed to have
made himself obnoxious to the men of Athole, all at once to
abandon long-cherished ideas and to arm in support of a cause in
which they felt no interest.
About the period of Lord Murray’s arrival in Athole, intelligence
was brought to Dundee that a body of 500 Irish troops, under an
officer of the name of Cannon, had reached Mull. The viscount
immediately proceeded to Inverlochy to give orders respecting their
landing, but, although they all reached the mainland in perfect
safety, the ships which carried their provisions being unnecessarily
detained at Mull, were all captured by some English frigates which
were cruizing amongst the western islands. The loss of their stores
was a serious evil; and it embittered the disappointment felt by
Dundee and the chiefs, to find that instead of an efficient force of
5,000 or 6,000 men, as they had been led to expect, not more than
a tenth part had been sent, and even this paltry force was neither
properly disciplined, nor sufficiently armed; so that, according to
Balcarras, their arrival did “more harm than good.” Such also was the
opinion of Mackay at the time, as expressed in a letter to Lord
Melville.[585]
Having given the necessary orders for bringing up the Irish troops,
Dundee returned to Strowan, where he had fixed his head quarters.
Here he received a letter which had arrived during his absence at
Inverlochy, from Lord Strathnaver, eldest son of the Earl of
Sutherland, couched in very friendly terms, and advising him to
follow the example of the Duke of Gordon, as the course he was
following, if persisted in, would lead inevitably to his ruin. But
Dundee was not the man who would allow his personal interest to
interfere with the allegiance which he considered he owed to his
exiled sovereign, and while in his answer he expressed a deep sense
of the obligation he lay under to his lordship for his advice and offers
of service, which he imputed to his lordship’s “sincere goodness and
concern” for him and his family, he assured him that he (Dundee)
had no less concern for him, and that he had been even thinking of
making a proposal to him, but delayed doing so till his lordship
should see things in a clearer point of view.
 At Strowan, Dundee was made acquainted by Stewart of Ballochin,
with Lord Murray’s proceedings, and with a demand made by his
lordship for possession of Blair castle, a demand to which Ballochin
had given the most decided refusal. The possession of this place was
of vast importance to Dundee, as it commanded the entrance into
the southern Highlands, and lay in the line of Mackay’s intended
route to Inverlochy. To reward his fidelity, and to counteract Lord
Murray’s influence in Athole, Dundee sent a commission to Ballochin,
appointing him colonel of the Athole-men. The appointment,
however, would probably have been conferred on Lord Murray, to
whom Dundee had, on the 19th of July, two days before the date of
Ballochin’s commission, despatched a letter, stating the happiness
which he felt on hearing that his lordship had appointed a
rendezvous of the Athole-men at Blair, and expressing a hope that
he would join the viscount with his men; but, instead of answering
this letter, his lordship sent it to Lord Melville, the secretary of state
for Scotland. Such also was the fate of other letters, which Dundee
sent to Lord Murray. Along with the last, which was written on the
25th of July, Dundee despatched Major Graham and Captain Ramsay
for the purpose of obtaining a personal interview with Lord Murray;
but he declined to see them, or to give any answer to Dundee’s
communication. It appears that up to this time the Athole-men, who
had, at the call of the son of their chief, assembled to the number of
about 1,200, were ignorant of Lord Murray’s intentions; but when he
refused to receive Dundee’s officers, they at once began to suspect
his designs, and demanded with one voice an immediate
explanation, intimating at the same time, that if he would join
Dundee they would follow him to a man; but if on the contrary he
refused, they would all leave him. His lordship remonstrated with
them, and even threatened them with his vengeance if they
abandoned him; but regardless of his threats, they left him to join
Dundee, having previously filled their bonnets with water from the
rivulet of Banovy, in the neighbourhood of Blair castle, and pledged
themselves to King James by drinking his health.[586]
 In the meantime the government general was busily engaged at
Edinburgh, making the necessary preparations for his march. He
appointed his troops to rendezvous at Perth, and after completing
his arrangements at Edinburgh, he went to Stirling to inspect the
castle, so as to make himself acquainted with its means of defence.
In a letter[587] dated 24th July, written to Lord Melville on his arrival
at Stirling, Mackay alludes to the distracted state of the government
in Scotland, and the difficulty he would experience in executing the
commission which the king had given him, to keep the kingdom
peaceable, in consequence of the divisions which existed even
between the adherents of the government. The removal from office
of Stair the president of the court of session, and his son, who had
rendered themselves obnoxious to the ultra whig party, by their
attempts to stretch the royal prerogative too far, appears to have
been considered by that party of more importance than keeping
Dundee in check. So high did the spirit of party run, that the Earl of
Annandale and Lord Ross, who had just been appointed colonels of
two newly raised regiments of horse, refused to accompany their
regiments, and offered to resign their commissions rather than quit
the parliament. This state of matters was highly favourable to
James’s interests in Scotland, and if Melfort had followed Dundee’s
advice, by sending over a large force from Ireland, the cause of his
royal master might have triumphed, but with that fatality which
attended the unfortunate monarch in all his undertakings, he
allowed to slip away the golden opportunity which was here offered
him, of recovering his crown.
From Stirling Mackay proceeded to Perth, after ordering the troops
of horse and dragoons of the expedition to follow him. On arriving at
Perth, a letter was shown him from Lord Murray, from which he
learned, that Dundee, who had been solicited by Stewart of
Ballochin to hasten into Athole, was already marching through
Badenoch, and so anxious was he to anticipate Mackay’s arrival in
Athole, that he had left behind him several chiefs and their men,
whose junction he daily expected. Lord Murray added, that if Mackay
did not hasten his march so as to reach Athole before Dundee, he
would not undertake to prevent his men from joining the viscount.
As Mackay informs us, that before leaving Edinburgh he had begun
“already to have very ill thoughts of the expedition in gross,” and as
on reaching Stirling, the idea that he would be straitened for
provisions haunted his mind, this information was assuredly by no
means calculated to relieve these fearful apprehensions. He had
gone too far, however, to retrace his steps with honour, and although
four troops of dragoons and two of horse had not yet joined him, he
resolved, for reasons that to him, in the position in which he was
then placed, seemed most forcible, to proceed immediately on his
march to Athole.
The last and perhaps most important reason given by himself for
this step, is that, as the possession, by Mackay, of the castle of Blair,
was in his opinion the only means of keeping in awe the Athole-men,
(who, from their numbers and strict attachment to the house of
Stewart, were more to be dreaded than any other body of
Highlanders,) and preventing them from joining Dundee, he had no
alternative but to allow Dundee to roam uncontrolled through the
disaffected district of Athole, gathering strength at every step, or to
attempt to gain the important fortress of Blair.
Such were the grounds, as stated by Mackay in his own
exculpation, which made him resolve upon marching into Athole, and
which, he observes, “more capable commanders might readily be
deceived in.” Those who make the unfortunate result of this
movement the rule of their judgment, will be apt to condemn
Mackay’s conduct on this occasion as rash and injudicious, but when
his own reasons are duly weighed, it is difficult to see how he could
have acted otherwise than he did. There can be no doubt, that had
he been as successful at Killiecrankie as he was unfortunate, he
would have been applauded for the exercise of a sound discretion,
and regarded as a tactician of the highest order.
On the 26th of July, Mackay left Perth at the head of an army of
4,500 men. Of this force, notwithstanding that the four troops of
dragoons and two of horse already alluded to, had not yet arrived, a
fair proportion consisted of cavalry. At night Mackay encamped
opposite to Dunkeld, and here, at midnight, he received an express
from Lord Murray announcing the alarming intelligence, that Dundee
had entered Athole, in consequence of which event he informed him
that he had retreated from before the castle of Blair, which he had
for some time partially blockaded; and that although he had left the
narrow and difficult pass of Killiecrankie between him and Dundee,
he had posted a guard at the further extremity to secure a free
passage to Mackay’s troops through the pass which he supposed
Dundee had already reached. Mackay seems to have doubted the
latter part of this statement, and his suspicions were in some degree
confirmed by the fact, that Lieutenant-colonel Lauder, whom he
despatched with a party immediately on receipt of Murray’s letter, to
secure the entrance into the pass from the vale of Blair, did not see
a single man on his arrival there.
Discouraging as this intelligence was, Mackay still determined to
persevere in his march, and having despatched orders to Perth to
hasten the arrival of the six troops of cavalry he had left behind, he
put his army in motion next morning, July 27th, at day-break, and
proceeded in the direction of the pass, the entrance to which he
reached at ten o’clock in the morning. Here he halted, and allowed
his men two hours to rest and refresh themselves before they
entered upon the bold and hazardous enterprise of plunging
themselves into a frightful chasm, out of which they might possibly
never return. To support Lauder in case of attack, the general, on
halting, despatched through the pass a body of 200 men under the
command of the Lieutenant-colonel of the Earl of Leven’s regiment,
whom he instructed to send him any intelligence he could obtain of
Dundee’s motions. A short way below the pass Mackay fell in with
Lord Murray, who informed him, that with the exception of 200 or
300 men, who still remained with him, the whole had gone to the
hills to secure their cattle, an answer which Mackay, with the open
and unsuspecting generosity of a soldier, considered satisfactory, and
made him, as he observes, “not so apt to judge so ill of Murray as
others did.”
 Having received a notice from Lauder that the pass was clear, and
that there was no appearance of Dundee, Mackay put his army again
in motion, and entered the fatal pass. Hastings’s regiment (now the
13th), and Annandale’s horse were placed behind to protect the
baggage, from an apprehension that Dundee’s Highlanders might
make a detour round the hill to attack it, or that the country people
might attempt to plunder it if not so guarded. The idea that no
opposition would be offered to their passage through this terrific
defile, which seemed to forbid approach, and to warn the unhappy
soldier of the dangers which awaited him should he precipitate
himself into its recesses, may have afforded some consolation to the
feelings of Mackay’s troops as they entered this den of desolation;
but when they found themselves fairly within its gorge, their
imaginations must have been appalled as they gazed, at every
successive step, on the wild and terrific objects which encompassed
them on every side. They however proceeded, at the command of
their general, on their devious course, and finally cleared it, with the
loss of only a single horseman, who, according to an Athole
tradition, was shot by an intrepid adventurer, named Ian Ban Beg
MacRan, who had posted himself on a hill, from which he fired
across the rivulet of the Garry and brought down his victim. A well,
called in Gaelic, Fuaran u trupar,—Anglicé, the “Horseman’s well,”—
is shown as the place where the horseman fell.
As soon as the five battalions and the troop of horse which
preceded the baggage had debouched from the further extremity of
the pass, they halted, by command of the general, upon a corn field,
along the side of the river to await the arrival of the baggage, and of
Hastings’s regiment and the other troop of horse. Mackay then
ordered Lieutenant-colonel Lauder to advance with his 200 fusileers
and a troop of horse in the direction he supposed Dundee might be
expected to appear. Lauder had not advanced far when he
discovered some parties of Dundee’s forces between him and Blair.
Being immediately apprised of this by Lauder, Mackay, after giving
orders to Colonel Balfour to supply the troops with ammunition, and
to put them under arms without delay, galloped off to the ground,
from which Lauder had espied the enemy, to observe their motions
before making choice of the field of battle. On arriving at the
advanced post, Mackay observed several small parties of troops,
scarcely a mile distant, marching slowly along the foot of a hill in the
direction of Blair, and advancing towards him. Mackay, thereupon,
sent orders to Balfour to advance immediately up to him with the
foot. But these orders were no sooner despatched than he observed
some bodies of Dundee’s forces marching down a high hill within a
quarter of a mile from the place where he stood, in consequence of
which movement, he immediately galloped back to his men to
countermand the order he had just issued, and to put his army in
order of battle.[588]
Dundee, who had been duly advertised of Mackay’s motions, had
descended from the higher district of Badenoch into Athole on the
previous day, with a force of about 2,500 men, of whom about one-
fifth part consisted of the Irish, which had lately landed at Inverlochy
under Brigadier Cannon. Some of the clans which were expected had
not yet joined, as the day appointed for the general rendezvous had
not then arrived; but as Dundee considered it of paramount
importance to prevent Mackay from establishing himself in Athole,
he did not hesitate to meet the latter, whose force numbered about
4,000.[589]
On his arrival at the castle of Blair, intelligence was brought
Dundee that Mackay had reached the pass of Killiecrankie, which he
was preparing to enter. Dundee, against the advice of most of his
officers, resolved to allow Mackay to enter the pass undisputed. He
appealed to the feelings of the Highlanders, whose ancestors, he
said, acting upon their national maxim never to attack a foe who
could not defend himself on equal terms, would have disdained to
adopt the course proposed, (and in saying so he did not, he
observed, mean to insinuate that the persons he addressed had
degenerated from the honour and courage of their ancestors). One
principal reason stated by Dundee for allowing Mackay to advance
through the Pass unmolested, was the great advantage they would
gain by engaging him on open ground before he should be joined by
his English dragoons, who, from their being so formidable to the
Highlanders, would, if allowed by him to come up, more than
compensate for any accession of force which Dundee might receive.
[590]
Another reason not less important was, that in the event of
Mackay sustaining a defeat, his army would probably be ruined, as
he could not retreat back through the Pass without the risk of
evident destruction, whereas should the Highlanders suffer a defeat,
they could easily retreat to the mountains. He added, that in
anticipation of Mackay’s defeat, he had already given orders to his
friends in the neighbourhood, to cut off the few remaining stragglers
that might attempt to escape.[591]

KILLIECRANKIE.
A. Fullarton & Co. London & Edinburgh.

The forces which had been descried by Lauder, appear to have

been a body of 400 men under the command of Sir John Maclean,
whom Dundee, on learning that the advanced guard of Mackay’s
army, after traversing the pass, had taken up a position near its
northern extremity, had despatched from Blair castle to keep them in
check. But his scouts having shortly thereafter brought him notice
that the whole of Mackay’s army was preparing to enter the pass, he
resolved to make a detour with the main body of his army round the
hill on which the castle of Lude stands, in the vicinity of the pass,
and fall upon Mackay as soon as he should clear that defile. Having
made himself acquainted, by inquiries among the most intelligent of
the country people, with the localities in the immediate
neighbourhood of the pass, and of the suitableness of the ground for
the operations of such a force as his, he advanced at double-quick
time from Blair along the present line of road, and on arriving at the
river Tilt, turned off to the left round the back of the hill, and
crossed that river near its confluence with the rivulet of Ald-Chluan.
This movement will account for the sudden and unexpected
appearance of Dundee on the face of the high hill on Mackay’s right.
Immediately above the ground on which Mackay had halted his
troops is an eminence, the access to which is steep and difficult, and
covered with trees and shrubs. Alarmed lest Dundee should obtain
possession of this eminence—which being within a carabine shot
from the place on which Mackay stood, would give him such a
command of the ground as would enable him, by means of his fire,
to force Mackay to cross the river in confusion—he, immediately on
his return from the position occupied by his advanced guard, “made
every battalion form by a Quart de Conversion to the right upon the
ground where they stood,”[592] and then made them march each in
succession before him up the hill till they reached the eminence, of
which they took possession. Within a musket shot of this ground is
another eminence immediately above the house of Urrard, which
Dundee had reached before Mackay had completed his ascent, and
on which he halted.
At this conjuncture, neither Hastings’s regiment nor Annandale’s
troop of horse had yet come out of the pass, but Mackay,
nevertheless, at once proceeded to arrange his men in fighting order
on a plain between the edge of the eminence and the foot or
commencement of the ascent to Dundee’s position, which, from its
extent, enabled him to form his men in one line along the eminence.
In making his dispositions, Mackay divided every battalion into two
parts, and as he meant to fight three deep, he left a small distance
between each of these sub-battalions. In the centre of his line,
however, he left a greater interval of space, behind which he placed
the two troops of horse, with the design, when the Highlanders,
after the fire of the line had been spent, should approach, to draw
them off by this larger interval, and flank the Highlanders on either
side, as occasion should offer. Mackay assigns as his reason for
placing his cavalry in his rear till the fire should be exhausted on
both sides, a dread he entertained of exposing them to Dundee’s
horse, with whom it could not be supposed that these newly-raised
levies could cope. Hastings’s regiment, which arrived after Mackay
had taken up his ground, was placed on the right; and, for greater
security, there was added to it a detachment of firelocks from each
battalion. On the extreme left on a hillock covered with trees,
Lieutenant-colonel Lauder was posted, with his party of 200 men,
composed of the elite of the army. Mackay having been recognised
by Dundee’s men busily employed riding along his line, from
battalion to battalion, giving orders, was selected by some of them
for a little ball practice; but although “their popping shot,” which
wounded some of his men, fell around him wherever he moved, he
escaped unhurt.
After his line had been fully formed, Mackay rode along the front,
from the left wing, which he committed to the charge of Brigadier
Balfour, to the right, and having ascertained that every thing was in
readiness to receive the enemy, he addressed the battalions nearest
him in a short speech. He requested them to reflect that their own
personal safety was involved in the issue of that day’s contest; and
assured them that if they maintained their ground, and kept firmly
and closely united together, their assailants would quickly flee before
them for refuge to the hills—that the reason for which the
Highlanders stript themselves almost naked before battle was rather
to enable them to escape, than from any hopes they entertained of
pursuing their foes. Should, however, his men unfortunately give
way before the rabble of Highlanders whom they saw marshalled on
the adjoining heights—an event which he by no means expected—
there was an absolute certainty, as these naked mountaineers were
more nimble-footed than they were, and as all the Athole-men were
in arms, ready to take advantage of their defeat, that few or none of
them would escape with their lives. In conclusion, he warned them
that the only way to avoid ruin was to stand firm to their posts, and,
like brave men, to fight to the last in defence of their religion and
liberties, against the invaders of both, to secure which, and not the
desire of a crown, was the sole reason which had induced his
majesty to send them on the present service.
Whilst Mackay was thus occupied on the lower platform, his
gallant rival was equally busy flying about on the eminence above,
ranging his men in battle array. He was particularly distinguished
amongst his officers by a favourite dun-coloured horse which he
rode, and by his plated armour, which glittered in the sun-beams.
Dundee, who had arrived upon the higher platform about the same
time that Mackay had gained the ground he now occupied, ranged
his men in one line in the following order:—On the right, he placed
Sir John Maclean, with his regiment divided into two battalions. On
the left, he posted the regiment of Sir Donald Macdonald,
commanded by the young chief and Sir George Barclay, and a
battalion under Sir Alexander Maclean. In the centre were placed
four battalions, consisting of the Camerons, the Macdonells of
Glengary and Clanranald, and the Irish regiment, with a troop of
horse under the command of Sir William Wallace, who had early that
morning produced a commission, to the great displeasure of the Earl
of Dunfermline and other officers, appointing him colonel of a horse
regiment which the earl commanded.[593] It may be observed, that
neither Mackay nor Dundee placed any body of reserve behind their
lines.
The great extent of Mackay’s line, which reached considerably
beyond Dundee’s wings,[594] compelled the latter, to prevent the
danger of being outflanked, to enlarge the intervals between his
battalions. A general movement from right to left accordingly took
place along Dundee’s line. Before Dundee’s left halted, Mackay,
imagining that the object of the movement in that quarter was to
get between him and the pass, for the purpose of cutting off all
communication between him and Perth, made his line make a
corresponding movement to his right, but on observing that
Dundee’s left wing halted, Mackay brought his line to a stand. These
different movements necessarily occupied a considerable time, and
both armies being now finally arranged, they gazed upon each other
with great composure for the space of two whole hours.
During this interval of care and anxious suspense, the feelings of
both parties—their hopes or their fears—would probably be tinctured
by a deeper hue of confidence or despondency as they reflected on
the events of former days. Though more than forty years had
elapsed since the brilliant achievements of Montrose, the
Highlanders,[595] naturally brave, had lost none of their military
ardour, and the descendants of the heroes of Tippermuir, Aldearn,
and Kilsyth, who now stood in battle array on the upper plain,
whence, with a scowl of scorn and defiance, they looked down upon
the Sassenachs below, calling to mind the recital of the heroic deeds
of their fathers, to which they had listened with wonder and
enthusiasm in their childhood, would burn for the moment when, at
the command of their chief, they should measure their broad swords
with the bayonets of their Lowland foes. On the other hand,
Mackay’s men had no such recollections to inspire confidence or to
cheer them in their perilous enterprise, and when they beheld the
Highland host ready at a moment’s notice to burst like a mountain
torrent upon their devoted heads, and called to mind the tales they
had heard of the warlike prowess of the Highlanders, they could not
but recoil at the idea of encountering, in deadly strife, such
determined antagonists. There were, it is true, many men in
Mackay’s army to whom the dangers of the battle field were familiar,
and in whose minds such reflections would doubtless find no place,
but the great majority of his troops consisted of newly raised levies,
who had never before seen the face of an enemy.
 Mackay himself, though an old and experienced officer, and a
brave man, was not without his misgivings; and as the evening
advanced without any movement on the part of Dundee to
commence the action, his uneasiness increased. Nor were his
apprehensions likely to be allayed by the reply made by the second
son of Lochiel, who held a commission in his own regiment of Scots
fusileers, in answer to a question put to him by Mackay. “Here is
your father with his wild savages,” said Mackay to the young man,
on seeing the standard of the Camerons, putting on at the same
moment an air of confidence, “how would you like to be with him?”
“It signifies little,” answered the son of the chief, “what I would like,
but I recommend to you to be prepared; or perhaps my father and
his wild savages may be nearer to you before night than you would
like.”[596] The apparent irresolution of the Highlanders to begin the
battle was considered by Mackay as intentional, and he supposed
that their design was to wait till nightfall, when, by descending
suddenly from their position, and setting up a loud shout, according
to their usual custom, they expected to frighten his men,
unaccustomed to an enemy, and put them in disorder. As Mackay
could not, without the utmost danger, advance up the hill and
commence the action, and as the risk was equally great should he
attempt to retreat down the hill and cross the river, he resolved, at
all hazards, to remain in his position, “though with impatience,” as
he observes, till Dundee should either attack him or retire, which he
had better opportunities of doing than Mackay had. To provoke the
Highlanders, and to induce them to engage, he ordered three small
leather field pieces to be discharged, but they proved of little use,
and the carriages being much too high, broke after the third firing.
Towards the close of the evening, some of Dundee’s
sharpshooters, who had kept up, during the day, an occasional fire
in the direction in which they observed Mackay moving, by which
they had wounded some of his men, as already stated, took
possession of some houses upon the ascent which lay between the
two armies, for the purpose of directing their aim with surer effect.
But they were immediately dislodged by a party of musketeers
despatched by Mackay’s brother, who commanded the general’s
regiment, and chased back to their main body with some loss. This
skirmish Mackay supposed would soon draw on a general
engagement, and his expectations were speedily realized.
It was within half an hour of sunset, and the moment was at
hand, when, at the word of command, the Highlanders and their
allies were to march down the hill, and with sword in hand, fall upon
the trembling and devoted host below, whom, like the eagle viewing
his destined prey from his lofty eyry, they had so long surveyed.
Having determined, as much to please his men as to gratify his own
inclination, to lead the charge in person, at the head of the horse,
Dundee exchanged his red coat, which he had worn during the day,
and by which he had been recognised by Mackay’s troops, for
another of darker colour, to conceal his rank, and thereby avoid the
risk of being singled out by the enemy. Dundee, after the manner of
the ancient Greek and Roman generals, is said to have harangued
his men in the following enthusiastic strain:—[597]
“You are come hither to fight, and that in the best of causes; for it
is the battle of your king, your religion, and your country, against the
foulest usurpation and rebellion. And having therefore so good a
cause in your hands, I doubt not but it will inspire you with an equal
courage to maintain it; for there is no proportion betwixt loyalty and
treason, nor should there be any betwixt the valour of good subjects
and traitors. Remember that to-day begins the fate of your king,
your religion, and your country. Behave yourselves, therefore, like
true Scotsmen, and let us by this action redeem the credit of this
nation, that is laid low by the treacheries and cowardice of some of
our countrymen, in making which request, I ask nothing of you that
I am not now ready to do myself. And if any of us shall fall upon this
occasion, we shall have the honour of dying on our duty, and as
becomes true men of valour and conscience; and such of us as shall
live and win the battle, shall have the reward of a gracious king and
the praise of all good men. In God’s name, then, let us go on, and
let this be your word—King James and the church of Scotland, which
God long preserve!”[598]
 A pause now ensued, and a death-like silence prevailed along the
line, when, on a sudden, it appeared in motion, marching slowly
down the hill. The Highlanders, who stript themselves to their shirts
and doublets, advanced, according to their usual practice, with their
bodies bent forward, so as to present as small a surface as possible
to the fire of the enemy, the upper part of their bodies being
covered by their targets.
To discourage the Highlanders in their advance by keeping up a
continual fire, Mackay had given instructions to his officers
commanding battalions, to commence firing by platoons, at the
distance of a hundred paces. This order was not attended to, as
Balfour’s regiment, and the half of Ramsay’s, did not fire a single
shot, and the other half fired very little. The Highlanders, however,
met with a very brisk fire from Mackay’s right, and particularly from
his own battalion, in which no less than 16 gentlemen of the
Macdonells of Glengarry fell; but, undismayed by danger, they kept
steadily advancing in the face of the enemy’s fire, of which they
received three rounds. Having now come close up to the enemy,
they halted for a moment, and having levelled and discharged their
pistols, which did little execution, they set up a loud shout and
rushed sword in hand upon the enemy, before the latter had time to
screw on their bayonets to the end of their muskets. The shock was
too impetuous to be long resisted by men who, according to their
own general, “behaved, with the exception of Hastings’s and Leven’s
regiment, like the vilest cowards in nature.” But even had these men
been more stout-hearted, their courage would not have availed
them, as their arms were insufficient to parry off the tremendous
strokes of the axes, and the broad and double-edged swords of the
Highlanders, who, with a single blow, either felled their opponents to
the earth or struck off a member from their bodies, and at once
disabled them. While the work of death was thus going on towards
the right, Dundee, at the head of the horse, made a furious charge
on Mackay’s own battalion, and broke through it, on which the
English horse which were stationed behind, fled without firing a
single shot. Dundee, thereupon, rode off to attack the enemy’s
cannon, but the officer (Sir William Wallace) who had that morning
produced his commission as colonel of the horse, appears to have
misunderstood Dundee, who, on arriving near the enemy’s cannon,
found himself alone. He, therefore, gave the horse a signal to
advance quickly, on which the Earl of Dunfermline, who then served
only as a volunteer, overlooking the affront which had been put upon
him, rode out of the ranks, followed by 16 gentlemen, attacked the
party who guarded the cannon, and captured them.
As soon as Mackay perceived that Dundee’s grand point of attack
was near the centre of his line, he immediately resolved to attack
the Highlanders in flank with the two troops of horse which he had
placed in the rear of his line, for which purpose he ordered Lord
Belhaven to proceed round the left wing with his own troop, and
attack them on their right flank; he ordered at the same time the
other troop to proceed in the contrary direction, and assail them on
their left. Mackay himself led round Belhaven’s troop, but it was
scarcely in front of the line when it got into disorder, and instead of
obeying the orders to wheel for the flank of the enemy, after some
confused firing it turned upon the right wing of Lord Kenmure’s
battalion, which it threw into disorder, and which thereupon began
to give way.
At this critical moment Mackay, who was instantly surrounded by a
crowd of Highlanders, anxious to disentangle his cavalry, so as to get
them formed, called aloud to them to follow him, and putting spurs
to his horse galloped through the enemy, but with the exception of
one servant whose horse was shot under him, not a single horseman
attempted to follow their general. When he had gone sufficiently far
to be out of the reach of immediate danger, he turned round to
observe the state of matters, and to his infinite surprise he found
that both armies had disappeared. To use his own expression, “in
the twinkling of an eye, in a manner,” his own men as well as the
enemy were out of sight, having gone down pell-mell to the river
where his baggage stood. The flight of his men must have been
rapid indeed, for although the left wing, which had never been
attacked, had begun to flee before he rode off, the right wing and
centre still kept their ground.
Mackay now stood in one of the most extraordinary predicaments
in which the commander of an army was ever placed. His whole men
had, as if by some supernatural cause, disappeared almost in an
instant of time, and he found himself standing a solitary being on
the mountain side, not knowing what to do, or whither to direct his
course. Whether had they had the courage to follow him, the timid
troop would have turned the tide of victory in his favour, may indeed
be well doubted; but it is obvious that he adopted the only
alternative which could render success probable. Judging from the
ease with which he galloped through the Highlanders, who made
way for him, he thinks that if he had had but 50 resolute horse such
as Colchester’s, he “had certainly,” as he says, “by all human
appearance recovered all,” for although his whole line had begun to
give way when he ordered the horse to follow him, the right of the
enemy had not then moved from their ground.[599] While ruminating
upon the “sad spectacle” which he now beheld, his mind preyed
upon by the most gloomy reflections, he fortunately espied to the
right, “a small heap of red coats,” which he immediately galloped for,
and found it to consist of a part of the Earl of Leven’s regiment,
mixed with a few stragglers from other regiments who had escaped
from the swords of the Highlanders. The Earl himself, his Lieutenant-
colonel, the Major, and most of the other officers of the regiment,
were with this body. Mackay perceived a part of Hastings’s regiment
marching up to the ground it had occupied at the commencement of
the action. Having rode up to this party, he was informed by the
Colonel that he had left his ground in pursuit of the enemy, a
detachment of which had attempted to outflank him, but having
wheeled to the right upon them with his pikes, they abandoned the
idea of attacking him, and repaired to their main body, which they
observed among the baggage at the river-side.
The plunder which the baggage offered was too tempting a lure
for the Highlanders, whose destructive progress it at once arrested.
It was in fact solely to this thirst for spoil that Mackay and the few of
his men who escaped owed their safety, for had the Highlanders
continued the pursuit, it is very probable that not a single individual
of Mackay’s army would have been left alive to relate their sad
disaster.[600]
As soon as Mackay had got up Hastings’s battalion and joined it to
that of Leven’s, he despatched his nephew, Captain Mackay,—who,
though he had received eight broad-sword wounds on his body, was
still able to ride his horse,—in quest of such of his officers as might
be within his reach, about the bottom of the hill, with orders to
collect as many of their men as they could, and join the general.
This mission was totally unsuccessful, for although he had fallen in
with several officers, few of them took any notice of him; and all
who had survived the battle were now scattered far beyond
Mackay’s reach. While receiving this afflicting intelligence, Mackay
descried in the twilight, a large body of men, who appeared to form
themselves along the edge of a wood on Balfour’s left, where
Lieutenant-colonel Lauder had been posted with 200 men. As he
was not yet aware of the fate of Lauder’s corps, which was among
the first that fled, he supposed that the body he had observed might
either be that party or another body of his men who had retired to
the wood on the descent of the Highlanders, and he therefore rode
off to reconnoitre them, after directing his officers to endeavour to
put their men in a condition to fire one discharge, at least, if
attacked. Mackay approached the party sufficiently near to discover
that they were Dundee’s men, and having turned his horse’s head he
walked slowly back, that he might not excite the apprehensions of
the Highlanders. The ground on which Mackay stood with the wreck
of his army, amounting to scarcely 400 men, was the farthest
removed of any other part of the position he had selected in the
morning, from the point to which he was necessarily obliged to
direct his retreat, and over the intervening space he could not but
expect to fall in with parties of the Highlanders, who would fall upon
him, and kill or disperse his tired followers. But he extricated himself
from the difficulties which beset him, with considerable adroitness.
He advised them on no account to show any inclination to run, as it
could not add to their personal safety, but, on the contrary, might
endanger it the more, as the Highlanders, observing their terror,
would certainly break in among them, and pursue them with the
greater avidity. When about to retire down the hill the party was
joined by Lord Belhaven, and a few other horsemen, who proved
very serviceable as scouts during the retreat. Mackay then led his
men slowly down the hill, and evaded the enemy so completely that
he did not meet with the least interruption in his march. He retired
across the Garry without molestation, and made a short halt to
ascertain whether he was pursued. Seeing no disposition on the part
of the Highlanders to follow him, he began to think of the best way
of retiring out of Athole. All his officers advised him to return to
Perth through the pass of Killiecrankie, but he saw proper to reject
this advice, and resolved to march several miles up Athole and cross
over the hills to Stirling.
Giving orders, therefore, to his men to march, he proceeded to the
west along the bank of the river, and had the satisfaction, when
about two miles from the field of battle, to come up with a party of
about 150 fugitives almost without arms, under the command of
Colonel Ramsay, who was quite at a loss what direction to take.
Mackay then continued his march along the edge of a rivulet which
falls into the Garry, till he came to some little houses. Here he
obtained from one of the inhabitants, information as to the route he
meant to follow, and having made himself acquainted, as far as he
could, by an examination of his map, with the situation of the
country through which he had to pass, he crossed the stream and
proceeded across the hills towards Weem castle, the seat of the
chief of the clan Menzies, whose son had been in the action with a
company of 100 Highlanders he had raised for the service of the
government. After a most fatiguing journey, he reached the castle
before morning. Here he obtained some sleep and refreshment, of
which he stood greatly in need, having since his departure from
Dunkeld, on the morning preceding, marched about 40 miles.
 Pass of Killiecrankie in last century. From an old crayon drawing.
The news of Mackay’s defeat had preceded his retreat; and on his
march during the following day, he found the country through which
he passed in an uproar, and every person arming in favour of King
James. The people of Strathtay alarmed at the approach of Mackay’s
men, whom they took to be Highlanders, and considering their
houses and cattle in danger, set up a dreadful shout, which so
frightened Mackay’s men that they began to flee back to the hills
under an apprehension that the Highlanders were at hand. Mackay
and some of his officers on horseback, by presenting their pistols
and threatening the fugitives, succeeded in rallying them, but owing
to the thickness of the morning more than 100 escaped, all of whom
were killed, stripped, or taken prisoners by the country people.
Mackay continued his march with very little halting all that day,
being Sunday the 28th, and arrived late at night at Drummond
castle, in which he had a garrison. Next day he reached Stirling with
about 400 men.
 On the morning after the battle—for night had thrown its curtain
over the horrors of the scene, before the extent of the carnage could
be ascertained—the field of battle and the ground between it and
the river, extending as far as the pass, presented an appalling
spectacle in the vast numbers of the dead which strewed the field,
whose mutilated bodies attested the savage and unrelenting ferocity
with which Mackay’s men had been hewn down by the Highlanders.
Here might be seen a skull which had been struck off above the ears
by a stroke from a broad-sword—there a head lying near the trunk
from which it had been severed—here an arm or a limb—there a
corpse laid open from the head to the brisket; while interspersed
among these lifeless trunks, dejectaque membra, were to be seen
broken pikes, small swords and muskets, which had been snapt
asunder by the athletic blows of the Lochaber axe and broad-sword.
[601]

If the importance of a victory is to be reckoned by the

comparative numbers of the slain, and the brilliant achievements of
the victors, the battle of Killiecrankie may well stand high in the list
of military exploits. Considering the shortness of the combat, the
loss on the part of Mackay was prodigious. Not less than 2,000 of his
men were either killed or captured. Among the slain were
Lieutenant-colonel Mackay, brother of the General, Brigadier Balfour,
and several other officers. Highland tradition reports that Balfour
was cut down by the Reverend Robert Stewart, a Catholic
clergyman, nephew to Stewart of Ballochin, for having
contemptuously refused to receive quarter when offered him by the
priest. The same tradition relates that Stewart, who was a powerful
muscular man, followed the enemy in their flight down to the river,
and towards the pass, wielding a tremendous broad-sword, with
which he cut down numbers of the fugitives, and so much did he
exert himself in the use of his fatal weapon, that, at the conclusion
of the carnage, his hand had swollen to such an extent, that it could
only be extricated from the basket-hilt of his sword, by cutting away
the net-work.
 But as the importance of a victory, however splendid in itself, or
distinguished by acts of individual prowess, can only be appreciated
by its results, the battle of Killiecrankie, instead of being
advantageous to the cause of King James, was, by the death of the
brave Dundee, the precursor of its ruin. After he had charged at the
head of his horse, and driven the enemy from their cannon, he was
about to proceed up the hill to bring down Sir Donald Macdonald’s
regiment, which appeared rather tardy in its motions, when he
received a musket shot in his side, through an opening of his
armour, the ball probably passing out in front through the centre of
his breastplate (See Plate of Dundee’s Armour).[602] He attempted to
ride a little, but was unable, and fell from his horse mortally
wounded, and almost immediately expired.[603] The loss on the side
of Dundee was never properly ascertained, but is supposed to have
been about 900.
ARMOUR WORN BY VISCOUNT DUNDEE AT KILLIECRANKIE
1. Breast Plate, in possession of his Grace the Duke of
Athole. See Page 376. Vol I.

2. Remains of Helmet in possession of J P M c Inroy Esq. of

Lude, taken out of Dundee’s grave in the church of Blair
Athole in 1794.
 3. Sword in possession of A Æ. Mackintosh Esq. of
Mackintosh, given to Lachlan 21 st Laird of Mackintosh by
Dundee’s Relations.—The hilt is silver and bears the
Graham Arms—The date on the blade is A.D. 1504.
4. Pistol, in possession of Miss Stirling Graham of Duntrune—
representative of the Claverhouse family.—In the plate
both sides of the Pistol are shown; the stock is of iron and
is richly inlaid with silver.

Among the slain, Alister Dhu (black Alexander) the chief of

Glengarry, who, at the head of his battalion, mowed down two men
at every stroke, with his ponderous two-handed sword, had to
lament the loss of a brother, several other relatives, and still nearer
and dearer to him, of his son, Donald, surnamed Gorm, from the
blueness of his eyes. This youth, who had exhibited early proofs of
bravery worthy of his name, and the race whence he sprung, killed,
it is said, 18 of the enemy with his own hand. No less than five
cousins of Sir Donald Macdonald of the isles fell, together with the
tutor of Macdonald of Largo and his sons. Colonel Gilbert Ramsay,
and the brave laird of Pitcur, “who, like a moving castle in the shape
of men, threw fire and sword on all sides,”[604] were also numbered
with the dead on this eventful day.[605]
In the Viscount Dundee, King James lost the only man in Scotland
possessed of all the qualifications necessary for conducting to a
successful issue the great and important charge which had been
committed to him by his sovereign. Educated in the strictest
principles of toryism, he could never divest his mind of the abstract
ideas of passive obedience and hereditary right, and to him,
therefore, any attempt to resist the authority of the sovereign, no
matter how far that authority was abused, appeared highly
treasonable. Though a sincere Protestant Episcopalian, the heresy of
the successor of Charles II. as the religion of James must have
appeared to him, in no respect altered his ideas of implicit fidelity to
the sovereign, nor did his views undergo any change when the
arbitrary and unconstitutional proceedings of James seemed to the
leading men of the nation to have solved the great political problem,
when resistance should commence and obedience end.[606] In his
eye, therefore, the revolution which drove the unfortunate James