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 Advances in Pig Welfare
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 Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science,
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Technology and Nutrition

A volume in the Advances in Farm Animal Welfare series

Advances in Pig Welfare

Edited by

Marek Špinka
 Woodhead Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier
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may be noted herein).

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understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.

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List of Contributors

Inger Lise Andersen Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway

Emma M. Baxter Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Marc B.M. Bracke Wageningen UR Livestock Research, Lelystad, The

Netherlands

Sophie Brajon Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada

Irene Camerlink Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Richard B. D’Eath Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, United

Kingdom

Antoni Dalmau Animal Welfare Program, IRTA, Monells, Spain

Suzanne Desire Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Nicolas Devillers Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada

Pierpaolo Di Giminiani Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United

Kingdom

Sandra A. Edwards Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United

Kingdom

Luigi Faucitano Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada

Sébastien Goumon Institute of Animal Science, Prague, Czech Republic

Mette S. Herskin Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark

Jos Houdijk Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Susan Jarvis Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, United Kingdom

 xii List of Contributors

Alistair B. Lawrence Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, United

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Kingdom; Roslin Institute Building, Midlothian, United Kingdom

Joop Lensink YNCREA ISA Lille, Lille, France

Pol Llonch Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Eva Mainau Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Xavier Manteca Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Jeremy N. Marchant-Forde USDA-ARS, West Lafayette, IN, United States

Ruth C. Newberry Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian

University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway

Lene Juul Pedersen Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark

Jean-Loup Rault University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Rainer Roehe Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Marek Špinka Institute of Animal Science, Prague, Czech Republic

Céline Tallet PEGASE, Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France; INRA, Saint-Gilles,

France

Helena Telkänranta University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; University

of Helsinki, Turku, Finland

Déborah Temple Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Simon P. Turner Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Anna Valros University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

Antonio Velarde Animal Welfare Program, IRTA, Monells, Spain

Megan Verdon University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

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Preface

Animal welfare began to emerge as a scientific discipline in the 1960s, and there is
now a large body of published research addressing a range of fundamental and
applied topics. However, the field is currently in a stage of transition, with an
increasing emphasis on translating the knowledge that has been gained into ‘real
world’ improvements. This is necessitating new and ever more sophisticated
research approaches, including collection of more complex data with an increasing
focus on solutions, the development and use of new research methodologies and
technologies, and integration of information across different disciplines. It also
requires enhancing communication and collaboration among diverse stakeholders,
as well as developing science-based approaches for setting ‘best practice’ standards
and on-site welfare assessments to help ensure public confidence.
The five books in this series provide overviews of key scientific approaches to
assessing and improving the welfare of farm animals and address how that science
can be translated into practice. The books are not meant to provide a comprehensive
overview, but instead focus on selected ‘hot topics’ and emerging issues for cattle,
pigs, poultry and sheep (as well as the overarching issue of linking animal welfare
science and practice). Advances and challenges in these areas are presented in each
book in the form of an integrated collection of focused review chapters written by
top experts in the field. The emphasis is not just on discussing problems, but on
identifying methods for mitigating those problems and the knowledge gaps that
remain to be filled.
Although the topic reviewed in the cattle, pig, poultry and sheep books are tai-
lored to those most important for the particular species, all of the books include an
overview of production systems and discussion of the most pressing animal welfare
challenges and important advances associated with those systems from the perspec-
tives of normal and abnormal behavior, animal health, and pain management.
Emphasis is placed on both management and genetic approaches to improving wel-
fare, as well as on emerging scientific tools for investigating questions about the
welfare of that species. As relevant, the books also include reviews on
human animal interactions and transport and/or slaughter. Finally, practical tools
for in situ (on the farm, during transport, or at the slaughter facility) assessment of
welfare are presented. The reviews in the overview volume focus on animal welfare
in the context of agricultural sustainability, and also address how science can be
translated into practice taking into account ethical views, social developments, and
the emergence of global standards.
 xiv Preface

The topics covered by these books are highly relevant to stakeholders interested
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in the current and future developments of farm animal welfare policies, including
farmers, food industry, retailers, and policy makers as well as researchers and
veterinary practitioners. The editors hope they serve not only to help improve farm
animal welfare but to encourage discussion about future directions and priorities in
the field.

Joy Mench
Series Editor
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Introduction

Welfare problems in contemporary intensive pig husbandry are manifold.

Nevertheless, several major clusters of issues can be identified that encompass most
of the serious challenges. The first gridlocked complex relates to pig reproduction
and comprises housing of sows around farrowing and during lactation together with
early piglet mortality. The second complex of problems arises in pig interactions
with the barren physical environment. The dearth or lack of bedding, manipulable
material and fibre-rich feed across all pig categories causes serious welfare pro-
blems such as tail biting, stereotypic behaviours and motivational frustration. The
third cluster is in the social domain and includes mutual aggression and associated
problems in pen-housed pigs. The fourth complex resides in human care and inter-
actions with the pigs. The rates of housing-related health problems are uncomfort-
ably high in intensive pig husbandry and due to practical constraints it is difficult to
provide sufficient individualised care to the animals, especially to vulnerable indivi-
duals such as the weak, sick, injured, behaviourally disturbed and socially harassed
pigs as well as pigs in transport and at the abbatoir. Finally, invasive procedures are
routinely performed on wide classes of pigs without pain mitigation. The aim of
this book is to show how pig welfare could be advanced. Therefore it is appropriate
to present the five clusters in their positive morphs as five pig welfare aspirations:
1. movement freedom for farrowing and lactating sows coupled with reduced piglet
mortality;
2. provision of biologically important materials for pig nest-building, exploration, foraging
and feeding;
3. social life matching the pigs’ motivation and capabilities;
4. informed and individualised care of pigs, especially those with health problems and in
other need;
5. no painful body alterations for pigs.
What hinders faster progress towards these goals? How can we use the available
knowledge to navigate the trade-offs in pig welfare? What further research is
needed to untie the current gridlocks? What are the promising alleys for cooperation
between stakeholders in the field of pig welfare? The 16 chapters of this book writ-
ten by leading experts provide up-to-date knowledge about the most pressing areas
of pig welfare, highlight the dynamic research directions and discuss practical strat-
egies for a common effort to improve pig welfare in the framework of
profitable and sustainable pig husbandry.
 xvi Introduction

The book content

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The book is divided into two sections. Part I consists of 10 chapters that systemati-
cally review major pig welfare hot spots throughout the pig production cycle from
farrowing and birth until to slaughter. Part II then highlights six prominent emerg-
ing topics in pig welfare that apply across all the pig age and sex categories.
Part I opens with an introductory chapter by Lene Juul Pedersen that overviews
the production cycle of pigs, highlighting the main welfare challenges in commer-
cial pig production systems and outlines possible improvements on the background
of the EU welfare regulation. Pedersen concludes that majority of the problems are
inherently related to the housing and management applied as well as to breeding for
intensive production traits. As these factors are not easily changed without costs,
suggestions for changes are often met by resistance from the industry. Nevertheless,
as Pedersen stresses, changes that improve welfare may bring profit in the long
term through improved health, longevity and productivity of pigs with high welfare.
The following three chapters of Part I then review pig welfare hot spots during
farrowing, piglet birth and early ontogeny. In two chapters, Emma Baxter and her
co-authors address the entangled welfare complexes of sow welfare during farrow-
ing and lactation and of piglet mortality and morbidity. Baxter et al. show that it is
not easy to resolve the ‘triangle of needs’ of the sow, her piglets and the farmer.
They highlight the shortcomings of the current selection programmes that overlook
several costs of the increased productivity and are thus pushing the triangle into
trade-offs that are ever more difficult to negotiate. Yet Baxter et al. posit that it is
possible to create systems that work with the biological needs of the animals
involved, rather than battling against them. For this, it is necessary to understand
the biology housing interface so that systems capable of mitigating the challenges
brought by intensive breeding strategies could be designed. Furthermore, balance
needs to be achieved in breeding indices between traits giving short term productiv-
ity and traits that improve welfare and longevity of the sows and as well as promote
more robust piglets. As Helena Telkänranta and Sandra Edwards discuss in the next
chapter, early physical and social environment of piglets has been documented to
contribute to development of piglet abnormal behaviours such as tail biting, belly
nosing and increased aggression. Yet more research is needed to better understand
the neurobiological effects of different enrichment materials and stimuli during sen-
sitive periods in early ontogeny on the developing piglet brain and mind.
Four chapters address welfare problems of growing and adult pigs. Tail biting, a
serious problem in group housed pigs that carries with it the habit of ‘preventive’
tail docking in almost all intensively housed pigs in the world, is analysed by Anna
Valros. Valros assesses the known chronic and acute risk factors and presents the
possible risk reduction strategies in terms of genetics, environmental enrichment
and detection of outbreaks. Moreover, she underscores the need to develop a more
holistic ethical model that would weigh the welfare gravity of routine tail-docking
against the tail biting risks, especially as the existence of pigs with long tails may
result in pressure for improvements in management that reduce the stress
 Introduction xvii

experienced by all the pigs. Marc Bracke in the next chapter addresses the related
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topic of manipulable materials for pigs. Despite the fact that provision of manipula-
ble material to pigs is obligatory in EU, what counts as proper material for that pur-
pose remains largely unresolved. Bracke presents a detailed account of
development, testing and adoption of a specific enrichment device, namely a
branched chain design, in the Netherlands. In the following chapter, Richard
D’Eath and co-authors turn to the issue of subjective hunger in pregnant sows in
the typical situation with no foraging substrate and low level of dietary fibre. The
authors provide highly informative overview of the chemical types of fibre and their
effects on satiation and digestive physiology. Their conclusion is that soluble
fermentable fibre or resistant starch have particularly beneficial effects because the
pig hindgut is capable of fermenting these types of fibre into short-chain fatty acids,
thus prolonging the satiety effects and contributing positively to the energy balance
of the feeding process. The next chapter by Megan Verdon and Jean-Loup Rault
moves on to the problem of aggression in group housed sows and fattening pigs.
Verdon and Rault distinguish aggression following mixing, from aggression once a
hierarchy has been formed, and thoroughly review the factors affecting these two
types of aggression. The two final chapters in Part I address handling and transport
of pigs to slaughter (by Luigi Faucitano and Sébastien Goumon) and the slaughter
process itself (by Antonio Velarde and Antoni Dalmau), including aspects such as
pre-slaughter feed withdrawal, loading of animals, truck design, holding of pigs at
the slaughterhouse (lairage) and stunning methods.
Part II of the book consists of six chapters that focus on fast-progressing research
topics in pig welfare. In the chapter on pain in pigs, Mette Herskin and Pierpaolo
Di Giminiani review evidence for causes of different pain types in pigs and analyse
the possibilities for quantitative indicators of pain states. They underscore the cur-
rent low level of knowledge of porcine pain and call for targeted research in order
to protect pigs from this negative affective state. The next chapter by Déborah
Temple and co-authors reviews the currently available on-farm and post mortem
health assessment methods. The chapter documents that the methods are in constant
evolution, thus increasing the collection of validated and practicable pig health indi-
cators. Pig human interactions are the topic of the chapter by Céline Tallet and
co-workers. The authors discuss the role of pig sensory, learning and social capaci-
ties in the development of pig fear or trust in humans. They stress that education
and training of stockpersons is needed to promote knowledge-based care of every-
day human pig interaction that will impact positively on animal welfare, produc-
tion and human work satisfaction. The chapter by Simon Turner and co-authors
presents the state of art in breeding for pig welfare. The authors use three examples
of selective breeding for welfare traits neonatal survival, diminished aggres-
siveness towards pen mates and reduced tail biting to illustrate the progress.
They foresee that new techniques and genetic methodologies will expand the range
of welfare traits that selection can be exerted upon. Furthermore they posit that
such breeding alongside continued efforts to establish feasible management inter-
ventions may help to mitigate some of the most difficult and significant pig welfare
challenges. The penultimate chapter by Alistair Lawrence and co-authors covers the
 xviii Introduction

intensely debated topic of positive pig welfare. The chapter reviews several pub-
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lished frameworks for positive welfare that draw from human positive psychology
and the concept of quality of life. So far, positive welfare in pigs has been rarely
measured on farm. Nevertheless, the authors make the case that a focus on positive
welfare could open new insights into positive emotional states and instigate changes
across the human supply chain in favour of improved pig welfare. The final chapter
of the book by Jeremy Marchant-Forde and Mette Herskin looks at pigs as labora-
tory animals. With the pig becoming an increasingly popular laboratory animal,
new welfare issues arise such as lack of validated methodology to monitor and
manage pig pain and barren individual housing resulting from an emphasis on
hygiene and needs of the caretaker. Specialised research on pig welfare in labora-
tory settings is needed, including the role of positive reinforcement training in order
to facilitate experimental procedures.

A wish for the book

This book highlights the dynamic advances that have been made in pig welfare,
mainly in the last two decades. Group housing for pregnant sows has replaced indi-
vidual stalls in Europe and elsewhere; the need for practicable yet biologically
meaningful environmental enrichment for pigs is being recognised; free housing for
farrowing and lactating sows is being investigated, coupled with efforts to reduce
piglet mortality; efficient methods to monitor pig health and provide informed and
individualised care are getting available; and possible ways to reduce and ultimately
abolish painful body alterations are being explored. Despite this progress, many
welfare issues remain gridlocked. Further advances need to negotiate many obsta-
cles including tight economical margins, inherent trade-offs and different interests
among stakeholders. Science-based knowledge and innovative solutions at the inter-
faces between biology, engineering, information technology and humanities are the
best tools to make improvements in pig welfare a reality in the years to come. It is
a wish of the editor and the author team that this book will serve as a useful refer-
ence and inspiration in the common effort to improve pig welfare worldwide.

Marek Špinka
August 2017
 Overview of commercial pig
1
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production systems and their

main welfare challenges
Lene Juul Pedersen
Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark

1.1 Introduction
Since the 1960s, the commercial pig production in industrialised developed coun-
tries has undertaken a dramatic change, from small family-run farms to larger
industrialised production units with a private owner and several/many employees.
These changes have led to a shift from extensive housing systems with a low degree
of confinement and high labour input, to economically efficient units with low
labour input, low space allowance, a high degree of confinement, and use of slatted
floor systems with little or none environmental enrichment. In addition, the man-
agement has changed towards the use of automated feeding and climate control sys-
tems, less surveillance of individuals, and use of early weaning and artificial
insemination methodologies.
Along with these changes, there has been an arising awareness of animal welfare
issues related to the use of industrialised production methods amongst consumers,
policy makers and retailers. Therefore, today’s pig production in the EU, which is
responsible for approximately 25% of the world’s pig production in 2014 (FAO), is
to some extent controlled by welfare legislation setting down minimum standards
for acceptable welfare. Similar welfare regulations are now emerging in other pig-
producing countries, such as the United States, Canada and Australia.
Despite the welfare legislation, the pig industry still faces major welfare chal-
lenges. These are not easily solved under economically tight production conditions,
and an increasing demand on the industry to reduce the environmental impact of
the pig production. To be able to improve pig welfare under these conditions, there
is an urgent need for an open-minded and obligating collaboration between animal
scientists, environmental scientists, companies that develop equipment for the pig
industry, as well as stakeholders from both the industry and animal welfare organi-
sation. The aim of this chapter is to: (1) give an overview of productions systems
used in the industrialised pig production of bulk meat; (2) summarise how housing
and management within the EU countries are affected by the EU Directives; and
(3) describe the causes for major welfare problems still remaining and possible
ways forward to solve them.

Advances in pig welfare. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-101012-9.00001-0

© 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 4 Advances in pig welfare

1.2 Production cycle of pigs

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Breeding of female pigs is organised into a three-step system consisting of breeding

herds, multiplier herds, and production herds. In the breeding herds, purebred sows
and boars are selected and bred according to a specific selection criteria defined by
the company’s strategy. The purebred sows are not used for production of rearing
pigs but female offspring are used in multiplier herds where crossbreeds are pro-
duced and sold to production herds where the rearing pigs are produced. Our dis-
cussion here is only concerned with the rearing of sows and pigs in production
herds.
To understand the different welfare challenges in the production herds, a brief
introduction to the production cycle of pigs are given below. The cycle divides the
pig production into stages, each representing different housing systems, different
welfare regulation and welfare problems. The different units may of course not be
representative for pig production throughout the world, but cover the majority of
the somewhat standardised bulk pig production.

1.2.1 The mating unit

Conception of a production pig usually takes place by artificial insemination of a
production sow. Prior to insemination, sows are placed in a specific mating unit
after weaning of the previous litter. Usually sows come into oestrus within 4 6
days after weaning. Oestrus lasts 2 3 days, and during this period sows are artifi-
cially inseminated 2 3 times while given contact (physically and/or visually) with
a mature boar. The fertilisation takes place within 24 hours after insemination,
while the attachment of the embryo to the uterus does not occur until 7 14 days
after. During this period, the survival and attachment of the embryos are sensitive
to imbalances. Therefore, any disturbances during this period may result in a low
litter size or in lack of conception, resulting in the sow returning to oestrus after
3 weeks. Sows are typically housed in the mating unit from the time of weaning of
the previous litter until 4 weeks after, or until the last insemination has taken place
(when the oestrus symptoms have ceased). Sows are kept in the mating unit until
4 weeks after weaning to confirm that they are pregnant. This can easily be done in
the mating unit using boar stimulation, while observing if sows return to oestrus
21 days after insemination. In addition, keeping sows in the mating unit until
4 weeks after insemination will ensure that sows are not exposed to disturbances
caused by a change in environment during the sensitive period of attachment of the
embryos to the uterus.
In herds that supply their own production sows, female pigs are selected at a
young age to replace culled production sows. The selected female pigs will be
moved at puberty to the mating unit to be inseminated, usually in their second or
third oestrus. Other herds may purchase crossbreed female pigs from the multiplier
herds usually before puberty. When pregnant, the young female pigs are termed
gilts until they give birth to their first litter. From that time, they are called sows.
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
knew that there were long, weary hours of waiting ahead of her, but
Grace was determined, now that the opportunity was hers, to turn
the tables for good on the men who had tormented the Overland
Riders.

Con Bates had escaped; how, she could not imagine, and Ben
Jackson had assumed to himself the task of revenging the bandits’
grudge against the Overland outfit that had objected to being held
up and robbed.

Grace passed most of the time resting, lying back gazing at the
sky and the mountains that stretched away for many miles. At dusk
she nibbled at her luncheon, then settled down in earnest to her
vigil. A new moon hung high in the west, which she knew would
shed a faint light on her elevated position until well into the evening.

Ten o’clock came, but still no bandits. A few moments after ten
o’clock, however, Grace’s patience was rewarded. She discovered a
crouching figure, which at first she took to be an Indian, but a
moment later saw that it was a white man. He was followed at
intervals by five others, all cautiously approaching the tunnel
entrance. After a careful scrutiny of the entrance, and, apparently
finding nothing wrong there, the six men entered, after one had
removed the stone. After the six men had crawled in, the tunnel
opening was closed behind them.

Grace waited a few moments, then, springing up, ran to the

scene, and began piling rocks on the entrance slab, some being so
heavy that she was obliged to roll them. This she continued until her
hands were blistered and her back was aching desperately.

“There! I’d like to see a bandit get out now,” emphasized the
Overland Rider, drawing off a little way, and sitting down with rifle at
ready in her lap.

Not a sound was heard from the tunnel entrance for nearly an
hour, then a faint tapping there indicated to her that the bandits
were trying to break their way out, the prisoner’s escape, no doubt,
having been discovered.

Grace fired her rifle into the pile of rocks, whereupon the tapping
ceased, but her vigil became an anxious one from that moment on.
Shortly after midnight the Overton girl discovered a shadowy figure
creeping toward her over the rocks. Grace eyed it keenly, then
levelled her rifle at it.

“Hands up!” she commanded sharply.

Joe Smoky Face rose and waved a hand.

“All right! I know you,” called Grace in a relieved tone of voice.

“Where is the sheriff?”

“Him come.” Joe uttered a whistle, whereupon Jim Collins, with his
deputy, Wheaton, and a posse of ten men, including General Gordon
and Lieutenant Wingate, clambered up the rocks.

“Your men are over there, Sheriff. I have blocked the entrance,
and believe they are near it now,” Grace informed the sheriff as he
came up to her.

“Is there no other way by which they can get out, Miss?” he
asked.

“No, sir.”

“You know the lay of the land; what do you suggest?”

“Remove the rocks that I have piled up until you come to the slab.
Tell the men—there are six in there—to lay down their arms and
come out, one at a time. Should they refuse, you might tell them
you will keep them bottled up until they surrender, even if it takes a
month.”
 The loose stones were immediately removed, as Grace had
suggested; whereupon the sheriff delivered his ultimatum to the
bandits. Lieutenant Wingate, in the meantime, had formed the posse
on the upper side of the tunnel opening.

Several minutes elapsed without a sound being heard from the

tunnel, then a voice called to Sheriff Collins.

“We surrender! Don’t shoot!”

“Look out for tricks!” warned Grace Harlowe. “I think that is Con
Bates speaking.”

The bandits pushed the slab from the opening and came out
singly and apparently unarmed.

“Look out!” cried Grace sharply.

Almost in the same instant a revolver in the hands of Con Bates

was fired. The five other bandits instantly began banging away at
the posse, at the same time scattering and starting to run.

“Let ’em have it low! Don’t kill them, please,” begged Grace.

Sheriff Collins downed Con Bates with a bullet in his shoulder.

Grace took no part in the battle, but sat crouched, chin in hands,
narrowly watching the fight while bullets whined over her head and
ricochetted from the rocks on either side of her.

The five bandits remaining after their leader had been downed
were tumbled over with bullets in their legs in almost that many
seconds. But the five were plucky. They struggled to their feet and
again began firing. Two volleys from the posse put them down a
second time, and this time they stayed down.
 “That is what I call good shooting!” declared Grace Harlowe,
standing up.

“Great work! Great work!” approved the general.

“A fine bunch of critters, you are!” raged the sheriff, addressing

the defeated bandits. “Ought to finish you right here. Thank this
woman that I don’t do that very thing. I’ll do it anyhow if any one of
you galoots so much as bats an eyelash. Throw those guns away!”
roared Mr. Collins.

The Bates gang gave up and were quickly manacled and searched
for further weapons. The prisoners secured, Sheriff Collins strode
over to Grace.

“Shake, Pard!” he cried, thrusting out a wiry brown hand. “Bet

you’d face an old she bear with cubs, an’ laugh at her when she
made murder faces at you. We won’t have any more trouble with
these critters. I reckon we’ve got the whole gang now, an’ the trail is
clear, thanks to you an’ your friends.”

At Grace’s suggestion, Joe led the sheriff and some of his men to
the tunnel, where a large amount of valuable plunder was
recovered. That night the prisoners were bound to horses and
started for the jail at Globe where, this time, they remained until
eventually sentenced to long terms in prison. Of Belle Bates, no
trace was found. The guests of the Lodge next day gave a dance in
honor of the Overlanders, to whom belonged the honor of ridding
the Apache Trail of the last band of desperate men that had preyed
upon it.

General Gordon and his party left a day later, after good-byes had
been regretfully said. At Grace’s suggestion a purse was made up by
the girls for Joe Smoky Face, after he had assisted Ike Fairweather
to pack the equipment in readiness for moving next day, and early
on the following morning the Overland Riders set out in their saddles
for the long journey to Phœnix, where they arrived a week later,
tanned by sun and weather, eyes sparkling and spirits effervescing.

That day they bade farewell to the faithful old stagecoach driver,
who had already shipped their ponies by rail, and was to follow the
animals on to Globe that night.

In the evening, the Overland Riders held a meeting at the hotel, at

which they discussed their future plans. It was decided to make the
organization a permanent one, and to seek recreation and adventure
in the saddle each season, until they tired of it.

It had been a wonderful vacation, with just enough excitement to

make it interesting, as Grace expressed it, leaving the girls of the old
Overton Unit better physically and mentally, with a new beauty in
face and figure, each better equipped to meet life’s responsibilities
through the coming year.

“We have not decided where we shall go on our next journey,”

reminded Elfreda Briggs next day, after the Overlanders had settled
themselves in a Pullman car for the homeward journey.

“I was just thinking of a suggestion offered by Mr. Fairweather,”

said Grace. “In telling me of the adventures of a cousin of his on the
American Desert, he casually mentioned that some time we should
try to make the journey across it in the saddle.”

“What is there there?” questioned Anne.

“Principally sand and terrific heat. Crossing the desert on

horseback really is a tremendous undertaking, but, if not strenuous
enough to satisfy us, we might even essay Death Valley. Mr.
Fairweather said we could get his cousin to act as our guide. I am
rather inclined toward the Great American Desert.
 “Alors! Let’s go,” urged Elfreda Briggs.

“Other things being equal, what do you say, folks?” questioned

Grace smilingly.

“Yes!” answered the Overlanders enthusiastically.

Grace chuckled.

“You do not know it, of course, but, now that you have decided, I
am going to say that you Overlanders are headed straight for an
adventure that will satisfy even Hippy Wingate. I have no doubt the
desert is yawning for us at this very moment,” declared Grace.

As later events proved, Grace Harlowe was not a false prophet,

and, in a following volume, entitled “Grace Harlowe’s Overland Riders
on the Great American Desert,” will be related the experiences of these
adventure-loving girls amid scenes new to them, and in facing trials
that called for sheer pluck and clear heads while riding the trackless
alkali desert of the Great West.

THE END
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 Transcriber’s Note:
Page 42
while we are in motion. changed to
while we are in motion.”
Page 221
General Gordon’s wife and companion.
changed to
General Gordon’s wife and companion.”
Page 224
who had reasurred Mrs. Gordon
changed to
who had reassured Mrs. Gordon
Page 241
seach for the source of the voice
changed to
search for the source of the voice
Boys of the Army Series
6, 7 and 8 have been respectively
changed to
5, 6 and 7
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GRACE HARLOWE'S
OVERLAND RIDERS ON THE OLD APACHE TRAIL ***

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