JWPR 2024, Scienceline Publication

J. World Poult. Res. 14(1): 55-61, 2024

Journal of World’s Research Paper
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2024.6
Poultry Research PII: S2322455X2400006-14
ISSN: 2322-455X
License: CC BY 4.0

Growth Performance in Laying Ducks Fed Protein Diets

Supplemented by Fresh Black Soldier Fly Larva
Aam Gunawan1* , Abd. Malik1 , Fitri Noor Hayati1 , Afridolin Sonya Goa1 , Ahmad Junaedi2 ,
2
and Dwi Wahyu Candra
1
Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic University of Kalimantan Muhammad Arsyad Al Banjari Banjarmasin Jl.
Adhyaksa No. 2 Kayu Tangi Banjarmasin Indonesia-70123
2
Dinas Pendidikan, Kabupaten Tanah Laut, Kalimantan Selatan Indonesia-70814
*Corresponding author’s E-mail: [email protected]

Received: December 15, 2023, Revised: January 20, 2024, Accepted: February 10, 2024, Published: March 25, 2024
ABSTRACT
Live black soldier fly (BSF) maggots serve as an alternative feed for ducks and other poultry, boasting a
protein composition similar to fish meal. The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of live BSF maggot
supplementation as a protein source on increasing duck daily production, feed conversion ratio, and egg
quality. A total of 120 female Alabio ducks aged 7 months were randomly divided into 24 cages with four
treatments and six replications. Each cage consisted of five ducks. Performance parameters such as daily egg
production, feed conversion ratio, and egg mass production were evaluated, along with the quality of duck
eggs, including egg weight, yolk weight, yolk crude protein, and albumen crude protein. The results revealed
that protein levels did not significantly affect feed consumption during the laying phase for ducks. However,
the comparison of duck day production between treatment groups indicated that ducks receiving lower protein
levels (13.43%) exhibited lower production, compared to those with higher protein levels (18.29%).
Furthermore, feed protein content had a notable impact on egg weight, yolk weight, and albumen crude
protein. The study demonstrated a significant increase in egg yolk weight, while the percentages of egg yolk
weight and eggshell weight showed no significant differences. In conclusion, this research suggests that
supplementing duck diets with live BSF maggots can enhance egg quality and performance parameters.
Keywords: Black soldier fly, Duck, Egg quality, Maggot, Performance, Source of protein

INTRODUCTION production expenses (Singh et al., 2009). As a result, it is

necessary to explore various options to minimize feed
Between 2014 and 2017, there was a noticeable surge in
costs. In the case of large-scale duck farms, the practice of
global duck production. The countries experiencing the
utilizing commercial feed, imported feed ingredients, and
most significant increases in duck population during this
other supplements is commonplace to reduce production
period were China, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Indonesia,
expenses (Ismoyowati et al., 2018). However, it is not
Russia, Myanmar, France, India, and Thailand
economically viable for small-scale duck farmers in rural
(Kovitvadhi et al., 2019). Ducks play an important role in
areas. Therefore, it is necessary to seek alternative protein
Asian countries, especially Indonesia, contributing
source feed ingredients that can overcome this problem
significantly to the consumption of animal-origin protein,
while providing sustainability for large or small-scale
encompassing both meat and eggs (Hutahaean et al.,
farming businesses (Biasato et al., 2018). Live black
2022). Ducks exhibit resilience in challenging
soldier fly (BSF) maggot is a cheap protein source that can
environments, immunity to diseases, and a capacity to
be easily procured and can be used as an alternative feed
adjust to locally available feed. Additionally, they have a
ingredient, which can reduce feed costs (El-Kaiaty et al.,
symbiotic production system and are highly profitable
2022; Mlaga et al., 2022). Maggot is not only a source of
(Adzitey and Adzitey, 2011). Feed is a crucial aspect of
high protein (52.79%) but also contains fat (more than
the livestock industry, accounting for up to 70% of total
35%), rich in minerals such as Calcium (5-8%) and

To cite this paper: Gunawan A, Malik A, Hayati FN, Goa AS, Junaedi A, and Candra DW (2024). Growth Performance in Laying Ducks Fed Protein Diets supplemented by Fresh
Black Soldier Fly Larva. J. World Poult. Res., 14(1): 55-61. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2024.6
55
 Gunawan et al., 2024

Phosphor 0.6%-1.5% (Makkar et al., 2014; Herawati et al., media, hatchery waste, and bakery factory waste. The BSF
2020). In addition, the use of BSF maggot in feed can maggot breeding was carried out using closed cages made
provide benefits in terms of nutritional content and the of plastic nets. The enclosure had dimensions of 3 meters
environment. In comparison to traditional protein sources, in width, 2.5 meters in height, and 5 meters in length. The
insect farming proves to be more practical, with lower breeding process began by placing plastic basins
greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions, contributing to a containing prepupae inside a closed enclosure made of
reduced environmental impact (Makkar et al., 2014; De plastic mesh, with dimensions measuring 3 meters in
Marco et al., 2015). According to Gunawan et al. (2022), width, 2.5 meters in height, and 5 meters in length. These
adding BSF larva feed increases the carcass weight of the prepupae were left undisturbed for 2-3 weeks to allow the
duck, making BSF maggot a popular alternative protein maggots to undergo transformation into pupae, eventually
source for poultry feed (Gariglio et al., 2021). developing into BSF flies. Following this phase, the BSF
Furthermore, BSF maggot is an insect with nutrient quality flies mated and laid eggs on the prepared substrate.
and an environmentally friendly production system After an additional 2-3 weeks, the substrate
(Hanboonsong et al., 2013; Makkar et al., 2014; Sánchez- containing the matured maggots was harvested, employing
Muros et al., 2014). The results of research by several sunlight for drying purposes. Due to the maggots'
researchers have indicated that insects also can be used as sensitivity to light and their tendency to aggregate in one
a food source of protein, which can contribute to solving location, they were carefully gathered and weighed,
food problems for humans and livestock as especially for constituting the feed for the ducks. The prepupae phase
poultry and various types of birds (Bukkens, 1997; was harvested twice daily, in the morning and evening,
Makkar et al., 2014; De Marco et al., 2015). resulting in a total weight of 2.4 kg. Each cage plot
Several research findings by different investigators received a daily live maggot supplement of 40 g. The
suggest that insects can serve as a valuable protein source, nutrient content of BSF maggot is detailed in Table 1.
offering a potential solution to food shortages for both
humans and livestock, especially for poultry and various Experimental period
types of birds (Bukkens, 1997; Makkar et al., 2014; De This research was conducted at the teaching farm and
Marco et al., 2015). Furthermore, Gunawan et al. (2018) livestock production laboratory within the Faculty of
and Gariglio et al. (2019) indicated an increase in carcass Agriculture at Uniska Banjarmasin, Indonesia. The
weight when ducks were provided with live maggots and ambient temperature during the study ranged from 27.5 to
supplemented with defatted larva meal from BSF. This is 31.5°C, with humidity levels fluctuating between 72% and
related to the elevated levels of protein, amino acids, 84%. A total of 120 female Alabio ducks, sourced from
minerals, and vitamins found in the BSF (Spranghers et breeders with an average weight of 1.75±0.14 kg and aged
al., 2017). However, data on the benefits or potential of 7 months, were randomly distributed into 24 cages. Each
using live maggot substitution as a source of protein to cage, constructed from bamboo and wire, measured 220
increase the production and quality of duck eggs are still cm x 145 cm and housed 5 ducks. The ducks were
limited. The objective of the research was to explore the procured from the local livestock market in Amuntai
effect of supplementation of fresh BSF larva on the growth District, Inodnesia.
performance of laying ducks fed low and high-protein The cage floor was layered with husks and equipped
diets. with feed and drinking water facilities. The ducks were
provided with a daily feed allowance of 150 g/head,
MATERIALS AND METHODS featuring varied protein contents. Drinking water was
available ad libitum. The ducks were kept for seven
The present study was performed and approved by the weeks, with one week dedicated to feed adaptation, and no
Animal Care and Use Committee of the Faculty of vaccinations were administered during the research.
Agriculture. Kalimantan Islamic University with number Lighting in the cages was maintained for 24 hours,
007/U.CC/FP/V/23.
utilizing 12 hours of sunlight and 12 hours of electric light.
The initial production rate at the study's outset was
Rearing black soldier fly live
recorded at 43.93%. The details of the ingredients and
As a source of feed protein, this study used live BSF
nutritional formulas employed in the study can be found in
maggot in the prepupal stage (age 2-3 weeks) obtained
Table 2.
through cultivation with a mixture of palm kernel cake

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 J. World Poult. Res., 14(1): 55-61, 2024

Table 1. Nutrient content of dry maggot and fresh black Measurement of parameters
soldier fly
Nutrient Dry maggot Fresh maggot
Performance
------------------- (%) ----------------- Throughout the six weeks of observation, feed
Water content 0 68.32 consumption was measured weekly. Duck day production
Ash 17.57 5.56 was assessed daily for the entire 42-day observation
Crude protein 46.15 14.62 period, calculated by dividing the daily egg production by
Crude fat 22.13 7.01 the number of ducks present in each cage and multiplying
Nitrogen free Extract 10.97 3.47 the result by 100%. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was
Crude fiber 3.19 1.01 determined by dividing the food consumption by the
Calcium 1.49 0.47
weight of the eggs produced. Additionally, the egg mass
Phosphor 0.85 0.26
was obtained by multiplying the duck day production by
Gross energy (Kcal/kg) 4,622 1,464
the average egg weight.

Egg quality
Table 2. Ingredient and basic formula of nutrition for the
research The daily weighing of egg weights was conducted
Basic formula of nutrition
individually for each cage. To determine the yolk weight,
Ingredient of feed
Low protein High protein
a random egg sample was selected from each cage, and the
------------------ (%) ------------------- yolk weight of the entire egg was calculated by dividing
Concentrate for duck 17.00 17.00 the yolk weight by the egg weight and then multiplying by
Rice bran 24.10 21.40 100%. The shell weight was obtained by isolating the
Corn 58.90 43.60 eggshell and measuring its weight separately. Analysis of
Fish meal 0 18.00 the crude protein content in both the yolk and albumen
Total 100 100 was performed using the Kjeldahl method, following the
Nutrient content1 procedure outlined by Jamal et al. (2020).
Dry matter 93.80 94.16
Ash 8.86 9.73
Statistical analysis
Crude protein 13.43 18.29
Crude fat 4.32 3.52
The observational data underwent analysis of
Carbohydrate 53.84 49.29 variance, and if the results indicated a significant effect (p
Crude fiber 12.69 16.39 < 0.05), further testing was conducted using an orthogonal
Metabolizable energy (Kcal/kg) 3,079 3,020 contrast test with SPSS 24 for Windows (George and
1
Analysis by Building Research and Standardization Industry. Mallery, 2016). To discern differences among the
treatment groups, contrasts were organized based on
Experimental design contrast components. These components were designated
The research design employed a completely as follows: contrast component 1 involved comparisons
randomized design with four treatments and six between P1, P2 versus P3, P4; contrast component 2
replications. Treatment P1 involved the supplementation encompassed contrasts between P1, P3 versus P2, P4; and
without live maggots (0 g/day) with a low-protein diet contrast component 3 focused on comparisons between P2
(13.43%). In Treatment P2, live maggots were and P3. Statistical significance was set at p values less
supplemented at 40 g/day alongside a low-protein diet than 0.05 (p < 0.05).
(13.43%). Treatment P3 comprised supplementation
without live maggots (0 g/day) with a high-protein diet RESULTS
(18.29%), while Treatment P4 involved the
supplementation with live maggots (40 g/day) with a high- Performance
protein diet (18.29%). The study aimed to explore the The impact of different protein levels and live Black
effects of these treatments on the growth performance of Soldier Fly (BSF) supplementation on duck performance,
laying ducks fed both low and high-protein diets. Each including feed consumption, duck day production, feed
treatment was replicated six times to ensure the statistical conversion ratio (FCR), and egg mass, is detailed in Table
robustness of the results, contributing to a comprehensive 3. The results of the analysis of variance revealed no
analysis of the study outcomes. significant differences (p > 0.05) among the treatments in

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terms of feed consumption and feed conversion ratio for protein level treatment group (18.29%). In the orthogonal
the layer-phase ducks. However, significant effects were contrast test number 3 (P2 versus P3), it was observed that
observed in duck day production and egg mass. Further ducks in the treatment with low protein levels (13.43%)
examination through the orthogonal contrast test revealed supplemented with live maggots exhibited similar egg
that in contrast component 1 (P1, P2 versus P3, P4), ducks weights to the high protein level treatment group
receiving low protein levels (13.43%) exhibited (18.29%). The protein level of the diet had a significant
significantly lower duck day production (p < 0.05), effect (p < 0.05) on yolk weight, as did maggot
compared to those receiving high protein levels (18.29%). supplementation. Orthogonal contrast test number 2
Conversely, contrast component 2 (P1, P3 versus P2, P4) revealed a significant difference (p < 0.05) between P1, P3
did not show a significant effect on duck day production versus P2, P4, resulting in increased yolk weight.
during the 6-week observation period (p > 0.05), However, the percentage of yolk weight and shell weight
indicating that the supplementation of 40 g/head/day live did not show a significant effect (p > 0.05) among P1, P3
BSF had no significant impact on duck day production (p versus P2, P4. Furthermore, the protein level of the diet
> 0.05). Nevertheless, contrast component 3 (P2 versus significantly increased the crude protein of albumen
P3), while not statistically significant, hinted at a positive (contrast number 1), and maggot supplementation, as
effect of adding live BSF maggots (p > 0.05). This implies indicated by orthogonal contrast test number 2,
that a low-protein diet supplemented with 40 g/head/day significantly elevated the crude protein of albumen (p <
of BSF maggots could potentially match the performance 0.05).
of a high-protein diets, demonstrating a noteworthy
finding in the study. DISCUSSION
In the orthogonal contrast test number 1 (P1, P2 versus
P3, P4), the egg mass production analysis indicated a In Indonesia, ducks are typically raised for meat
significant difference (P < 0.05) between ducks subjected to production, egg production, or dual purposes
low protein levels (13.43%) and those treated with high encompassing both. The predominant share of production
protein levels (18.29%). Contrast component 2 (P1, P3 costs in duck farming is attributed to feed expenses, with a
versus P2, P4) did not reveal any significant impact on egg particular emphasis on the raw materials serving as a
mass during the 6-week observation period, suggesting that protein source. Consequently, there is a crucial need to
the supplementation of 40 g/head/day live BSF had no mitigate dependency on conventional protein source feed
significant effect on egg mass production. However, in ingredients by exploring alternative, cost-effective by-
contrast to component 3 (P2 versus P3), although not products. A strategic approach involves combining
statistically significant, the addition of live BSF maggots commercial feed with live maggots to formulate optimal
demonstrated a notably positive effect. This implies that a and efficient diets for duck layers. This innovative
low-protein diet, supplemented with 40 g/head/day of BSF combination not only addresses economic considerations
maggots, has the potential to match the egg mass production but also enhances the nutritional profile, reflecting a
of ducks fed a high-protein diet (P4). On the other hand, the promising initiative to optimize duck farming practices in
feed conversion ratio (FCR) across all treatments did not Indonesia. The feed intake of ducks in all treatments was
yield significant results between diets with low and high comparable. This is likely due to the uniform
protein content (p > 0.05). Additionally, feed consumption metabolizable energy content in the provided diets (Table
did not show any significant differences between diets with 2). One of the parameters observed in this research was
low and high protein content (p > 0.05). feed intake. The results of feed intake showed that there
was no difference between the low protein ratio treatment
Egg quality and the high protein ratio treatment.
The results of this study about egg qualities in the These findings are consistent with the observations of
research are shown in Table 4. As can be seen, treatment Fouad et al. (2018b) who reported a positive effect on
with live BSF maggot and protein content diet (14.62%) laying ducks when the feed energy ranged from 2,600 to
had a significant effect on egg weight (p < 0.05). 3,100 kcal AME/kg. Furthermore, a study by
Furthermore, egg weight in the orthogonal contrast test Wickramasuriya et al. (2016) demonstrated that an
number 1 (P1, P2 versus P3, P4) showed that ducks in the increase in energy levels from 2,600 to 3,300 kcal
treatment group with low protein (P2) levels (13.43%) AME/kg in native Korean ducks led to enhanced
indicated lower egg weight results (p < 0.05) than high productive performance. On the other hand, daily duck

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egg production in the treatment group with low protein egg weight. This was understandable because giving live
levels (13.43%) was lower than that in the treatment group maggots to the feed will add nutritional value in the form
with high protein levels (18.29%). This finding aligns with of feed protein it has an impact on increasing egg
the results reported by Fouad and El-Senousey (2014), production and weight. Dong et al. (1997) reported that
who stated that the production and reproduction using local feed resources like live BSF maggot was
performance of laying ducks was influenced by the efficient in feeding Muscovy ducks. Contrastingly, Finke
adequacy of protein and energy. Providing live BSF (2013) emphasized the rich protein and amino acid content
maggots in the diet turned out to be of great benefit to of live BSF larvae. Furthermore, various studies
duck egg weight. Giving live BFS maggots containing (Spranghers et al., 2017) have pointed out that insects, in
high protein has an impact on Alabio duck egg weight. general, possess high levels of essential amino acids and
However, giving live BFS maggots to the low protein exhibit a superior amino acid profile compared to
content treatment (13.43%) also resulted in low egg traditional protein sources (Tran et al., 2015). Regarding
weight results when compared to the high protein the current study, it was noted that the introduction of live
treatment group (18.29%). BSF maggots had a significant impact on the weight of
The results of the study were in line with the results duck egg yolks, as indicated by other parameters. The
of research by Fouad et al. (2018a) As observations, the results of this study were in line with the research of
laying performance of ducks, encompassing egg Gunawan, et al (2018) which reported that the provision of
production, egg weight, and (FCR), is impacted by the live BSF maggots at 10% of the amount of diet given can
presence of feed with a sufficient protein content (Finke, result in a higher percentage of carcass but produce a
2013). The study results indicated that the treatment with lower percentage of carcass pieces than 0% BSF maggot
live BSF maggot and the protein level of the diet affected (without maggot).

Table 3. Performance parameters of local ducks were given different diets

Diet Orthogonal contrast1
Variable SEM P-value
P1 P2 P3 P4 1 2 3
Feed consumption (g/head) 127.18 137.28 133.88 140.68 1.99 0.090 - - -
Duck day production (%) 53.01 61.19 64.36 62.78 1.61 0.048 * ns ns
Feed conversation ratio (FCR) 5.31 6.39 5.48 4.24 0.34 0.174 - - -
Egg mass (g/head/day) 31.52 37.17 41.64 40.75 1.41 0.034 * ns ns
P1: Diet Crude Protein 13.43%; P2: Diet Crude Protein 13.43% + 40 g maggot; P3: Diet Crude Protein 18.29%; P4: Diet Crude Protein 18.29% + 40 g
maggot. ns = no significance (p > 0.05); * (p < 0.05). 1Comparison of orthogonal contrast; 1: P1, P2 versus P3, P4 (Diet -1 -1 1 1); 2: P1, P3 versus P2, P4
(Diet -1 1 -1 1); 3: P2 versus P3 (Diet 0 -1 1 0).

Table 4. Egg quality parameters of local ducks were given different diets
Diet Orthogonal contrast1
Variable SEM P-value
P1 P2 P3 P4 1 2 3
Egg weight (g) 59.30 62.84 64.31 64.71 0.77 0.045 * ns ns
yolk weight (g) 18.77 20.78 20.70 21.26 0.27 0.001 * * ns
Yolk weight of whole egg (%) 31.64 33.06 32.19 32.81 0.23 0.120 - - -
Shell weight (g) 6.12 6.59 6.66 6.93 0.11 0.079 - - -
Crude protein of yolk (%) 13.81 12.94 13.81 13.79 0.31 0.730 - - -
Crude protein of albumen (%) 11.48 13.02 12.55 13.54 0.20 0.000 * * ns
P1: Diet Crude Protein 13.43%; P2: Diet Crude Protein 13.43% + 40 g maggot; P3: Diet Crude Protein 18.29%; P4: Diet Crude Protein 18.29% + 40 g
maggot. ns = no significance (p > 0.05); * (p < 0.05). 1Comparison of orthogonal contrast; 1: P1, P2 versus P3, P4 (Diet -1 -1 1 1); 2: P1, P3 versus P2, P4
(Diet -1 1 -1 1); 3: P2 versus P3 (Diet 0 -1 1 0).

CONCLUSION

Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that performance parameters such as day egg production and
giving live BSF maggot to laying ducks can improve FCR and can improve egg quality parameters.

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DECLARATIONS (2018). Yellow mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor)

inclusion in diets for male broiler chickens: Effects on
growth performance, gut morphology, and histological
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Strengthening Research and Development of the Ministry Dong NTK, Ogle B, and Preston TR (1997). Effect of level of
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Aam Gunawan served as the principle researcher of El-Kaiaty AM, Atta AER, Dawa DT, and El-sayed TR (2022).
the project and conducted data analysis. Abd. Malik The impact of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) as feed
contributed to the design and drafting of the article. Fitri supplementation on productive and physiological
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Fouad AM, Chen W, Ruan D, Wang S, Xia W, and Zheng C
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