International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology

Vol-10, Issue-4; Jul-Aug, 2025

Peer-Reviewed International Journal
Journal Home Page Available: https://ijeab.com/
Journal DOI: 10.22161/ijeab

Effect of different orgopriming and foliar spraying

treatments in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) for seed
yield and its quality parameters
D. B. Kothadiya1*, C. A. Babariya2, D. B. Bheda3, R. B. Mori4, A. V. Barad5 and Shikha
Dhiman5
1*Junior Research Fellow, Department of Seed Science and Technology, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India
2AssistantProfessor, Wheat Research Station, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India
3Senior Research Fellow, College of Horticulture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India
4Senior Research Fellow, Department of Seed Science and Technology, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India
5Ph.D. scholar, Department of Seed Science and Technology, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India

*Corresponding Author

Received: 05 Jun 2025; Received in revised form: 01 Jul 2025; Accepted: 07 Jun 2025; Available online: 13 Jul 2025
©2025 The Author(s). Published by Infogain Publication. This is an open-access article under the CC BY license
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Abstract— Coriander is a vital spice crop in India, but its prolonged germination often delays crop
establishment. As the world’s leading producer, India must adopt innovative agronomic strategies to enhance
early growth and overall productivity. To address this, two experiments-one in the laboratory and one in the
field were conducted during the Rabi season of 2023–24 at the Seed Testing Laboratory and Sagdividi Farm,
Department of Seed Science and Technology, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh. The study aimed
to evaluate the effects of orgopriming and foliar spray treatments on seed quality, growth and yield of the
coriander variety Gujarat Coriander-3 (GC-3). Six seed priming treatments were tested under both lab and
field conditions, while the field experiment also included foliar spraying treatments as a second factor.
Among priming treatments, tender coconut water significantly enhanced germination (81.25%), root length
(6.08 cm), shoot length (8.31 cm), seedling length (14.39 cm), seedling fresh (397.70 mg) and dry weight
(32.18 mg) and seedling vigour indices (1168.97 and 2614.51). In field performance, it also improved field
emergence (82.33%), plant height (76.39 cm), number of umbels per plant (20.88), umbellets per umbel
(8.17), seeds per umbellet (10.68), seeds per umbel (61.44), 1000-seed weight (12.56 g), and seed yield per
plant (12.48 g) and led to earlier flowering (50.50 days). Among foliar sprays, Jivamrut (10%) significantly
increased all growth and yield parameters compared to the control. The highest plant height (80.97 cm), with
a 40.48% increase over control, was recorded with the interaction of Bijamrut (10%) priming and Jivamrut
(10%) foliar spray. Thus, seed priming with tender coconut water and foliar spraying with Jivamrut (10%)
can substantially improve the seed quality and yield of coriander.
Keywords – Coriander, germination, Jivamrut, orgopriming, yield

I. INTRODUCTION appreciated for its characteristic aroma, flavour and

India, often referred to as the land of spices, is versatility in both fresh and dried forms. Additionally,
globally renowned for its diverse use of plant-derived coriander holds medicinal significance in Ayurvedic
condiments that enhance the sensory qualities of food. practices due to its digestive and therapeutic properties [1].
Among these, coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), Belonging to the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), coriander
commonly known as “Dhania,” is a widely used spice, is a diploid species (2n = 2x = 22) and its aromatic quality
is primarily attributed to the essential oil compound linalool

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Kothadiya et al. Effect of different orgopriming and foliar spraying treatments in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)
for seed yield and its quality parameters

[2]. India is the leading producer, consumer and exporter of Six different priming agents along with control
coriander, accounting for approximately 80% of global were used for orgopriming viz., P0: Control (untreated dry
production [3]. seeds), P1: Panchagavya - 6 %, P2: Bijamrut - 10 %, P3:
Despite its economic and culinary importance, Jivamrut - 10 %, P4: Cow urine - 3 %, P5: Trichoderma
coriander cultivation faces challenges related to poor seed harzianum - 4 %, P6: Tender coconut water. Different foliar
germination and uneven field emergence, often caused by spraying treatments (F0: No spray, F1: Cow urine - 50 %, F2:
low seed vigour. Seed priming has emerged as an effective Jivamrut - 10 %, F3: Buttermilk) were also evaluated as the
method to improve germination performance and seedling second factor. The experiment was conducted with three
establishment. Among various approaches, orgopriming— replications at 30 × 15 cm spacing. Seeds were soaked in
the treatment of seeds with organic solutions—has shown different priming solutions for eight hours at room
potential in enhancing seed metabolic activity and early temperature. Afterwards, the seeds were removed from the
growth [4]. In addition to seed treatments, nutrient solutions and dried in the shade at room temperature until
application through foliar sprays offers a cost-effective they returned to their original moisture content. Foliar
method to meet crop nutrient demands during critical stages spraying was done twice, each at 35 and 55 days after
of development [5]. Organic foliar inputs, rich in plant sowing.
hormones, micronutrients, and beneficial microbes, The laboratory germination test was conducted as
improve soil health and crop productivity while minimizing per ISTA [10] procedure by adopting top of the paper
environmental risks associated with chemical fertilizers [6]. method. 100 seeds in four replications were taken at random
Given the limitations of chemical-based inputs, from the seed lot of each treatment, placed uniformly on
there is an increasing emphasis on adopting sustainable and germination paper and kept in the control environment,
eco-friendly agricultural practices [7]. The emerging era of where the temperature was maintained at 25 ± 0.50°C. The
natural and organic farming promotes soil health, enhances final counts were made on the 21st day of the germination
nutrient cycling and reduces environmental pollution, test for normal seedlings and germination was expressed in
ensuring long-term agricultural sustainability [8]. The percentage. Ten normal seedlings were selected randomly
reason behind selecting organic compounds as priming from the germination paper (T.P) on final day of counting
agents is that they leverage natural bioactive compounds - germination and root and shoot length were measured from
such as growth hormones, vitamins and amino acids found the tip of primary root to the tip of shoot. The mean root and
in substances like tender coconut water - to enhance seed shoot length were expressed in centimeters. Seedling length
germination and seedling vigour in an eco-friendly manner was measured by adding root and shoot length in
while avoiding the potential environmental hazards, centimeters. To record seedling fresh weight ten seedlings
chemical residues and dependency on synthetic inputs were counted, cut free from their cotyledon and weighted
associated with chemical priming agents. The orgoprimers while still moist. Their weights were recorded in milligram.
[9] and foliar treatments were selected due to their higher These seedlings were kept in a hot air oven for 24 hours at
nutrient composition, presence of various vitamins, a temperature of 100℃ as described by Gupta [11]. The
phytohormones, necessary micro-organisms and disease- weight of the dried seedlings was recorded and expressed in
resistance properties. In this context, the present milligram. Seedling vigour index-I and II were computed
investigation was undertaken to evaluate the impact of using following formula suggested by Abdul-Baki and
organic seed priming and foliar treatments on the growth, Anderson [12] and mean values were expressed in the
seed quality, and yield attributes of coriander under field whole number.
conditions. Vigour index I = Germination (%) × Seedling length (cm)
Vigour index II = Germination (%) × Seedling dry weight
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS (mg)

Two different experiments were carried out during The laboratory data were analyzed statistically
Rabi 2023-24 at the Seed Testing Laboratory, DSST, JAU, adopting the procedure described by Panse and Sukhatme
Junagadh for laboratory experiment and Sagdividi Farm, [13].
DSST, JAU, Junagadh for field experiment. Genetically The following parameters were recorded for the
pure seeds of variety Gujarat Coriander-3 (GC-3) were field study: field emergence (%), days to 50 per cent
obtained from Research Scientist (G & O), Vegetable flowering, plant height (cm), number of umbels per plant,
Research Station, Junagadh Agricultural University, number of umbellets per umbel, number of seeds per
Junagadh. umbellet, number of seeds per umbel, 1000 seed weight (g)
and seed yield per plant (g). From each treatment of each

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Kothadiya et al. Effect of different orgopriming and foliar spraying treatments in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)
for seed yield and its quality parameters

replication, five selected plants were tagged for recording also reducing the number of days to 50 % flowering (50.50)
observations. Mean of five plants for each character was by 12.38 % compared to the control. Bijamrut showed at par
worked out and used for statistical analysis. Observations effect (19.28 %, 17.08 %, 19.54 %, 19.26 %, 21.66 %, 16.00
were recorded at maturity stage of plant growth on all the %, 9.19 % and 11.72 % increase respectively) compared to
quantitative characters. The experimental data was analysed control. Control seeds showed the lowest result for all the
statistically by adopting randomized block design as above-mentioned characters.
described by Panse and Sukhatme [13] for field emergence The notable improvement in plant growth and
and randomized block design (Factorial) as described by yield traits observed in seeds treated with tender coconut
Cochran and Cox [14] for the rest of the characters and water (P6) and Bijamrut (P2) could be attributed to the
ANOVA was used to assess treatment effects. presence of plant growth regulators such as auxins,
cytokinins and gibberellins. These hormones are known to
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION enhance stem elongation [15], thereby promoting quicker
germination and vigorous early seedling development.
There is significant difference observed among
Coconut water activates key metabolic processes, including
priming treatments for all laboratory observations under
starch breakdown, which boosts energy availability and
study. The results of laboratory observations are depicted in
supports rapid radicle emergence and robust seedling
Figure 1 and Table 1 and 2. Seeds primed with tender
establishment [20]. Moreover, the natural sugars and
coconut water (P6) recorded significantly higher
electrolytes it contains help regulate osmotic balance during
germination (81.25%, a 21.72 % increase), root length (6.08
the hydration phase, minimizing the risk of imbibitional
cm, a 41.72 % increase), shoot length (8.31 cm, a 30.66 %
injury and encouraging uniform sprouting [21]. Its rich
increase), seedling length (14.39 cm, a 35.12 % increase),
composition of vitamins and phenolic compounds also
seedling fresh weight (397.70 mg, a 21.90 % increase) and
imparts antioxidant properties, which protect seed tissues
seedling dry weight (32.18 mg, a 30.49 % increase),
from oxidative damage during the germination process [22].
seedling vigour index-I (1168.97, a 64.54 % increase) and
seedling vigour index-II (2614.51, a 59.05 % increase). In addition, tender coconut water provides vital
Bijamrut showed at par effect (20.60 %, 39.39 %, 27.99 %, nutrients like potassium, magnesium, and calcium, which
32.68 %, 20.41 %, 28.43 %, 60.06 % and 55.04 % increase, enhance enzyme functions and energy metabolism, thereby
respectively) compared to control. Control seeds showed supporting improved seedling establishment [20]. This
the lowest result for all the above-mentioned characters. contributes to notable advancements in plant growth,
development and yield components, particularly
The significantly superior above-mentioned traits
influencing flowering and fruit or pod formation. The use of
were recorded in seeds primed with tender coconut water
tender coconut water and Bijamrut as seed priming agents
might be due to its content of enzymes, phytohormones and
has been shown to improve growth and yield traits in crops
growth promoting substances especially cytokinin that
such as okra and cowpea, respectively [19, 23]. Regardless
promotes cell wall degradation. This can help soften hard
of the type of orgopriming treatment, the number of days to
seed coats, allowing the radicle (root) and plumule (shoot)
50% flowering showed no significant variation across
to emerge more easily during germination. These hormones
different foliar spray treatments. However, foliar
promote cell division and cell elongation, leading to
application of 10% Jivamrut (F2) significantly boosted plant
increased seedling size and weight. Similar results were
height, number of umbels per plant, umbellets per umbel,
obtained by different researchers for different crops [15, 16,
seeds per umbellet, seeds per umbel, 1000-seed weight and
17, 18, 19, 9].
seed yield per plant, showing increases of 72.36 cm
The results of different field parameters are given (+5.80%), 19.79 (+8.98%), 7.83 (+8.75%), 10.41
in Table 3-11. Irrespective of foliar spraying, there was a (+19.38%), 59.35 (+12.02%), 12.41 g (+8.57%) and 12.20
significant difference among priming treatments for all the g (+9.42%) respectively, when compared to the control.
characters studied. Seeds primed with tender coconut water This was followed by the performance of 50% cow urine
(P6) recorded significantly higher field emergence (82.33 (F1). The lowest values for these parameters were recorded
%, a 25.37 % increase), plant height (76.39 cm, a 19.62 % in the untreated control group (F0), with plant height of
increase), number of umbels per plant (20.88, a 23.99 % 68.39 cm, umbels per plant at 18.16, umbellets per umbel at
increase), number of umbellets per umbel (8.17, a 21.04 % 7.20, seeds per umbellet at 8.72, seeds per umbel at 52.98,
increase), number of seeds per umbellet (10.68, a 25.06 % 1000-seed weight at 11.43 g and seed yield per plant at
increase), number of seeds per umbel (61.44, a 19.58 % 11.15 g.
increase), 1000 seed weight (12.56 g, a 12.04 % increase)
and seed yield per plant (12.48 g, a 15.13 % increase), while

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Kothadiya et al. Effect of different orgopriming and foliar spraying treatments in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)
for seed yield and its quality parameters

When used as a foliar spray, Jivamrut boosts plant foliar spray also led to improvements in plant development
growth and yield by enhancing nutrient availability, and yield performance [30].
stimulating microbial activity, and supporting various The combined effect of seed priming and foliar
metabolic processes in plants. It supplies key nutrients like spray treatments was found to be non-significant for most
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, which are efficiently traits, including days to 50% flowering, number of umbels
absorbed through the foliage, thereby aiding chlorophyll per plant, umbellets per umbel, seeds per umbellet, seeds
formation and improving photosynthetic efficiency [24]. per umbel, 1000-seed weight and seed yield per plant.
The presence of beneficial microorganisms in Jivamrut However, plant height exhibited a significant response to
helps in nutrient solubilization and offers protection against the interaction of these treatments. The tallest plants (80.97
plant diseases [25]. Furthermore, it contains natural growth cm) were observed in the P2F2 treatment combination,
regulators such as auxins and gibberellins that encourage where seeds were primed with 10% Bijamrut and sprayed
vegetative growth and flowering [26]. Its organic with 10% Jivamrut, while the shortest plants (57.64 cm)
constituents also contribute to increased stress resistance were recorded in the untreated control group (P 0F0). This
and higher seed yield [27]. Foliar application of Jivamrut reflects a 40.48% increase in plant height in P2F2 compared
has shown to enhance all related growth and yield to the control.
parameters in maize [28], with similar positive effects
observed in cowpea [29]. In rice, the use of 10 % Jivamrut

IV. FIGURES AND TABLES

Figure 1: Germination of coriander seed in tender coconut water (P6) and control (P1
)
Table 1: Effect of seed priming on germination (%), shoot length (cm), root length (cm) and seedling length (cm)
Treatment Germination (%) Shoot length (cm) Root length (cm) Seedling length (cm)
P0 66.75 4.29 6.36 10.65
P1 77.75 5.67 7.58 13.25
P2 80.50 5.98 8.14 14.13
P3 74.25 5.10 7.15 12.25
P4 76.75 5.45 7.69 13.14
P5 70.50 4.82 6.72 11.53
P6 81.25 6.08 8.31 14.39
S. Em. ± 0.99 0.11 0.16 0.20
C. D. at 5% 2.90 0.33 0.48 0.60
C. V. % 2.62 4.21 4.41 3.20

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Kothadiya et al. Effect of different orgopriming and foliar spraying treatments in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)
for seed yield and its quality parameters

Table 2: Effect of seed priming on Seedling fresh weight (mg), seedling dry weight (mg), seedling vigour index I and seedling
vigour index II
Seedling fresh weight Seedling dry weight Seedling vigour index
Treatment Seedling vigour index I
(mg) (mg) II
P0 326.25 24.66 710.46 1643.88
P1 378.70 29.41 1030.58 2286.09
P2 392.83 31.67 1137.19 2548.66
P3 364.50 27.35 909.07 2029.01
P4 379.28 29.49 1008.63 2261.76
P5 350.45 26.75 813.08 1886.14
P6 397.70 32.18 1168.97 2614.51
S. Em. ± 4.80 0.70 20.21 46.69
C. D. at 5% 14.11 2.05 59.44 137.35
C. V. % 2.59 4.84 4.17 4.28

Table 3: Effect of orgopriming on field emergence (%) of coriander

Treatments Field emergence (%)
P0 65.67
P1 73.67
P2 78.33
P3 72.67
P4 74.00
P5 68.33
P6 82.33
S. Em. ± 4.64
C. D. at 5% 13.64
C. V. % 4.13

Table 4: Effect of orgopriming, foliar spraying and their interaction on days to 50 per cent flowering of coriander
Characters Days to 50 per cent flowering
Factor F0 F1 F2 F3 Mean (P)
P0 59.00 56.67 54.67 56.67 56.75
P1 53.00 52.33 52.67 57.33 53.83
P2 52.33 52.00 51.00 52.00 51.83
P3 56.33 56.00 56.33 54.00 55.67
P4 55.00 55.67 55.33 54.00 55.00
P5 56.33 56.33 55.33 55.67 55.92
P6 50.33 50.33 49.33 52.00 50.50

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Kothadiya et al. Effect of different orgopriming and foliar spraying treatments in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)
for seed yield and its quality parameters

Mean (F) 54.62 54.19 53.52 54.52 54.11

S. Em. ± C. D. at 5% S.D. C.V. %
P 0.83 2.34 3.35
F 0.62 NS S.E. 5.29
P×F 1.65 NS 0.37

Table 5: Effect of orgopriming, foliar spraying and their interaction on plant height (cm) of coriander
Characters Plant height (cm)
Factor F0 F1 F2 F3 Mean (P)
P0 57.64 66.62 65.31 65.87 63.86
P1 67.94 67.50 76.94 68.59 70.24
P2 75.76 76.08 80.97 66.27 74.77
P3 68.11 69.33 65.54 69.93 68.23
P4 68.57 68.25 75.33 67.45 69.90
P5 68.40 67.93 65.41 69.12 67.71
P6 72.34 78.48 77.05 77.67 76.39
Mean (F) 68.39 70.60 72.36 69.27 70.45
S. Em. ± C. D.e at 5% S.D. C.V. %
P 1.37 3.88 6.44
F 1.03 2.93 S.E. 6.73
P×F 2.74 7.76 0.70

Table 6: Effect of orgopriming, foliar spraying and their interaction on number of umbels per plant of coriander
Characters Number of umbels per plant
Factor F0 F1 F2 F3 Mean (P)
P0 16.07 16.87 17.80 16.63 16.84
P1 18.60 19.10 20.17 18.90 19.19
P2 19.53 19.93 21.00 20.03 20.13
P3 17.67 18.20 19.27 17.93 18.27
P4 18.03 18.70 19.53 18.50 18.69
P5 17.17 17.77 18.93 17.70 17.89
P6 20.07 21.00 21.80 20.67 20.88
Mean (F) 18.16 18.80 19.79 18.62 18.91
S. Em. ± C. D. at 5% S.D. C.V. %
P 0.45 1.28 1.90
F 0.34 0.97 S.E. 8.28
P×F 0.90 NS 0.21

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Kothadiya et al. Effect of different orgopriming and foliar spraying treatments in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)
for seed yield and its quality parameters

Table 7: Effect of orgopriming, foliar spraying and their interaction on number of umbellates per umbel of coriander
Characters Number of umbellates per umbel
Factor F0 F1 F2 F3 Mean (P)
P0 6.60 6.63 7.00 6.77 6.75
P1 7.27 7.67 8.03 7.53 7.63
P2 7.80 8.07 8.43 7.90 8.05
P3 6.87 7.23 7.60 7.07 7.19
P4 7.23 7.60 7.97 7.50 7.58
P5 6.73 6.90 7.20 6.83 6.92
P6 7.87 8.13 8.57 8.10 8.17
Mean (F) 7.20 7.46 7.83 7.39 7.50
S. Em. ± C. D. at 5% S.D. C.V. %
P 0.16 0.47 0.73
F 0.12 0.35 S.E. 7.60
P×F 0.33 NS 0.08

Table 8: Effect of orgopriming, foliar spraying and their interaction on number of seeds per umbellate of coriander
Characters Number of seeds per umbellate
Factor F0 F1 F2 F3 Mean (P)
P0 7.83 8.70 9.23 8.40 8.54
P1 8.93 10.00 11.07 9.73 9.93
P2 9.50 10.53 11.23 10.30 10.39
P3 8.43 9.43 10.23 9.30 9.35
P4 8.67 9.77 10.37 9.43 9.56
P5 7.87 8.83 9.30 8.63 8.66
P6 9.80 11.00 11.47 10.47 10.68
Mean (F) 8.72 9.75 10.41 9.47 9.63
S. Em. ± C. D. at 5% S.D. C.V. %
P 0.23 0.65 1.18
F 0.17 0.49 S.E. 8.27
P×F 0.46 NS 0.13

Table 9: Effect of orgopriming, foliar spraying and their interaction on number of seeds per umbel of coriander
Characters Number of seeds per umbel
Factor F0 F1 F2 F3 Mean (P)
P0 48.07 52.27 55.23 49.93 51.38
P1 54.27 58.37 60.50 55.97 57.28
P2 56.77 60.47 62.40 58.77 59.60
P3 51.47 55.23 57.13 55.73 54.89

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Kothadiya et al. Effect of different orgopriming and foliar spraying treatments in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)
for seed yield and its quality parameters

P4 53.07 56.93 58.97 54.97 55.98

P5 49.13 53.77 55.80 51.20 52.48
P6 58.07 62.27 65.40 60.03 61.44
Mean (F) 52.98 57.04 59.35 55.23 56.46
S. Em. ± C. D. at 5% S.D. C.V. %
P 1.39 3.94 5.74
F 1.05 2.98 S.E. 8.52
P×F 2.78 NS 0.63

Table 10: Effect of orgopriming, foliar spraying and their interaction on 1000 seed weight (g) of coriander
Characters 1000 seed weight (g)
Factor F0 F1 F2 F3 Mean (P)
P0 10.89 11.38 11.57 11.01 11.21
P1 11.59 12.05 12.62 11.82 12.02
P2 11.86 12.35 12.78 11.97 12.24
P3 11.06 11.68 12.19 11.36 11.57
P4 11.57 12.05 12.56 11.72 11.97
P5 10.95 11.58 12.07 11.19 11.45
P6 12.07 12.68 13.10 12.39 12.56
Mean (F) 11.43 11.97 12.41 11.64 11.93
S. Em. ± C. D. at 5% S.D. C.V. %
P 0.15 0.43 0.73
F 0.12 0.33 S.E. 4.43
P×F 0.31 NS 0.08

Table 11: Effect of orgopriming, foliar spraying and their interaction on seed yield per plant (g) of coriander
Characters Seed yield per plant (g)
Factor F0 F1 F2 F3 Mean (P)
P0 10.43 11.08 11.27 10.58 10.84
P1 11.32 11.87 12.35 11.54 11.77
P2 11.69 12.16 12.74 11.86 12.11
P3 10.74 11.39 11.91 11.07 11.28
P4 11.27 11.78 12.29 11.45 11.70
P5 10.65 11.28 11.78 10.92 11.16
P6 11.96 12.68 13.07 12.23 12.48
Mean (F) 11.15 11.75 12.20 11.38 11.70
S. Em. ± C. D. at 5% S.D. C.V. %
P 0.23 0.66 0.94
F 0.18 0.50 S.E. 6.89
P×F 0.47 NS 0.10

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Kothadiya et al. Effect of different orgopriming and foliar spraying treatments in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)
for seed yield and its quality parameters

V. CONCLUSION [6] Manonmani, V. & Srimathi, R. (2016). Influence of seed

priming on physiological performance of foxtail, little and
The findings revealed that seed priming with
proso millets. Int. J. Agric. Sci. Res., 6(4): 176-186.
tender coconut water significantly improved germination https://www.academia.edu/28659199/
and all associated seed quality parameters. Additionally, [7] Zhou, W., Li, M. & Achal, V. (2024). A comprehensive
tender coconut water priming and 10% Jivamrut foliar review on environmental and human health impacts of
spraying notably increased field emergence, plant height chemical pesticide usage. Emerg. Contam., 11(1): 1-13.
and various yield-related traits. The interaction between http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.emcon.2024.100410
priming and foliar spray treatments was statistically non- [8] Qamar, R., Ashraf, S., Javeed, H. M. R., Rehman, A.,
significant for most traits, except for plant height, which Yaseen, M., Khan, B. A., Abbas, T., Saeed, F. & Ali, M.
(2024). Regenerative organic farming for encouraging
showed a marked difference. This suggests that priming and
innovation and improvement of environmental, social, and
foliar applications acted independently in influencing most
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