PHYSICS

BOOKS - RESNICK AND HALLIDAY PHYSICS (HINGLISH)

THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

Sample Problem 21 1

1. A cylinder conatins 12 L of oxygen at 20 ∘

C and 15 atm the temperature

is raised to 35
∘
C . And the volume is reduced to 8.5 L . What is the final

pressure of the gas in atmospheres ? Assume that the gas is ideal

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2. One mole of oxygen ( Assume it to be an ideal gas ) expands at a

constant temperature T of 310 K from an intital volume Vi of 12L to a

final volume Vf of 19 L . How much work is done by the gas during the

expansion ?

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3. Let 1.00 Kg of liquid water at 100

∘
C converted to steam at 100
∘
C by

boiling at standard atmospheric pressure ( which is 1.00 atm or

1.01 × 10
5
Pa ) in the arrangement of the volume of that water changes

from an initial value of 3

1.00 × 10 m
3
as a liquid to 3
2.671 ⋅ 10 m
3
as

steam

(a) How much work is done by the system during this process ?

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4. Let 1.00 Kg of liquid water at 100

∘
C converted to steam at 100
∘
C by

boiling at standard atmospheric pressure ( which is 1.00 atm or

1.01 × 10
5
Pa ) volume of that water changes from an initial value of

1.00 × 10 m
3 3
as a liquid to 1.671m as steam
3

How much energy is transferred as heat during the process ?

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5. Let 1.00 Kg of liquid water at 100

∘
C converted to steam at 100
∘
C by

boiling at standard atmospheric pressure ( which is 1.00 atm or

1.01 × 10
5
Pa ) in the arrangement of Fig 21-7 the volume of that water

changes from an initial value of 1.00 × 10 3

m
3
as a liquid to 1.671m
3
as

steam

(c ) what is the change in the system internal energy during the process ?

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6. The P-V diagram in Fig 21-8 a represents a series of processes

performed by an ideal gas , comprising a cylic process of operations . Fil

in the table in Fig 21-8 b for this cycle using "+" to indicate an increase in

the quantity listed "-" to indicate a decrease , and "0" to indicate no

change .

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7. A bubble of 5.00 mol of helium is submerged at a certain depth in

liquid water when the water ( and thus the helium ) undergoes a

temperature increase ΔT of 20.0 C at constant pressure .As a result the

∘

bubble expands the helium is monoatomic and ideal

(a) How much energy is added to the helium as heat during the increase

and expansion ?

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8. A bubble of 5.00 mol of helium is submerged at a certain depth in

liquid water when the water ( and thus the helium ) undergoes a

temperature increase ΔT of 20.0 C at constant pressure .As a result the

∘

bubble expands the helium is monoatomic and ideal

(b) what is the change ΔEint

in the internal energy of the helium during

the temperature increase ?

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9. A bubble of 5.00 mol of helium is submerged at a certain depth in

liquid water when the water ( and thus the helium ) undergoes a

temperature increase ΔT of 20.0 C at constant pressure .As a result the

∘

bubble expands the helium is monoatomic and ideal

How much work W is done by the helium as it expands against the

pressure of the surrounding water during the temperature increase ?

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10. We transfer 1000 J as heat to a diatomic gas, allowing the gas to

expand with the pressure held constant. The gas molecules each rotate

around an internal axis but do not oscillate. How much of the 1000 J goes

into the increase of the gas's internal energy? Of that amount, how much

goes into ΔKtrans (the kinetic energy of the translational motion of the

molecules) and AK (the kinetic energy of their rotational motion)?

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11. Initially an ideal diatomic gas has pressure pi = 2.00 × 10
5
Pa and

volume V = 4.00 × 10
3
m . How much work w does it do, and what is the
3

change ΔEint , in its internal energy if it expands adiabatically to volume

Vf = 8.00 × 10
−6
m
3
?Throughout the process, the molecules have

rotation but not oscillation.

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12. Imagine a Carnot engine that operates between the temperatures

TH = 850K and TL = 300K . The engine performs 1200 J of work cach

cycle, which takes 0.25 s.

(a) What is the efficiency of this engine?

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13. Imagine a Carnot engine that operates between the temperatures

TH = 850K and TL = 300K . The engine performs 1200 J of work cach

cycle, which takes 0.25 s.

(b) What is the average power of this engine?

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14. Imagine a Carnot engine that operates between the temperatures

TH = 850K and TL = 300K . The engine performs 1200 J of work cach

cycle, which takes 0.25 s.

(c) How much energy । Q । is extracted as heat from the high-

H

temperature reservoir every cycle?

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15. Imagine a Carnot engine that operates between the temperatures

TH = 850K and TL = 300K . The engine performs 1200 J of work cach

cycle, which takes 0.25 s.

(d) How much energy । Q । is delivered as heat to the low-temperature

L

reservoir every cycle?

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16. An inventor claims to have constructed an engine that has an

efficiency of 75% when operated between the boiling and freezing points

of water. Is this possible?

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17. The cycle of a petrol engine can be approximated by an Otto cycle (Fig.

21-20a). 1 → 2 and 3 → 4 are adiabatic compression and expansion,

respectively, 2 → 3 and 4 → 1 are constant-volume processes. Treat the

working medium as an ideal gas with constant γ = Cp / Cv , Compute the

 efficiency of this cycle for g = 1.4 and compression ratio, r = Vi / Vf = 10

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18. Find the efficiency of the Joule cycle, consisting of two adiabats and

two isobars (Fig. 21-21a). The cycle is being performed between pressures

P2 and P Assume the gas to be ideal and adiabatic exponent to be γ

1

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Check Point
1. The P -V diagram here shows six curved paths ( connected by vertical

paths ) that can be followed by a gas , which two of the curved paths

should be part of a closed cycle ( those curved paths plus connecting

vertical paths ) if the net work done by the gas during the cycle is to be at

its positive value ?

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2. An ideal gas has initial pressure of 3 presssure units and an initial

volume units the table gives the final pressure and volume of the gas ( in

those same units ) in five processes which processes start and end on the
same isotherm ?

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3. The figure here shows paths on a P-V diagram along which a gas can be

taken from state I to state f . Rank the paths according to (a) the change

ΔE ≠ t in the interenal energy of the fas (b) the work W done by the and

(c ) the magnetic of the energy transferred as heat Q between the gas

and its environment , greatest first .

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4. For one complete cycle as shown in the p-V diagram here are (a) ΔE ≠ t

for the gas and (b ) the net energy transferred as heat Q positive
negative or zero ?

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5. A cyclic process 1-2-3-1 , performed on an ideal gas is depicted in the

given V-T diagam show the same process on a P-V diagram and indicate
the stages when the gas receives and rejects heat .

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6. The figure here five paths traversed by a gas on a p-V diagram .Rank the

paths according to the change in internal energy of the gas , greatest

first .

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7. Rank paths 1,2 and 3 in fig 21 .14 according to the energy transfer to the

gas as heat , greatest first .

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8. Three carnot engines operate between reserviour temperature of (a)

400 and 500 K (b ) 600 and 800 K and (c ) 400 and 600 K . Rank the
 engines according the their thermal efficiencies greater first .

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Problems

1. A lab sample of gas is taken through cyclic abca shown in the P-V

diagram of fig 21-22 the net work done is + 1.5 J . Along paths Ab the

change in the internal energy is +3.0 and the magnitude of the work done

is 5.0 J Along path ca the energy transferred to the gas as heat is + 2.5 J .

How much energy is transferred as heat along (a) path ab and (b) path bc
?

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2. When a system is taken from state I to state f along path iaf in fig -

21.23 Q = 100 cal and W = 40 cal Along path ibf Q = 72 cal . (a) what is W

along path ibf ?

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3. The themodynamic system is taken from state A to state B to state C ,

and then back from state A to p-V diagram of fig - 21.24 a . The vertical

scale is set by Pa and the table in fig . 21-24 by inserting a plus

ps = 20

sign a minus sign or a zero in each indicated cell . (h ) what is the set

work done by the system as it moves once through the cycle ABCA ?

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4. suppose 200 J of work is done on a system and 80.0 cal is extracted

from the system as heat . In the sence of the first law of thermodynamics

what are the values ( including algbraic signs ) of (a) W ,(b ) Q m and (c )

ΔEint ?
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5. In fig - 21.25 a gas sample expands from V0 to 4.0V0 while its pressure

decrease from p0 to P0 / 4.0 .if V0 = 1.0m

3
and p0 = 60P a. how much

work is done by the gas if its pressure changes with volume via (a) path A

. (b) path b, and (c ) path c ?

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6. A gas within a closed chamber undergoes the cycle shown in the p-V

diagram of Fig. 21-26. The horizontal scale is set by V s

= 8.0m
3
. Calculate

the net energy added to the system as heat during one complete cycle.

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7. As a gas is held within a closed chamber, it passes through the cycle

shown in Fig. 21-27 Determine the energy transferred by the system as

heat during constant-pressure process CA if the energy added as heat

QAB during constant-volume process AB is 25.0 J, no energy is transferred

as heat during adiabatic process BC and the net work done during the

cycle is 15.0 J.

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8. Figure 21-28 represents a closed cycle for a gas (the figure is not drawn

to scale). The change in the internal energy of the gas as it moves from a

to calong the path abc is -50 J. As it moves from c to d, 45 J must be

transferred to it as heat. An additional transfer of 20 J to it as heat is

needed as it moves from d to a. How much work is done on the gas as it

moves from c to d?

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9. Calculate the specific heat of a metal from the following data. A

container made of the metal has a mass of 3.6 kg and contains 15 kg of

water. A 1.8 kg piece of the metal initially at a temperature of 180

∘
C is

dropped into the water. The container and water initially have a

temperature of 16.0
∘
C , and the final temperature of the entire

(insulated) system is 18.0 ∘

C .
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10. When 0.40 mol of oxygen (O ) gas is heated at constant pressure

2

starting at 0
∘
C, how much energy must be added to the gas as heat to

triple its volume? (The molecules rotate but do not oscillate.)

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11. A gas is to be expanded from initial state i to final state f along either

path 1 or path 2 on a p-V diagram. Path 1 consists of three steps: an

isothermal expansion (work is 23 J in magnitude), an adiabatic expansion

(work is 35 J in magnitude), and another isothermal expansion (work is 16

J in magnitude). Path 2 consists of two steps: a pressure reduction at

constant volume and an expansion at constant pressure . what is the

change in the internal energy of gas along path 2 ?

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12. When 22.5 J was added as heat to a particular ideal gas, the volume of

the gas changed from 50.0 cm to 100 cm while the pressure remained
3 3

at 1.00 atm. (a) By how much did the internal energy of the gas change? If

the quantity of gas present was 2.00 × 10 −3

mol, find (b)C and (c) C
p v

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13. Suppose 2.80 mol of an ideal diatomic gas, with molecular rotation but

not oscillation, experienced a temperature increase of 45,0 K under

constant-pressure conditions. What are (a) the energy transferred as heat

, (b) the change ΔE int

internal energy of the gas, (c) the work w done by

the gas, and (d) the change ΔK in the total translational kinetic energy of

the gas?

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14. The temperature of 4.50 mol of an ideal monatomic gas is raised 27.0

K at constant volume. What are (a) the work W done by the gas, (b) the

energy transferred as heat Q. (c) the change ΔE int

in the internal energy
of the gas, and (d) the change Δ K in the average kinetic energy per

atom?

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15. Opening champagne. In a bottle of champagne, the pocket of gas

(primarily carbon dioxide) between the liquid and the cork is al pressure

of pi = 4.00 atm. When the cork is pulled from the bottle, the gas

undergoes an adiabatic expansion until its pressure matches the ambient

air pressure of 1.00 atm. Assume that the ratio of the molar specific heats

is γ = 4/3. If the gas has initial temperature T = 5.00

∘
C , what is its

temperature at the end of the adiabatic expansion?

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16. One mole of an ideal diatomic gas goes from a to c along the diagonal

path in Fig. 21-29. The scale of the vertical axis is set by

Pab = 5.0kP a and pc = 0.50kP a, and the scale of the horizontal axis is

set by Va = 2.0m
3
During the transition, (a) what is the change in
internal energy of the gas, and (b) how much energy is added to the gas

as heat? (c) How much heat is required if the gas goes from a to c along

the indirect path abc?

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17. Adiabatic wind. The normal airflow over the Rocky Mountains is west to

east. The air loses much of its moisture content and is chilled as it climbs

the western side of the mountains. When it descends on the eastern side,

the increase in pressure toward lower altitudes causes the temperature

to increase. The flow, then called a chinook wind, can rapidly raise the air
temperature at the base of the mountains. Assume that the air pressure

p depends on altitude y according to p = P0 exp (-ay), where P0 = 1.00

atm and a =1.16 × 10 −4

m. Also assume that the ratio of the molar

specific heats is γ = 4/3. A parcel of air with an initial temperature of

− 13.0
∘
C descends adiabatically from Y 1
= 4267m to y = 1567 m. What is

its temperature at the end of the descent?

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18. We give 90 J as heat to a diatomic gas, which then expands at constant

pressure. The gas molecules rotate but do not oscillate. By how much

does the internal energy of the gas increase?

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19. Suppose 0.825 mol of an ideal gas undergoes an isothermal expansion

as energy is added to it as heat Q. If Fig. 21-30 shows the final volume V f

versus Q, what is the gas temperature? The scale of the vertical axis is set

by Vf s = 0.30m
3
and the scale of the horizontal axis is set by
Qs = 1800J .

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20. Figure 21-31 shows a cycle undergone by 2.00 mol of an ideal

monatomic gas. 2. The temperatures are

T1 = 300K, T2 = 600K, and T3 = 455K. For 1 → 2, what are (a) heat

Q, (b) the change in internal energy ΔE , . and (c) the work done W? For
int

2 → 3 . what are (d) Q. (e) ΔEint , and (f) W? For 3 → 1, what are (g) (h)

ΔEint , and (i) W? For the full cycle, what are (j)(k) ΔEint , and (1) W? The

initial pressure at point 1 is 1.00 atm (= 1.013 10% Pa). What are the (m)

volume and (n) pressure at point 2 and the (o) volume and (p) pressure at
point 3?

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21. An ideal diatomic gas, with rotation but no oscillation,undergoes an

adiabatic compression. Its initial pressure and volume are 1.20 atm and

0.200 m . Its final pressure is 3.60 atm. How much work is done by the

gas?
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22. The volume of an ideal gas is adiabatically reduced from 350 L to 130 L.

The initial pressure and temperature are 2.00 atm and 380 K. The final

pressure is 8.00 atm. (a) is the gas monatomic, diatomic, or polyatomic?

(b) What is the final temperature? (c) How many moles are in the gas?

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23. Under constant pressure, the temperature of 3.00 mol of an ideal

monatomic gas is raised 15.0 K. What are (a) the work W done by the gas,

(b) the energy transferred as heat Q. (c) the change ΔE int in the internal

energy of the gas, and (d) the change Δ K in the average kinetic energy

per atom?

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24. An automobile tire has a volume of 1.64 × 10 2
m
3
and contains air at

a gauge pressure (pressure above atmospheric pressure) of 165 kPa when

the temperature is 0.00°C. What is the gauge pressure of the air in the

tires when its temperature rises to 37.0°C and its volume increases to

1.67 × 10
−2
m
4
Assume atmospheric pressure is 1.01 × 10 Pa. 5

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25. Suppose 1.00 L of a gas with γ = 1.30, initially at 285 K and 1.00 atm, is

suddenly compressed adiabatically to half its initial volume. Find its final

(a) pressure and (b) temperature. (C) If the gas is then cooled to 273 K at

constant pressure, what is its final volume?

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26. A certain gas occupies a volume of 0.76 L at a pressure of 1.2 atm and a

temperature of 4000 K. It is expanded adiabatically to a volume of 4.3 L.

Determine (a) the final pressure and (b) the final temperature, assuming

the gas to be an ideal gas for which γ = 1.4.

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27. The mass of a gas molecule can be computed from its specific heat at

constant volume c . (Note that this is not C ) Take c

V V v
= 0.1476cal / g
∘
C

for neon and calculate (a) the mass of a neon atom and (b) the molar

mass of neon.

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28. Air that initially occupies 0.280 m at a gauge pressure of 103.0 kPa is

expanded isothermally to a pressure of 101.3 kPa and then cooled at

constant pressure until it reaches its initial volume. It then returns to its

initial pressure in a constant-volume process. Compute the network done

by the air. (Gauge pressure is the difference between the actual pressure

and atmospheric pressure.)

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29. A sample of an ideal gas is taken through the cyclic process abca

shown in Fig.21-33. The scale of the vertical axis is set by p

b
= 7.5kP a and

pAc = 2.5kP a. At point a, T = 280 K. (a) How many moles of gas are in the

sample? What are (b) the temperature of the gas at point b, (c) the

temperature of the gas at point c, and (d) the Higure 21-33 Problem 30.

net work done by the gas during the cycle, and (c) the net energy added

to the gas as heat during the cycle?

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30. Suppose 1.80 mol of an ideal gas is taken from a volume of 3,00 m to 3

a volume of 5.50m via an isothermal expansion at

3
30
∘
C . (a) How much

energy is transferred as heat during the process, and (b) is the transfer to

or from the gas?

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31. A Carnot engine has an efficiency of 15.0%. It operates between

constant temperature reservoirs differing in temperature by 55.0°C What

is the temperature of the lower-temperature reservoir?

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32. Figure 21-34 shows a reversible cycle through which 1.00 mol of a

monatomic ideal gas is taken. Assume that

p = 2p0 V = 2V0 , P0 = 1.01 × 10

5
Pa, and V0 = 0.0335m
3
. Calculate (a)
the work done during the cycle, (b) the energy added as heat during

stroke Volume abc, and (c) the efficiency of the cycle. (d) What is the

efficiency of a Carnot engine operating between the highest and lowest

temperatures that occur in the cycle?

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33. A Carnot engine whose high-temperature reservoir is at 483 K has an

efficiency of 40%. By how much should the temperature of the low-

temperature reservoir be decreased to increase the efficiency to 50%?

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34. In a hypothetical nuclear fusion reactor, the fuel is deuterium gas at a

temperature of7 × 10 K. If this gas could be used to operate a Carnot

8

engine with TL = 50
∘
C , what would be the engine's efficiency? Take

both temperatures to be exact and report your answer to eight

significant figures.

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35. An ideal gas (3.0 mol) is the working substance in an engine that

operates on the cycle shown in Fig. 21-35. Processes BC and DA are

reversible and adiabatic. (a) Is the gas monatomic, diatomic, or

polyatomic? (b) What is the engine efficiency?

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36. (a) During each cycle, a Carnot engine absorbs 730 J as heat from a

high-temperature reservoir at 360 K, with the low-temperature reservoir

at 280 K. How much work is done per cycle? (b) The engine is then made

to work in reverse to function as a Carnot refrigerator between those

same two reservoirs. During each cycle, how much work is required to

remove 1200 J as heat from the low-temperature reservoir?

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37. (a) For 2.5 mol of a monatomic ideal gas taken through the cycle in

Fig. 21-36, where V 1

− 4.00V0 , what is W / p 0
V0 as the gas goes from state

a to state c along path abc?

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38. A 600 W Carnot engine operates between constant temperature

reservoirs at 100
∘
C and 60.0
∘
C . What is the rate at which energy is (a)

taken in by the engine as heat and (b) exhausted by the engine as heat?

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39. A Carnot engine is set up to produce a certain work W per cycle. In

each cycle, energy in the form of heat QH is transferred to the working

substance of the engine from the higher-temperature thermal reservoir,

which is at an adjustable temperature TH . The lower-temperature

thermal reservoir is maintained at temperature T L

= 250K. Figure 21-37

gives QH for a range of TH The scale of the vertical axis is set by QH s =

12.0 kJ. If T is set at 550 K, what is Q ?
H H

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40. Figure 21-38 shows a reversible cycle through which 1.00 mol of a

monatomic ideal gas is taken. Volume V = 8.00 V Process Adiabatic bc is

C b

an adiabatic expansion, with pb = 5.00 atm and Vb = 1.00 × 10

−3
m
3
.

For the cycle, find (a) the energy added to the gas as heat, (b) the energy

leaving the gas as Volume heat, (c) the network done by the gas, and (d)
the efficiency of the cycle.

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41. A Carnot engine operates between 235

∘
C and 115
∘
C, absorbing

3.00 × 10
4
J per cycle at the higher temperature. (a) How much energy

per cycle is discharged at the lower temperature? (b) How much work per

cycle is this engine capable of performing?

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Practice Questions Single Correct Choice Type

1. which statement is incorrect ?

A. All reversible cycles have same efficiency

B. Reversible cycle has more efficiency than an irreversible one .

C. Carnot cycle is a reversible one .

D. Carnot cycle has the maximum efficiency in all moles

Answer: A

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2. A mixture of n moles of monoatomic gas and n moles of diatomic gas

1 2

has γ = 1.5

A. n 1
= n2

B. 2n 1
= n2
 C. n1
= 2n2

D. 2n 1
= 3n2

Answer: A

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3. The molar heat capacity for an ideal gas

A. cannot be negative.

B. must lie in the range starting from CV and terminating at Cp that

is, C V
≤ C ≤ Cp

C. must equal either C or Cp v

D. may have any value lying between − ∞ and∞,

Answer: A

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4. A cyclic process ABCD is shown in the figure P - V diagram. Which of the

following curves represent the same process

A.

B.

C.
 D.

Answer: B

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5. The given figure shows four p-V diagrams for the given sample of gas.

In which case, no exchange of heat occurs with the sample?

 A. P

B. Q

C. R

D. S

Answer: D

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6. A gas is contained in a metallic cylinder fitted with a piston.The piston

is suddenly moved in to compress the gas and is maintained at this

position. As time passes the pressure of the gas in the cylinder

A. increases

B. decreases

C. remains constant

D. increases or decreases depending on the nature of the gas.

Answer: B

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7. How much work to be done in decreasing the volume of an ideal gas by

an amount of 2.4 × 10
−4
m
3
at constant normal pressure of

5
1 × 10 N / m
2
?

A. 24J

B. 25 J

C. 27 J

D. 28 J

Answer: A

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8. Consider two processes on a system as shown in figure.

The volumes in the initial states are the same in the two processes and

the volume in the final states are also the same.Let ΔW1 and ΔW2 be

the work done by the system in the processes A and B respectively.

A. ΔW 1 > ΔW2

B. ΔW 1 = ΔW2

C. ΔW 1 < ΔW2

D. Nothing can be said about relation between ΔW and ΔW

1 2

Answer: C

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9. When the gas enclosed beneath the piston shown in the figure receives

1930 J of heat, Q, from its surroundings, it performs 2250 J of work in

raising the piston. What is the change in the internal energy of the gas?

A. − 320J

B. + 320J

C. − 4180J

D. + 4180J
Answer: A

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10. A gas is compressed at a constant pressure of 50N / m

2
from a

volume 10m
3
to a volume of 4m
3
. 100J of heat is added to the gas then

its internal energy is

A. increased by 400 J

B. increased by 200 J

C. increased by 100J

D. decreased by 200 J

Answer: A

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11. Two samples A and B are initially kept in the same state. The sample

A is expanded through an adiabatic process and the sample B through

an isothermal process. The final volumes of the samples are the same .The

final pressures in A and B are p and P respectively.

A B

A. P A
> PB

B. P A
= Pb

C. P A
< PB

D. the relation between P A

and PB cannot be deduced

Answer: C

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12. A thermodynamic system is taken through the cyclic PORSP process

(see figure). The net work done by the system is

 A. 20 J

B. − 80J

C. 400J

D. − 374J

Answer: B

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13. N moles of a monoatomic gas is carried round the reversible

rectangular cycle ABCDA as shown in the diagram. The temperature at

A is T 0
The thermodynamic efficiency of the cycle is :

A. 0.15

B. 0.5

C. 0.2

D. 0.25

Answer: A

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14. In a given process on an ideal gas, dW = 0 and dQ < 0. Then for

the gas

A. the temperature will decrease.

B. the volume will increase.

C. the pressure will remain constant.

D. the temperature will increase.

Answer: A

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15. A match ignites within in an oxygen-filled cylinder that has a movable

piston. The piston is moved so quickly that no heat escapes. What kind of

change is demonstrated in this process?

A. An isobaric change

B. An adiabatic change
 C. An isochoric change

D. A change of heat capacity

Answer: B

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16. Ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic change in its state from (P1 V1 , T1 )

to(, P 2
, V2 T2 ) . The work done (W) in the process is (n = number of moles,

Cp and C are molar specific heats of gas)

v

A. W = n(T1 − T2 )CP

B. W = n(T1 − T2 )Cv

C. W = n(T1 + T2 )Cp

D. W = n(T1 + T2 )CV

Answer: B

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17. An ideal gas is taken around ABCA as shown in the p-V diagram

(below). The work done during a cycle is

A. 2pV

B. pV

C. 1 / 2pV

D. zero

Answer: A

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18. Work done by 0.1 mole of a gas at 27
∘
C to double its volume at

constant pressure is (use R=2 cal/mol C)

∘

A. 54 cal

B. 600 cal

C. 60 cal

D. 546 cal

Answer: C

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19. A thermally isolated sample of an ideal gas at a fixed temperature is

confined to one half of a container by an impermeable membrane. The

other half of the container is evacuated. The membrane is then pierced

and the gas is allowed to expand freely and to double its volume as

shown. Which one of the following statements is true concerning this

situation?
 A. The process is reversible.

B. This is an isothermal process.

C. The entropy of the gas decreases.

D. The internal energy of the gas must decrease.

Answer: B

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20. An ideal gas of mass m in a state A goes to another state B via three

different processes as shown in Fig. If Q1 , Q2 and Q3 denote the heat

absorbed by the gas along the three paths, then

 A. Q1
< Q2 < Q3

B. Q1
< Q2 = Q3

C. Q1
= Q2 > Q3

D. Q1
> Q2 > Q3

Answer: A

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21. Starting with the same initial conditions, an ideal gas expands from

volume V 1
→ V2 in three different ways. The work done by the gas is W_1

if the process is purely isothermal, W if purely isobaric and

2
W3 if purely
adiabatic. Then

A. W 1
> W2 > W3

B. W 2
> W3 > W1

C. W 3
> W2 > W1

D. W 2
> W1 > W3

Answer: D

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22. Variation of internal energy with density of 1mole of monatomic gas is

depicted in Fig. Corresponding variation of pressure with voluem can be

depicted as (assume the curve is rectangular hyperbola)

A.

B.

C.
 D.

Answer: D

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23. The pressure P, Volume V and temperature T of a gas in the jar A and

the other gas in the jar B at pressure 2P , volume V /4 and temperature

2T , then the ratio of the number of molecules in the jar A and B will be

A. 1 : 1

B. 1 : 2

C. 2 : 1

D. 4 : 1

Answer: D

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24. A Carnot engine operates between hot and cold reservoirs with

temperatures 527
∘
C and − 73.0
∘
C , respectively. If the engine

performs 1000.0 J of work per cycle, how much heat is extracted per cycle

from the hot reservoir?

A. 878J

B. 133J

C. 1163 J

D. 1527 J

Answer: B

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25. In an adiabatic change, the pressure and temperature of a

monoatomic gas are related with relation as P ∝ T

C
, Where C is equal

to:
 A. 5 / 2

B. 5 / 3

C. 2 / 5

D. 3 / 5

Answer: A

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26. Neon is a monatomic gas with a molar heat capacity at constant

volume of 12.66 J/(mol K). Two moles of neon gas enclosed in a constant

volume system receive 5250 J of heat. If the gas was initially at 293 K, what

is the final temperature of the neon?

A. 200 K

B. 300 K

C. 400 K

D. 500 K
Answer: D

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27. A cylindrical chamber A of uniform cross section is divided into two

parts X and Y by a movalbe piston P which can slide without friction

inside the chamber. Initially part X contains 1mol of a monochromatic

gas and Y contains 2mol of a diatomic gas, and the volumes of X and Y

are in the ratio 1: 2 with both parts X and Y being at the same

temperature T . Assuming the gases to be ideal, the work W that will be

done in moving the piston slowly to the position where the ratio of the

volumes of X and Y is 2 : 1 will be

 A. − 5.8T

B. 8.3T

C. 12.3T

D. zero

Answer: A

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28. Determine the quantity of heat added to 3.5 moles of the ideal gas

argon if the temperature increases from 75

∘
C to 225
∘
C during an

isobaric process .

(the molar specific of argon are Cv = 3.0cal / Kmol and

CP = 5.0cal / Kmol)

A. 2600 cal

B. 1600 cal

C. 21 00 cal
 D. 1100 cal

Answer: A

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29. 175 calories of heat is reuired to raise the temperature of 5 mol of an

ideal gas at constant pressure from 20

∘
C to 25
∘
C the amount of heat

required to raise the temperature of same gas from 20

∘
C to 25
∘
C at

constant volume will be

A. 100 cal

B. 125 cal

C. 150 cal

D. 175 cal

Answer: B

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30. If one complete cycle of a reversible process is carried out on a sample

of an ideal so that its final state is the same as its initial state , which one

of the following quantities is the only one which can be non - zero ?

A. The change in volume of the sample

B. the net heat absorbed by the sample

C. the change in the entropy of the example

D. the change in temperature of the sample

Answer: A

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31. The efficiency of a heat engine working between the freezing point

and boiling point of water is

A. 0.27

B. 0.61
 C. 0.49

D. 0.85

Answer: A

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32. Two cylinders A and B fitted with pistons contain equal amounts of an

ideal diatomic gas at 300K. The piston of A is free to move, while that B is

held fixed. The same amount of heat is given to the gas in each cylinder. If

the rise in temperature of the gas in A is 30K, then the rise in

temperature of the gas in B is

A. 30 K

B. 18K

C. 50 K

D. 42 K

Answer: D
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33. An ideal monatomic gas undergoes an adiabatic process , and its

internal energy increases by 50 J which pair of choices below is correct for

this process ?

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34. An enegine is used to lift a 2700 kg truck to a height of 3.0 m at

constant speed . In the lifting process , the engine received 5

3.3 × 10 J of

heat from the fuel burned in its interior . What is the efficiency of the

engine ?

A. 0.19

B. 0.29
 C. 0.24

D. 0.34

Answer: C

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35. The slope of isothermal and adiabatic curves are related as

A. isothermal curve slope = adiabatic curve slope

B. isothermal curve slope = γ × adiabatic slope

C. adiabatic curve slope = γ × isothermal slope

D. adiabatic curve slope = (1/2) × isothermal curve slope

Answer: C

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36. Two moles of a confined ideal monatomic gas begin at state A in the

pressure-volume graph and follow the path shown to state D. If the

temperature of the gas at A is 54 K, what is the temperature of the gas at

D?

A. 32 K

B. 46K

C. 54K

D. 60K

Answer: C
 Watch Video Solution

37. Pressure vs. volume graphs for a certain gas undergoing five different

cyclic processes are shown below. During which cycle does the gas do the

greatest positive work?

A. I

B. II

C. III

D. IV
Answer: D

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38. In an adiabatic process

A. the energy absorbed as heat equals the work done by the system

on its environment.

B. the energy absorbed as heat equals the work done by the

environment on the system.

C. the energy absorbed as heat equals the change in internal energy.

D. the work done by the environment on the system equals the

change in internal energy.

Answer: D

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39. A jogger's internal energy changes because he performs 6.4 × 10 J of5

work and gives off 5

4.9 × 10 of heat. However, to cause the same change

in his internal energy while walking, he must do 8.2 × 10

5
J of work.

Determine the magnitude of the heat given off while walking.

A. 3.6 × 105
J

B. 4.0 × 105
J

C. 2.4 × 105
J

D. 3.1 × 105
J

Answer: D

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40. The pressure and volume of a gas are changed along the path ABCA.

Using the data shown in the graph, determine the work done (including
the algebraic sign) in each segment of the path B to C.

A. − 1.5 × 103
J

B. + 1.5 × 103
J

C. − 2.1 × 103
J

D. + 2.1 × 103
J

Answer: D

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41. The temperature of a monatomic ideal gas remains constant during a

process in which 4700 J of heat flows out of the gas. How much work

(including the proper + or - sign) is done?

A. zero J

B. + 9400J

C. + 4700J

D. − 4700J

Answer: D

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42. Heat is added isothermally to 2.5 mol of a monatomic ideal gas. The

temperature of the gas is 430 K. How much heat must be added to make

the volume of the gas double?

A. 5500 J
 B. 3100 J

C. 6700 J

D. 2700 J

Answer: C

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43. One mole of a monatomic ideal gas has an initial pressure, volume,

and temperature of P0 , V0 , and 438 K, respectively. It undergoes an

isothermal expansion that triples the volume of the gas. Then, the gas

undergoes an isobaric compression back to its original volume. Finally,

the gas undergoes an isochoric increase in pressure, so that the final

pressure, volume, and temperature are p0 V0 and 438 K, respectively. Find

the total heat for this three-step process, and state whether it is

absorbed by or given off by the gas.

A. 3640J absorbed

B. − 1820 J given off

 C. 1570 J , absorbed

D. − 1110J , given off

Answer: C

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44. Suppose a monatomic ideal gas is contained within a vertical cylinder

that is fitted with a movable piston. The piston is frictionless and has a

negligible mass. The area of the piston is 3.14 × 10 −2 2

m , and the

pressure outside the cylinder is 5

1.01 × 10 Pa. Heat (2093 J) is removed

from the gas. Through what distance does the piston drop?

A. 0.185m

B. 0.389m

C. 0.539m

D. 0.264m

Answer: D
 Watch Video Solution

45. The efficiency of an automobile engine increases by 5.0%. For an input

heat of 1300 J, how much more work does the engine produce?

A. 26 J

B. 65 J

C. 41 J

D. 88 J

Answer: B

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46. Engine 1 has an efficiency of 0.18 and requires 5500 J of input heat to

perform a certain amount of work. Engine 2 has an efficiency of 0.26 and

performs the same amount of work. How much input heat does the

second engine require?

 A. 7900J

B. 3800 J

C. 6700 J

D. 4400 J

Answer: B

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47. A Carnot engine has an efficiency of 0.40. The Kelvin temperature of

its hot reservoir is quadrupled, and the Kelvin temperature of its cold

reservoir is doubled. What is the efficiency that results from these

changes?

A. 0.30

B. 0.60

C. 0.50

D. 0.70
Answer: D

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48. The hot reservoir for a Carnot engine has a temperature of 890 K,

while the cold reservoir has a temperature of 670 K. The heat input for

this engine is 4800 J. The 670 K reservoir also serves as the hot reservoir

for a second Carnot engine. This second engine uses the rejected heat of

the first engine as input and extracts additional work from it. The rejected

heat from the second engine goes into a reservoir that has a

temperature of 420 K. Find the total work delivered by the two engines.

A. 3500J

B. 2500J

C. 3000J

D. 2000J

Answer: B
 Watch Video Solution

Practice Questions More Than One Correct Choice Type

1. Pressure temperature (p-1) graph of n moles of an ideal gas is shown in

the figure. Among the following four graphs, which are the corresponding

pressure volume (p-V) and density pressure (p-p) graphs?

A.
 B.

C.

D.

Answer: A::C

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2. A gas may expand either adiabatically or isothermally. A number of

p − V curves are drawn for the two processes over different ranges of

pressure and volume, it will be found that

(i) Two adiabatic curves do not intersect

(ii) two isothermal curves do not intersect

(iii) an adiabatic curve and an isothermal curve may intersect.

(iv) the magnitude of the slope of an adiabatic curve is greater than the

magnitude of the slope of an isothermal curve

A. two adiabatic curves do not intersect

B. two isothermal curves do not intersect

C. an adiabatic curve and an isothermal curve may intersect

D. the magnitude of the slope of an adiabatic curve is greater than the

magnitude of the slope of an isothermal curve for the same values

of pressure and volume

Answer: A::B::C

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3. Which of the following is true in case of isothermal changes?

A. ΔT = 0
 B. ΔU Int
= 0

C. ΔQ = 0

D. ΔU Int
) + ΔW = 0

Answer: A::B

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4. For an ideal gas,

A. the change in internal energy in a constant pressure process from

temperature T1 toT is equal to

2
nCv (T2 − T1 ) , where Cv is the

molar specific heat at constant volume and n, the number of moles

of the gas.

B. the change in internal energy of the gas and the work done by the

gas are equal in magnitude in an adiabatic process.

C. no heat is added or removed in an adiabatic process.

 D. the internal energy does not change in an isothermal process.

Answer: A::B::C::D

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5. A system undergoes a cyclic process in which it absorbs Q1 heat and

gives out Q heat. The efficiency of the process is

2
η and work done is W.

Select correct statement:

A. W = Q1 − Q2

B. η = W / Q1

C. η = Q2 / Q1

D. η = 1 − (Q2 / Q1 )

Answer: A::B::D

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6. A steel drill making 180 rpm is used to drill a hole in a block of steel.

The mass of the steel block and the drill is 180 gm. If the entire

mechanical work is used up in producing heat and the rate of raise in

temperature of the block and the drill is 0.5 °C/s. Find

(a) the rate of working of the drill in watts, and

(b) the torque required to drive the drill. Specific heat of steel

= 0.1 and J = 4.2J / cal . Use : P = τω

A. P = 37.8W

B. p = 9W

C. τ = 2N . m

D. τ = 6.3n. m

Answer: A::C

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7. An ideal gas is heated from termperature T1 to T2 under various

conditions. The correct statements(s) is/are:-

 A. ΔE = nCv (T2 − T1 ) for isobaric, isochoric and adiabatic process.

B. Work is done at expense of internal energy in an adiabatic process

and both have equal.

C. ΔE int
=0 for an isothermal process.

D. C =0 for an adiabatic process.

p

Answer: A::B::C::D

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8. The internal energy of a system remains constant when it undergoes

A. a cyclic process.

B. an isothermal process

C. an adiabatic process.

D. any process in which the heat given out by the system is equal to a

work done on the system.

Answer: A::B::D

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9. An ideal gas is taken from the state A (P, V) to the state B (P / 2, 2V )

along a st. line path as shown in Fig. Select the correct statement from

the following:

A. The work done by the gas in that would be done by it if the system

were taken from A to B along the isotherm.

B. In the T-V diagram, the path AB becomes a part of parabola.

 C. In the p-T diagram, the path AB becomes a part of hyperbola.

D. In going from A to B the temperature T of the gas first increases to

a maximum value and then decreases.

Answer: A::B::D

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Practice Questions Linked Comprehension

1. 5.00 kg of liquid water is heated to 100. 0

∘
C in a closed system At this

temperature , the density of liquid water is 958 kg/m . The pressure is

3

maintained at atmospheric pressure of 1.01 × 10 Pa. A moveable piston

5

of negligible weight rests on the surface of the water. The water is then

converted to steam by adding an additional amount of heat to the

system. When all of the water is converted, the final volume of the steam

is 8.50m . The latent heat of vaporization of water is 2.26 × 10 J/kg.

3 6
How much work is done by this closed system during this isothermal

process?

A. 8.37J

B. 4.20 × 10
3
J

C. 1.21 × 10
4
J

D. 8.58 × 10
5
J

Answer: D

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2. 5.00 kg of liquid water is heated to 100. 0
∘
C in a closed system At this

temperature , the density of liquid water is 958 kg/m . The pressure is

3

maintained at atmospheric pressure of 1.01 × 10 Pa. A moveable piston

5

of negligible weight rests on the surface of the water. The water is then

converted to steam by adding an additional amount of heat to the

system. When all of the water is converted, the final volume of the steam

is 8.50m . The latent heat of vaporization of water is 2.26 × 10 J/kg.

3 6

How much heat is added to the system in the isothermal process of

converting all of the water into steam?

 A. 2.17 × 10 J
3

B. 1.13 × 10 7
J

C. 1.70 × 10 4
j

D. 3.78 × 106J

Answer: B

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3. 5.00 kg of liquid water is heated to 100. 0

∘
C in a closed system At this

temperature , the density of liquid water is 958 kg/m . The pressure is

3

maintained at atmospheric pressure of 1.01 × 10 Pa. A moveable piston

5

of negligible weight rests on the surface of the water. The water is then

converted to steam by adding an additional amount of heat to the

system. When all of the water is converted, the final volume of the steam

is 8.50m . The latent heat of vaporization of water is 2.26 × 10 J/kg.

3 6
What is the change in the internal energy during this isothermal process?

A. zero joules

B. 1.04 × 107
J

C. 1.28 × 104
J

D. 2.93 × 106
J

Answer: B

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4. An ideal monatomic gas expands isobarically from state A to state B. It

is then compressed isothermally from state B to state C and finally cooled

at constant volume until it returns to its initial state A.

What is the temperature of the gas when it is in state B?

A. 437 K

B. 927 K

C. 573 K

D. 1200 K

Answer: D

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5. An ideal monatomic gas expands isobarically from state A to state B. It

is then compressed isothermally from state B to state C and finally cooled

at constant volume until it returns to its initial state A.

How much work is done by the gas in expanding isobarically from A to B?

A. 1 × 10 3
J

B. 3 × 10 3
J

C. 2 × 10 3
J

D. 4 × 10 3
J

Answer: D

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6. An ideal monatomic gas expands isobarically from state A to state B. It

is then compressed isothermally from state B to state C and finally cooled

at constant volume until it returns to its initial state A.

How much work is done on the gas in going from B to C?

A. 2.5 × 10 J
6

B. 4.5 × 10
6
J

C. 5.5 × 10
6
J

D. 6.5 × 10
6
J

Answer: C

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7. Two moles of an ideal gas have an initial kelvin temperature Ti and

absolute pressure Pi the gas undergoes a reversible isothermal

compression from an initial volume V to a final volume 0.5 V

i i
which one of the following expressions represents the final pressure of

the gas ?

A. 0.5P i

B. 2p i

C. 4P i

D. pi
/ 31.7

Answer: B

View Text Solution

8. Two moles of an ideal gas have an initial kelvin temperature Ti and

absolute pressure Pi the gas undergoes a reversible isothermal

compression from an initial volume V to a final volume 0.5 V

i i

How much heat is exchanged with the environment? If heat is exchanged,

is it absorbed or released?

A. p V (In a) , Released
i i
 B. P i
Vi (In 2) ,absorbed

C. (0.5)P i
vi released

D. (0.5)P i
Vi absorbed

Answer: A

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9. Two moles of an ideal gas have an initial kelvin temperature Ti and

absolute pressure Pi the gas undergoes a reversible isothermal

compression from an initial volume V to a final volume 0.5 V

i i

The ratio of the molar specific heat capacity at constant pressure to that

at constant volume, γ ,for diatomic hydrogen gas is 7/5. In an adiabatic

compression, the gas, originally at atmospheric pressure, is compressed

from an original volume of 0.30m

3
to 0.15m
3
What is the final pressure

of the gas?

A. 2.0 × 10 5
Pa

B. 2.7 × 10 5
Pa
 C. 3.0 × 10 5
Pa

D. 3.7 × 10 5
Pa

Answer: B

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10. Carnot engine is an ideal heat engine, which converts heat energy into

mechanical energy. Efficiency of Carnot engine is given by

η = 1 − (T2 / T1 ) , where T1 is temperature of source and T1 , is

temperature of sink. If Q is the amount of heat absorbed/cycle from the

1

source, Q is the amount of heat rejected/cycle to the sink and W is the

2

amount of useful work done/cycle, then

Q2 T2
W = Q1 − Q2 and =
Q1 T1

A Carnot engine absorbs 6 × 10

5
cal. at 227
∘
C. Heat rejected to the

sink at 127 C is∘

A. 6 × 10 cal 5

B. 4.8 × 10 cal 5
 C. 4 × 10 cal
5

D. 5 × 10 cal
5

Answer: B

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11. Carnot engine is an ideal heat engine, which converts heat energy into

mechanical energy. Efficiency of Carnot engine is given by

η = 1 − (T2 / T1 ) , where T1 is temperature of source and T1 , is

temperature of sink. If Q is the amount of heat absorbed/cycle from the

1

source, Q is the amount of heat rejected/cycle to the sink and W is the

2

amount of useful work done/cycle, then

Q2 T2
W = Q1 − Q2 and =
Q1 T1

Work done/cycle by the engine in the above question is. if source and sink

temperature respectively 227 and 127 . heat absorbed by engine is given 6

A. 5.04 × 10 J 5
 B. 5.04 × 10 cal 5

C. 4.8 × 10 cal
5

D. 4.8 × 10 5
J

Answer: A

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12. Carnot engine is an ideal heat engine, which converts heat energy into

mechanical energy. Efficiency of Carnot engine is given by

η = 1 − (T2 / T1 ) , where T1 is temperature of source and T1 , is

temperature of sink. If Q is the amount of heat absorbed/cycle from the

1

source, Q is the amount of heat rejected/cycle to the sink and W is the

2

amount of useful work done/cycle, then

Q2 T2
W = Q1 − Q2 and =
Q1 T1

Efficiency of the engine in the above question is .if source and sink

temperature respectively 227 and 127 .

A. 0.3
 B. 0.1

C. 0.2

D. 0.8

Answer: C

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13. Carnot engine is an ideal heat engine, which converts heat energy into

mechanical energy. Efficiency of Carnot engine is given by

η = 1 − (T2 / T1 ) , where T1 is temperature of source and T1 , is

temperature of sink. If Q is the amount of heat absorbed/cycle from the

1

source, Q is the amount of heat rejected/cycle to the sink and W is the

2

amount of useful work done/cycle, then

Q2 T2
W = Q1 − Q2 and =
Q1 T1

At what temperature should the sink be maintained to increase the

efficiency by 10%? if source and sink temperature respectively 227 and 127

A. 77 K
 B. 300K

C. 300 ∘
K

D. 77 ∘
C

Answer: D

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14. first law of thermodynamics

(##M STA GJ ∃M A P H YV 01C 21E 03074 _ Q01. png width=80 % > which

-98 .6 ` K as the change in temperature ?

A. (III) (ii ) ( L)

B. (II ) (ii) (J)

C. (II) (iii ) (K )

D. (I ) (i)(M)

Answer: B
 View Text Solution

15. first law of thermodynamics

(##M STA GJ ∃M A P H YV 01C 21E 03075 _ Q01. png width=80 % > which

-93.15 K` as the change in temperature ?

A. (III)(iv)( L)

B. (I)(i)(K)

C. (II) (iii)(L)

D. (I) (ii)(L)

Answer: A

View Text Solution

Practice Questions Integer Type

1. An electric heater supplies heat to a system at a rate or 100 W. If the

system performs work at a rate of 75 joules per second at what rate is the

internal energy increasing ?

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2. An engine has an efficiency of 64% and producess 5500 J of work

.Determine (a) the input heat .

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3. The work done by one mole of a monatomic ideal gas (γ = 5 / 3 ) in

expanding adiabatically is 825 J . The initial temperature and volume of

the gas are 393 K and 0.100 m obtain the final temperature of the gas .
3

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