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W. W. Norton & Company has been independent since its founding in 1923, when William Warder
Norton and Mary D. Herter Norton first published lectures delivered at the People’s Institute, the
adult education division of New York City’s Cooper Union. The firm soon expanded its program
beyond the Institute, publishing books by celebrated academics from America and abroad. By
mid-century, the two major pillars of Norton’s publishing program—trade books and college texts—
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employees, and today—with a staff of four hundred and a comparable number of trade, college, and
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Copyright © 2015 by W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

All rights reserved

Printed in the United States of America
First Edition

Editor: Jon Durbin

Developmental Editors: Lisa Moore and John Elliott
Associate Editor: Justin Cahill
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Editorial Assistant: Penelope Lin
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The Library of Congress has cataloged the full edition as follows:

Tindall, George Brown.

America : a narrative history / George Brown Tindall,
David Emory Shi.—9th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-393-91262-3 (hardcover)
1. United States—History—Textbooks. I. Shi, David E. II. Title.
E178.1.T55 2013 2012034504
973—dc23
This edition:
ISBN 978-0-393-93803-6

W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110-0017
wwnorton.com
W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., Castle House, 75/76 Wells Street, London W1T 3QT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
For Jon Durbin, editor and friend
 About the
Authors
David Shi is a professor of history and the president emeritus of Furman
University. He is the author of several books on American cultural history,
including the award-winning The Simple Life: Plain Living and High Think-
ing in American Culture and Facing Facts: Realism in American Thought and
Culture, 1850–1920.

George Tindall recently of the University of North Carolina, Chapel

Hill, was an award-winning historian of the South with a number of major
books to his credit, including The Emergence of the New South, 1913–1945
and The Disruption of the Solid South.

Lead authors for media and pedagogy

Jon Lee (San Antonio College, Texas) served on the American Historical
Association/Lumina Tuning Project and educational commissions in the
state of Texas to establish discipline-wide historical learning outcomes. He
received the “Most Inspirational Professor” award from Phi Theta Kappa
Beta Nu. He is the coordinator of the Honors Academy at San Antonio
College.

Erik Anderson (San Antonio College, Texas) teaches American history

and is involved with the Honors Academy. He also serves as the academic li-
aison with the Travis Early College High School program at San Antonio
College. Anderson earned his doctorate at Brown University.
 Contents
in Brief
Chapter 15 Reconstruction, 1865–1877 511

Part Five Growing Pains   547

Chapter 16 Big Business and Organized Labor, 1860–1900 551
Chapter 17 The South and the West Transformed, 1865–1900 589
Chapter 18 Society and Politics in the Gilded Age, 1865–1900 625
Chapter 19 Seizing an American Empire, 1865–1913 665

Part Six Modern America   701

Chapter 20 The Progressive Era, 1890–1920 705
Chapter 21 America and the Great War, 1914–1920 747
Chapter 22 A Clash of Cultures, 1920–1929 783
Chapter 23 New Deal America, 1929–1939 827
Chapter 24 The Second World War, 1933–1945 869

Part Seven The American Age   923

Chapter 25 The Cold War and the Fair Deal, 1945–1952 929
Chapter 26 Affluence and Anxiety in the Atomic Age, 1950–1959 965
Chapter 27 New Frontiers, 1960–1968 1007
Chapter 28 Rebellion and Reaction, the 1960s and 1970s 1047
Chapter 29 Conservative Revival, 1977–1990 1093
Chapter 30 Twenty-First-Century America, 1993–present 1129

xiii
 Contents
List of Maps  xxiii
List of What’s It All About? features  xxv
List of Thinking Like A Historian features  xxvi
Preface  xxix
Acknowledgments  xxxviii

Chapter 15 Reconstruction, 1865–1877  511

The War’s Aftermath in the South 512
The Battle over Political Reconstruction 513
Reconstruction in Practice 522
The Grant Years and Northern Disillusionment 530
WHAT’S IT ALL ABOUT? From Slave
to Citizen 538
Reconstruction’s Significance 539

Reviewing the Core Objectives 540

Thinking Like a Historian: Debating

Reconstruction 542

Part Five | Growing Pains  547

Big Business and Organized Labor,
Chapter 16
1860–1900  551
The Causes of Industrial Growth 552
The Rise of Big Business 558
The Alliance of Business and Politics 564
A Changed Social Order 567
Organized Labor 573
WHAT’S IT ALL ABOUT? The Growth of Big Business and Its
Impact on Late-19th-Century America 582

Reviewing the Core Objectives 586

xv
 The South and the West Transformed,
Chapter 17
1865–1900  589
The Myth of the New South 590
The Failings of the New South 593
Race Relations during the 1890s 596
The Settling of the New West 603
Life in the New West 607
WHAT’S IT ALL ABOUT? Small Farmers and
Independence in the Coming of the Modern Age 612
The Fate of Western Indians 615
The End of the Frontier 620

Reviewing the Core Objectives 622

Society and Politics in the Gilded Age,

Chapter 18
1865–1900  625
America’s Move to Town 626
The New Immigration 630
Changes in Popular and Intellectual Culture 633
Gilded Age Politics 640
Corruption and Reform: Hayes to Harrison 643
Inadequate Currency and Unhappy Farmers 650
WHAT’S IT ALL ABOUT? National Issues of the Gilded
Age 658

Reviewing the Core Objectives 662

Chapter 19 Seizing an American Empire,

1865–1913  665
Toward the New Imperialism 666
Expansion in the Pacific 668
The Spanish-American War (War of 1898) 669
Consequences of Victory 676
Theodore Roosevelt and “Big-Stick” Diplomacy 683
WHAT’S IT ALL ABOUT? The American Empire: Power and
Consequences 689

Reviewing the Core Objectives 694

xvi  
Thinking Like a Historian: Debating the Annexation of the
Philippines 696

Part Six | Modern America  701

Chapter 20 The Progressive Era, 1890–1920  705
The Progressive Impulse 706
The Varied Sources of Progressivism 707
Progressives’ Aims and Achievements 715
Progressivism under Roosevelt and Taft 723
Woodrow Wilson’s Progressivism 732
WHAT’S IT ALL ABOUT? The Expanding Role
of the Federal Government 741

Reviewing the Core Objectives 744

America and the Great War,

Chapter 21
1914–1920  747
An Uneasy Neutrality 748
Mobilizing a Nation 757
The American Role in Fighting the War 762
The Fight for the Peace 767
Lurching from War to Peace 774
WHAT’S IT ALL ABOUT? The Great War 778

Reviewing the Core Objectives 780

Chapter 22 A Clash of Cultures,

1920–1929  783
A “New Era” of Consumption 784
The “Jazz Age” 791
The Modernist Revolt 798
The Reactionary Twenties 803
WHAT’S IT ALL ABOUT? Cultural Clash in
the 1920s 810
Republican Resurgence 812
Reviewing the Core Objectives 824

xvii
 Chapter 23 New Deal America, 1929–1939  827
The Causes of the Great Depression 828
The Human Toll of the Depression 832
From Hooverism to the New Deal 837
Roosevelt’s New Deal 841
The New Deal under Fire 849
The Second New Deal 855
WHAT’S IT ALL ABOUT? Combating the Great
Depression 860

Reviewing the Core Objectives 866

The Second World War,

Chapter 24
1933–1945  869
The Rise of Fascism in Europe 870
The United States: From Isolationism to Intervention 877
Mobilization at Home 886
The Allied Drive toward Berlin 894
WHAT’S IT ALL ABOUT? Contributions and
Impacts of World War II 896
Fighting in the Pacific 906
A New Age Is Born 911

Reviewing the Core Objectives 914

Thinking Like a Historian: Debating the United

States’ Response to the Holocaust 916

Part Seven | The American Age  923

The Cold War and the Fair Deal,
Chapter 25
1945–1952  929
The Cold War 930
The Containment Policy 932
Expanding the New Deal 940
The Cold War Heats Up 948
Another Red Scare 955

xviii  
WHAT’S IT ALL ABOUT? The Cold War and the
Rise of the National Security State 958

Reviewing the Core Objectives 962

Affluence and Anxiety in the Atomic Age,

Chapter 26
1950–1959  965
Moderate Republicanism—The Eisenhower Years 966
A People of Plenty 970
Cracks in the Picture Window 979
The Early Years of the Civil Rights Movement 984
Foreign Policy in the 1950s 991
WHAT’S IT ALL ABOUT? Political Consensus
after World War II 1002

Reviewing the Core Objectives 1004

Chapter 27 New Frontiers, 1960–1968  1007

The New Frontier 1008
Expansion of the Civil Rights Movement 1016
Lyndon B. Johnson and the Great Society 1025
The Tragedy of Vietnam 1034
Sixties Crescendo 1039
WHAT’S IT ALL ABOUT? Presidential Elections in
the Sixties 1042

Reviewing the Core Objectives 1044

Chapter 28 Rebellion and Reaction, the 1960s

and 1970s  1047
“Forever Young”: The Youth Revolt 1048
Social Activism Spreads 1055
WHAT’S IT ALL ABOUT? The Movements of the
1960s and 1970s 1064
Nixon and the Revival of Conservatism 1066
“Peace with Honor”: Ending the Vietnam War 1073
The Nixon Doctrine and a Thawing Cold War 1079
Watergate 1083

Reviewing the Core Objectives 1090

xix
 Chapter 29 Conservative Revival, 1977–1990  1093
The Carter Presidency 1094
The Rise of Ronald Reagan 1099
The Reagan Revolution 1103
An Anti-Communist Foreign Policy 1109
The Changing Economic and Social Landscape 1113
WHAT’S IT ALL ABOUT? The Reagan Revolution 1114
The Presidency of George H. W. Bush 1117

Reviewing the Core Objectives 1126

Twenty-First-Century America,
Chapter 30
1993–present  1129
America’s Changing Population 1130
The Clinton Presidency 1131
A New Century 1140
A Resurgent Democratic Party 1147
New Priorities at Home and Abroad 1151
WHAT’S IT ALL ABOUT? U.S. Foreign Policy Post-
Cold War 1166

Reviewing the Core Objectives 1168

Thinking Like a Historian: Debating

Contemporary Immigration and the Uses of
History 1170

Glossary  G-1
Appendix  A-1
The Declaration of Independence  A-1
Articles of Confederation  A-5
The Constitution of The United States  A-11
Amendments to the Constitution  A-20
Presidential Elections  A-30
Admission of States  A-38

xx  
Population of The United States  A-39
Immigration to The United States, Fiscal Years 1820–2011  A-40
Immigration by Region and Selected Country of Last Residence,
Fiscal Years 1820–2011  A-42
Presidents, Vice Presidents, and Secretaries of State  A-51
Further Readings   R-1
Credits  C-1
Index  I-1

xxi
Maps
Chapter 15
Reconstruction, 1865–1877 528
The Election of 1876 537
Chapter 16
Transcontinental Railroad Lines, 1880s 557
Chapter 17
Sharecropping and Tenancy, 1880–1900 595
The New West 605
Indian Wars 619
Chapter 18
The Emergence of Cities, 1880 628
The Emergence of Cities, 1920 629
The Election of 1896 661
Chapter 19
The Spanish-American War in the Pacific 673
The Spanish-American War in the Caribbean 675
U.S. Interests in the Pacific 679
U.S. Interests in the Caribbean 686
Chapter 20
Women’s Suffrage, 1869–1914 714
The Election of 1912 734
Chapter 21
World War I in Europe, 1914 750
The Great War, the Western Front, 1918 765
Europe after the Treaty of Versailles, 1918 771
Chapter 23
The Election of 1932 841
Chapter 24
Aggression in Europe, 1935–1939 876
World War II Military Alliances, 1942 883
Japanese Expansion before the Attack on Pearl Harbor 884
World War II in Europe and Africa, 1942–1945 903
World War II in the Pacific, 1942–1945 909
Chapter 25
The Occupation of Germany and Austria 938
The Election of 1948 947
The Korean War, 1950 and 1950–1953 953
xxiii
xxiv Maps

Chapter 26
The Election of 1952 967
Postwar Alliances: The Far East 995
Postwar Alliances: Europe, North Africa, the Middle East 999
Chapter 27
The Election of 1960 1009
Vietnam, 1966 1036
The Election of 1968 1041
Chapter 29
The Election of 1980 1103
The Election of 1988 1118
Chapter 30
The Election of 2000 1141
The Election of 2004 1147
The Election of 2008 1151
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
 Q6 ; THE JERUSALEM - BISHOPRIC. them are to be broken
off from our communion, or, witli certain insane writers among us,
should assert, that they have no true and valid sacraments, and thus
are scarcely Christians.””! In 1764 we have Archbishop Secker
following him in the same strain :—‘“ Our inclination is to live in
friendship with all the Protestant Churches. We assist aud protect
those on the continent of Europe as well as we are able. We show
our regard to that of Scotland as often as we have an opportunity.”?
And, detending our Reformation, in one of his sermons against the
Romanists, he says,—‘‘Supposing we had even acted without, and
separated from, our Church governors, as our Protestant brethren
abroad were forced to do: was there not a cause? When the word of
God was hidden from men... when Church authority, by supporting
such things as these, became inconsistent with the ends for which it
was established, what remedy was there but to throw it off and form
new establishments ? If in these there were any irregularities, they
were the faults of those who forced men into them, and are of no
consequence in comparison with the reason that made a change
necessary.” Bishop ‘Tomline speaks even more _ strongly :— ‘‘T
readily acknowledge that there is no precept in the 1 “Kcclesias
Reformatas etsi in aliquibus a nostra Anglicana dissentientes,
libenter amplector. Optarem cquidem regimen episcopale. ... ut ab iis
omnibus fuisset retentum.... Interim absit ut ego tam ferrei pectoris
sim, ut ob ejusmodi defectum (sic mihi absque omni invidia
appellare liceat) aliquas earum a communione nostra abscindendas
credam; aut, cum qguébusdam furiosis inter nos scriptortbus, eas
nulla vera ac valida sacramenta habere, adeoque vix Christianos esse
pronuntiem.’’ Mosheim, by Maclaine, vol. 6. p. 184, ed. 1826. And in
a letter to Father Courayer, dated July 9, 1724, he again expresses
the same sentiments. Mosheim, ib. p. 30, Cent. xvill. § 23. * Answ.
to Mayhew, p. 68. Life prefixed to Sermons, ed. 1770. p. Ixvi, ?
Serm. vol. 6. op. 400, 401.
 C. M. S. MISSION AT GAZA. VIEW OF GAZA. MISSION
HOUSE AT GAZA.
Wi aN ui F Ae wis e : nee a
 THE JERUSALEM BISHOPRIC. 94 New Testament which
commands that every Church should be governed by bishops. No
Church can exist without some government; but though there must
be rules and orders for the proper discharge of the offices of public
worship; though there must be fixed regulations concerning the
appointment of ministers; and though a subordination among them
is expedient in the highest degree, yet it does not follow, that all
these things must be precisely the same in every Christian country;
they may vary with the other varying circumstances of human
society, with the extent of a country, the manners of its inhabitants,
the nature of its civil government, and many other peculiarities
which might be specified. As it has not pleased our Almighty Father
to prescribe any particular form of civil government for the security
of temporal comforts to His rational creatures, so neither has He
prescribed any particular form of ecclesiastical polity as absolutely
necessary to the attainment of eternal happiness .... As the
Scriptures do not prescribe any definite form of church-government,
so they contain no directions concerning the establishment of a
power by which ministers are to be admitted to their sacred office.”
And therefore, though Bishop Tomline advocates Episcopal
Ordination as “instituted by the Apostles,” he does not maintain it as
necessary." It may be well to remind our readers here that originally
the name bishop was sometimes given to presbyters. We have also
Scriptural proof, that in the Churches of the Apostolical times there
were besides the presbyters and deacons, presidents or
superintendents of these Churches, corresponding to what we now
call in England ‘ Bishops,”’ or ‘ Prelates,” and in Germany ‘“ Prelaten”
and ‘‘ Superintendenten ;’’ for the Holy Scriptures distinctly inform
us, that Timothy and Titus were respectively the 1 Tomline’s Expos.
of Art. 23. ed. 1799. pp. 396—398. G2
 100 THE JERUSALEM BISHOPRIC. superintendents or
bishops of the Churches of Kphests and Crete. This fact is also freely
admitted by divines of the Foreign Reformed Churches. ‘‘We learn
hence,” says Calvin on Titus i. 5, ‘that there was not then an equality
among the ministers of the Church, but that one was with authority
placed over others.””! Luther also clearly admits that we have
Scripture authority for episcopacy, Hosea ii. 2, ‘‘Si Pontifices et
Episcopi desinant Evangelium persequi, etc..... parebimus libenter
ipsorum autoritati, guam verbo divino videmus communitam.” Then
again we have our Lord’s Epistles to the seven Churches of Asia in
the Book of Revelation, which are addressed to the Angels of those
Churches. Although attempts have been made to explain away this
evidence, it is obvious that the word angel denotes some one
individual recognized as bishop or superintendent of the Church.
Scultetus says, ‘‘All the most learned interpreters understand, by the
Angels of the seven Churches, the bishops of the seven Churches;
nor can it be otherwise interpreted without violence to the text.’” In
these letters to the seven Churches our Lord Himself recognizes the
office which we now call the episcopal office; and in Rey. i. 16, 20,
the angels are described as ‘stars’ held in His right hand. Grotius
says, ‘‘ They who by angels understand the Churches themselves
manifestly contradict the Holy Scriptures; for ‘the candlesticks are
the Churches.’ Christ says, ‘and the stars are the angels of the seven
Churches.’ It is surprising 1 Confessions and Proofs of Protestant
Divines, &c., p. 34. 2 Apr. Scuttetus. Obs. in Tit. In Confessions and
Proofs of Protestant Divines that Episcopacy is according to the Word
of God, &c. Oxford, 1644. p. 47. 
 C. M.S. MISSION AT MEJEDEL. BUILDING USED AS A
CHURCH AND SCHOOL THE LOFT Is THE PASTOR’S STUDY. wd pitty
at en Pil ai i | eh , “ Wy Mi iif f BA ( an PARSONAGE. MOUNT
CARMEL IN THE DISTANCE.
 104 THE JERUSALEM BISHOPRIC. ARTICLE XXIII. Or
MINISTERING IN THE CONGREGATION. “Tt is not lawful for any
man to take upon him the office of public preaching, or ministering
the Sacraments in the Congregation, before he be lawfully called,
and sent to execute the same. And those we ought to judge lawfully
called and sent, which be chosen and called to this work by men
who have public authority given unto them i the Congregation, to
call and send Ministers into the Lord’s vineyard.” The teaching of this
Article and the Augsburg Confession is alike; the same may also be
said of most of the Confessions of the Foreign Non-Episcopal
Churches, as the Helvetic (Art. 16), Bohemian (c. 9), and Belgian
(Art. 31). Professor Hey justly remarks, that the expression, ‘‘who
have public authority given unto them in the congregation,” seems
to leave the manner of giving the power of ordaining quite free ; it
seems as if any religious society might, consistently with this Article,
appoint officers, with power of Ordination, by election,
representation, or lot; as if, therefore, the right to ordain did not
depend upon any uninterrupted succession.’ Thomas Rogers,
Chaplain to Archbishop Bancroft, also Bishop Tomline and others,
take the same view of this Article. It is quite clear, that the words of
the Article do not maintain the necessity of Episcopal Ordination;
and consequently, as the object of the Article is to shew the 1 Hey’s
Lectures in Divinity, 2nd ed, 1822, vol. iv. p. 166. 2 Rogers’
‘Exposition of the Articles,” published in 1667, and ‘Yomline’s Expos.
of Art. ed. 1799. p. 376.
 “SeQL NI Gauvaddy LI sv ‘VINISSAGV ‘AUDIL dO IVIIdVO
AHL ‘VMOGV LV NOILVLS NOISSIW ¢
 THE JERUSALEM BISHOPRIC, 107 doctrine of the Church of
England on this subject, it cannot be said that the Church of England
maintains this necessity ; and it follows, therefore, that Bishops of
this Church can recognize Pastors of the Non-Episcopal Churches, as
has been done by the Archbishops of Canterbury and the Bishops of
London for many years (see p. 32), and for some years in
Jerusalem. In the Preface to the Ordination Service we have simply
the statement of a fact, that the three Orders of the Ministry have
existed from the times of the apostles ; but this certainly does not
touch the question of the validity of the Orders of the Foreign Non-
Episcopal Churches. And it must not be forgotten that the clergy of
the Church of England are required, by the 55th Canon of 1604, to
pray for “the Church of Scotland,” in the bidding prayer before the
sermon, as a part of Christ’s Holy Catholic Church. Now the Church
of Scotland, at the time this Canon was passed, was Presbyterian, as
it is now. The clergy of the Church of England are therefore bound
solemnly by this Canon to recognize in their prayers “the Church of
Scotland.” Then again, let us not forget the practice of the Church of
England for many years after the Reformation, when the Ordination
of Non-Episcopal Churches was fully recognized, so that ministers of
the Scotch and foreign Reformed Churches were admitted to the
cure of souls in the Church of England without any fresh Ordination,
which, was however, changed at the Restoration, and by the Act of
Uniformity. In 1582 (April 6) a licence was granted by the
VicarGeneral of the Archbishop of Canterbury (Grindal) to a minister
of the name of John Morrison, who had only Scotch Orders, in the
following terms :—‘‘Since you the foresaid John Morrison, about five
years past, in the
 108 THE JERUSALEM BISHOPRIC. town of Garvet, in the
county of Lothian, of the kingdom of Scotland, were admitted and
ordained to sacred Orders and the holy ministry, by the imposition of
hands, according to the laudable form and rite of the Reformed
Church of Scotland; and since the congregation of that county of
Lothian is conformable to the orthodox faith and sincere religion now
received in this realm of England, and established by public
authority: we, therefore, as much as lies in us, and as by right we
may, approving and ratifying the form of your Ordination and
preferment (preefectionis) done in such manner aforesaid, grant to
you a licence and faculty, with the consent and ewpress command of
the most reverend Father in Christ the Lord Edmund, by the Divine
providence Archbishop of Canterbury, to us signified, that 7 such
Orders by you taken you may, and have power, in any convenient
places in and throughout the whole province of Canterbury, to
celebrate divine offices, to minister the sacraments, &c., aS much as
in us lies, and we may de jure, and as far as the laws of the
kingdom do allow,” ee Another case is that of Dr. De Laune, which is
given in Dr. Birch’s Life of Archbishop Tillotson, from a letter of
Bishop Cosin, a witness of the case, in the following terms :—‘“‘ Dr.
De Laune, who translated the English Liturgy into French, being
collated to a living, and coming to the Bishop, then at Norwich, with
his presentation, his Lordship asked him where he had his Orders.
He answered, that he was ordained by the Presbytery at Leyden.
The Bishop upon this advised him to take the opinion of counsel,
whether by the laws of England he was capable of a benefice
without being ordained by a _ Bishop. The doctor replied, that he
thought his Lordship would be 1 Strype’s Life of Grindal, bk. 2. c. xiii.
p. 271; or Oxf. ed. p. 402.
 THE JERUSALEM BISHOPRIC, 109 unwilling to reordain
him, if his counsel should say, that he was not otherwise capable of
the living by law. The Bishop rejoined,—‘ Reordination we must not
admit, no more than a rebaptization; but im case you find it doubtful
whether you be a priest capable to receive a benefice among us, or
no, I will do the same office for you, if you desire it, that I should do
for one who doubts of his baptism, when all things belonging
essentially unto it have not been duly observed in the administration
of it, according to the rule in the Book of Common Prayer, Jf thou
beest not already, &c. YuT FOR MINE OWN PART, IF YOU WILL
ADVENTURE THE ORDERS THAT YOU HAVE, I WILL ADMIT YOUR
PRESENTATION, AND GIVE YOU INSTITUTION INTO THE LIVING
HOWSOEVER.’ But the title, which this presentation had from the
patron, proving not good, there were no further proceedings in it;
yet AFreRwARDs Dr. Dre Lavne was ADMITTED INTO ANOTHER
BENEFICE WITHOUT ANY NEW ORDINATION.””? And on this point
various testimonies might be added from unquestionable authorities;
as, for instance, that of Bishop Cosin, confessedly holding very high
views, as they are called. He says, in an admirable letter on this
subject, written from Paris, Feb. 7, 1650,—‘‘ Therefore, if at any time
a minister so ordained in these French Churches came to incorporate
himself in ours, and to receive a public charge or cure of souls
among us in the Church of England (as I have known some of them
to have so done of late, and can instance in many other before my
time), our bishops did not reordain him before they admitted him to
his charge, as they must have done, if his former Ordination here in
France had been void. Nor vip OUR LAWS REQUIRE MORE OF HIM
THAN TO DECLARE 1 Birch’s Life of Archbishop Tillotson, 2nd ed.
1753, pp. 170. 171.
 110 THE JERUSALEM. BISHOPRIC. HIS PUBLIC CONSENT
TO THE RELIGION RECEIVED AMONGST US, AND TO SUBSCRIBE
THE ARTICLES ESTABLISHED.”’! And the same testimony is borne by
Bishop Fleetwood, who says, that this was ‘certainly her practice
[7.e. of the Church of England] during the reigns of King James and
King Charles I., and to the year 1661. We had many ministers from
Scotland, from France, and the Low Countries, who were ordained,
by presbyters only, and not bishops, and they were instituted into
benefices with cure,...and yet were never re-ordained, but only
subscribed the Articles.’’? And Mr. Keble himself confesses, that, ‘‘
nearly up to the time when Hooker wrote, numbers had been
admitted to the ministry of the Church in England, with no better
than Presbyterian Ordination: and it appears by Travers’s
Supplication to the Council, that such was the construction not
uncommonly put upon the Statute of the 13th of Elizabeth,
permitting those who had received Orders in any other form than
that of the English Service Book, on giving certain securities, to
exercise their calling in England.’ The 18 Act of Elizabeth, c. 12, here
referred to, enacted that any professing to be a priest or minister of
God's Word and Sacraments, who had been ordained by any other
form than that authorized by Edward VI. and Queen Elizabeth,
should be only called upon to assent and subscribe to the Thirty-nine
Articles of Religion. And that the statute and not the ecclesiastical
law 1 Letter to Mr. Cordel, in Basire’s Account of Bishop Cosin,
annexed to his funeral Sermon; and also in Bishop Fleetwood’s
Judgment of the Church of England in the case of Lay-Baptism. 2nd
ed. Lond, 1712. p. 62. * Judgm. of Church of Engl. in case of Lay-
Baptism, 1712. 8vo. Pt. ii. Works, p. 552. 3 Kesue’s Pref. to Hooker,
p. 1xxvi.
 THE JERUSALEM BISHOPRIC, 111 was the difficulty, where
any was felt, we learn from a passage in Bishop Hall, who expressly
tells us in a work published in 1641,—‘“‘ The sticking at the
admission of our brethren returning from Reformed Churches, was
NOT IN CASE OF OrpinaTion, but of Institution : THEY HAD BEEN
ACKNOWLEDGED MINISTERS OF CHRIST, WITHOUT ANY OTHER
HANDS LAID UPON THEM; but according to the laws of our land,
they were not perhaps capable of Institution to a benefice, unless
they were so qualified as the Statutes of this realm do require. And,
secondly, I know those, more than one, that by virtue only of that
Ordination which they have brought with them from other Reformed
Churches, have enjoyed spiritual promotions and livings, WITHOUT
ANY EXCEPTION AGAINST THE LAWFULNESS OF THEIR CALLING.’’!
Now all these extracts from the writings of eminent divines of the
Church of England, and the practice of this Church. for many years
prove that the Church of England has never disowned the validity of
the Ordinations of the Scotch and Foreign Non-Episcopal Churches,
and there is certainly nothing in the Church’s Formularies against the
validity of such Orders ; for the doctrine of the Church of England,
as declared in the 23rd Article, has never been affected by the Act of
Uniformity, although the practice has been altered in England from
that which was customary before, when ministers of Foreign Non-
Episcopal Churches were freely permitted to minister in our
Churches. All that was then enforced was that the Episcopal form of
Church government having been established in England, it was very
reasonably enacted that all who held any ‘‘ promotion in England”
should receive Episcopal Ordination, But although this is the case
now, it proves nothing 1 Bishop Hall’s Defence of the Humble
Remonstrance, Sect. 14. Works, ed. Pratt, vol. 9. (pp. 690, 691.)
 112 THE JERUSALEM BISHOPRIC. as to the doctrine of the
Church of England on the abstract question of the validity of the
Orders of NonEpiscopal Churches, which has been acknowledged by
the practice of many years of the Church of England, even until quite
a recent date, for many of the first missionaries of the societies of
the Church of England were Germans who had received foreign
Orders. Therefore the Church of England does not hold the exclusive
validity of Episcopal Orders, and consequently the Bishops of
Jerusalem, following the example of the Church of England in former
years, have been justified in recognizing the validity of the
Ordination of the German Clergy sent out to Jerusalem by the
National Reformed Church of Germany, and in officiating with them
in Christ Church on Mount Zion. Here they have for many years
worked together in preaching the glorious Gospel of salvation, and in
setting before all Jesus, the Light to lighten the Gentiles, and the
glory of His people Israel. Many other extracts could be given from
the works of Divines of the Church of England, to show that they
acknowledged the Foreign Reformed Churches to be true Churches,
and their pastors true ministers of Christ, but these must suffice;
and are sufficient evidence to warrant the action of the Anglican
Bishops in Jerusalem. The King of Prussia’s great idea was to help in
healing the unhappy divisions which still exist amongst us, and in
uniting all Christians, beginning at Jerusalem, and thus hasten the
time when we shall all be one fold under one Shepherd, Jesus
Christ. May this effort to help in carrying out the pious Monarch’s
wishes be overruled by our loving heavenly Father, by the working of
His Holy Spirit, to the glory of God, and to the furtherance of His
kingdom!
 ADDENDA. 113 ADDENDA. Just as the last pages were
undergoing final correction, permission was kindly given to publish
the following most important letters. The first two, which are now
printed for the first time, had they reached the compiler earlier,
would have been inserted amongst the official documents on page
[122], the first being the reply of His Majesty the King of Prussia to
the letter of the Archbishop of Canterbury, printed on p. [116], and
then would have followed the second letter of the Archbishop to the
King. But as the latter half of this book, containing the official
documents, was already printed when these letters came to hand,
they are now added here with another one from the late Dr. Barclay,
the Anglican Bishop of Jerusalem. This last letter refers to the British
Syrian Schools, the _ statistics of which are given on pp. 47—41.
 ’ ’ ' \Lo Ay ; ( 1OT) ADDENDA. ETTER FRoM His Magsrsty
THE Kina or Prussia ‘ To THE Mosr REVEREND Tee Lorp ARrciBIsHoP
OF CANTERBURY. | REVEREND Lorp ARCHBISHOP, Minister at the
Court of Her Majesty the Queen reat Britain has laid before me the
letter which i1ave been pleased to address to me on the relato be
established between the Bishop of the 1 Church of England and
Ireland in Jerusalem, (rerman congregations residing in Palestine. I:
aot be but with satisfaction and gratitude that cognizance of the
proposals contained in it tor alisation of a plan of such high interest
for the Protestant Church. Feeling gratified in the belief, ‘he
execution of these proposals, dictated by a truly -velic spirit, will lead
the way to the implantation Oe | \ ith these feelings I pray to God,
my Lord Archverm of an increasing and prosperous development .o
Christian religion at the very place of its origin, ly appreciate the
merit which you, My Lord .!ishop, have acquired to yourself in this
cause ; i doubt not, that posterity will honor this merit ‘1@ same
increasing proportion, as the salutary ~-quences of this co-operation
of the two greatest stant National Churches will, under God’s
blessing, nifested. », that He may long preserve your precious life, 4
ike you under His almighty protection. FREDERICK WILLIAM. n,
June, 1842. ilis Grace Lhe Archbishop of Canterbury, Primate of all
England.
 ADDENDA kEPLY FROM THE ARCHBISHOP To THE Kine.
Lambeth, July 21, 183: Sire, I am deeply impressed with the sense
of your Majo-'\” condescension and kindness by the approbation
your Majesty has so graciously expressed of the pr } which I had the
honor of submitting to your May.) consideration, in regard to the
relations to be estab’: between the Bishop of the United Church of
Eneiinc and Ireland settled in Jerusalem, and the German ‘
gregations residing in Palestine which may be mitted to his charge. I
am farther indebted to your Majesty’s go for a present most highly
gratifying, the portr:: your Majesty, conveyed to me through the Chi
Bunsen, which I receive with peculiar satisfactior testimony of the
value which your Majesty is ]} to attach to my humble endeavours to
promo: success of a measure originating in your M: zeal for the
advancement of true Religion. Most earnestly praying that a plan
conceived 1 genuine spirit of evangelical charity, may, und direction
of God’s good Providence, have the which your Majesty desires of
establishing th fession of a pure faith in the land where the was first
preached, and form a centre of union Churches of Christ, I have the
honor to be, Sire, With profound respect, Your Majesty’s most
faithful and obliged & W. Cant To Lis Majesty The King of Prussia.
m2
 116 ADDENDA. THe British Syr1An SCHOOLS. ‘¢ JEHOVAH-
JIREH.”’ ‘Tae Lorp WILL PROVIDE.’’ The late Anglican Bishop of
Jerusalem, Dr. Barclay, took the greatest interest in these Schools,
founded by Mrs. Bowen Thompson in 1860; for he had been, in
1861, when stationed as a Missionary in Palestine, one of the earliest
eye-witnesses both of the misery caused by the massacres in Syria,
and of the noble efforts made by Mrs. Bowen Thompson to turn this
misery into a blessing, by founding schools, and giving these poor
misguided people the pure Word of God, and thus leading them to
love Jesus and follow in His footsteps. In this letter Bishop Barclay
(July 1880) gives his testimony to the noble work carried on in these
schools. He wrote this letter from Jerusalem, having just returned
from one of his missionary tours in his Diocese, during which he had
examined these Schools; for he was determined by personal
inspection to make himself thoroughly acquainted with the various
evangelistic and educational institutions carried on in the Jerusalem
Diocese. All will read the Bishop’s letter with devout thankfulness to
Almighty God for the great work which in His good providence has
been achieved through these Schools. We cannot but acknowledge
how wonderfully the Lord has here made good come out of evil; for,
but for the terrible massacres in Syria, Mrs. Bowen Thompson might
perhaps never have thought of founding these Schools on which
God’s blessing is resting. The examination to which the Bishop
alludes in his letter extended over a whole week; and the kind
manner in which he entered into the various subjects of study is said
to have greatly encouraged the young people.
 ADDENDA. i By Both teachers and pupils were gratified by
his commendation of their knowledge of the Word of God, which
was the foundation of all their teaching, and is the true and only
sure basis of all other acquirements. The Bishop, in alluding to his
early acquaintance with the work, in its small beginnings and in its
later growth, remarked that he had seen it the acorn in 1861, and
saw it then in 1880 as the oak. On the Sunday the Bishop held a full
service at the Anglo-American Church, and in the afternoon he was
present at the Annual Meeting of the Sunday Schools, held in the
same Church; a large proportion of the children were the pupils of
the various British Syrian Schools. One evening was devoted to the
reception of some of the principal residents ; there was also a large
evening gathering of the native Teachers, Bible-women, and
Scripture Readers, when the Bishop gave them an excellent address,
in which he especially urged the importance of seeking the aid of the
Holy Spirit, to enable them to train the young people committed to
their charge in the nurture and admonition of the Lord. But perhaps
the most interesting mecting was that which closed the Bishop’s visit
—namely, a garden gathering of about 800 of the pupils of the
Branch Schools, who came, with their teachers at their head, singing
some favourite hymn, such as “ Shall we gather at the river,” “ When
He cometh to make up His jewels.” The pupils and young teachers of
the Institution, numbering about 100, were ranged under the shade
of the trees in front of the terrace, in their simple Syrian veils, while
some of the junior girls of the Moslem School came wrapped up in
their gaily-coloured izars. The Bishop and visitors were seated on the
terrace. Several of the schools came up and presented addresses in
English, French and Arabic. The blind men and girls
 118 ADDENDA. were also present; all were regaled with
cake and fruit. It was a lovely day in June, closing with a glorious
sunset, promising a bright rising again. Bishop Barclay’s letter : ‘*
Jerusalem, July, 1880 : ‘Tt has given me the greatest pleasure and
satisfaction to be present at, and to take part in, the examination of
the Training Institution of the British Syrian Schools ; and also to
visit and examine several of the other Schools in Beirut during my
stay there, from the 22nd to the 29th of June. In the beginning of
the year 1861 I was in Beirut, some months after the horrible
massacres, and saw the commencement of these Schools by the late
Mrs. Bowen Thompson, that most devoted servant of God. Class
hatreds and jealousies were then the greatest hindrances to the
good work. At intervals of several years I have seen the steady
growth and prosperity of the efforts made to teach the natives, until
now the work of education has become a mighty agency for the
enlightenment of that part of Syria. When I contrast the present with
the past, it may well be said, ‘What hath God wrought!’” ‘‘‘The
handful of corn in the earth upon the top of the mountains; the fruit
thereof shall’ shake lke Lebanon.’ But few children could be gathered
together at first; now, however, the pupils in the several Schools,
including Christians, Jews, Moslems, and Druses, amount to nearly
3,000. Out of some twenty-seven Schools, I was able to visit the
Ashrafia (70 pupils), the Boys’ (119), East Coombe (150), Es Sayfeh
(199), Moslem (210), Olive Branch (191), and the Training
Institution with its Boarders, Day Scholars, and Pupil Teachers (117).
In all of them I found the Word of God to be the foundation on
which the instruction is based.’ ; The knowledge which the children
exhibited was most gratifying and encouraging. Some were well
versed in the Hundred Texts; others in the Gospels, the Acts of the
Apostles, < 
 ADDENDA, 119 and various books of the Bible. One class
quite surprised me with a minute acquaintance with the book of Job.
Secular learning is also well cultivated. “The Arabic, French, and
English ‘languages are used for conveying instruction in arithmetic,
grammar, geography, history, and the usual branches of a sound
education. The writing of the various schools which 1 examined was
very neat and clean, and the discipline remarkably good. Needlework
and embroidery are also well taught. The blind, both young and
adults, are exercised in Moon’s system of raised characters; and
most touching was it to hear them sweetly sing hymns of praise to
God, while looking on their sightless eyeballs. A pious and loving
spirit seemed to pervade both teachers and pupils; and the
superintendents and their assistants work together in the most
harmonious union. God’s blessing, in answer to prayer, evidently
rests upon the various agents, the great majority of whom have
been trained in the Schools themselves. Many have been supported
by friends in England until they have become good and efficient
teachers, such as Sophia Zarzooi, the protégée of Miss Edwards. In
going over the Boardingschool I observed the air of tidiness, and
order, and economy with which the dormitories were arranged. The
flooring in some cases was, however, defective; and the concrete
was broken into holes. No doubt, if contributions were more liberal,
the floors would be re-laid with some more lasting material. “Taken
generally, I feel thankful to God for the British Syrian Schools, as one
of the means for civilizing, and spreading abroad a knowledge of our
Saviour amongst the different nationalities and denominations in
that part of my very extensive Diocese; and I commend their
support most cordially to all those who long for the establishment of
truth and justice in Syria, Palestine, and Asia Minor. “J. Aner.
HrErosot.”’
 120 ADDENDA, God’s Command and our Duty. ‘* Comfort
ye, comfort ye My people, saith your God. Speak ye comfortably to
Jerusalem, and cry unto her, that her warfare ts accomplished, that
her iniquity is pardoned : Sor she hath received of the Lord’s hand
double for all her sins. O thou that tellest good tidings to Zion, get
thee up into the high mountain ; O thou that tellest good tidings to
Jerusalem, lift up thy voice with strength : Lift it up, be not afraid ;
say unto the cities of Judah, BEHOLD your Gop!” Isaiah xl. 1, 2, 9. “¢
For Zion’s sake will I not hold my peace, and for Jerusalem’s sake I
will not rest, until the righteousness thereof go forth as brightness,
and the salvation thereof as a lamp that burneth. And the Gentiles
shall see thy righteousness, and all kings thy glory : and thou shalt
be called by a new name, which the mouth of the Lord shall name.
Thou shalt also be a crown of glory in the hand of the Lord, and a
royal diadem in the hand of thy God, Thou shalt no more be termed
Forsaken: §ce. Go through, go through the gates ; prepare ye the
way of the people ; cast up, cast up the highway ; gather out the
stones ; lift up a standard for the people. Behold, the Lord hath
proclaimed unto the end of the world, Say ye to the daughter of
Zion, Behold, thy salvation cometh ; Behold, His reward ts with Him,
and His work before Him.” Isaiah lxii. 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 11. “* Rejoice ye
with Jerusalem .... all ye that love her: rejoice for joy with her, all ye
that mourn for her.” ‘ Isaiah lxvi. 10. “Wray for the Peace of
Ferusalem.”’
 MAP OF JERUSALEM Reduced from the Ordnance Survey
Scale of Teet 21000 2000 3, if - Fdw* Weller.
120 ADDENDA.
Hocuments, Hetters, &e.
 [2] Tue Instructions or Kina FrepERIoK WILLIAM TO HIS
SpEciAL Envoy, THE Privy Councrtior, Dr. Bunsen.! THE instructions
open with a brief notice of the points to be discussed with the
English Government, namely, the protection which should be
afforded to the subjects of both powers in the Turkish dominions,
without distinction of creed. They then proceed as follows :— Sans-
souct, June 8, 1841. ‘Should the Government of Great Britain appear
not indisposed to enter, under certain admissions, into an
engagement with his Majesty, from which the attainment of the
objects in question may be reasonably anticipated, his Majesty
entrusts his Envoy Extraordinary on this Special Mission with the
following duty :— “The Envoy shall, in such confidential form as the
English Government may approve, by the medium of conference
with the Archbishop of Canterbury as Primate of England, and with
the Bishop of London as the immediate head of the several
congregations of the Church of England in foreign parts, endeavour
to ascertain,— “How far the Church of England, which is already
possessed of a minister’s residence on Mount Zion, and has begun to
build a church on the spot, would be inclined to grant the
Evangelical National Church of Prussia rank, as a sister-Ohurch, in
the Holy Land ? ‘‘Tnasmuch as such an union would affect the most
delicate points of national feeling in both countries, and 1The
Protestant Bishopric in Jerusalem; its Origin and Progress. B.
Wertheim, London, 1847; p. 41.
 [3] Die Huftruftion des Kontigs Friedrid Wilhelm an Geinen
Gefandten den Gehetmen Legations- Rath Or Bunfen Nachdem die
Ynftruftion im Cingange die mit der englifhen Regierung yu
befpredenden Punfte furzZ angedeutet, namlich itber den Schus aller
beiderfeitigen Unterthanen tm tlirfifchen MReiche, ohne Unterfchied
des Befenntniffes, fahrt fie folgendermafen fort: SGansfouct am 8.
Sunius 1841, ,,Dollte die Grofbrittannifte Regierung fich nist
abgencigt gctgen, unter gewiffern Borausfebungen, mit des Kodnigs
Majeftat in eine BVereinbarung einjgugehen, von welher fich die
Erreichung dtefer Bwede verniinftigerweife hoffen lAbt, fo wollen
Wllerhochftdtefelben Shren auferordentlichen Gefandten in Ddicfer
Spezial-Miffion nod AUllerhohftfelbft mit folgendem AWuftrage
verfehen. ,,€8 foll namlich derfelbe, in etner, dent englifhen
Mtnifterium genehimen, gang vertraulidhen Form, durch Befprez
mung mit dem Erzbifhof von Canterbury, als Primas von England,
und mit dem Bifchof von London, als unmittelharem Haupte der
einjelnen ausivdrtigen Gemeinden der englifrhen Riche, gu ermitteln
fuchen : »,ur welder Art die englifhe Lanbdesfirche, welhe bereits
fidh im Befibe eines Pfarrgebaudes auf dem Berge Bion befindet,
und dafelbft den Bau einer Kirche begonnen hat, geneigt fein diirfte,
der evangelifhen Landestirhe Preufens eine fchwefterliche Stellung
im gelobten Lande gu geftatten. Da eine foldhe Bereinbarung die
jarteften Punfte des National-Lebens beider Volfer berithrt, und der
Gegenftand ein 1Dq8 evangelifhe Bisthum in Sevujalem, Berlin,
1842, CG. 33.
 [4] KING FREDERICK WILLIAM’S INSTRUCTIONS. the
subject is of so deep an importance and so sacred a nature, his
Majesty deems it necessary, with a view to avoid all
misunderstanding, to enter into a clear and undisguised explanation
of the convictions which have guided him on this occasion. ‘“‘ His
Majesty, in the first place, sets out with the conviction, that
Protestant Christianity can entertain no hope of enjoying full and
permanent recognition in the Kast, and especially in the Holy Land,
or of reaping any blessed and lasting fruits from its labours or its
diffusion, unless it exhibits itself, to the utmost possible extent, as a
united body in those countries. ‘‘ Above all, it should be remembered
that, in that quarter, both the Government and people have been
accustomed, in all ages, to see those who acknowledge themselves
to be co-religionists, appear and act together in spiritual affairs as
one body, subject to uniform discipline and forms. This is the
character in which Judaism—this the character in which the
corporations of the Latin, Greek, and Armenian Churches, exhibit
themselves to the people of the East. If, therefore, by the side of
these, Protestant Christendom were to come forward and insist upon
being recognised under all its separate denominations, the
Episcopal-Anglican, Scotch-Presbyterian, United-Evangelical,!
Lutheran, Reformed, Baptist, Wesleyan, Independent, and such like,
the Turkish Government would undoubtedly hesitate to grant such a
recognition: an act which comprehends the grant of the highest
political privileges to the heads of all such recognised corporations.
Hence, not longer since than last month, the bishops of the several
Christian communities in Syria were summoned to Damascus to
confer with the mufti and cadi upon the future government of the
country, and each of them received permission to nominate five ‘The
Church in Prussia is called “ Die Evangelisch-Unirte Kirche.”
 Die Juftruftion des Konigs Friedrich Wilhelm. [5] fo
bochwichtiger und beiliger ift: fo erachten Seine Mafeftat, sur
Bermetdung aller Mifverftindniffe, es fiir nothwendig, iiber die
Ueberjeugungen, welche WAllerhoftdiefelben dabei Leiten, fic) bier
Far und offen aussufpreden. Seine Majeftat gehn alfo sundahft von
der Uebergzeugung aus, daf bas evangelifhe Chriftenthunt im Orient
und namentlih im gelobten Lande, feine Soffnung auf volle und
dauernde Anerfennung, und auf fegensreie und bfleibende Wirfung
und Ausbreitung hat, wenn vaffelbe fich nicht in jenen Gegenden
moglidft alg cine Cinbeit darftellt. pouvorbderft find Regierung und
Bolf dort von jeher gewohnt, diefenigen, welche fid) als
Glaubensgenoffen anerfennen, in ihren geiftlidben Angelegenhetten
als cinen Kdrper mit gemeinfamer Zudt und Ordnung, auftreten und
handeln gu feben. Go fteht das Sudenthum vor ifnen; fo ftellen dte
Korperfihaften der Lateiner, der Griechen, der WArimenier fic ibnen
dar, Wollte nun die evangelifrhe Chriftenheit, diefen gegentiber,
gugleich als bifhoflid-englifhe, als preshytertanifmfhottifthe, als
evangelifih-unirte, als Tutheranifche, als reformirte, als baptiftifihe,
als Methodiftens oder Sudependenten-Gemeinfhaft, und
Ddergleiden, auftreten und WAnerfennung fordern, fo wiirre die
tirfifhe Megierung gewifi Bedenfen tragen, dtefe WAnere fennung gu
gewabren. Denn eine folhe UAnerfennung fchlieft fiir die Borfteher
der Korperfihaften die Hhodften politifcen Rechte in fih. So find noch
im Horigen Monate die Bifcsfe der verfchiedenen chriftlifthen
Rorperfdhaften SGyriens in Damagfus mit dem Mufti und Cadi zu
einer Berathung ber die fiinftige Berwaltung des Landes herufen,
und es iff einem jeren derfelben bewilligt worden, fiinf
@Abhgeordnete feines
 [6] KING FREDERICK WILLIAM'S INSTRUCTIONS. members
of his confession as its representatives in the Supreme
Administrative Council of Syria. Before the Porte, therefore, would
consent to confer such rank and power, even provisionally, on the
various Protestant communities, it would inquire into the number
and condition of such of its subjects as are members of those new
communities respectively, as well as into the species of guarantee
which each could tender for its permanency ; for the individuals who
instituted, and still compose, the present privileged corporations,
were, and are, settlers in the land and subjects of the Porte,
whereas the whole of the Protestant communities together cannot at
present adduce more than a few individual natives who have come
over to them. We admit that, of late years, a number of natives,
some of them persons of high consideration, residing in Armenia as
well as at Beyrout and Jerusalem, have expressed a desire to
embrace Protestant Christianity, or to allow their children to be
educated in its principles ; but the majority have been held back,
because the missionaries had no means whatever of ensuring
protection and safety to them. It is however manifest and certain
that it will be necessary we should claim to be placed on an equal
footing with the recognised communities, although we have it not in
our power toadduce an adequate number of members to form the
new corporations. But when we come to the guarantees, which may
rightfully be required of us, what Government would be enabled and
inclined to undertake the responsibility for such a host of
communities ? The Porte, too, would be undoubtedly fortified in its
hesitation by the interposition of the religious communities which it
has already recognised. ‘‘Independently of this consideration, how
great would be the disadvantage under which the Protestant
Christians, so split into fragments, would labour by the side of these
ancient Churches! Whatever defects may characterize their internal
state, outwardly they constitute a firm and 
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