Ujjain Engineering College
Indore road, Ujjain 456010
Electrical Engineering Department
Lab Manual Circuit
Theory (EE 3003)
Semester: III
Electrical Engineering, Ujjain Engineering College Page 1
List of Experiments
Name of Experiment
Sr.No.
1 Verification of Superposition theorem.
2 Verification of reciprocity theorem .
3 Verification of Thevenin‟s theorem.
4 Verification of Norton‟s theorem.
5 Verification of maximum power transfer theorem.
6 Verification of Compensation theorem.
7 Study of Transients in R-C circuit and determination of time constant.
8 Study the frequency response of series resonance circuit.
9 Study the frequency response of parallel resonance circuit.
10 To plot the locus diagram of R-L series circuit.
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EXPERIMENT NUMBER: 1
OBJECT: - Verification of Superposition theorem.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: -
Sr. No. Equipment Range Type Quantity
1
2
3
4
5
THEORY: - In the analysis of electrical networks, a number of network theorems can be applied to
simplify the analysis. The best known and most widely used is Superposition theorem. Electrical
networks as well as all systems comprising of linear elements obey the principle of superposition
which states that if there are number of causes exist simultaneously; the resulting effect is the sum of
the individual effects of all the causes. The general statement of the theorem can be stated in the
following forms.
“If any network consisting of linear elements, the current flowing at any point is the sum of the
currents that would flow if each generator were considered separately. All other generators being
replaced by their internal impedances”.
PROCEDURE:-
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig. 1.1.
2. Note down the reading of ammeters A1, A2, A3.
3. Connect the circuit as shown in fig. 1.2.
4. Note down the reading of ammeters A1, A2, A3.
5. Connect the circuit as shown in fig. 1.3.
6. Note down the reading of ammeters A1, A2, A3.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
R1 R2
A1 A2
I1 I2
E2
E1
5V
5V
I3
A3
Figure 1:1 Test Circuit for Superposition Theorem
Case 1: when E1 is active and E2 is inactive.
R1 R2
A1 A2
I1 I2
E1
5V
I3
A3
Figure 1:2 Equivalent Circuit when Source E1 is active
Case: 2 when E2 is active and E1 is inactive.
R1 R2
A1 A2
I1 I2
E2
5V
I3
A3
Figure 1:3 Equivalent Circuit when Source E2 is active
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OBSERVATION TABLE:-
(1)
(2) When E2 = 0
(3) When E1 = 0
CALCULATION: - Calculate currents , and .
RESULT: - Theoretical & Practical results are shown in table.
I1 I2 I3
Theoretical
Practical
QUESTIONS:
(1) What is the condition under which the Superposition theorem can be applied?
(2) Where Superposition theorem used?
(3) Can we apply Superposition theorem to AC circuit?
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EXPERIMENT NUMBER: 2
OBJECT: - Verification of reciprocity theorem.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: -
Sr. No. Equipment Range Type Quantity
1
2
3
4
5
THEORY: -
Statement: Reciprocity theorem states that – In any branch of a network or circuit, the current due to a
single source of voltage (V) in the network is equal to the current through that branch in which the source
was originally placed when the source is again put in the branch in which the current was originally
obtained.
PROCEDURE:-
1. Connect voltage source at terminals A and B and ammeter across terminals C and D as per
circuit shown in figure 2.1.
2. Note down the reading of ammeter.
3. Interchange the position of source & response as per circuit shown in figure 2.2.
4. Note down the reading of ammeter between terminals A and B.
5. Repeat steps 1 to 4 for different values of voltages.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
3.3 K ohm 2.2 K ohm
A C
Am
1 K ohm
5V
ICD
B D
Figure 2:1
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3.3 K ohm 2.2 K ohm
A C
Am
1 K ohm
5V
IAB
B D
Figure 2:2
OBSERVATIONS TABLE:-
For circuit of figure 2.1 For circuit of figure 2.2
Sr. VAB ICD (mA) VCD IAB (mA)
No.
1
RESULT: -
CONCLUSION:
QUESTIONS:
(1) What is the limitation of Reciprocity theorem?
(2) Is Reciprocity theorem applicable to AC circuit?
(3) Are all passive networks reciprocal?
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EXPERIMENT NUMBER: 3
OBJECT: - Verification of Thevenin‟s theorem.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: -
Sr. No. Equipment Range Type Quantity
1
2
3
4
5
THEORY:-
Statement: Any linear bilateral network containing one or more voltage sources can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit consisting of a single voltage source whose value is equal to the open circuit voltage
across the output terminals (VTH) in series with Thevenin‟s equivalent resistance (RTH). The
Thevenin‟s equivalent resistance is equal to the effective resistance measured between the output
terminals, with the load resistance removed and with all the energy sources are replaced by their
internal resistances. Current through the load resistance is given by:
PROCEDURE:-
1. Connect the circuit as per Figure 3.1. Note down the current through the load resistance.
2. Remove the load resistor RL and connect the circuit as per figure 3.2 and Note down the
reading of voltmeter as VTH.
3. Find out RTH by shorting the voltage source and measuring the equivalent resistance across
open circuited RL (10 K) terminals using a multimeter as shown in fig (3.3). Compare this
value with the calculated value.
4. Connect the Thevenin‟s equivalent circuit as shown in figure 3.4 and Note down the reading of
ammeter.
5. If current through the load resistance using Thevenin‟s theorem is equal to the measured value
of the current from figure 3.1, Thevenin‟s Theorems is verified.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
10 KΩ 10 KΩ
4.7 KΩ
8.2 KΩ
RL RL
4.7 KΩ
8.2 KΩ
10 V
Figure 3:1 Test Circuit for Thevenin‟s Theorem Figure 3:3 Equivalent Circuit for calculation of RL
10 KΩ RTH
A
4.7 KΩ
8.2 KΩ
10 V VTH
VTH
RL
Figure 3:2 Equivalent Circuit for calculation of VTH Figure 3:4 Thevenin‟s Equivalent circuit
OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS:
THEORETICAL:
Open circuit voltage VTH =
Thevenin‟s Equivalent Resistance RTH =
Current through the load resistor IL =
MEASURED:
Open circuit voltage VTH =
Thevenin‟s Equivalent Resistance RTH =
Current through the load resistor IL =
RESULT: -
CONCLUSION:
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QUESTIONS:
(1) Is the Thevnin‟s theorem application to A.C. circuits and a network of active elements?
(2) In the calculation of Rth, what principles should be observed in replacing voltage
sources and current sources?
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EXPERIMENT NUMBER: 4
OBJECT:- Verification of Norton‟s theorem.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: -
Sr. No. Equipment Range Type Quantity
1
2
3
4
5
THEORY: - Any linear bilateral network containing one or more current sources can be replaced by
an equivalent circuit consisting of an equivalent current source, in parallel with an equivalent
resistance. Value of current source is equal to the short circuit current through the output terminals
with the load resistance shorted. The Norton‟s equivalent resistance is equal to the effective resistance
measured between the output terminals with the load resistance removed, and with all the energy
sources replaced by their internal resistances.
Current through the load resistance is given by
Procedure:-
1. Connect the circuit as per Figure 4.1. Note down the current through the load resistance.
2. Remove the load resistor RL and connect the circuit as per figure 4.2 and Note down the
reading of ammeter as IN.
3. Find out RN by shorting the voltage source and measuring the equivalent resistance across open
circuited RL (10 K) terminals using a multimeter as shown in fig (4.3) Compare this value
with the calculated value.
4. Connect the Norton‟s equivalent circuit as shown in figure 4.4 and Note down the reading of
ammeter.
5. If current through the load resistance using Norton‟s theorem is equal to the measured value of
the current from figure 4.1, Norton‟s Theorems is verified.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
10 KΩ 10 KΩ
4.7 KΩ
8.2 KΩ
RL RN
4.7 KΩ
8.2 KΩ
10 V
Figure 4:1 Test Circuit for Norton‟s Theorem Figure 4:3 Equivalent Circuit for calculation of RN
10 KΩ A
A
4.7 KΩ
8.2 KΩ
10 V IN IN RTH RN
Figure 4.2 Equivalent Circuit for calculation of IN Figure 4:4 Norton‟s Equivalent circuit
OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS:
THEORETICAL:
Short circuit current IN =
Norton‟s Equivalent Resistance RN =
Current through the load resistor IL =
MEASURED:
Short circuit current IN =
Norton‟s Equivalent Resistance RN =
Current through the load resistor IL =
RESULT: -
CONCLUSION:
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QUESTIONS:
(1) What are the applications of Norton‟s theorem?
(2) What are the advantages of Norton‟s theorem?
(3) What is the similarity between Thevnin‟s theorem & Norton‟s theorem?
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EXPERIMENT NUMBER:5
OBJECT: - Verification of maximum power transfer theorem.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: -
Sr. No. Equipment Range Type Quantity
1
2
3
4
5
THEORY: -
STATEMENT:
For D.C. :- The maximum power is said to be delivered from the source to the load when the load
resistance is equal to the source resistance.
For the given circuit maximum power delivered to the load is given by:
A.C.:- The maximum power is said to be delivered to the load when the source
Impedance is complex conjugate of load impedance.
PROCEDURE:-
1. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram 5.1.
2. Apply 10V DC from the regulated power supply module.
3. Connect decade resistance box as a variable load resistance.
4. Take the readings of the ammeter and voltmeter while varying RL in suitable steps.
5. Tabulate the readings and plot the graph between power and RL.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
RTH
RL VL
V
VTH
Figure 5:1 Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit
EXPECTED GRAPH:
RL
RTH
OBSERVATIONS TABLE:-
RTH = VTH =
Sr. No. VL IL RL(VL/IL) P=VL*RL
1
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6
10
11
12
13
14
15
CALCULATIONS:-
1. Plot the graph between powers and load resistance.
2. Calculate the maximum power transfer and the value of RL for maximum power transfer.
RESULT: -
CONCLUSION:
QUESTIONS:
(1) Is the current maximum when RL / RS = 1?
(2) What is the efficiency of maximum power transfer?
(3)What are the steps to solve maximum power transfer theorem?
(4) What are the applications of maximum power transfer theorem?
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EXPERIMENT NUMBER: 6
OBJECT: - Verification of Compensation theorem.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: -
Sr. No. Equipment Range Type Quantity
1
2
3
4
5
THEORY: -
Compensation Theorem states that in a linear time invariant network when the resistance (R) of an
uncoupled branch, carrying a current (I), is changed by (ΔR). The currents in all the branches would change
and can be obtained by assuming that an ideal voltage source of (VC) has been connected such that VC= I
(ΔR) in series with (R + ΔR) when all other sources in the network are replaced by their internal
resistances.
In Compensation Theorem, the source voltage (VC) opposes the original current.
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PROCEDURE:-
1. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram 6.1 with variable resistance R and note down the current
through ammeter (I1).
2. Vary the value of resistance to R2 and note down the current through ammeter (I2).
3. Calculate the change in current ΔI.
4. Calculate the value of compensating source voltage by equation Vc = - I1 ΔR , where I1 is the
current originally flowing in the circuit and ΔR is the change in resistance.
5. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram 6.2 and note down the current through ammeter (Ic).
a. Compare the ammeter reading with current calculated in step 3.
b. Repeat step 1 to 5 for different values of resistances.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1K 1K 1K 1K
R
1K
R
10V 1K
A
A
VC
Figure 6.1 Figure 6.2
OBSERVATIONS TABLE:-
S.No. R1 I1 R2 I2 ΔI Vc= I1 ΔR Ic
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RESULT AND CONCLUSION:
QUESTIONS: (1) What is compensation theorem?
(2) What are the applications?
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EXPERIMENT NUMBER: 7
OBJECT: - Study of Transients in R-C circuit and determination of time constant.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: -
Sr. No. Equipment Range Type Quantity
1
2
3
4
5
THEORY: - Whenever a circuit is switched from one condition to another, either by a change in the
applied source or a change in the circuit elements, there is a transition period during which the branch
currents and element voltages change from their former values to new ones. This period is called the
transient. After the transient has passed, the circuit is said to be in the steady state.
C
2
V
Fig. 7.1
At t = 0 i.e. the instant when the switch is closed Vc = 0 and hence I = V / R . Vc at any instant is given by
⁄
when switch position in at „1‟. The rate of charging of the capacitor is determined by
product of R and C and it is called time constant of the circuit. The time constant is the time in sec required
to charge the capacitor to a value of 63.2% of supply voltage.
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V V
0.632 V
0.368 V
t
t RC
RC
Fig. 7.2(a) Fig. 7.2(b)
When switch is in position 2 tha capacitor gets discharged through the resistor gradually. Ideal curve is
shown in fig. 7.2, having the same time constant as that of charging.
PROCEDURE:-
1. Select the switch Position according to the figure 7.3
2. Charge the capacitor by closing the switch and start the stop watch.
3. Note the voltage across the capacitor at suitable intervals until a steady voltage is reached.
4. Disconnect the source and connect a terminal to „b‟ and simultaneously start the stop watch.
5. Note the voltage across the capacitor at suitable intervals until a steady voltage is reached.
6. Repeat the step 2 to 5 by connecting „a‟ terminal to „b‟ terminal i.e. discharging capacitor through
R2 .
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
R
a
b b’
C R1 R2
Fig. 7.3
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OBSERVATIONS TABLE:-
During charging During Discharging
Sr. Voltage Time Voltage across C
No. Time (sec.) across C (sec.)
(Volt)
(Volt)
CALCULATION:
Plot the graph between voltage and time for both charging as well as discharging of the capacitor and
calculate the time constant for both cases.
RESULTS:-
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CONCLUSION:
QUESTIONS: (1) What is transient analysis?
(2) What are the different types of transients?
(3) What is the energy stored in a capacitor?
(4) What is an R.C. time constant?
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EXPERIMENT NUMBER: 8
OBJECT: To study the frequency response of series resonance circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sr. No. Equipment Range Type Quantity
1
2
3
4
5
THEORY:
The reactance of the circuit elements (L and C) depends upon the frequency. Hence the behaviour of the
circuit will be decided by the elements of the circuit and also by the frequency of the impressed voltage.
The reactance of inductances and capacitances are of opposite nature and the former varies in direct
proportion to frequency while the latter varies in inverse proportion. If the frequency of the impressed
voltage is varied keeping the elements of the circuit constant, the response of the circuit will change with
frequency. Hence there will be particular freq. where the impendence of the network will become resistive,
the reactive effects being nullified (if the circuit contains L and C both). The circuits is offer least or largest
impedance to the current depending upon whether the elements L and C are in series or in parallel. The
phenomenon is made use of in various communication circuits. Practical consequence of this circuit is that
a resonant circuit can select a signal operating at the resonant frequency and discriminate against all other
frequencies.
Electrical resonance occurs in an electric circuit at a particular resonant frequency when the
impedances or admittances of circuit elements cancel each other. In some circuits, this happens when the
impedance between the input and output of the circuit is almost zero and the transfer function is close to
one.
A resonant circuit (series or parallel) must have an inductive and a capacitive element. A resistive element
will always be present due to the internal resistance of the source (Rs), the internal resistance of the
inductor (Rl).
Z = R + j (XL-XC)
At resonance XL = XC
fr =
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Z,Xc,XL,R,I
Figure 8:1 Frequency Response of Series R LC circuit
Figure (8.1) shown above represents the variation of inductive and capacitive reactance,
resistance, total impedance and current in circuit with respect to the frequency. At certain frequency
(Resonance frequency) the inductive reactance becomes equal to capacitive reactance and their effects are
cancelled out by each other. Thus in resonance condition current behave as resistive circuit. Sharpness of
the curve is determined by the value of resistance compared with XL or XC.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
R L
C
Z
Variable
Frequency
Source
Figure 8:2 Series R L C Circuit
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PROCEDURE:
(1) Connect the circuit as shown in fig. (8.2)
(2) Connect the function generator at the input.
(3) Vary the input frequency keeping Vi constant and measure the output voltage across R, VL , VC
and current through ammeter
OBSERVATION TBALE:
Vi =
Sr. No. Frequency in Hz I in amps VR in Volts VL in Volts VC in Volts
CALCULATION:
Plot the graph between current V/S frequency, XL V/S frequency, Xc V/S frequency.
RESULT:
Resonance frequency (Theoretical):
Resonance frequency (Experimental):
CONCLUSION:
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QUESTIONS:
(1) What is the power factor at resonance and at two cutoff frequency.
(2) What is the application on series resonance circuit?
(3) What precaution to be taken while dealing with R-L-C series circuit?
(4) What is bandwidth?
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EXPERIMENT NUMBER: 9
OBJECT: To study the frequency response of parallel resonance circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sr. No. Equipment Range Type Quantity
1
2
3
4
5
THEORY: When a capacitor and inductor are connected in parallel, there is one frequency at which the
circuit is in resonance. At resonance line current is at a minimum value and impedance is at a maximum
value at low frequencies large current flows in the inductive branch due to its lower reactance. At high
frequencies, the capacitive branch has a least reactance and larger current flows through it. There is one
frequency at which the reactances are equal and thus the branch currents are equal and they are 1800 out of
phase. The resonant frequency is given by
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
C
Vi
Fig. 9.1
PROCEDURE:
(1) Connect the circuit as shown in fig.(9.1).
(2) Connect the function generator at the input.
(3) Vary the input frequency, keeping Vi constant and measure the output voltage across R,and
current through ammeter.
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OBSERVATION TBALE:
Vi =
Sr. No. Frequency in Hz I in amps VR in Volts
CALCULATION:
Plot the graph between current and frequency.
RESULT:
Resonance frequency (Theoretical):
Resonance frequency (Experimental):
CONCLUSION:
QUESTIONS: (1) Why is parallel resonant circuit inductive below the resonant frequency?
(2) Why are the Voltage & current are 70.7% at half power frequencies?
(3) Express (f2 - f1) in terms of circuit parameters?
(4) What is Q - factor?
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EXPERIMENT NUMBER: 10
OBJECT: To plot locus diagram of R-L series circuit, when R is varied.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sr. No. Equipment Range Type Quantity
1
2
3
4
5
THEORY:
When the magnitude of the input voltage to a circuit consisting of linear and passive elements is varied, the
magnitude of the response (current) varies proportionately, when some of the circuit parameter is changed
the response varies in both magnitude and phase.
In a series circuit with constant reactance, when R is varied the polar locus of current is circular when a
constant A.C. voltage of constant frequency is applied to the circuit.
On an impedance plane(R-X), for varying R-L circuit, with L constant but varying R, impedance locus is a
line parallel to X-axis.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
L R
Vi
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig10.1.
2. Measure the reading of voltage across resistor (VR), voltage across inductor (VL) and ammeter.
3. Vary resistor in steps and again note VR, VL and I .
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OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr. No. Vs VR VL I R XL
CALCULATION: Calculate R and XL and then angle Ø. Plot the locus of current on graph paper.
RESULT:
CONCLUSION:
QUESTIONS: (1) Draw the locus of current when XL is variable.
(2) How is the impedance locus when RL is variable?
(3) What is the similarity between I and Y locus?
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