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 Contents vii

7–3 Confidence Intervals and Sample Size for 9–5 Testing the Difference Between Two
Proportions 390 Variances 528
Confidence Intervals 391 Summary 539
Sample Size for Proportions 393
7–4 Confidence Intervals for Variances and
Standard Deviations 399
CHAPTER 10
Summary 406
Correlation and
CHAPTER 8 Regression 549

Hypothesis Testing 413

Introduction 550
10–1 Scatter Plots and Correlation 550
Correlation 554
10–2 Regression 566
Introduction 414 Line of Best Fit 566
8–1 Steps in Hypothesis Testing—Traditional Determination of the Regression Line Equation 567
Method 414 10–3 Coefficient of Determination and Standard
8–2 z Test for a Mean 426 Error of the Estimate 582
P-Value Method for Hypothesis Testing 430 Types of Variation for the Regression Model 582
8–3 t Test for a Mean 442 Residual Plots 584
8–4 z Test for a Proportion 453 Coefficient of Determination 585
8–5 ␹2 Test for a Variance or Standard Standard Error of the Estimate 586
Deviation 461 Prediction Interval 589
8–6 Additional Topics Regarding Hypothesis 10–4 Multiple Regression (Optional) 592
Testing 474
The Multiple Regression Equation 594
Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis Testing 474
Testing the Significance of R 596
Type II Error and the Power of a Test 476
Adjusted R2 597
Summary 479
Summary 601

CHAPTER 9 CHAPTER 11
Testing the Difference Other Chi-Square
Between Two Means, Tests 609
Two Proportions, and
Two Variances 487
Introduction 610
Introduction 488 11–1 Test for Goodness of Fit 610
9–1 Testing the Difference Between Two Means: Test of Normality (Optional) 616
Using the z Test 488
11–2 Tests Using Contingency Tables 624
9–2 Testing the Difference Between Two Means of
Test for Independence 624
Independent Samples: Using the t Test 499
Test for Homogeneity of Proportions 630
9–3 Testing the Difference Between Two Means:
Dependent Samples 507 Summary 640
9–4 Testing the Difference Between
Proportions 519
viii Contents

CHAPTER 12 CHAPTER 14
Analysis of Variance 647 Sampling and
Simulation 741

Introduction 648 Introduction 742

12–1 One-Way Analysis of Variance 648 14–1 Common Sampling Techniques 742
12–2 The Scheffé Test and the Tukey Test 660 Random Sampling 743
Scheffé Test 660 Systematic Sampling 746
Tukey Test 662 Stratified Sampling 748
12–3 Two-Way Analysis of Variance 665 Cluster Sampling 749
Summary 679 Other Types of Sampling Techniques 750
14–2 Surveys and Questionnaire Design 757
CHAPTER 13 14–3 Simulation Techniques and the Monte Carlo
Method 759
The Monte Carlo Method 760
Nonparametric Summary 766
Statistics 689
APPENDICES

Introduction 690 A Tables 773

13–1 Advantages and Disadvantages of B Data Bank 803
Nonparametric Methods 690
Advantages 690 C Glossary 810
Disadvantages 690
D Photo Credits 818
Ranking 691
13–2 The Sign Test 693 E Selected Answers SA–1
Single-Sample Sign Test 693
Paired-Sample Sign Test 695
13–3 The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test 702
13–4 The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test 707
13–5 The Kruskal-Wallis Test 712 Index I–1
13–6 The Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient
and the Runs Test 719
Rank Correlation Coefficient 719 ADDITIONAL TOPICS ONLINE
The Runs Test 722 (www.mhhe.com/bluman)
Summary 733
Algebra Review
Writing the Research Report
Bayes’ Theorem
Alternate Approach to the Standard
Normal Distribution
Bibliography
P R E FA C E

Approach Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach was written as an aid in the beginning sta-
tistics course to students whose mathematical background is limited to basic algebra. The
book follows a nontheoretical approach without formal proofs, explaining concepts intu-
itively and supporting them with abundant examples. The applications span a broad range
of topics certain to appeal to the interests of students of diverse backgrounds, and they in-
clude problems in business, sports, health, architecture, education, entertainment, politi-
cal science, psychology, history, criminal justice, the environment, transportation, physi-
cal sciences, demographics, eating habits, and travel and leisure.

About This While a number of important changes have been made in the ninth edition, the learning
system remains untouched and provides students with a useful framework in which to
Book learn and apply concepts. Some of the retained features include the following:
• Over 1800 exercises are located at the end of major sections within each chapter.
• Hypothesis-Testing Summaries are found at the end of Chapter 9 (z, t, x2, and
F tests for testing means, proportions, and variances), Chapter 12 (correlation,
chi-square, and ANOVA), and Chapter 13 (nonparametric tests) to show students
the different types of hypotheses and the types of tests to use.
• A Data Bank listing various attributes (educational level, cholesterol level, gender,
etc.) for 100 people and several additional data sets using real data are included and
referenced in various exercises and projects throughout the book.
• An updated reference card containing the formulas and the z, t, x2, and PPMC
tables is included with this textbook.
• End-of-chapter Summaries, Important Terms, and Important Formulas give stu-
dents a concise summary of the chapter topics and provide a good source for quiz or
test preparation.
• Review Exercises are found at the end of each chapter.
• Special sections called Data Analysis require students to work
with a data set to perform various statistical tests or procedures
and then summarize the results. The data are included in the Data
Bank in Appendix B and can be downloaded from the book’s
website at www.mhhe.com/bluman.
• Chapter Quizzes, found at the end of each chapter, include
multiple-choice, true/false, and completion questions along with
exercises to test students’ knowledge and comprehension of
chapter content.
• The Appendixes provide students with extensive reference tables,
a glossary, and answers to all quiz questions and odd-numbered
exercises. New to this edition, the additional Online Appendixes
include algebra review, an outline for report writing, Bayes’
theorem, and an alternative method for using the standard normal
distribution. These can be found at www.mhhe.com/bluman.
• The Applying the Concepts feature is included in all sections
and gives students an opportunity to think about the new concepts
and apply them to examples and scenarios similar to those found
in newspapers, magazines, and radio and television news
programs.

ix
x Preface

Changes in the Global Changes

Ninth Edition • Updated and redesigned the Technology Boxes to reflect the latest technology updates
• Over 60 new examples and more than 400 new exercises have been added or revised
throughout the book
• Design of graphs, photos and art has been revised for clarity
• New interior design was incorporated for ease of reading and flow
• Matched the odd and even exercises

Chapter 1 Nearly 100 new section exercises have been added

Statistics Today updated
Added new material on sampling and the three types of observational studies

Chapter 2 New subsection on dotplots added

More material on class boundaries added
Statistics Today updated

Chapter 3 New Procedure Table for median added

New Procedure Table for variance and standard deviation added
Summary for Chebyshev’s Theorem added
New procedure Table for boxplots included

Chapter 4 New subsection for permutations with identical objects added

Chapter 5 New subsection on the geometric probability distribution added

Chapter 6 Improved flow with a shortened introduction

Added New Procedure Table for finding data values for specific probabilities

Chapter 7 Statistics Today updated

Included summary of the Characteristics of the Chi-Square Distribution

Chapter 8 Reorganized Section 8-1 for a better flow

Simplified diagram on stating the conclusion from a hypothesis test

Chapter 9 Expanded explanation of independent samples

Added 20 new exercises

Chapter 10 Statistics Today updated

Revised and Shortened Introduction
Added additional information on analyzing scatter plots
Included six new Procedure Tables

Chapter 11 Expanded explanation on finding expected frequencies

Chapter 12 Added additional material on the Computation of the F test

Added two new figures

Chapter 13 Boxed definitions and listed assumptions for the nonparametric tests
Added a new Procedure Table for finding and testing the significance of
the Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient
Added a new Procedure Table for the runs test

Chapter 14 Added a formal definition for convenience sample

Improved definitions for systematic sampling and stratified sampling
 Preface xi

Acknowledgments
It is important to acknowledge the many people whose contributions have gone into the
Ninth Edition of Elementary Statistics. Very special thanks are due to Jackie Miller of the
University of Michigan for her provision of the Index of Applications, her exhaustive accu-
racy check of the page proofs, and her general availability and advice concerning all matters
statistical. The Technology Step by Step sections were provided by Gerry Moultine of
Northwood University (MINITAB), John Thomas of College of Lake County (Excel), and
William Vezko of Saint Johns River State College-Orange Park (TI-84 Plus).
I would also like to thank Diane P. Cope for providing the new exercises; Kelly
Jackson for writing the new Data Projects; Lisa Collette, developmental copyeditor, for
her thoughtful suggestions; Phyllis Barnidge for her error checking; and Sally Robinson
for error checking, adding technology-accurate answers to Appendix E, and writing the
Solutions Manuals.
Finally, at McGraw-Hill Education, thanks to Ryan Blankenship, Managing Director;
Holly Rhodes, Brand Manager; Ashley Zellmer McFadden, Developmental Editor; Alex
Gay, Marketing Director; Rob Brieler, Director of Digital Content; and Vicki Krug,
Content Project Manager.
—Allan G. Bluman
Special thanks for their advice and recommendations for the Ninth Edition go to:

Wesley Anderson, Northwest Vista College Brian Kelly, Bryant University

Elizabeth Betzel, Columbus State Community College Patrick Kelly, Mercyhurst College
David Bosworth, Hutchinson Community College Jong Kim, Portland State University
Christine M. Brady, Suffolk County James E. Martin, Christopher Newport University
Community College Angie Schirck Matthews, Broward College
Gregory Cianflone, Suffolk County Carla Monticelli, Camden County College
Community College Keith Oberlander, Pasadena City College
Lisa M. Crawford, Piedmont Technical College Dr. Elaine H. Olaoye, Brookdale Community College
Hemangini Deshmukh, Mercyhurst College Sherri Rankin, Hutchinson Community College
Angela Everett, Chattanooga State Fred Rispoli, Dowling College
Community College Pam Stogsdill, Bossier Parish Community College
Robert Feinerman, Lehman College (CUNY) Fernando Rincon Tellez, Piedmont Technical College
Kathi Fields, Blue Ridge Community College Malissa Trent, Northeast State Community College
Maggie Flint, Northeast State Community College Barbara Villatoro, Diablo Valley College
Jesus Gutierrez, Citrus College Cassandra Vincent, State University of New York
Jaffar Ali Shahul Hameed, Florida Gulf College at Plattsburgh
Coast University Henry Wakhungu, Indiana University
Kelly Jackson, Camden County College Jane West, Trident Technical College
Mohammad Kazemi, University of North Bashar Zogheib, American University of Kuwait
Carolina Charlotte
 A STEP BY STEP APPROACH

7
Confidence Intervals
and Sample Size

STATISTICS TODAY
Stress and the College Student
Each chapter begins with an outline, a A recent poll conducted by the mtvU/Associated Press found that
OUTLINE
85% of college students reported that they experience stress daily.
list of learning objectives, and a feature The study said, “It is clear that being stressed is a fact of life on col-
Introduction
7–1 Confidence Intervals for the Mean When
titled Statistics Today; in which a real-life lege campuses today.” s Is Known
7–2 Confidence Intervals for the Mean When
problem shows students the relevance of The study also reports that 74% of students’ stress comes from
s Is Unknown
school work, 71% from grades, and 62% from financial woes. The 7–3
the material. This problem is solved near report stated that 2240 undergraduate students were selected and
Confidence Intervals and Sample Size for
Proportions
the end of the chapter using statistical that the poll has a margin of error of ⫾3.0%. 7–4 Confidence Intervals for Variances and
Standard Deviations
techniques presented in the chapter. In this chapter you will learn how to make a true estimate of a Summary
parameter, what is meant by the margin of error, and whether or not
the sample size was large enough to represent all college students. OBJECTIVES
See Statistics Today—Revisited at the end of this chapter for After completing this chapter, you should be able to
more details. 1 Find the confidence interval for the mean
when s is known.

2 Determine the minimum sample size for

finding a confidence interval for the mean.

3 Find the confidence interval for the mean

when s is unknown.

4 Find the confidence interval for a proportion.

e ses.
hypoth 5 Determine the minimum sample size for
to test finding a confidence interval for a
alue method proportion.
sis Tes
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each chapter challenge students to hypothesis; for example, let H0: m ⫽ 50 and let H1: m ⫽ 52. find the area corresponding to z in the
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This manual provides the student with how-to information on data and file management,
conducting various statistical analyses, and creating presentation-style graphics while fol-
lowing each text chapter.
TI-84 Plus Graphing Calculator Manual
This friendly, practical manual teaches students to learn about statistics and solve prob-
lems by using these calculators while following each text chapter.
Excel Manual
This workbook, specially designed to accompany the text, provides additional practice in
applying the chapter concepts while using Excel.
Instructor’s Solutions Manual (instructors only)
By Sally Robinson of South Plains College, this manual includes worked-out solutions to
all the exercises in the text and answers to all quiz questions. This manual can be found
online at www.mhhe.com/bluman.
Student’s Solutions Manual
By Sally Robinson of South Plains College, this manual contains detailed solutions to all
odd-numbered text problems and answers to all quiz questions.
I N D E X O F A P P L I C AT I O N S

CHAPTER 1 U.S. Population by Age, 93 Law and Order: Criminal Justice The Sciences
Wealthy People, 42 Car Thefts in a Large City, 85 Bear Kills, 65
The Nature of Probability Causes of Accidental Deaths in The Value of Pi, 53
Education and Testing
and Statistics the United States, 90
Classroom Technology, 101 Transportation
Education and Testing College Completions, 102 Concealed Weapons Licenses, 93 Activities While Driving, 102
Attendance and Grades, 5 College Spending for First-Year How Your Identity Can Be Stolen, Colors of Automobiles, 91
Is Higher Education “Going Students, 76 41, 104 Fuel Economy for General Motors
Digital”?, 1, 35 Do Students Need Summer Identity Thefts, 106 Vehicles, 88
Piano Lessons Improve Math Development?, 65 Murders in the United States, 81 MPGs for SUVs, 49
Ability, 37 Grading of Schools, 91 Police Calls, 77, 82 Railroad Crossing Accidents, 66
Medicine, Clinical Studies, High School Dropout Rate, 102 Violent Crimes, 91
Travel and Leisure
and Experiments Making the Grade, 67 Marketing, Sales, and Consumer Museum Visitors, 103
Beneficial Bacteria, 25 Math and Reading Achievement Behavior
Public Libraries, 103
Caffeine and Health, 25 Scores, 92 Cost of a 30-second Super Bowl Reasons We Travel, 91
Smoking and Criminal Math SAT Scores, 68 Commercial, 89
Behavior, 37 Number of College Faculty, 66 How People Get Their News, 101
Thyme and Antioxidants, 35 Percentage of People Who Online Ad Spending, 91 CHAPTER 3
The Worst Day for Weight Completed 4 or More Years of Spending of College Data Description
Loss, 13 College, 53 Freshmen, 103
Super Bowl Viewer’s Buildings and Structures
Psychology and Human Behavior Teacher Strikes, 92, 107
Expenditures, 91 Prices of Homes, 141
Anger and Snap Judgments, 37 Entertainment Suspension Bridges, 145
Valentine’s Day Spending, 91
Hostile Children Fight Roller Coaster Mania, 91 Tallest Buildings, 179
Unemployment, 38 Songs on CDs, 103 Medicine, Clinical Studies,
and Experiments Business, Management, and Work
Sports, Exercise, and Fitness Unclaimed Expired Prizes, 53
Blood Glucose Levels, 67 Average Earnings of Workers, 179
ACL Tears in Collegiate Soccer Environmental Sciences, the Average Weekly Earnings, 160
BUN Count, 101
Players, 37 Earth, and Space
Outpatient Cardiograms, 84 Bank Failures, 119
Air Pollution, 66 Commissions Earned, 124
Surveys and Culture Pain Relief, 103
Average Wind Speeds, 53 Costs to Train Employees, 179
American Culture and Drug Patients at a Medical Care
Coal Consumption, 106 Employee Salaries, 129
Abuse, 17 Facility, 92
Consumption of Natural Employee Years of Service, 182
Transportation Waiting Times, 67
Gas, 53 Executive Bonuses, 124
Fatal Transportation Injuries, 10 Cost of Utilities, 66 Public Health and Nutrition
Foreign Workers, 123
World’s Busiest Airports, 37 Energy Consumption, 91 Calories in Salad Dressings, 92
Hourly Compensation for
Length of Major Rivers, 92 Calories of Nuts, 102
Production Workers, 124
Named Storms, 83 Cereal Calories, 67
CHAPTER 2 Hours Worked, 180
Record High Temperatures, 47, Protein Grams in Fast Food, 67
Labor Charges, 179
Frequency Distributions 57, 58, 59 Needless Deaths of
Missing Work, 145
and Graphs Recycled Trash, 106 Children, 106
Net Worth of Corporations, 124
Space Launches, 102 U.S. Health Dollar, 92
Buildings and Structures Salaries of Personnel, 118
Selling Real Estate, 65 The Great Lakes, 107 Sports, Exercise, and Fitness The Noisy Workplace, 171
Stories in Tall Buildings, 86 Wind Speed, 101 50 Home Run Club, 92 Top-Paid CEOs, 123
Stories in the World’s Tallest Food and Dining Ages of Football Players, 91 Travel Allowances, 141
Buildings, 52 Cost of Milk, 93 Calories Burned While Unemployment Benefits, 143
Eating at Fast Food Exercising, 91
Business, Management, Demographics and Population
Restaurants, 52 Favorite Sport, 52 Characteristics
and Work
Super Bowl Snack Foods, 80 Men’s World Hockey Ages of Accountants, 145
Career Changes, 103
Worldwide Sales of Fast Foods, 90 Champions, 101 Ages of Consumers, 146
Charity Donations, 52
Miles Run per Week, 61 Ages of the Top 50 Wealthiest
Commuting Times, 92 Government, Taxes, Politics,
Public Policy, and Voting NFL Payrolls, 53 People, 114
Elderly in the U.S. Labor Force, 79
How Much Paper Money is in NFL Salaries, 66 Ages of U.S. Astronaut
Patents, 93
Circulation Today?, 85 Peyton Manning’s Colts Candidates, 144
Trip Reimbursements, 93
Salaries of Governors, 52 Career, 103 Ages of U.S. Residents, 183
Demographics and Population Super Bowl Scores, 66
Characteristics History Net Worth of Wealthy
Counties, Divisions, or Parishes Ages of Declaration of Surveys and Culture People, 178
for 50 States, 66 Independence Signers, 52 Ages of Dogs, 52 Percentage of College-Educated
Distribution of Blood Types, 43 Ages of Presidents at Pet Care, 102 Population over 25, 124
Never Married Adults in the Inauguration, 51 Pet Population, 90 Percentage of Foreign-Born
United States, 76 Ages of the Vice Presidents at the Technology
People, 124
Percent of Cigarette Smokers in Time of Their Death, 102 Energy Used by Plasma TVs, 52 Economics and Investment
the United States, 78 JFK Assassination, 53 Trust in Internet Information, 52 Investment Earnings, 178

xvi
 Index of Applications xvii

Education and Testing History The Sciences Computers in Elementary

Achievement Test Scores, 160 Age of Senators, 159 Sheep Population, 161 Schools, 199
College and University Debt, 159 Law and Order: Criminal Justice Doctoral Assistantships, 225
Transportation
College Enrollments, 123 Accidental Firearm Deaths, 117 High School Grades of First-Year
Airplane Speeds, 160
College Room and Board Murder Rates, 145 College Students, 226
Airport Parking, 123
Costs, 160 Murders in Cities, 144 Online Course Selection, 248
Annual Miles Driven, 160
Contest Spelling Words, 124 Police Calls in Schools, 161 Reading to Children, 225
Automobile Fuel Efficiency,
Driver’s License Exam Police Incidents, 112 Required First-Year College
124, 144
Scores, 159 Police Officers Killed, 115 Courses, 200
Commuter Times, 179
Enrollments for Selected Indepen- Prison Executions, 144 Student Financial Aid, 223
Cost of Car Rentals, 179
dent Religiously Controlled Violent Crimes, 123 Cost of Helicopters, 125 Entertainment
4-Year Colleges, 125 Cable Television, 223
Manufacturing and Product Fuel Capacity, 179
Errors on a Typing Test, 182 Craps Game, 199
Development Gas Prices for Rental Cars, 182
Exam Completion Time, 179 de Mere Dice Game, 252
Battery Lives, 145, 178 How Long Are You Delayed by
Exam Grades, 179, 182 Dominoes, 237
Comparison of Outdoor Road Congestion?, 109, 180
Graduation Rates, 173 DVD Players, 249
Paint, 128, 129, 131, 132 Miles per Gallon, 182
SAT Scores, 146, 178, 182 Family and Children’s Computer
Copier Service Calls, 125 Passenger Vehicle Deaths, 144
Starting Teachers’ Salaries, 143 Games, 225
Printer Repairs, 180 Times Spent in Rush-Hour
Teacher Salaries, 122, 159 Getting a Full House, 245
Traffic, 144
Teacher Strikes, 134, 135, 173 Marketing, Sales, and Consumer
Behavior
Movie Releases, 248
Test Scores, 148, 149, 153, Travel and Leisure
Average Cost of Smoking, 183 Odds, 201
161, 182 Area Boat Registrations, 118
Average Cost of Weddings, 182 Poker Hands, 237
Textbooks in Professors’ Vacation Days, 159
Cost per Load of Laundry Quinto Lottery, 235
Offices, 179 Visitors Who Travel to Foreign
Detergents, 144 Selecting a Movie, 207, 236
Work Hours for College Countries, 173
Delivery Charges, 182 State Lottery Number, 243
Faculty, 146 The Mathematics of
Diet Cola Preference, 125
Entertainment CHAPTER 4 Gambling, 244
Magazines in Bookstores, 179
Earnings of Nonliving Probability and Counting Video and Computer Games, 222
Newspapers for Sale, 182
Celebrities, 123 Yahtzee, 250
FM Radio Stations, 145
Pages in Women’s Fitness Rules
Magazines, 139 Buildings and Structures Environmental Sciences, the
Households of Four Television
Sale Price of Homes, 146 Building a New Home, 209
Earth, and Space
Networks, 178 Corn Products, 209
Sales of Automobiles, 138
Top Movie Sites, 180 Business, Management, Endangered Species, 207
Medicine, Clinical Studies,
Environmental Sciences, the and Work Lightning Strikes, 224
and Experiments
Earth, and Space Distribution of CEO Ages, 200 Plant Selection, 246
Blood Pressure, 142
Annual Precipitation Days, 144 Overqualified Workers, 216 Sources of Energy Uses in the
Determining Dosages, 159
Distance of Stars, 123 Research and Development United States, 199
Hospital Emergency Waiting
Earthquakes, 161 Employees, 203 Threatened Species of
Times, 145
Farm Sizes, 146 Working Women and Computer Reptiles, 235
Hospital Infections, 112
High Temperatures, 179 Use, 223
Multiple Births, 143 Food and Dining
Hurricane Damage, 161 Demographics and Population
Serum Cholesterol Levels, 146 Breakfast Drink, 248
Licensed Nuclear Reactors, 117 Characteristics
Systolic Blood Pressure, 151 Coffee Shop Selection, 203
Moons of Jupiter, 123 Blood Types and Rh Factors, 224
Psychology and Human Behavior Family Dinner Combinations, 200
Natural Gas Drilling Sites, 123 Distribution of Blood Types,
Reaction Times, 144 Favorite Ice Cream Flavors,
Number of Meteorites 194, 228
Trials to Learn a Maze, 146 193, 204
Found, 169 Education Level and Pizzas and Salads, 224
Number of Tornadoes, 173 Public Health and Nutrition Smoking, 249 Purchasing a Pizza, 209
Observers in the Frogwatch Calories in Bagels, 145 Education of Factory
Program, 123 Calories in Salads, 122 Employees, 252 Government, Taxes, Politics,
Rise in Tides, 179 Fat Grams, 125 Foreign Adoptions, 225 Public Policy, and Voting
Shark Attacks, 178 Protein Grams of Energy Human Blood Types, 199 Congressional Terms, 224
Size of Dams, 173 Bars, 173 Living Arrangements for Federal Government
Size of U.S. States, 143 Sodium Content of Cheese, 170 Children, 200 Revenue, 200
Solid Waste Production, 146 Male Color Blindness, 214 Government Employees, 222
Sports, Exercise, and Fitness
Tornadoes in the United Marital Status of Women, 225 Health Insurance, 200
Baseball Team Batting
States, 115 Names for Boys, 249 Senate Partisanship, 245
Averages, 145
Tornado Occurrences, 179 Basketball Scores, 160 Population of Hawaii, 200 Law and Order: Criminal Justice
Unhealthy Smog Days, 173 Bowling Scores, 143 U.S. Population, 207 Arrests for Property Crimes, 200
Food and Dining Earned Run Average, 172 War Veterans, 249 Guilty or Innocent?, 221
Citrus Fruit Consumption, 146 Innings Pitched, 173 Young Adult Residences, 207 Murder Victims, 199
Specialty Coffee Shops, 124 Miles Run per Week, 113, 117, 136 Education and Testing Prison Populations, 222, 223
Government, Taxes, Politics, NFL Salaries, 180 College Courses, 224 Manufacturing and Product
Public Policy, and Voting NFL Signing Bonuses, 116, 119 College Debt, 199 Development
Cigarette Taxes, 143 Technology College Degrees Awarded, 206 Defective Items, 223
Gasoline Taxes, 161 Time Spent Online, 145 College Enrollment, 226 Defective Resistors, 245
xviii Index of Applications

Defective Transistors, 242 Country Club Activities, 224 Pizza Deliveries, 273 Survey of High School
Flashlight Batteries, 223 Travel over the Thanksgiving Pizza for Breakfast, 305 Seniors, 285
Garage Door Openers, 234 Holiday, 194 Unsanitary Restaurants, 282 Survey on Internet Awareness, 285
World-Class Orchestras, 245 Government, Taxes, Politics, Technology
Marketing, Sales, and Consumer
Behavior Public Policy, and Voting Computer Assistance, 306
Commercials, 226 CHAPTER 5 Accuracy Count of Votes, 306 Computer Literacy Test, 305
Customer Purchases, 225 Federal Government Employee Guidance Missile System, 284
Door-to-Door Sales, 208 Discrete Probability E-mail Use, 285 Internet Access via Cell
Gift Baskets, 224 Distributions Poverty and the Federal Phone, 305
Shopping Mall Promotion, 198 Business, Management, Government, 285 Telephones per Household, 307
Ties, 221 and Work Social Security Recipients, 284 The Sciences
Medicine, Clinical Studies, Employed Women, 307 History Colors of Flowers, 299
and Experiments Job Applications, 299 Rockets and Targets, 297 Elm Trees, 307
Autism, 225 Job Elimination, 285 Mendel’s Theory, 298
Law and Order: Criminal Justice
Chronic Sinusitis, 249 Union Workers, 284
Calls for a Fire Company, 307 Transportation
Doctor Specialties, 224 Work Versus Conscience, 300
Emergency Calls, 304 Arrivals at an Airport, 305
Effectiveness of a Vaccine, 248 Demographics and Population Study of Robberies, 298 Carpooling, 307
Hospital Stays for Knee Characteristics U.S. Police Chiefs and the Death Driver’s Exam, 307
Replacements, 195 Alcohol Abstainers, 308 Penalty, 305 Driving to Work Alone, 284
Heart Disease, 224 American and Foreign-Born Driving While Intoxicated, 280
Citizens, 284 Manufacturing and Product
Medical Patients, 208 Emissions Inspection
Development
Medical Tests on Emergency Blood Types, 296, 300, 308 Failures, 299
Defective Calculators, 299
Patients, 208 Left-Handed People, 293 Traffic Accidents, 272
Defective Compressor Tanks, 295
Medical Treatment, 200 Likelihood of Twins, 282 Truck Inspection Violations, 298
Defective Computer
Medication Effectiveness, 225 Today’s Marriages, 283
Keyboards, 299 Travel and Leisure
Multiple Births, 207 Unmarried Women, 305
Defective DVDs, 272, 306 Amusement Park Game, 299
Which Pain Reliever Is Best?, 206 Economics and Investment Defective Electronics, 299 Boating Accidents, 306
Psychology and Human Behavior Benford’s Law, 272 Quality Control Check, 307 Bowling Team Uniforms, 307
Would You Bet Your Life?, House Insurance, 295 Christmas Lights, 306
Income Tax Errors, 307 Marketing, Sales, and Consumer
185, 250 Destination Weddings, 284
Behavior
Life Insurance, 273 Leisure Activities, 290
Sports, Exercise, and Fitness Car Sales, 306
Fitness Center Members, 247 Education and Testing CD Purchases, 307 Lost Luggage in Airlines, 306
Health Club Membership, 248 College Education and Business Cellular Phone Sales, 272 Outdoor Regatta, 305
Leisure Time Exercise, 225 World Success, 284 Color of Raincoats, 308 Watching Fireworks, 285
Dropping College Courses, 263 Company Mailings, 299
Surveys and Culture High School Dropouts, 284 Credit Cards, 304
Student Survey, 208 Lessons Outside of School, 300 CHAPTER 6
Survey on Stress, 214 Internet Purchases, 285
Meeting Attendance, 307 Mail Ordering, 299 The Normal Distribution
Survey on Women in the People Who Have Some College
Military, 219 Number of Credit Cards, 272 Buildings and Structures
Education, 284 Reusable Grocery Bags, 298 New Home Prices, 339
Technology Students Using the Math Lab, 273 Selling Carpet, 299 New Home Sizes, 339
Software Selection, 247 Teachers and Summer Suit Sales, 272 Parking Lot Construction, 361
Text Messages via Cell Vacation, 300 Tie Purchases, 304 Prices of Homes, 362
Phones, 223 Entertainment
Medicine, Clinical Studies, Business, Management,
Transportation Chuck-a-Luck, 308 and Experiments and Work
Automobile Insurance, 223 Coins, Births, and Other Flu Shots, 305 Health Insurance Through
Automobile License Plate, 249 Random (?) Events, 262 Pooling Blood Samples, 257, 306 Work, 360
Automobile Sales, 222 Gambler’s Fallacy, 275 Jobs for Registered Nurses, 338
Lottery Numbers, 308 Psychology and Human Behavior
Carry-on Items, 249 Multiple-Job Holders, 363
Lottery Prizes, 273 Calls for a Crisis Hotline, 307
Driving While Intoxicated, 205 Retirement Income, 363
Fatal Accidents, 225 On Hold for Talk Radio, 269 Sports, Exercise, and Fitness Salaries for Actuaries, 362
License Plates, 250 Roulette, 273 Baseball World Series, 260 Working Weekends, 349
Licensed Drivers in the United Winning the Lottery, 273 Shooting an Arrow, 299 Unemployment, 365
States, 208 Environmental Sciences, the Sports Score Hot Line Calls, 307
Demographics and Population
Motor Vehicle Producers, 247 Earth, and Space Surveys and Culture Characteristics
On-Time Airplane Arrivals, 225 Alternate Sources of Fuel, 285 Survey on Answering Machine Ages of Proofreaders, 353
Railroad Memorial License Household Wood Burning, 305 Ownership, 285 Amount of Laundry Washed Each
Plates, 229 Radiation Exposure, 271 Survey on Bathing Pets, 285 Year, 353
Rural Speed Limits, 199 Food and Dining Survey on Concern for Heights of People, 365
Seat Belt Use, 222 Coffee Shop Customers, 291 Criminals, 284 Life Expectancies, 353
Types of Vehicles, 226 Hors d’Oeuvres Selection, 299 Survey on Doctor Visits, 279 Membership in an Organiza-
Travel and Leisure Items Donated to a Food Survey on Employment, 279 tion, 365
Bowling and Club Bank, 306 Survey on Fear of Being Home Per Capita Income of Delaware
Membership, 251 M&M’s Color Distribution, 298 Alone at Night, 280 Residents, 353
 Index of Applications xix

Population of College Cities, 360 Government, Taxes, Politics, Monthly Spending for Paging and High School Graduates Who Take
Residences of U.S. Citizens, 360 Public Policy, and Voting Messaging Services, 362 the SAT, 396
U.S. Population, 363 Cigarette Taxes, 340 Telephone Answering Hours Spent Studying, 410
Medicare Hospital Insurance, 353 Devices, 360 National Accounting
Economics and Investment
Social Security Payments, 340 Examination, 380
Home Ownership, 360 The Sciences
Unemployment Benefits, 352 Number of Faculty, 379
Home Values, 353 Newborn Elephant Weights, 338
Voter Preference, 360 Private Schools, 395
Itemized Charitable Ragweed Allergies, 357
Law and Order: Criminal Justice SAT Scores, 405
Contributions, 339 Transportation
Larceny Thefts, 363 Spending for Postage at a
Monthly Mortgage Payments, 338 Ages of Amtrak Passenger
Police Academy Acceptance Community College, 407
Education and Testing Cars, 339 Students per Teacher in U.S.
Exams, 339
College Costs, 352 Ages of Registered Vehicles, 348 Public Schools, 387
Police Academy
Doctoral Student Salaries, 338 Commute Time to Work, 338 Students Who Major in
Qualifications, 333
Elementary School Teachers, 361 Commuter Train Passengers, 362 Business, 396
Population in U.S. Jails, 337
Enrollment in Personal Finance Miles Driven Annually, 338 Undergraduate GPAs, 380
Course, 363 Manufacturing and Product Passengers on a Bus, 365
Development Price of Gasoline, 338 Entertainment
Exam Scores, 340
Breaking Strength of Steel Reading While Driving, 356 Lengths of Children’s Animated
Female Americans Who Have
Cable, 353 Used Car Prices, 339 Films, 407, 408
Completed 4 Years of
Portable CD Player Lifetimes, 363 Perry Como Fans, 395
College, 360 Travel and Leisure
Repair Cost for Microwave Playing Video Games, 379
GMAT Scores, 366 Cost of Overseas Trip, 352
Ovens, 365 Television Viewing, 380
High School Competency Test, 339 Mountain Climbing Safety, 359
Wristwatch Lifetimes, 339 Environmental Sciences,
Private Four-Year College Number of Branches of the
Enrollment, 363 Marketing, Sales, and Consumer the Earth, and Space
50 Top Libraries, 322
Professors’ Salaries, 338, 339 Behavior Depth of a River, 377
Thickness of Library Books, 365
Reading Improvement Credit Card Debt, 338 High Temperatures for May, 387
Program, 339 Mail Order, 360 Lawn Weeds, 392
CHAPTER 7
Salary of Full Professors, 338 Product Marketing, 339 Length of Growing Seasons, 380
SAT Scores, 338, 340, 352 Technology Inventories, 335 Confidence Intervals and Named Storms, 403
School Enrollment, 360 Medicine, Clinical Studies, Sample Size Number of Farms, 380
Smart People, 337 and Experiments Thunderstorm Speeds, 387
Buildings and Structures
Teachers’ Salaries, 337 Lengths of Hospital Stays, 339 Travel to Outer Space, 396
Home Fires Started by
Teachers’ Salaries in Liters of Blood in Adults, 329 Unhealthy Days in Cities, 388
Candles, 385
Connecticut, 352 Normal Ranges for Vital Home Security Systems, 396 Food and Dining
Teachers’ Salaries in North Statistics, 311, 364 Cost of Pizzas, 380
Business, Management,
Dakota, 352 Per Capita Spending on Health and Work
Fast-Food Bills for Drive-Thru
TIMSS Test, 353 Care, 362 Dog Bites to Postal Workers, 407 Customers, 379
Years to Complete a Graduate Serum Cholesterol Levels, 352 Number of Jobs, 379 Government, Taxes, Politics,
Program, 365 Systolic Blood Pressure, 334, 353 Work Interruptions, 396 Public Policy, and Voting
Entertainment Public Health and Nutrition Money Spent on Road Repairs, 410
Demographics and Population
Admission Charge for Calories in Fast-Food Characteristics
Parking Meter Revenues, 388
Movies, 337 Sandwiches, 366 Ages of Insurance Presidential Travel, 408
Box Office Revenues, 340 Chocolate Bar Calories, 338 Representatives, 410 State Gasoline Taxes, 387
Drive-in Movies, 340 Cholesterol Content, 353 Marriages in the United Women Representatives in State
Hours That Children Watch People Who Smoke, 360 States, 408 Legislature, 387
Television, 347 Sodium in Frozen Food, 363 Number of Homeless History
Movie Ticket Prices, 352 Youth Smoking, 360 Individuals, 404 Ages of Presidents at Time of
Slot Machines, 363 Sports, Exercise, and Fitness Unmarried Americans, 396 Death, 403
Environmental Sciences, the Batting Averages, 358 Widows, 396 Law and Order: Criminal Justice
Earth, and Space Number of Baseball Games Economics and Investment Burglaries, 410
Amount of Rain in a City, 365 Played, 336 Credit Union Assets, 376 Gun Control, 397
Annual Precipitation, 353 Number of Runs Made, 340 Home Ownership Rates, 405 Manufacturing and Product
Average Precipitation, 363 Surveys and Culture NYSE Stock Prices, 388 Development
Electric Bills, 365 Sleep Survey, 365 Stock Prices, 404 Baseball Diameters, 408
Glass Garbage Generation, 352 Calculator Battery Lifetimes, 405
Technology Education and Testing
Heights of Active Volcanoes, 363 How Many Kleenexes Should Be
Amount of Electricity Used by a Adult Education Activities, 408
Monthly Newspaper in a Box?, 378
PC, 331 Age of College Students, 404
Recycling, 330 Lifetimes of Snowmobiles, 408
Cell Phone Lifetimes, 352 Child Care Programs, 408
Paper Use, 338 Lifetimes of Wristwatches, 404
Computer Ownership, 365 Cost of Texts, 409
Temperatures for Dallas, 340 MPG for Lawn Mowers, 408
Cost of iPod Repair, 362 Covering College Costs, 392
Water Use, 352 Nicotine Content, 402
Cost of Personal Computers, 339 Credit Card Use by College
Food and Dining Household Computers, 360 Students, 398 Marketing, Sales, and Consumer
Bottled Drinking Water, 339 Household Online Day Care Tuition, 380 Behavior
Lemonade Consumption, 365 Connection, 365 Educational Television, 396 Costs for a 30-Second Spot on
Confectionary Products, 363 Internet Users, 340 Freshmen’s GPA, 379 Cable Television, 388
xx Index of Applications

Days It Takes to Sell an Aveo, 373 New Car Lease Fees, 404 Times of Videos, 482 Alcohol and Tobacco Use by High
Number of Customers, 374 Truck Safety Check, 410 Trifecta Winnings, 481 School Students, 481
Medicine, Clinical Studies, Weights of Minivans, 409 Environmental Sciences, the Calories in Pancake Syrup, 470
and Experiments Travel and Leisure Earth, and Space Carbohydrates in Fast Foods, 469
Birth Weights of Infants, 380 Novel Pages, 410 Farm Sizes, 437 Chocolate Chip Cookie
Contracting Influenza, 395 Overseas Travel, 396 Heights of Volcanoes, 470 Calories, 449
Cost of Knee Replacement Vacation Days, 407 High Temperatures in Eggs and Your Health, 425
Surgery, 404 Vacation Sites, 408 January, 470 High-Potassium Foods, 469
Doctor Visit Costs, 409 Natural Gas Heat, 458 Nicotine Content of
Emergency Room Accidents, 410 Pollution By-Products, 484 Cigarettes, 448, 466
Hospital Noise Levels, 380, 388 CHAPTER 8 Recycling, 458 Obese Young People, 454
Infant Growth, 385 Hypothesis Testing Tornado Deaths, 470 Quitting Smoking, 457
Patients Treated in Hospital Warming and Ice Melt, 435 Sodium Amounts in Food, 470
Buildings and Structures Vitamin C in Fruits and
Emergency Rooms, 410 Water Consumption, 450
Cost of Building a Home, 435 Vegetables, 470
Wind Speed, 432
Psychology and Human Behavior Heights of Tall Buildings, 449 Youth Smoking, 458
Stress and the College Student, Home Security Systems, 481 Food and Dining
369, 408 Monthly Home Rent, 481 Chewing Gum Use, 483 Sports, Exercise, and Fitness
Soft Drink Consumption, 436 Burning Calories by Playing
Public Health and Nutrition Business, Management,
Tennis, 437
Calories in a Standard Size Candy and Work Government, Taxes, Politics,
Public Policy, and Voting
Exercise to Reduce Stress, 458
Bar, 405 Copy Machine Use, 436
Ages of U.S. Senators, 436 Fans of Professional Baseball, 458
Calories in Candy Bars, 387 Hourly Wage, 437
Free School Lunches, 481 Football Injuries, 458
Carbohydrate Grams in Commer- Men Aged 65 and Over in the
IRS Audits, 478 Games Played by NBA Scoring
cial Subs, 379 Labor Force, 481
Replacing $1 Bills with $1 Leaders, 482
Carbohydrates in Yogurt, 404 Number of Jobs, 450
Coins, 455 Golf Scores, 470
Carbon Monoxide Deaths, 404 Revenue of Large Businesses, 435
Salaries of Government Heights of NBA Players, 436
Daily Cholesterol Intake, 405 Sick Days, 437
Employees, 436 Joggers’ Oxygen Uptake, 447
Diet Habits, 396 Starting Salary for Nurse
Step to It with Pedometers, 428
Fruit Consumption, 396 Practitioners, 444 Law and Order: Criminal Justice
Obesity, 396 Working at Home, 479 Ages of Robbery Victims, 484 Surveys and Culture
Skipping Lunch, 410 Burglaries, 458 Breakfast Survey, 484
Demographics and Population
Sport Drink Decision, 386 Characteristics Car Thefts, 434 Caffeinated Beverage Survey, 484
Ages of Professional Women, 483 Federal Prison Populations, 481 Survey on Vitamin Usage, 484
Sports, Exercise, and Fitness
Average Family Size, 450 Female Gun Owners, 454 Technology
Dance Company Students, 387
First-Time Marriages, 484 Prison Sentences, 436 Cell Phone Bills, 450
Indy 500 Qualifier Speeds, 388
Heights of 1-Year-Olds, 436 Prison Time, 479 Cell Phone Call Lengths, 450
Surveys and Culture Heights of Models, 483 Speeding Ticket Costs, 436 Facebook Friends, 435
Belief in Haunted Places, 395 Speeding Tickets, 437 Internet Visits, 450
Economics and Investment
Does Success Bring Stolen Aircraft, 469 MP3 Ownership, 481
Home Closing Costs, 483
Happiness?, 394 Radio Ownership, 484
Stocks and Mutual Fund Manufacturing and Product
Pet Owners, 408 Time Online, 480
Ownership, 457 Development
Political Survey, 410 Transferring Phone Calls, 469
Breaking Strength of Cable, 437
Shopping Survey, 407 Education and Testing
Manufactured Machine Parts, 470 The Sciences
Survey on Politics, 397 College Room and Board
Soda Bottle Content, 469 Hog Weights, 475
Costs, 470
Technology Strength of Wrapping Cord, 484 Plant Leaf Lengths, 482
Cost of College Tuition, 432
Digital Camera Prices, 387 Sugar Packaging, 474 Seed Germination Times, 484
Debt of College Graduates, 480
Direct Satellite Television, 396 Weights on Men’s Soccer Strawberry Seeds, 449
Doctoral Students’ Salaries, 458
Home Broadband Internet Shoes, 481 Whooping Crane Eggs, 481
Exam Grades, 470
Access, 396 Marketing, Sales, and Consumer
How Much Better is Better on the Transportation
Home Computers, 394 Behavior
SAT?, 413, 482 Car Inspection Times, 468
Social Networking Sites, 387 Attorney Advertisements, 456
Intelligence Tests, 427 Commute Time to Work, 450
Television Set Ownership, 410 Consumer Protection Agency
Math SAT Test, 464 Experience of Taxi Drivers, 484
The Sciences Nonparental Care, 435 Complaints, 478
First-Class Airline
Isotopes, 407 SAT Tests, 429 Medicine, Clinical Studies, Passengers, 459
Transportation Student Expenditures, 436 and Experiments Fuel Consumption, 481
Automobile Pollution, 410 Teaching Assistants’ Cost of Braces, 449 Improper Driving, 457
Chicago Commuters, 388 Stipends, 450 Cost of Rehabilitation, 430 Interstate Speeds, 470
Distance Traveled to Work, 387 Undergraduate Enrollment, 458 Doctor Visits, 450 One-Way Airfares, 478
Driving to Work, 391 Entertainment Female Physicians, 458 Operating Costs of an
Fuel Efficiency of Cars and Cost of a Movie Ticket, 450 First-Time Births, 478 Automobile, 436
Trucks, 379 Cost of Making a Movie, 449 Hospital Infections, 444 Stopping Distances, 436
Manual Transmission Movie Admission Prices, 481 Outpatient Surgery, 465 Testing Gas Mileage Claims, 468
Automobiles, 395 Moviegoers, 435, 458 Time Until Indigestion Relief, 481 Tire Inflation, 482
Monthly Gasoline Expendi- Television Set Ownership, 458 Public Health and Nutrition Transmission Service, 437
tures, 380 Television Viewing by Teens, 449 After-School Snacks, 458 Travel Times to Work, 480
 Index of Applications xxi

Travel and Leisure Literacy Scores, 496 Pulse Rates of Identical Business, Management, and
Borrowing Library Books, 458 Mathematical Skills, 543 Twins, 516 Work
Hotel Rooms, 483 Medical School Enrollments, 504 Sleeping Brain, Not at Rest, 545 Typing Speed and Word
Newspaper Reading Times, 479 Out-of-State Tuitions, 504 Vaccination Rates in Nursing Processing, 603
Number of Words in a Novel, 449 Reading Program, 536 Homes, 487, 521, 542 Demographics and Population
Pages in Romance Novels, 484 Reducing Errors in Grammar, 516 Weights of Newborn Characteristics
Retention Test Scores, 515 Infants, 500 Age and Cavities, 605
Teachers’ Salaries, 495, 503, Psychology and Human Behavior Age and Net Worth, 574
CHAPTER 9 536, 541 Age and Wealth, 553, 558
Bullying, 527
Testing the Difference Testing After Review, 541 Mistakes in a Song, 516 Age, GPA, and Income, 598
Between Two Means, Tuition Costs for Medical Problem-Solving Ability, 496 Life Expectancies, 565, 573
School, 536
Two Proportions, and Undergraduate Financial Aid, 526
Self-Esteem Scores, 496 Economics and Investment
Two Variances Smoking and Education, 524 Oil and Gas Prices, 564, 572
Women Science Majors, 495 Toy Assembly Test, 516
Buildings and Structures Education and Testing
Entertainment
Ages of Homes, 504 Public Health and Nutrition Absences and Final Grades, 552,
Hours Spent Watching Calories in Ice Cream, 536 557, 569, 574
Apartment Rental Fees, 543 Television, 503
Heights of Tall Buildings, 536 Carbohydrates in Candy, 503, 536 Alumni Contributions, 564, 573
Television Watching, 496 Cholesterol Levels, 512, 543 Aspects of Students’ Academic
Heights of World Famous
Cathedrals, 541 Environmental Sciences, Heart Rates of Smokers, 532 Behavior, 598
the Earth, and Space Hypertension, 525 Class Size and Grades, 565, 573
Home Prices, 495, 497
Air Quality, 515 Faculty and Students, 565, 573
Sports, Exercise, and Fitness
Business, Management, and Average Temperatures, 541 Batting Averages, 505 Home Smart Home, 593
Work High and Low Temperatures, 541 College Sports Offerings, 492 Literacy Rates, 565, 573
Animal Bites of Postal Lengths of Major Rivers, 494 Golf Scores, 516 More Math Means More
Workers, 525 Winter Temperatures, 536 Heights of Basketball Players, 544 Money, 597
Interview Errors, 526
Food and Dining Hockey’s Highest Scorers, 504 SAT Scores, 574
Male and Female Workers, 522
Prices of Low-Calorie Foods, 543 Home Runs, 493 State Board Scores, 595, 596, 597
Medical Supply Sales, 526
Senior Workers, 526 Soft Drinks in School, 541 Miniature Golf Scores, 504 Entertainment
Too Long on the Telephone, 502 Government, Taxes, Politics, NFL Salaries, 504 Commercial Movie Releases,
Public Policy, and Voting PGA Golf Scores, 516 564, 572
Demographics and Population
Money Spent on Road Repair, 544 Surveys and Culture Television Viewers, 574
Characteristics
Ages of Gamblers, 503 Monthly Social Security Desire to Be Rich, 525 Environmental Sciences, the
Ages of Hospital Patients, 537 Benefits, 495 Dog Ownership, 525 Earth, and Space
County Size in Indiana and Partisan Support of Salary Sleep Report, 516 Coal Production, 574
Iowa, 536 Increase Bill, 525 Smoking Survey, 526 Deaths from Lightning, 603
Family Incomes, 543 Tax-Exempt Properties, 503 Survey on Inevitability of Energy Consumption, 565, 573
Heights of 9-Year-Olds, 495 Manufacturing and Product War, 525 Farm Acreage, 574
Male Head of Household, 544 Development Technology Forest Fires and Acres Burned,
Married People, 526 Battery Voltage, 496 Cell Phones, 541 564, 573
Never Married People, 526 Noise Levels of Power Food and Dining
The Sciences
Per Capita Income, 495 Mowers, 532 Special Occasion Cakes, 598
Egg Production, 543
Population and Area, 536 Weights of Running Shoes,
Wolf Pack Pups, 535 Government, Taxes, Politics,
Salaries of Chemists, 543 503, 536
Transportation Public Policy, and Voting
Economics and Investment Weights of Vacuum Cleaners, 503
Airline On-Time Arrivals, 526 State Debt and Per Capita Tax,
Bank Deposits, 510 Marketing, Sales, and Consumer 564, 573
Airport Passengers, 533
Daily Stock Prices, 537 Behavior
Automatic Transmissions, 534 Law and Order: Criminal Justice
Education and Testing Coupon Use, 526
Commuting Times, 495 Can Temperature Predict Crime?,
ACT Scores, 495 Credit Card Debt, 496
Commuting Times for College 549, 604
Ages of College Students, 496 Paint Prices, 542
Students, 496 Crimes, 564, 572
Average Earnings for College Store Sales, 497
Gasoline Prices, 504 Manufacturing and Product
Graduates, 497, 541 Medicine, Clinical Studies, Seat Belt Use, 525 Development
College Education, 526 and Experiments
Travel and Leisure Copy Machine Maintenance
Cyber School Enrollment, 504 Can Video Games Save
Bestseller Books, 503 Costs, 587
Exam Scores at Private and Public Lives?, 514
Driving for Pleasure, 540 Medicine, Clinical Studies, and
Schools, 497 Hospital Stays for Maternity
Jet Ski Accidents, 543 Experiments
Factory Worker Literacy Patients, 504
Leisure Time, 491, 525 Coffee Not Disease Culprit, 563
Rates, 543 Hospital Volunteers, 541
Museum Attendance, 537 Father’s and Son’s Weights, 574
High School Graduation Is More Expensive Better?, 523
Rates, 526 Length of Hospital Stays, 495 Fireworks and Injuries, 574
Improving Study Habits, 515 Noise Levels in Hospitals, 503, Medical Specialties and
CHAPTER 10 Gender, 603
Lay Teachers in Religious 535, 541
Schools, 541 Obstacle Course Times, 516 Correlation and Regression Prescription Drug Prices, 605
Lecture versus Computer-Assisted Only the Timid Die Young, 544 Buildings and Structures Public Health and Nutrition
Instruction, 525 Overweight Dogs, 516 Tall Buildings, 565, 573 Age, Cholesterol, and Sodium, 598
xxii Index of Applications

Carbohydrates and Kilocalories, Food and Dining Types of Automobiles Prices of Body Soap, 683
565, 573 Consumption of Takeout Purchased, 620 Tire Prices, 656
Fat and Cholesterol, 605 Foods, 643 Ways to Get to Work, 643 Medicine, Clinical Studies, and
Fruit Nutrients, 598 Favorite Ice Cream Flavor, 643 Travel and Leisure Experiments
Protein and Diastolic Blood Fruit Soda Flavor Preference, 612 Recreational Reading and Diets and Exercise Programs, 684
Pressure, 603 Genetically Modified Food, 619 Gender, 635 Effects of Different Types of
Water and Carbohydrates, Restaurants and Types of Meals Thanksgiving Travel, 636 Diets, 681
565, 573 Purchased, 633 Travel Accident Fatalities, 641 Emergency Room Visits, 664
Sports, Exercise, and Fitness Skittles Color Distribution, 618 Tricking Knee Pain, 662
Bowling Scores, 565, 573 Types of Pizza Purchased, 644
Psychology and Human Behavior
NHL Assists and Total Points, Government, Taxes, Politics, CHAPTER 12 Adult Children of Alcoholics, 684
565, 573 Public Policy, and Voting
Analysis of Variance Colors That Make You Smarter,
Touchdowns and QB Ratings, 603 Congressional Representa- 655, 664
tives, 634 Buildings and Structures
Triples and Home Runs, 565, 573
Tax Credit Refunds, 644 Home Building Times, 675 Public Health and Nutrition
Transportation Lengths of Various Types of Calories in Fast-Food
Car Rental Companies, 552, Law and Order: Criminal Justice Sandwiches, 658
Bridges, 680
556, 568 Firearm Deaths, 615, 620 Carbohydrates in Cereals, 681
Gun Sale Denials, 641 Business, Management,
Driver’s Age and Accidents, Carbohydrates in Juices, 681
and Work
603, 605 Violent Crimes, 634 Fiber Content of Foods, 665
Weekly Unemployment
Stopping Distances, 562, 572 Marketing, Sales, and Consumer Grams of Fat per Serving of
Benefits, 665
Travel and Leisure Behavior Pizza, 681
Grocery Lists, 636 Demographics and Population
Passengers and Airline Fares, 603 Healthy Eating, 656
Characteristics
Music Sales, 619 Iron Content of Foods and
Ages of Late-Night TV Talk Show
CHAPTER 11 Pennant Colors Purchased, 644 Drinks, 681
Viewers, 683
Types of Shopping Bags Sodium Content of Foods, 656
Other Chi-Square Tests Used, 619 Education and Testing
Sports, Exercise, and Fitness
Business, Management, and Work Alumni Gift Solicitation, 684
Medicine, Clinical Studies, and Weight Gain of Athletes, 656
Displaced Workers, 641 Experiments Annual Child Care Costs, 657
Average Debt of College Technology
Employment of High School Cardiovascular Procedures, 642
Females, 641 Graduates, 658 Cell Phone Bills, 657
Effectiveness of a New Drug, 635
Employment Satisfaction, 644 Expenditures per Pupil, 657, 665 Weights of Digital Cameras, 665
Fathers in the Delivery Room, 636
Job Loss Reasons, 643 Hospitals and Infections, 627 Number of Pupils in a Class, 658 The Sciences
Mothers Working Outside the Organ Transplantation, 634 Review Preparation for Increasing Plant Growth, 674
Home, 635 Paying for Prescriptions, 620 Statistics, 681
Transportation
Workforce Distribution, 635 Risk of Injury, 641 Soap Bubble Experiments (and
Employees at Toll Road
Math), 674
Demographics and Population Psychology and Human Behavior Interchanges, 653
Student Loans, 656
Characteristics Combatting Midday Gasoline Consumption, 669
Education Level and Health Entertainment Gasoline Prices, 683
Drowsiness, 619
Insurance, 620 Does Color Affect Your Television Viewing Time, 657 Hybrid Vehicles, 656
Ethnicity and Movie Appetite?, 637 Environmental Sciences, the Miles per Gallon, 652
Admissions, 634 Happiness and Income, 631 Earth, and Space
Health Insurance Coverage, 642 Air Pollution, 683
Sports, Exercise, and Fitness CHAPTER 13
Population and Age, 634 Number of State Parks, 680
Women in the Military, 634 Injuries on Monkey Bars, 636
Sports Preferences of Males and
Temperatures in January, 681 Nonparametric Statistics
Economics and Investment Females, 629 Government, Taxes, Politics, Buildings and Structures
Pension Investments, 641 Types of Pitches Thrown, 641 Public Policy, and Voting Home Prices, 737
Education and Testing Youth Physical Fitness, 635 Voters in Presidential Property Assessments, 711
Ages of Head Start Program Elections, 683
Surveys and Culture Business, Management,
Students, 620 Participation in a Market Research Law and Order: Criminal Justice and Work
Assessment of Mathematics Survey, 635 Eyewitness Testimony, 647, 682 Annual Incomes for Men, 698
Students, 620 School Incidents Involving Police Employee Absences, 730
College Degree Recipients, 620 Technology Calls, 681 Family Income, 699
Education Level of Adults, 614 Internet Users, 620
Manufacturing and Product Job Offers for Chemical
Student Majors at Colleges, 634 Satellite Dishes in Restricted
Development Engineers, 716
Study Groups and Professors, 635 Areas, 633
Durability of Paint, 675 Weekly Earnings of
Volunteer Practices of The Sciences Environmentally Friendly Air Women, 698
Students, 636 Endangered or Threatened Freshener, 675 Demographics and Population
Entertainment Species, 634 Types of Outdoor Paint, 675 Characteristics
Record CDs Sold, 635 Statistics and Heredity, Ages of Drug Program
Marketing, Sales, and Consumer
State Lottery Numbers, 621 609, 642 Behavior Participants, 725
Television Viewing, 643 Transportation Age and Sales, 676 Age of Foreign-Born
Environmental Sciences, the On-Time Performance by Automobile Sales Residents, 695
Earth, and Space Airlines, 619 Techniques, 673 Ages at First Marriage for
Tornadoes, 641 Truck Colors, 620 Microwave Oven Prices, 657 Women, 698
 Index of Applications xxiii

Birth Registry, 738 Food and Dining Medication and Reaction Beach Temperatures for
Gender of Train Passengers, 725 Lunch Costs, 735 Times, 737 July, 735
Price of Pizza, 734 Pain Medication, 711 Fiction or Nonfiction
Economics and Investment
Teaspoon Size, 699 Patients at a Medical Books, 736
Bank Branches and Deposits, 720
Government, Taxes, Politics, Center, 694
Education and Testing Speed of Pain Relievers, 706
Public Policy, and Voting CHAPTER 14
Class Size and Average Weight Loss Through Diet, 711
Tolls for Bridge, 738
Grade, 729
Unemployment Benefits, 716 Public Health and Nutrition
Sampling and Simulation
Cyber School Enrollments, 729
Amounts of Caffeine in Demographics and Population
Exam Scores, 699, 736 Law and Order: Criminal Justice
Beverages, 717 Characteristics
Expenditures for Pupils, 716 Lengths of Prison Sentences, 705
Calories and Cholesterol in Foreign-Born Residents, 765
Funding and Enrollment for Head Local Crimes, 716
Fast-Food Sandwiches, 729 Stay-at-Home Parents, 765
Start Students, 738 Motor Vehicle Thefts and
Burglaries, 729 Calories in Cereals, 716 Education and Testing
Homework Exercises and Exam
Number of Crimes per Week, 717 Prices of Vitamin/Mineral Is That Your Final Answer?, 750
Scores, 735
Shoplifting Incidents, 709 Supplements, 717 Overview of U.S. Public
Hours Worked by Student
Speeding Tickets, 730 School Lunch, 704 Schools, 752
Employees, 735
Sodium Content of Fast-Food
Legal Costs for School Manufacturing and Product Entertainment
Sandwiches, 737
Districts, 712 Development Television Set Ownership, 765
Sodium Content of Microwave
Manuscript Pages and Breaking Strengths of Ropes, 735 Let’s Make A Deal, 741, 769
Dinners, 716
References, 735 Lifetime of Truck Tires, 734 Environmental Sciences, the
Mathematics Achievement Test Lifetimes of Batteries, 737 Sports, Exercise, and Fitness Earth, and Space
Scores, 728 Lifetimes of Handheld Video Bowling Scores, 712 Record High Temperatures by
Mathematics Literacy Scores, 716 Games, 705 Game Attendance, 698 State, 753
Medical School Enrollments, 706 Output of Motors, 738 Hunting Accidents, 706 Should We Be Afraid of
Number of Faculty for Proprietary Routine Maintenance and Olympic Medals, 738 Lightning?, 747
Schools, 699 Defective Parts, 700 Skiing Conditions, 730 Wind Speed of Hurricanes, 767
Student Participation in a Blood Too Much or Too Little?, 689, 736 Speed Skating Times, 705
Food and Dining
Drive, 706 Times to Complete an Obstacle
Marketing, Sales, and Consumer Smoking Bans and Profits, 759
Students’ Opinions on Lengthen- Course, 703
Behavior Government, Taxes, Politics,
ing the School Year, 699 Winning Baseball Games, 705
Book Publishing, 729 Public Policy, and Voting
Technology Proficiency Test, 705 The Sciences
Grocery Store Repricing, 734 Electoral Votes, 753
Entertainment Paper or Plastic Bags, 736 Maximum Speeds of
Unemployment Rates and
Concert Seating, 730 Printer Costs, 717 Animals, 717
Benefits, 767
Daily Lottery Numbers, Textbook Costs, 737 Natural Gas Costs, 699
Weights of Turkeys, 737 Law and Order: Criminal Justice
729, 738
Medicine, Clinical Studies, and State Governors on Capital
Motion Picture Releases and Experiments Transportation
Punishment, 744
Gross Revenue, 729 Accidents or Illnesses, 730 Fuel Efficiency of
On-Demand Movie Rentals, 730 Automobiles, 735 Medicine, Clinical Studies,
Cavities in Fourth-Grade and Experiments
Television Viewers, 699, 700 Students, 729 Glasses or Contact Lenses for
Driving, 730 Snoring, 761
Environmental Sciences, the Diet Medication and Weight, 699
Earth, and Space Drug Prices, 711, 712, 729, 738 Stopping Distances of Public Health and Nutrition
Clean Air, 698 Drug Side Effects, 692 Automobiles, 705 The White or Wheat Bread
Deaths Due to Severe Ear Infections in Swimmers, 696 Subway and Commuter Rail Debate, 751
Weather, 699 Effects of a Pill on Appetite, 699 Passengers, 728 Sports, Exercise, and Fitness
Heights of Waterfalls, 715 Hospital Infections, 714, 718 Travel and Leisure Basketball Foul Shots, 765
Record High Temperatures, 735 Hospitals and Nursing Amusement Park Admission Clay Pigeon Shooting, 765
Tall Trees, 728 Homes, 729 Price, 729 Playing Basketball, 765
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 Introduction Howdy Folks, I've been working in the
software business for over 30 years but until recently, hadn't been
playing directly with Micro Processors. When | bought a Raspberry
PI and then an Arduino, I'm afraid | got hooked. In my house | am
surrounded by computers of all shapes, sizes and capacities ... any
one of them with orders of magnitude more power than any of these
small devices ... however, | still found myself fascinated. When |
stumbled across the ESP8266 in early 2015, it piqued my interest. |
hadn't touched C programming in decades (I'm a Java man these
days). As | started to read what was available in the way of
documentation from the excellent community surrounding the
device, | found that there were only small pockets of knowledge.
The best source of information was (and still is) the official PDFs for
the SDK from Espressif (the makers of the ESP8266) but even that is
quite "light" on examples and background. As | studied the device, |
started to make notes and my pages of notes continued to grow and
grow. About a year later, the ESP32 found its way into my
possession. This book (if we want to call it that) is my collated and
polished version of those notes. Rather than keep them to myself, |
offer them to all of us in the ESP32 community in the hope that they
will be of some value. My plan is to continue to update this work as
we all learn more and share what we find in the community forums.
As such, | will re-release the work at regular intervals so please
check back at the book's home page for the latest. As you read,
make sure that you fully understand that there are undoubtedly
inaccuracies, errors in my understanding and errors in my writing.
Only by feedback and time will we be able to correct those. Please
forgive the grammatical errors and spelling mistakes that my spell
checker hasn't caught. Please don't email me directly with technical
questions. Instead, let us use the forum and ask and answer the
questions as a great community of ESP32 minded enthusiasts,
hobbyists and professionals. Neil Kolbaw Texas, ASA Page 38
 Important Documentation Notes — ESP8266 and ESP32 At
the start of 2015 | released a book of notes on ESP8266 and the
ESP32 was still a long way off. At the time we knew very little about
the ESP32 and my initial thinking was that | would cover both the
ESP8266 and the ESP32 in one book. Now that we have the ESP32 it
has become obvious that the distinctions between that device and
the ESP8266 are far too great to be accommodated in one
document. If we tried to merge the two we would be forever reading
that "this applies to ESP8266" and "that applies to ESP32". As such,
this book is explicitly for the ESP32. However ... there is currently a
catch. Since there is indeed a goodly amount of material that is
common to both devices, rather than start from scratch on a new
book, | have taken the ESP8266 book as a base and am working
through this book reworking it for ESP32 exclusivity. This is a work in
progress. | have added the majority of what is new in ESP32 but
haven't yet gotten to removing much of what is ESP8266 specific. As
such, when your read this work, you will have to pay attention
because some of the story is ESP8266 only and will either be
removed or reworked over the period ahead. Overview A micro
controller is an integrated circuit that is capable of running
programs. There are many instances of those on the market today
from a variety of manufacturers. The prices of these micro
controllers keeps falling. In the hobbyist market, an open source
architecture called "Arduino" that uses the Atmel range of processors
has caught the imagination of countless folks. The boards containing
these Atmel chips combined with a convention for connections and
also a free set of development tools has lowered the entry point for
playing with electronics to virtually nill. Unlike a PC, these processors
are extremely low end with low amounts of ram and storage
capabilities. They won't be replacing the desktop or laptop any time
soon. For those who want more "oomph" in their processors, the
folks over at Raspberry PI have developed a very cheap (~$45)
board that is based on the ARM processors that has much more
memory and uses micro SD for persistent data storage. These
devices run a variant of the Linux operating system. I'm not going to
talk further about the Raspberry PI as it is in the class of "computer"
as opposed to microprocessor. These micro controllers and
architectures are great and there will always be a place for them.
However, there is a catch ... and that is networking. These devices
have an amazing set of capabilities including direct electrical inputs
and outputs (GPIOs) and support for a variety of protocols including
SPI, 12C, UART and more, however, few of them so far come with
wireless networking included. Page 39
 No question (in my mind) that the Arduino has captured
everyone's attention. The Arduino is based on the Atmel chips and
has a variety of physical sizes in its open hardware footprints. The
primary micro controller used is the ATmega328. One can find
instances of these raw processors on eBay for under $2 with fully
constructed boards containing them for under $3. This is 10-20
times cheaper than the Raspberry Pl. Of course, one gets
dramatically less than the Raspberry PI so comparison can become
odd ... however if what one wants to do is tinker with electronics or
make some simple devices that connect to LEDs, switches or
sensors, then the functional features needed become closer.
Between them, the Arduino and the Raspberry PI appear to have all
the needs covered. If that were the case, this would be a very short
book. Let us add the twist that we started with ... wireless
networking. To have a device move a robot chassis or flash LED
patterns or make some noises or read data from a sensor and beep
when the temperature gets too high ... these are all great and
worthy projects. However, we are all very much aware of the value
of the Internet. Our computers are Internet connected, our phones
are connected, we watch TV (Netflix) over the Internet, we play
games over the Internet, we socialize (??) over the Internet ... and
so on. The Internet has become such a basic commodity that we
would laugh if someone offered us a new computer or a phone that
lacked the ability to go "on-line". Now imagine what a micro
controller with native wireless Internet could do for us? This would
be a processor which could run applications as well as or better than
an Arduino, which would have GPIO and hardware protocol support,
would have RAM and flash memory ... but would have the killer new
feature that it would also be able to form Internet connections. And
that ... simply put ... is what the ESP32 device is. It is an alternative
microprocessor to the ones already mentioned but also has WiFi and
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) support
already built in. What is more, it is also not much more expensive
than an Arduino. Searching eBay, we find ESP32 modules around the
$6 price point. The ESP32 The ESP32 is the name of a micro
controller designed by Espressif Systems. Espressif is a Chinese
company based out of Shanghai. The ESP32 advertises itself as a
selfcontained WiFi networking solution offering itself as a bridge
from existing micro controllers to WiFi ... and ... is also capable of
running self contained applications. Volume production of the ESP32
didn't start until the late of 2016 which means that, in the scheme of
things, this is a brand new entry in the line-up of processors. And ...
in our technology hungry world, new commonly equates to
interesting. A couple of years after IC production, 3 party OEMs are
taking these chips and building "breakout Page 40
 boards" for them. If | were to hand you a raw ESP32
straight from the factory, it is unlikely we would know what to do
with one. They are very tiny and virtually impossible for hobbyists to
attach wires to allow them to be plugged into breadboards.
Thankfully, OEMs bulk purchase the ICs, design basic circuits, design
printed circuit boards and construct pre-made boards with the ICs
pre-attached immediately ready for our use. It is these boards that
capture our interest and that we can buy for a few dollars on eBay.
There are a variety of board styles available but from a programming
perspective, they are all the same. The ESP32 specification When we
look at a new electronic device, we are always interested in its
specifications. This is the set of characteristics as described by the
manufacturer. Sometimes it is immediately obvious to us what a
specification item means and for others, it takes some time to
appreciate its ramifications. Here is a summary list of the core ESP32
items: Attribute Details Voltage 3.3V Current consumption Unknown
Flash memory attachable Module based Processor Tensilica L108 32
bit Processor speed Dual 160MHz RAM 520K GPIOs 34 Analog to
Digital 7 802.11 support 11b/g/n/e/i Bluetooth BLE Maximum
concurrent TCP connections 16 SPI 3 I2S 2 I2C 2 UART 3 The ESP32
is a dual core processor running the Xtensa LX6 instructions. The
cores are called "PRo_ cpu" and "App cpu". The question of
determining how long an ESP32 can run on batteries is an
interesting one. The current consumption is far from constant. When
transmitting at full power, it Page 41
 can consume 260mA but when in a deep sleep, it only need
20UA. That is quite a difference. This means that the run-time of an
ESP32 on a fixed current reservoir is not just a function of time but
also of what it is doing during that time ... and that is a function of
the program deployed upon it. The ESP32 is designed to be used
with a partner memory module and this is most commonly flash
memory. Most of the modules come with some flash associated with
them. Realize that flash has a finite number of erases per page
before something fails. They are rated at about 10,000 erases. This
is not normally an issue for configuration change writes or daily log
writes ... but if your application is continually writing new data
extremely fast, then this may be an issue and your flash memory will
fail. Modules At the time of writing, the ESP32 has only recently
become generally available, as such there are still relatively few
modules to be bought. ESP-WROOM-32 A module called the ESP-
WWROOM-32 is available from Espressif that contains an ESP32 plus
accompanying supporting hardware such as flash memory. Don't
mistake this for a breadboard friendly device ... this is much more
oriented to those with good electronics skills that wish to embed an
ESP32 in a specific project. The module is only 18mm x 25.5mm and
has pin spacings at the 1.27mm pitch. This is an extremely small
spacing. The fantastic web site called PIGHIXXX provides the most
top quality pin-out images | have ever seen. Please visit their site.
They have pin-outs for almost every conceivable device | have ever
wanted to know about. Here is a schematic of the current device:
Page 42
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bq (sexes s1AD |soCMD | aRTS| Goro PL), i feet 7 | soc fs snc http:
//esp32.com/ 1@ DEC 2015 See also: . ESP-WROOM-32 Datasheet .
Adafruit — seller of devices in US . ESP-WROOM-32 Home Page
ESP32-DevKitC With the release of the ESP32, Espressif have
released their own module for exposing the ESP32 to more
consumers. The board they have produced is called the
"ESP32Devkit" and is considered bread-board friendly. Page 43
 The board contains headers for the ESP32 as well as a
micro USB adapter and two buttons called enable and boot. These
buttons can be used to "flash" or "download" new application code
into the module. To perform this task, hold the "1 while pressing and
releasing " The pin out of the module is shown in the following
image: i UART @ sy Page 44 © [A0
 To reboot the device, pulse En low. If cproo is high, the
device will normal boot while if GPro0 Is low, it will boot into flash
mode allowing us to upload a new application into the device's flash
storage. See also: ESP32-DevkKitC — Getting Started Guide ESP32-
DevkKitC home page Adafruit reseller ESP-WROVER-KIT To be
written ... am awaiting the formal Espressif release slated for the
end of February/March. See also: ESP-WROVER-KIT Home Page
Adafruit reseller The SparkFun ESP32 thing SparkFun make an
ESP32 board called the "ESP32 Thing”. Page 45
 One of the distinguishing features of this board is the built
in battery charger socket. We can use this board with a LIPO battery
and charge that battery at the same time. The width of the Sparkfun
board allows it to sit in a breadboard with one row open either side
of it. This makes it more convenient for quick prototyping. See also:
Page 46
 SparkFun ESP32 Thing Connecting to the ESP32 The ESP32
is a WiFi device and hence we will eventually connect to it using WiFi
protocols but some bootstrapping is required first. The device
doesn't know what network to connect to, which password to use
and other necessary parameters. This of course assumes we are
connecting as a station, if we wish the device to be an access point
or we wish to load our own applications into it, the story gets
deeper. This implies that there is a some way to interact with the
device other than WiFi and there is ... the answer is UART (Serial).
The ESP32 has a dedicated UART interface with pins labeled TX and
RX. The TX pin is the ESP32 transmission (outbound from ESP32)
and the RX pin is used to receive data (inbound into the ESP32).
These pins can be connected to a UART partner. By far the easiest
and most convenient partner for us is a USB — UART converter.
These are discussed in detail later in the book. For now let us
assume that we have set those up. Through the UART, we can
attach a terminal emulator to send keystrokes and have data
received from the ESP32 displayed as characters on the screen.
Asecond purpose of the UART is to receive binary data used to
"flash" the flash memory of the device to record new applications for
execution. There are a variety of technical tools at our disposal to
achieve that task. When we use a UART, we need to consider the
concept of a baud rate. This is the speed of communication of data
between the ESP32 and its partner. During boot, the ESP32 attempts
to automatically determine the baud rate of the partner and match
it. It assumes a default of 115200 and if you have a serial terminal
attached, you will see a message like: if it is configured to receive at
115200. When connected to a Windows 10 machine via micro USB,
it shows up as a serial device: v @ Ports (COM & LPT) fF Silicon Labs
CP210x USB to UART Bridge (COM6) The default serial baud rate is
115200. Once the ESP32 is serially connected, we typically want to
attach a monitor or terminal emulator against the device. The ESP-
IDF framework provides a nice technique to achieve that. We can
run the command "make monitor". This launches a monitor tool
Page 47
 that tails the ESP32 serial output. This tool is based on
"miniterm" which is part of the "PySerial" package. We can terminate
miniterm with crri+]. From a Linux environment, we see the serial
port (usually) as /dev/ttyusBo. If we install the "screen" application,
we can then connect a terminal using: $ screen /dev/ttyUSBO
115200 To exit screen, enter "cTRL+a" followed by ": quit". An an
alternative to screen, we also have "cu": $ cu -l /dev/ttyUSBO -s
115200 To terminate the program enter "~ ." Another program is
"minicom": S$ minicom --baudrate 115200 --device /dev/ttyUSBO
And of course, since the serial port is just a stream of characters,
there is nothing to prevent you from simply running "cat" against it:
$ cat /dev/ttyUSBO If we are not sure about the settings of the
serial port, we can run: S stty -F /dev/ttyUSBO -a which will return
the current settings. Following a flash, you may need to change
some setting to perform a simple cat: S$ stty -F /dev/ttyUSBO
ispeed 115200 ospeed 115200 min 100 ixon See also: . USB to UART
converters . Loading a program Screen user's manual PySerial —
miniterm man(1) — stty Assembling circuits Since the ESP32 is an
actual electronic component, some physical assembly is required.
This book will not attempt to cover non-ESP32 electronics as that is
a very big and broad subject in its own right. However, what we will
do is describe some of the components that we have found
extremely useful while building ESP32 solutions. Page 48
 USB to UART converters You can't program an ESP32
without supplying it data through a UART. The easiest way to
achieve this is through the use of a USB to UART converter. | use the
devices that are based upon the CP2102 which can be found cheaply
on eBay for under $2 each. Another popular brand are the devices
from Future Technology Devices International (FTDI). You will want
at least two. One for programming and one for debugging. | suggest
buying more than two just in case ... When ordering, don't forget to
get some male-female USB extender cables as it is unlikely you will
be able to attach your USB devices to both a breadboard and the PC
at the same time via direct connection and although connector
cables will work, plugging into the breadboard is just so much easier.
USB connector cables allow you to easily connect from the PC to the
USB socket to the UART USB plug. Here is an image of the type of
connector cable | recommend. Get them with as short a cable length
as possible. 12-24 inches should be preferred. ~ When we plug in a
USB — UART into a Windows machine, we can learn the COM port
that the new serial port appears upon by opening the Windows
Device Manager. There are a number of ways of doing this, one way
is to launch it from the DOS command window with: mmc
devmgmt.msc Under the section called Ports (COM & LPT) you will
find entries for each of the COM ports. The COM ports don't provide
you a mapping that a particular USB socket is hosting a particular
COM port so my poor suggestion is to pull the USB from each socket
one by one and make a note of which COM port disappears (or
appears if you are inserting a USB). Page 49
 File Action View Help @¢9|m| 18 b ] IEEE 1394 Bus host
controllers > 534 Imaging devices » KY Intel WiUSB > <=
Keyboards Mice and other pointing devices > 4 Monitors > (KY
Network adapters 4° Ports (COM & LPT) i ¥ Intel(R) Active
Management Technology - SOL (COM3) - Fv Novatel Wireless VCOM
GPS Port (COM4) v Silicon Labs CP210x USB to UART Bridge
(COM11) Ld Standard Serial over Bluetooth link (COM13) > Dp
Processors > J Security Devices > -g» Smart card readers > iy
Sound, video and game controllers > lll System devices b @
Universal Serial Bus controllers See also: . Connecting to the ESP32 .
Working with UART/serial Breadboards | find | can never have too
many breadboards. | suggest getting a few full size and half size
boards along with some 24 AWG connector wire and a good pair of
wire strippers. Keep a trash bin close by otherwise you will find
yourself knee deep in stripped insulation and cut wire parts before
you know it. | also recommend some Dupont malemale pre-made
wires. Ribbon cable can also be useful. Page 50
 Power We need electricity to get these devices working. |
choose the MB102 breadboard attachable power adapters. These
can be powered from an ordinary wall-wart (mains adapter) or from
USB. It appears that the plug for wall-wart power is 2.1mm and
center positive however | strongly suggest that you read your
specific supplier's data sheets very carefully. There is also a potential
concern that the barrel socket is wired in parallel with the USB input
which could mean that if you attach a high voltage input (eg. 12V)
while also having a USB source connected, you may very well
damage your USB device. The devices have a master on/off power
switch plus a jumper to set 3.3V or 5V outputs. You can even have
one breadboard rail be 3.3V and the other 5V ... but take care not to
apply 5V to your ESP32. By having two power rails, one at 3.3V and
the other at 5V, you can power both the ESP32 and devices/circuits
that require 5V. When the ESP32 starts to transmit over wireless,
that can draw a lot of current which can cause ripples in your power
supply. You may also have other sensors or devices connected to
your supply as well. These fluctuations in the voltage can cause
problems. It is strongly recommended that you place a 10 micro
farad capacitor between +ve and -ve as close to your ESP32 as you
can. This will provide a reservoir of power to even out any transient
ripples. This is one of those tips that you ignore at your peril.
Everything may work just fine without the capacitor ... until it
doesn't or until you start getting intermittent problems and are at a
loss to explain them. Let me put it this way, for the few cents it costs
and the zero harm it does, why not? Page 51
 Multi-meter / Logic probe / Logic Analyzer When your
circuit doesn't work and you are staring at it wondering what is
wrong, you will be thankful if you have a multi-meter and a logic
probe. If your budget will stretch, | also recommend a USB based
logic analyzer such as those made by Saleae. These allow you to
monitor the signals coming into or being produced by your ESP32.
Think of this as the best source of debugging available to you. Not
only can these devices display signals over time, the software also
allows us to specify the protocol being used and the content of the
signal displayed at a higher level with interpretation. See also:
Saleae logic analyzers YouTube: ESP32 and logic analyzers Sundry
components You will want the usual set of suspects for sundry
components including LEDs, resistors, capacitors and more. Physical
construction When you have bread-boarded your circuit and written
your application, there may come a time where you wish to make
your solution permanent. At that point, you will need a soldering
iron, solder and some strip-board. | also recommend some female
header sockets so that you don't have to solder your ESP32 directly
into the circuits. Not only does this allow you to reuse the devices
(should you desire) but in the unfortunate event that you fry one, it
will be easier to replace. Configuration for flashing the device Later
on in the book you will find that when it comes time to flash the
device with your new applications, you will have to set some of the
GPIO pins to be low and then reboot. This is the indication that it is
now ready to be flashed. Obviously, you can build a Page 52
 circuit that you use for flashing your firmware and then
place the device in its final circuit but you will find that during
development, you will want to flash and test pretty frequently. This
means that you will want to use jumper wires and to allow you to
move the links of pins on your breadboards from their "flash"
position to their "normal use" position. Page 53
 Programming for ESP32 The ESP32 allows you to write
applications that can run natively on the device. You can compile
applications written in the C programming language and deploy
them to the device through a process known as flashing. In order for
your applications to do something useful, they have to be able to
interact with the environment. This could be making network
connections or sending/receiving data from attached sensors, inputs
and outputs. In order to make that happen, the ESP32 contains a
core set of functions that we can loosely think of as the operating
system of the device. The services of the operating system are
exposed to be called from your application providing a contract of
services that you can leverage. These services are fully documented.
In order to successfully write applications for deployment, you need
to be aware of the existence of these services. They become
indispensable tools in your tool chest. For example, if you need to
connect to a WiFi access point, there is an API for that. To get your
current IP address, there is an API for that and to get the time since
the device was started, there is an API for that. In fact, there are a
LOT of APIs available for us to use. The good news is that no-one is
expecting us to memorize all the details of their use. Rather it is
sufficient to broadly know that they exist and have somewhere to go
when you want to look up the details of how to use them. To
sensibly manage the number and variety of these exposed APIs, we
can collect sets of them together in meaningful groups of related
functions. This gives us yet another and better way to manage our
knowledge and learning of them. The primary source of knowledge
on programming the ESP32 is the ESP32 SDK API Guide. Direct links
to all the relevant documents can be found at Reference documents.
See also: Espressif Systems — Manufacturers of the ESP8266
Espressif Bulletin Board System — Place for SDKs, docs and forums
Espressif loT Development framework For the ESP32, a framework
has been developed by Espressif called the loT Development
Framework which has become commonly known as "Esp-iIpF". It
can be found on Github here: https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf
The documentation for this can be found in the esp-idf/docs folder.
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