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 Final PDF to printer

FOR STUDENTS

Effective, efficient studying.

Connect helps you be more productive with your study time and get better grades using tools like
SmartBook 2.0, which highlights key concepts and creates a personalized study plan. Connect sets you
up for success, so you walk into class with confidence and walk out with better grades.

Study anytime, anywhere. “I really liked this

Download the free ReadAnywhere app and access your app—it made it easy
online eBook or SmartBook 2.0 assignments when it’s
to study when you
convenient, even if you’re offline. And since the app
don't have your text-
book in front of you.”
automatically syncs with your eBook and SmartBook 2.0
assignments in Connect, all of your work is available
every time you open it. Find out more at
www.mheducation.com/readanywhere - Jordan Cunningham,
Eastern Washington University

No surprises.
The Connect Calendar and Reports tools keep you on track with the
work you need to get done and your assignment scores. Life gets busy;
Connect tools help you keep learning through it all.

Calendar: owattaphotos/Getty Images

Learning for everyone.

McGraw-Hill works directly with Accessibility Services
Departments and faculty to meet the learning needs
of all students. Please contact your Accessibility
Services office and ask them to email
[email protected], or visit
www.mheducation.com/about/accessibility
for more information.

Top: Jenner Images/Getty Images, Left: Hero Images/Getty Images, Right: Hero Images/Getty Images

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WHAT’S NEW IN SOC

Helping Students Succeed with Connect®
®

McGraw-Hill Connect® is an integrated educational platform that includes assignable and assessable quizzes,
exercises, and interactive activities, all associated with learning objectives for SOC 2020. Videos, interactive
assessments, links to news articles about current issues with accompanying questions (“NewsFlash”), and scenario-
based activities engage students and add real-world perspective to the introductory sociology course. In addition,
printable, exportable reports show how well each student or course section is performing on each course segment.
Here are some of the media-rich activities that will help your students succeed in the introductory sociology course:

In Their Shoes. In Their Shoes develops

students‘ sociological imagination by walking
them through the situation, challenges, and
crises in the character’s life. Covering topics
such as “Deviance and Social Control,” “Racial
and Ethnic Inequality,” and “Socialization
and the Life Course” students explore and
navigate life choices.

Peathegee Inc/Blend Images LLC

Yellow Dog Productions/Digital Vision/Getty Images
PeopleImages.com/Digital Vision/Getty Images

Applying the Perspectives. In Applying the Perspectives, students examine a problem—global inequality,
gender stratification, or family and intimate relationships—from three sociological perspectives and apply their
critical thinking skills to align theories with the appropriate perspective.

Concept Clips. Concept Clips are animations

designed to engage students and walk them
through some of the more complex concepts
in the course and conclude with assessment
questions to demonstrate their understanding.
Topics include research variables, functions of
religion, and power and authority.

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Put students first with Connect’s intuitive mobile interface, which gives students and instructors flexible,
convenient, anytime-anywhere access to all components of the Connect platform. It provides seamless
integration of learning tools and places the most important priorities up front in a new “to-do” list with a
calendar view across all Connect courses. Enjoy on-the-go access with the new mobile interface designed
for optimal use of tablet functionality.

Provide a Smarter Text and Better Value with SmartBook

Available within Connect, SmartBook® makes study time as productive and efficient as
possible by identifying and closing knowledge gaps. SmartBook identifies what an individual student knows and
doesn’t know based on the student’s confidence level, responses to questions, and other factors. It then provides
focused help through targeted learning resources (including videos, animations, and other interactive activities).
SmartBook builds an optimal, personalized learning path for each student, so students spend less time on
concepts they already understand and more time on those they don’t. As a student engages with SmartBook,
the reading experience continuously adapts by highlighting the most impactful content a student needs to
learn at that moment in time. This ensures that every minute spent with SmartBook is returned to the student
as the most value-added minute possible. The result? More confidence, better grades, and greater success.
New to this edition, SmartBook is now optimized for phones and tablets and accessible for students with
disabilities using interactive features.

Prepare Students for Higher-Level Thinking

Aimed at the higher level of Bloom’s taxonomy, Power of Process for Sociology helps students improve
critical thinking skills and allows instructors to assess these skills efficiently and effectively in an online
environment. Available through Connect, pre-loaded readings are available for instructors to assign. Using a
scaffolded framework such as understanding, synthesizing, and analyzing, Power of Process moves students
toward higher-level thinking and analysis.

Also at the higher level of Bloom’s, McGraw-Hill’s Application-Based Activities are highly interactive, automatically
graded, online learn-by-doing exercises that provide students a safe space to apply their knowledge and problem-
solving skills to real-world scenarios. Each scenario addresses key concepts and skills that students must use
to work through and solve course-specific problems, resulting in improved critical thinking and development of
relevant workplace skills. Twenty-one Application-Based Activities are new to this edition of SOC.

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A Revision Informed by Student Data

From the start, Connect Sociology has collected data anonymously on students’ performance on specific
learning objectives. These aggregated data, displayed in the form of heat maps, graphically identify
challenging “hot spots” in the text, helping guide the revision of both core content and assessment activities
for the Sixth Edition. This student-directed revision is reflected primarily in Chapters 9, 11, 13, and 15.

Chapter Changes
The following is a list of chapter-by-chapter content changes:

Chapter 1: The Sociological Imagination Chapter 2: Sociological Research

• New opening vignette on rural life and • Revised the Finding Information infographic
inequality based on Sarah Smarsh’s memoir • New Did You Know? feature on polling
Heartland projections and the 2016 presidential election
• Updated the data on unemployment as an • Revised the section on common sense to more
example of a public issue versus private clearly identify four of its limitations
troubles • Added a consideration of the danger of
• Revised the discussion of the sociological common sense including a reference to
imagination to reinforce it usefulness when Lazarsfeld’s example of the limits of “obvious”
making decisions about the future explanations for human behavior
• Updated the CEO-to-average-worker pay ratio • Updated the Did You Know? feature on degree
data attainment percentages
• Updated the 5 Movies feature to include Lady • Updated the Degree Attainment and Income
Bird and Black Panther graph to include new data and a third column
• Updated the film gender wage gap example representing those whose highest degree
with Claire Foy’s experience on The Queen attainment is some college/associate’s degree
• Updated data on gender wage gap and race/ • Updated the Presidential Approval Ratings
ethnicity wealth gap graph with new data
• Revised the discussion of free agency in the • Updated the Going Global: Research Abroad
NBA to update information and clarify its feature on the annual Afghanistan national
significance survey with new data
• Revised the discussion of Comte to clarify • Updated data on popular baby names as a sign
three significant contributions he made to early of cultural shifts
sociology • Updated the 5 Movies feature to include
• Classified Martineau’s contributions into three Science Fair and Monrovia, Indiana
specific areas for the sake of clarity
• Updated graphs and map presenting suicide
data Chapter 3: Culture
• Added new information about the increasing • Updated the opening vignette Improv
rates of suicide and the resulting public health Everywhere and breaking norms to include
concern the most recent No Pants Subway Ride event
• Updated the Going Global feature on the World and other updated missions from Improv
Happiness Report Everywhere
• Revised the Three Sociological Perspectives • Moved the introduction of the three-step
table to increase clarity model of the social construction of reality from
• Revised the definition of personal sociology Chapter 5 to Chapter 3 in order to set the stage
• Replaced the existing Personal Sociology for the next three chapters as corresponding to
feature with new text the three stages of that model
• Updated the Sociology Degrees Conferred in • Added social construction of reality as a key term
the United States graph • Edited the PopSoc feature on Columbusing for
• Revised the discussion of Applied Sociology greater clarity
to include a reference to the Obama • Updated section on diffusion regarding the
administration’s Social and Behavioral Sciences number of McDonald’s and Starbucks locations
Team around the world

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• New Did You Know? feature on the invention of • Updated the SOCthink to focus on smartphone
the steam engine use among young adults
• Updated data from Ethnologue on the number • Updated the Telephones and Cell Phones by
of living, endangered languages, and extinct Country per 100 People graph
languages • Updated data on mobile phone ownership in
• Updated the Going Global feature on the Africa and added the term leapfrogging
region of origin of the world’s living languages • Updated data on the number of jobs held
and contrasted that with the number of between 18 and 50
speakers • Revised the 5 Movies feature on socialization
• Updated examples of new words for 2018 to include the films Eighth Grade, Welcome to
added to the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Marwen, and Three Identical Strangers
Dictionary • Updated data on U.S. and global life
• Revised the discussion on invented languages expectancy
for the sake of clarity and to emphasize the • New graph on living arrangements by age for
three different eras those 65 and older
• Updated the PopSOC feature on Dothraki • Updated data on Social Security and poverty
and the increasing popularity of the name for those over 65
Khaleesi • Revised the 5 Movies feature on aging to
• Revised the discussion of the Sapir-Whorf include Beginners and Our Souls at Night
hypothesis for greater clarity
• Revised and updated data and graph regarding
Chapter 5: Social Structure and
the values of first-year college students using
data from the annual HERI survey Interaction
• Updated the 5 Movies feature on U.S. culture • Revised the Social Interaction section to
feature to include Sorry to Bother You, If Beale establish the connection of the material in
Street Could Talk, En el Séptimo Día (On the this chapter to the three-step model of world
Seventh Day), and The Rider construction, which is now introduced in
• Revised the discussion of sanctions to clarify Chapter 3 rather than here
the distinction between internal and external • Revised the definition of secondary groups
policing • Revised the discussion of primary and
• Updated the 5 Movies feature on cultures secondary groups for greater clarity
outside the United States to include the • Added a new discussion on college
films Roma and Shoplifters student friendship networks based on Janice
• Revised the discussion of subcultures to McCabe’s research highlighting three types:
include a consideration of divisions between tight-knitters, compartmentalizers, and
Republicans and Democrats in the United samplers
States • Updated the Going Global feature on Internet
• Edited the discussion of ethnocentrism access and social networking use in various
countries around the world
• Revised the discussion of images under
Chapter 4: Socialization
Postmodern Life to increase clarity
• Added a discussion linking this chapter to the • Updated the Going Global feature on U.S.
three-step model of world construction which favorability ratings around the world
was introduced in Chapter 3 • Updated the 5 Movies feature to include The
• Updated the discussion of Dani’s story in the Greatest Showman, District 9, and The Green
Extreme Childhood Isolation section Book
• Revised and streamlined the discussion of • Updated the Pop Quiz feature
Mead’s theory on I, Me, significant other, and
generalized other
• Revised the definition of Mead’s generalized Chapter 6: Deviance
other • Revised and updated the chapter opening
• New J. K. Rowling feature quote on the on mass shootings to include the Marjory
importance of agency Stoneman Douglas high school shooting in
• Added a new subsection on W. I. Thomas in the Parkland, Florida, and the Las Vegas concert
Sociological Approaches to the Self section shooting
• New graph showing average media use time • Updated and revised the Binge Drinking on
per week by age groups Campus graphs

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• Updated data on the correctional population in • Revised the substantive definition of families
the United States including updating the U.S. • Revised the definition of extended families
Incarceration Rates graph • Updated and streamlined the discussion of
• Moved the discussion of marijuana to the Crime family types, marriage types, and kinship
section where it was also discussed patterns under the substantive definition
• Updated data on piracy as a form of deviance of families
• Updated the 5 Movies feature on deviance • Updated the U.S. Households by Family Type
to include The Purge, Liar, Liar, and I Am Not graph
a Witch • Updated data on the number and ratio of stay-
• Updated data on cosmetic surgery by both at-home moms to stay-at-home dads
women and men in the United States • Updated graph showing median age for first
• Revised the discussion of crime for the sake of marriage for women and men from 1890 to
greater clarity and accessibility 2018
• Updated the data on trends in crime including • Updated data on age differences between
the crime clock marital partners
• Updated the FBI Uniform Crime Reports Data • Updated data, table, and graph on interracial
table with latest UCR data on crime rates and marriage
trends along with clearance rates • Revised the definition of homogamy
• Revised the definition of victimization surveys • Revised the discussion of parenting and social
• Updated data and graph on victimization class
survey data showing percentage of crimes • Made concerted cultivation and
reported to police accomplishment of natural growth key terms
• Updated the 5 Movies feature on crime to include • Updated the Living Arrangements of Children
Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri, graph on the percentage of children living with
Charm City, and The Shawshank Redemption two parents versus one parent by race and
• Revised the definition of white-collar crime and ethnicity and over time
streamlined the discussion of the topic • Revised and expanded the discussion on
• Revised the discussion of victimless crimes parenting, race, and ethnicity
• Updated the Marijuana Laws by State map • Updated the 5 Movies feature to include Instant
• Updated and moved the Marijuana Legislation Family, Leave No Trace, and Mudbound
graph to the victimless crimes discussion • Reorganized and retitled sections for better
• New PopSOC on films dealing with Wall Street flow including Dating, Mating, and Parenting
• Updated Going Global graph on international and Modern Families
incarceration rates • Added a new section covering birth rates
• Updated the Did You Know? feature on drug and average number of children including
arrests in the United States a discussion of the impact education and
• Added broken window hypothesis as a new geographic region have on age prior to the
key term section on parenting
• Added a new featured quote from Dostoevsky • Updated data on international adoption by U.S.
and prisons parents including overall numbers, top three
• Updated data on death penalty cases, DNA source nations, and median cost of adoptions
exonerations, and race in the United States from China
• Updated map with latest data on executions in • Updated data on the number of children in
the United States foster care and awaiting adoption
• Updated the gender discussion to include • Updated data on dual-income families
changes internationally regarding the loophole • Updated data on attitudes regarding same-sex
in which rapists can avoid prosecution by marriage
marrying their victims • Updated the Approval of Same-Sex Marriage
by Age graphs showing differences by
generations
Chapter 7: Families • Updated data on single-parent families
• Updated the chapter opening on online dating • Updated data on stepfamilies
apps/sites including Jessica Carbino, Bumble’s • Updated data on multigenerational families
in-house sociologist • New graph showing percentage of
• Updated Did You Know? feature on U.S. multigenerational families over time
marriage rate compared to Las Vegas and • Revised the definition of cohabitation to make
Hawaii it more inclusive

What’s New in SOC   •   xiii

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• Updated data on cohabitation • Restructured the Sociological Perspectives on

• Updated data on remaining single Education section including the addition of a
• Updated data on remaining child-free new interactionist perspective subsection
• Updated data on divorce • Revised the discussion of the correspondence
• Updated the Trends in Marriage and Divorce in principle and hidden curriculum and made
the United States graph to reflect recent rate them part of their own subsection
changes • Updated Did You Know? regarding Harvard’s
acceptance rate
• Updated data on student loan debt
Chapter 8: Education and Religion • Updated the College Majors by Gender,
• Revised the chapter opening to focus on two Percent Female graph to show the percentage
students from the Bronx who struggle to make of female bachelor’s degree recipients for a
education work as a pathway to opportunity variety of majors
• Revised the Education in Society section • Revised 5 Movies feature on education to
to highlight the importance of principle include Dead Poets Society, Night School, and
and practice when it comes to assessing The Perks of Being a Wallflower
educational outcomes • Updated SOCthink on women’s participation
• Revised the Education in Society section to levels in high school and college athletics
include a number of subsections, including • Revised the discussion of a substantive
Education and Opportunity, Educational definition to enhance clarity
Attainment, Community Colleges, Teaching as • Revised the discussion of the functional
a Profession, and Homeschooling (these last definition of religion to highlight three
three were moved from another section) functions: encouraging social integration,
• Updated data on community college enforcing existing beliefs and practices, and
enrollments providing a sense of meaning and purpose
• Updated the Net Price Cost of College graph • Added a new subheading for functional
showing the net price (tuition, fees, room, and equivalents of religion and revised the
board minus grants) cost of two-year and four- discussion for greater clarity
year colleges over time • Updated the Major World Religions graph and
• Updated the Average Salaries for Teachers map table with current data
• Revised the Teaching as a Profession section to • Revised 5 Movies feature on religion to include
also address adjunct/contingent professors First Reformed and Noah
• Updated the Did You Know? feature on college • Updated the data on women clergy and
enrollment rates theological students
• Updated the Educational Attainment in the
United States graph showing high school and
college completion rates from 1910 to 2017 Chapter 9: Economy and Politics
• Revised the Going Global: Educational • Revised the structure of the chapter to improve
Attainment of 25- to 34-Year-Olds graph flow and create a better narrative
to include percentages for three levels of • Updated the chapter opening regarding Trump
educational attainment: less than upper- voters’ continued support for him
secondary, secondary, and tertiary • Revised the introductions to capitalism and
• Streamlined the discussion of functions of socialism to improve clarity
education, added soft skills to the heading • New Did You Know? feature on attitudes toward
and discussion, and completely reworked the capitalism and socialism in the United States
Cultural Innovation subsection • Revised the discussion of mixed economies
• Updated data in the Child Care subsection on including more information about China
the percentage increase of three- to five-year-old • Updated the International Economic Growth,
children in preschool and kindergarten over time 1980–2017 graph
• Updated the Education Pays graph on the • Streamlined the discussion of the Great
relationship between education level and Recession to make it part of the mixed
income for 25- to 34-year-olds economy discussion
• New feature quote from Malcolm X on • Revised the discussion of the three economic
education sectors to make it more accessible
• Updated data for Did You Know? feature • Added a new subsection Economic
regarding family income level and likelihood of Globalization to include the economic
going directly to college after high school accomplishments of capitalism and placed the

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discussion of the more recent challenges of • Updated Average Household Income by

deindustrialization, outsourcing, and offshoring Quintile graph with the latest data
here • Updated Gini index data for income
• Created a new 5 Movies feature focusing solely • Added a new Average Hourly Income,
on the economy and added The Big Short and 1964–2018 graph showing both constant and
The Price of Everything current dollars
• Introduced polity as a key term in place • Updated data on wealth distribution and added
of political system to describe that social the Gini index for wealth
institution • Updated the Did You Know? feature on
• Added a new Did You Know? feature on the consumer expenditures by the top quintile
most admired man and woman in America to • Updated the Child Poverty Rates around the
go along with charismatic authority World graph
• Added a new 5 Movies feature focusing only on • Updated data for table Who Are the Poor in the
politics, and added RBG, The Post, and Cold War United States? percentage of population overall
• Created a new subsection focusing on the versus percentage of poverty population
relationship between capitalism and democracy • Updated the People below Poverty Level
including an enhanced discussion of Okun’s map showing variation in poverty levels by
tension between equality and efficiency and state
Marshall’s discussion of social rights • Updated data on percentage of health care
• Updated the Public Trust in Government graph spending provided by government for select
• Added a discussion on voter identification nations
• Updated the What’s Your Party? graph on • Revised the discussion on the importance of
political party identification parents’ resources when it comes to children’s
• Updated data on voter participation, including a mobility
consideration of the 2018 midterm elections • Updated the Education Pays graph of the
• Updated the Voter Turnout Worldwide graph relationship between education and income
• Updated the Reasons for Not Voting graph for full-time, year-round workers
• Updated the (Under)Representation in • Revised and updated the Did You Know?
Congress graph to reflect the 2018 midterm feature on the highest-paid CEOs
results for the 116th Congress • Updated the 5 Movies feature on Social Class
• Added a discussion about the increasing to include The Florida Project and Generation
diversity of Congress due to the 2018 midterms Wealth
• Updated the Women in National Legislatures • Added a new feature quote on wealth
graph
• Updated the U.S. Public Opinion on Defense
Chapter 11: Global Inequality
Spending graph
• Updated data on terrorist attacks in 2017 • Renamed the opening section Global
• Updated and revised the Pop Quiz to reflect Interdependence and revised the discussion
the new structure and content in that section to emphasize that theme as a
bridge to why people should be interested and
concerned
Chapter 10: Social Class • Provided new examples of global production
• Updated data on human trafficking in the chains
United States • Updated the Going Global feature showing
• Updated the Did You Know? feature on the Human Development Index scores for a variety
Global Slavery Index of nations
• Revised the discussion on income to clarify • Renamed the second section Sociological
the varieties of ways sociologists explore Perspective on Globalization to clarify the
income inequality including the importance purpose of the section
of the distinction between median and mode, • Revised the discussion of modernization theory
changes in relative income shares by quintile and clarified its connection to the functionalist
over time, changes in absolute income over perspective
time by quintiles, and the Gini index • Revised the discussion of dependency
• Updated median and mean income in the theory and world systems analysis and clarified
United States their connection to the conflict perspective
• Updated data on quintile distribution including • Clarified how the discussion of multinational
the Percentage Share of Total Income graphs corporations fit into the sociological theories

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• Updated Going Global feature contrasting • New example of Yemen as a challenging

corporate revenue of the top 10 multinational context for human rights abuses
corporations to the GDP of comparably sized • Updated information on Doctors Without
nations Borders to include statistics on various
• Renamed the third section Economic Inequality procedures performed
around the World • Updated the Pop Quiz
• Split up the discussion of income and wealth
into separate subsections and streamlined
the discussion of both to avoid overwhelming Chapter 12: Gender and Sexuality
students with too much detail • Updated the chapter opening on Sheryl
• Moved the discussion and map of gross Sandberg and LeanIn.org with new data
national income to this section instead of • Revised the structure to include separate
appearing earlier sections on sex, gender, and the gender
• Updated data on income inequality spectrum; moved the discussion of transgender
• Updated the Quintile Distribution of Income to the beginning of the section and added the
graph showing percentage of income earned discussion about gender binary versus gender
by the top and bottom quintiles spectrum to the end of the section
• Updated data on wealth inequality • Updated data on gender representation in
• Updated and revised the Global Wealth children’s books
Distribution graph • Updated data on stay-at-home moms and dads
• Updated the Wealth Concentration graph • Updated data on educational participation and
• Updated data on poverty around the world attainment for women
• Updated the Living on Less Than $1.90 a Day • Updated data on Americans’ attitudes
graph regarding extreme poverty regarding abortion
• Updated the Share of Global Poor graph • Created a new subsection highlighting
showing the distribution based on region intersectionality
• Streamlined the discussion of the Millennial and • Added a new photo with caption tying the
Sustainable Development Goals #MeToo movement to intersectionality
• Revised the Did You Know? feature about what • Updated the U.S. Attitudes about
women garment workers in Bangladesh earn Homosexuality graph
compared to CEOs of garment companies • Updated data on sexual orientation hate crime
• Updated the discussion of Mexico as a case statistics
study, including providing historical context for • Updated data on teens’ age at first sexual
Mexico intercourse experience and added information
• Revised the discussion of Mexico’s income, on the nature of their relationship with their first
wealth, and poverty data to bring it into partner and reasons for those not having had
alignment with the previous section and added sex
more data regarding each • Updated data on international contraception
• Updated the Did You Know? feature on the use rates
number of undocumented workers entering • Updated the Labor Force Participation Rates
Mexico graph for men and women
• Revised the discussion of indigenous people in • Updated the Women’s Representation
Mexico with additional context and data in U.S. Occupations table showing
• Updated data on the status of women in underrepresentation and overrepresentation in
Mexico occupations
• Updated data for the Borderlands map showing • Updated data for men and women on median
apprehensions and remittances income for full-time, year-round workers
• Revised the discussion regarding emigration to • Updated data on occupational segregation and
the United States from Mexico with additional its relationship to the wage gap
information and context • Updated the Gender Wage Gap by Education
• Updated the 5 Movies feature on Global table
Inequality to include Icebox, On Her Shoulders, • Updated data on the gender wage gap by age
and Capernaum • Updated discussion on housework to include
• Connected the discussion of human rights to its impact on relationship satisfaction and
the earlier points about interdependence sexual intimacy
• Updated the Human Trafficking Report table • Updated data on women’s representation in
showing tiers for countries government after the 2018 midterm elections

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• Updated the 5 Movies on gender and sexuality of issues related to race and ethnicity and also
to include Love, Simon, What Men Want, and made the links to the three perspectives more
Transformer explicit
• Updated the criminal victimization rates on rape • Added a discussion of Roth’s multidimensional
and sexual violence typology to highlight the complexity of race in
• Updated the data on high school girls’ practice
experience of violence and physical coercion • Updated the 5 Movies feature to include Get
Out, The Hate U Give, and Crazy Rich Asians
• Added passing as a key term to highlight the
Chapter 13: Race and Ethnicity multidimensionality of race
• Completed an overhaul of the chapter to place • Added a discussion of transracial adoption to
greater emphasis on the sociological analysis highlight the multidimensionality of race
of race and ethnicity, including more historical • Added a discussion on the function of racial
context regarding the social construction of distinction as a foundation for group solidarity
race and highlighting the consequences of • Revised the definition of contact hypothesis
these constructs • Modified the definition of affirmative action
• Updated the opening vignette addressing • Updated the PopSOC feature on racial and
cases of police killings of African American ethnic representation in films
males • Updated the Median Income by Race, Ethnicity,
• New section highlighting race as a social and Gender graph
construct growing out of particular historical • Revised the definition of institutional
contexts from Linnaeus’s racial categorization, discrimination
through the era of racial pseudoscience, to the • Revised the discussion of racism, including a
post–WWII reconsideration of race as a social new definition, to highlight the fact that racism
construct from both a social and biological involves more than just how people think and
perspective linked it to systemic patterns of inequality
• Revised the definition of race • Updated the Hate Crime Offenses graphic
• Revised the definition of ethnicity • New PopSOC feature on Colin Kaepernick’s
• Updated statistics in the Racial and Ethnic NFL protest regarding racial injustice
Groups in the United States table including • Streamlined and reorganized the discussion on
both numbers and percentage of population patterns of intergroup relations
• New PopSOC feature on the work of Brazilian • Updated the Racial and Ethnic Groups in the
artist Angélica Dass matching Pantone color United States graph
codes to skin tone to highlight the gradational • Streamlined the discussion of various racial and
nature of human variation ethnic groups in the United States to highlight
• Added a discussion of the role the Plessy v. the consequences of difference and updated
Ferguson case to show its significance in the data for all groups on income, education,
maintenance of systemic racial inequality poverty, and so on along with emphasizing
• Added a new PopSOC feature on Denmark’s degrees of difference within each race/ethnicity
“Do It for Denmark” campaign designed to category
increase birthrates in the country • Updated the Poverty by Race and Ethnicity
• Added a discussion of the eugenics movement graph
in the United States • Updated the discussion on African Americans
• Added a Did You Know? feature linking a to highlight distinctions within this community,
Frederick Douglass quote regarding the including more recent immigrants from Africa
biology of race from the 1850s to the civil rights and the Caribbean
movement claims 100 years later • Updated the Age Variation by Race and
• Added a discussion of the UNESCO statement Ethnicity graph
after World War II, led by anthropologist Ashley • Updated the Major Hispanic Groups in the
Montague, advocating the use of ethnicity in United States graph
place of race • Updated data on immigration, including
• Added a discussion on the Most Recent the Legal Immigration to the United States
Common Ancestor research which shows the graph
degree of shared human ancestry • Updated the discussion of immigration policies
• Revised the Sociological Perspectives section • Moved the discussion of privilege to the end of
to include a more fully developed discussion of the chapter
the role theories can play in our understanding • Updated the Pop Quiz

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Chapter 14: Population, Health, and • Updated data on health care expenditures,
including the Total Health Care Expenditures
Environment graph
• Updated data for the United States, world, • Updated data on Medicare and Medicaid
and select nations for total fertility rate and recipients
replacement fertility rate • Updated the current state of the Affordable
• Updated the Total Fertility Rates graph showing Care Act
changes in the average number of births per • Updated the U.S. Uninsured Rate, 1997–2018
woman over time for various countries graph
• Updated data for the United States, world, • Updated the Did You Know? feature on bottled
and select nations for crude death rate, infant water consumption in the United States
mortality rate, and life expectancy • Updated the Did You Know? feature on the
• Updated the Life Expectancy graph showing amount of Brazilian rain forest lost each year
changes in average number of years a • Updated the Public Perception of
newborn is expected to live over time for Environmental Issues graph
various countries • Updated data on air pollution deaths
• Updated the Global Migration, 1950–2015 map • Updated the 5 Movies on the Environment
• Updated the U.S. Foreign-Born Population feature to include Anthropocene and Rodents
graph of Unusual Size
• Updated data on source country and state • Updated data on access to safe drinking water
residence of foreign-born population in the and modern sanitation facilities
United States • Updated the Global Temperature graph
• Updated data on immigration categories showing the recorded history of average global
including lawful permanent resident, temperature per year
naturalization, refugee/asylum, and apprehension. • Updated the CO2 Emissions per Capita graph
• Updated World Population Growth graph with with data for select nations
new projections • Updated the Threatened and Endangered
• Updated the Afghanistan and United States Species graph
Population Pyramid graphic • Updated the environmental issues survey
• Updated data on availability of skilled health results for whether or not they should be a top
care professionals per 10,000 people in the priority for Congress
United States versus select nations • Updated the Perceptions of Global Climate
• Updated data for the Infant Mortality Rates in Change among select nations graph
Selected Countries graph • Updated U.S. policy regarding the Paris
• Updated the 5 Movies feature on health and Agreement regarding climate change
medicine to include The Big Sick, Unrest, and
Head Full of Honey
Chapter 15: Social Change
• Updated data on prevalence and incidence of
HIV and AIDS in the United States • Made substantial revisions to the structure and
• Updated the HIV Prevalence and Mortality content throughout
graph on cases around the world • New opening vignette on student social
• Updated the Percentage of People without movements and standing up for change
Health Insurance graph for people in the United • Moved the discussion of social movements to
States for both income and race/ethnicity the beginning of the chapter and revised how it
• Updated the Infant Mortality Rates in the United gets presented
States graph showing rates by race/ethnicity • Revised the definition of social movements
• Updated life expectancy by race and gender • Added a discussion of crowd theory that
• Updated the Smoking Rates by Gender graph emphasizes emotions and the roles of leaders
showing smoking percentages for men and • Revised the definition of resource mobilization
women over time along with the discussion of the theory
• Updated data on prevalence of Alzheimer’s including a consideration of the importance
disease of mobilizing media resources and using
• Updated the Health Insurance Rates by Age technology to do so
graph • New discussion of the role emotions play
• Updated the Availability of Physicians by State in people’s participation based on recent
graph sociology of emotions theories

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• New feature quote from Anna Lappe • New section on social networks and social change
• Revised the structure of the discussion of social with an emphasis on the importance of diversity
change based on three parts: material, social, • New section on cultural resources and social
and cultural resources change with an emphasis on the importance of
• Updated the Social Change in the USA table to expanding knowledge
include recent data • Updated the 5 Movies feature to include
• Streamlined the discussion on technology to fit BlacKkKlansman and An Inconvenient Sequel:
it into the context of social change Truth to Power
• Updated the Internet Use and Penetration by • New Personal Sociology feature on living in the
World Region graph past, present, and future
• Updated the cloning milestones to include • Revised and updated the Pop Quiz to match
monkeys the new structure and content

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Table of Contents
1 > The Sociological
Imagination 1
WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY? 2
The Sociological Imagination 2
The Significance of Place 4
A Hamburger Is a Miracle 5
Defining Sociology 6

SOCIOLOGY’S ROOTS 8
A Science of Society 8
Theory and Research 9

FIVE BIG QUESTIONS 12

How Is Social Order Maintained? 12
How do Power and Inequality Shape
Outcomes? 13 Manny Carabel/Getty Images

How Does Interaction Shape Our Worlds? 14

How Does Group Membership Influence
Opportunity? 14 MAJOR RESEARCH DESIGNS 32
How Should Sociologists Respond? 15 Surveys 32
Observation 35
THREE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES 15
Experiments 35
SOCIOLOGY IS A VERB 17 Use of Existing Sources 37
Personal Sociology 17
RESEARCH ETHICS 40
Academic Sociology 18
Confidentiality 40
Applied and Clinical Sociology 19
Research Funding 40
Value Neutrality 41
2 > Sociological Research 23 Feminist Methodology 42

SOCIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE 24
Sociology and Common Sense 24
Sociology and the Scientific Method 26

STEPS IN THE RESEARCH PROCESS 26

Defining the Problem 26
Reviewing the Literature 27
Formulating the Hypothesis 28
Collecting and Analyzing Data 29
Developing the Conclusion 30
In Summary: The Research Process 31

James Kirkikis/Shutterstock

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3 > Culture 46
THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF REALITY 47

CONSTRUCTING CULTURE 48
Cultural Universals 49
Innovation 50
Diffusion 51

THREE ELEMENTS OF CULTURE 51

Material Culture 52 ©Emmanuele Contini/NurPhoto/Getty Images
Cognitive Culture 53
Normative Culture 59 PERSPECTIVES ON AGING 90
Disengagement Theory 90
CULTURAL VARIATION 61
Activity Theory 91
Aspects of Cultural Variation 61
Ageism and Discrimination 92
Dominant Ideology 64
Death and Dying 93
Understanding Others 65

4 > Socialization 69 5 > Social Structure

THE ROLE OF SOCIALIZATION 70
and Interaction 97
Internalizing Culture 70 SOCIAL INTERACTION 98
The Impact of Isolation 71 Self and Society 98
Positions and Power 99
THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATION 73
Sociological Approaches to the Self 73 ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE 99
Us Versus Them 76 Statuses and Roles 99
Groups 103
AGENTS OF
SOCIALIZATION 78 Social Networks 106
Family 78 Social Institutions 109
School 79 TRADITIONAL, MODERN, AND
Peer Groups 80 POSTMODERN SOCIAL STRUCTURES 111
Mass Media 81 Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft 111
The Workplace 84 Mechanical and Organic Solidarity 111
Religion and the Technology and Society 112
State 84 Marco Secchi/Awakening/ Postmodern Life 114
Corbis/Getty Images
SOCIALIZATION BUREAUCRACY 115
THROUGHOUT THE LIFE
Characteristics of a Bureaucracy 115
COURSE 85
Bureaucratization as a Way of Life 118
The Life Course 85
Bureaucracy and Organizational Culture 119
Anticipatory Socialization and Resocialization 87
Role Transitions During the Life Course 88 Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock

AGING AND SOCIETY 89

Adjusting to Retirement 89

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Courtship and Mate

Selection 154
Parenthood
Patterns and
Practices 157

MODERN
FAMILIES 160
Dual-Income
Families 161
Same-Sex
Marriage 161
Single-Parent Yu Chun Christopher Wong/
S3studio/Getty Images
Families 162
Stepfamilies 163
Jim Watson/AFP/Getty Images
Multigenerational Families 164
Cohabitation 164
6 > Deviance 124 Remaining Single 165
Remaining Child-Free 165
SOCIAL CONTROL 125
Conformity and Obedience 125 DIVORCE 166
Informal and Formal Social Control 127 Statistical Trends in Divorce 166
Law and Society 128 Factors Associated with Divorce 166
Impact of Divorce on Children 167
DEVIANCE 129
What Behavior Is Deviant? 129
Deviance and Social Stigma 130 8 > Education and Religion 171
CRIME 131 EDUCATION IN SOCIETY 172
Official Crime Reports 131 Education and Opportunity 172
White-Collar Crime 133 Educational Attainment 172
Victimless Crimes 134 Community Colleges 174
Organized Crime 135 Teaching as a Profession 174
International Crime 135 Home Schooling 175

SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON CRIME AND SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON

DEVIANCE 137 EDUCATION 176
Functions of Crime and Deviance 137 Functions of Education 176
Interpersonal Interaction and Defining Education and the Conflict Perspective 178
Deviance 139 Education and Interaction 180
Conflict, Power, and Criminality 142

7 > Families 147

DEFINING FAMILY 148
Substance: What a Family Is 148
Functions: What Families Do 150
Conflict: Who Rules? 152

MARRIAGE, MATING, AND PARENTING 154

Marriage Trends 154

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DEFINING RELIGION 182

Substance: What Religion Is 182
Function: What Religions Do 183
Functional Equivalents of Religion 184

COMPONENTS OF RELIGION 185

Beliefs 185
Rituals 186
Experience 186
Community 187

RELIGIONS AROUND THE WORLD 189

SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON RELIGION 191

Integration and the Functionalist Perspective 191
Religion and Social Change 192
Conflict and Social Control 194 Spencer Platt/Getty Images

9 > Economy and Politics 198

 AR AND PEACE
W
War 216
216

ECONOMIC SYSTEMS 199 Terrorism 218

Capitalism 199 Peace 218
Socialism 200
Mixed Economies 201
10 > Social Class 222
ECONOMIC
CHANGE 202 LIFE CHANCES 223
Economic Sectors Systems of Stratification 223
and Technological Social Mobility 226
Innovation 202
SOCIAL CLASS IN THE UNITED STATES 227
Economic
Globalization 203 Income and Wealth 228
Poverty 232
POLITICAL SYSTEMS 205
The American Dream 235
Monarchy 205 Bill Sikes/AP Images

Oligarchy 206 SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON

STRATIFICATION 238
Dictatorship and Totalitarianism 206
Marx and Material Resources 238
Democracy 206
Weber and Social Resources 239
POWER AND AUTHORITY 208 Bourdieu and Cultural Resources 241
Power 208 Material, Social, and Cultural Resources 242
Types of Authority 208
Balancing Economic and
Political Power 210
11 > Global Inequality 246
The Power Structure in the GLOBAL INTERDEPENDENCE 247
United States 211
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON
POLITICAL PARTICIPATION IN THE UNITED GLOBALIZATION 248
STATES 213 Modernization and the Functionalist
Voter Identification and Participation 213 Perspective 249
Race and Gender in Politics 215 Structural Inequality and the Conflict Perspective 250

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WORKING FOR CHANGE: WOMEN’S

MOVEMENTS 276
The First Wave 277
The Second Wave 277
The Third Wave 278
Intersectionality 279

THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF SEXUALITY 280

Sexuality and Identity 280
Sexuality in Action 282

GENDER AND INEQUALITY 284

Sexism and Discrimination 284
Women in the United States 285
Women Around the World 289

Viviane Moos/Corbis Historical/Getty Images

ECONOMIC INEQUALITY AROUND THE WORLD 255

Income 255
Wealth 256
Poverty 257
Social Stratification in Mexico 258

UNIVERSAL HUMAN RIGHTS 262 Kim Kim Foster/The State/MCT/Getty Images

Defining Human Rights 262
Principle and Practice 264
Human Rights Activism 264
13 > Race and Ethnicity 294
THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF RACE AND
12 > Gender and Sexuality 268 ETHNICITY 295
The Roots of Racial Classification 296
THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF GENDER 269 The Era of Pseudoscientific Racism 298
Sex 269 Rejecting Racial Pseudoscience 299
Gender 271
S OCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON RACE AND
Reimagining Sex and Gender 274
ETHNICITY 302
The Gender Spectrum 276
The Interactionist Perspective: Race as
Multidimensional 302
The Functionalist Perspective: How Racial
Categorization Works 305
The Conflict Perspective: Racial Inequality 306

THE CONSEQUENCES OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC

DIFFERENCE 308
Prejudice And Discrimination 308
Racism 309
Patterns of Intergroup Relations 313
Inequality Among Racial and Ethnic Groups in the
United States 317
Allison Shelley/Getty Images Immigration 324
Privilege 327
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15 > Social Change 364

SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 365
Early Social Science Crowd Theory 366
Relative Deprivation 366
Rational Action and Resource Mobilization 367
The Power of Compassion 368
Michael Nigro/Pacific Press/LightRocket/Getty Images ASSESSING SOCIAL CHANGE 369

14 > Population, Health, and

Material Culture and Change 370
Cognitive Culture and Change 373
Environment 332 Normative Culture and Change 375

POPULATION 333 SOCIOLOGY IS A VERB 376

Birth 334 Personal Sociology 377
Death 335 Public Sociology: Tools for Change 377
Migration 335 Practicing Sociology 378
Demographic Transition 337

SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON HEALTH

AND ILLNESS 340
Culture, Society, and Health 340
Illness and Social Order 342
Power, Resources, and Health 343
Negotiating Cures 345

HEALTH AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF

PLACE 346
Social Class 347
Race And Ethnicity 348
Gender 349
Anadolu Agency/Getty Images
Age 350

HEALTH CARE IN THE UNITED STATES 351 Glossary 383

A Historical View 351 References 393
The Role of Government 352 Name Index 434
Complementary and Alternative Medicine 353 Subject Index 437
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE
ENVIRONMENT 354
Human Ecology 354
Power, Resources, and the Environment 355
Environmental Justice 356

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS 357

Air Pollution 357
Water Pollution 358
Global Climate Change 358
The Global Response 359

Table of Contents   •   xxv

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