Source:

South African Law Reports, The (1947 to date)/CHRONOLOGICAL LISTING OF CASES – January 1947 to July 2025/2012/Volume 5: 1 ­ 322 (September)/LEKUP
PROP CO NO 4 (PTY) LTD v WRIGHT 2012 (5) SA 246 (SCA)

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LEKUP PROP CO NO 4 (PTY) LTD v WRIGHT 2012 (5) SA 246 (SCA) A

2012 (5) SA p246

Citation 2012 (5) SA 246 (SCA)

Case No 286/11
[2012] ZASCA 67

Court Supreme Court Of Appeal

Judge Cloete JA, Cachalia JA, Snyders JA, Leach JA and Petse AJA

Heard May 2, 2012

Judgment May 23, 2012

Counsel MD Kuper SC (with SP Pincus) for the appellant.

J Both SC (with J Bothma) for the respondent.

Annotations Link to Case Annotations

Flynote : Sleutelwoorde
Contract — Terms — Conditions — Doctrine of fictional fulfilment of conditions — Sale of land subject to subdivision by certain date — Buyer
failing to prove seller intended to frustrate condition.
C Practice — Applications and motions — Affidavits — Status of affidavit filed in motion proceedings after referral to trial — At trial such affidavit of
no probative value, save for admissions contained therein.
Headnote : Kopnota
This case considered the doctrine of fictional fulfilment as well as the status of affidavits in an application referred to trial.
D Its facts were that L, a company, sold a portion of a property to W. The sale was subject to L obtaining the subdivision of the property and
registering this by a certain date. The date as extended passed, and L applied to a high court for it to declare that the agreement had lapsed.
W filed his answering affidavit and the proceedings were then referred to trial. W pleaded that L had intentionally failed to procure the
subdivision, and that the doctrine of E fictional fulfilment deemed the condition fulfilled. The high court found for W, and L sought and was
granted leave to appeal to the Supreme Court of Appeal. The SCA considered firstly the doctrine of fictional fulfilment, and whether its intention
requirement was proven.
The doctrine of fictional fulfilment
F The requirements of the doctrine are an act or omission which prevented fulfilment of a condition; and a deliberate intention to prevent
fulfilment of the condition in order to escape the obligation subject to it. Negligence is insufficient. And the motive for the act or omission is
irrelevant. (Paragraphs [7] – [9] and [12] at 250C – 252F and 253C – D.)
Had L prevented the subdivision taking place with the intention of avoiding its G obligations? Relevant here was the evidence of JL, a
shareholder and director of C; of J, an estate agent employed by L; and of N, a town planner, whom L employed to attend to the subdivision.
(Paragraphs [12] and [25] at 253C – D and 256E.)
The court accepted JL's testimony that he and his then fellow shareholder K had been eager for the subdivision to occur; and J's evidence to
similar effect. H (Paragraphs [14], [16] and [25] at 253F – H, 254F – G and 256E/F.)
As to N, he had prepared, submitted, but then halted, the application for subdivision. This was not though, in the SCA's view, done in order to
frustrate the condition. The city council was at the time in dispute with another official body as to the process for land development. And N had
held back the application to wait for this to be resolved. I (Paragraphs [16] – [21] and [25] at 254F – 255I and 256G.)
L and K had also agreed to extensions to the time for sub­division, which was not consistent with the requisite intention. (Paragraphs [26] and
[30] at 256H – I and 257H.)
It was accordingly held that W had not discharged the onus of showing that the action and inaction of those acting on L's behalf was prompted
by a desire to J escape the obligations it had under the agreement. (Paragraph [30] at 257H.)

2012 (5) SA p247

Similar relief could not be obtained by a decree of specific performance A because the contract had lapsed. (Paragraph [31] at 257I – 258A.)
The status of affidavits in an application referred to trial
L, as mentioned, proceeded on motion, and after W had filed his answering affidavit the matter was referred to trial. At the trial W had read
extensively from the answering affidavit. B
The SCA held that this was incorrect. A witness who gave evidence at a trial had to do so in the ordinary way, namely by oral answers to
questions. A lay witness could not ordinarily read from a preprepared statement. (Paragraph [32] at 258E – F.)
During the trial the judge had also said the following: 'I will accept that the affidavits in this application are proper evidence before this court.'
This was C incorrect. Filed affidavits could be used for cross­examination, and as proof of admissions in them. But they had no probative value,
save for such admissions. If, by agreement, they stood as a witness's evidence, or as a supplement to it, it was unnecessary for them to be
read into the record. (Paragraph [32] at 258G – H.)
By contrast, in motion proceedings, where an issue is referred to oral evidence, D the affidavits stand as evidence (save to the extent that
they deal with disputes of fact). Once the dispute(s) have been resolved by oral evidence the matter is decided on the basis of that finding
together with the affidavit evidence that is not in dispute. (Paragraph [32] at 258I.)
Cases Considered
Annotations: E
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Case law
 they deal with disputes of fact). Once the dispute(s) have been resolved by oral evidence the matter is decided on the basis of that finding
together with the affidavit evidence that is not in dispute. (Paragraph [32] at 258I.)
Cases Considered
Annotations: E

Case law
Du Plessis NO and Another v Goldco Motor & Cycle Supplies (Pty) Ltd 2009 (6) SA 617 (SCA): dictum in paras [22] – [29] applied
Ferndale Investments (Pty) Ltd v DICK Trust (Pty) Ltd 1968 (1) SA 392 (A): referred to
Gowan v Bowern 1924 AD 550: referred to F

Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality v Gauteng Development Tribunal and Others 2010 (6) SA 182 (CC) (2010 (9) BCLR 859): referred to
Koenig v Johnson & Co Ltd 1935 AD 262: referred to
MacDuff & Co Ltd (In Liquidation) v Johannesburg Consolidated Investment Co Ltd 1924 AD 573: dictum at 590 applied
Scott and Another v Poupard and Another 1971 (2) SA 373 (A): referred to G

Shatz Investments (Pty) Ltd v Kalovyrnas 1976 (2) SA 545 (A): referred to
South African Railways and Harbours v Sceuble 1976 (3) SA 791 (A): dictum at 793F – 794E applied
Thanolda Estates (Pty) Ltd v Bouleigh 145 (Pty) Ltd 2001 (3) SA 196 (W): distinguished.
Case Information
An appeal from the South Gauteng High Court, Johannesburg H (Vally AJ).
MD Kuper SC (with SP Pincus) for the appellant.
J Both SC (with J Bothma) for the respondent.
Cur adv vult.
Postea (May 23). I

Order
1. The appeal succeeds with costs, including the costs of two counsel.
2. Paragraphs 1 to 3 and 5 to 7 of the order of the court a quo are set aside and the following order substituted therefor: J

2012 (5) SA p248

A '(a) It is declared that the agreement of sale concluded by the parties on 12 April 2004 in respect of the proposed portion 12 of Erf 39, Sandhurst, lapsed
on 31 December 2005 and was of no force or effect after that date.
(b) The defendant is ordered to pay the plaintiff's costs of suit in respect of the claim and counterclaims and the costs of the B application proceedings.'
3. Paragraph 4 of the order of the court a quo stands, viz, 'The counterclaims of the defendant are dismissed.'
Judgment
Cloete JA (Cachalia JA, Snyders JA, Leach JA and Petse AJA C concurring):
[1] The present appeal concerns primarily the state of mind a party must be shown to have had for the doctrine of fictional fulfilment to be
invoked successfully against that party.
D [2] The appellant, a company, owns erf 39 in the township of Sandhurst. On 12 April 2004 it sold a portion of the erf to the respondent, Mr
John Colin Wright. The agreement of sale incorporated an annexure A, which provided:
'Notwithstanding anything contained to the contrary in the said Agreement E of Sale, the Purchaser records that:
1. He is aware that the property is not yet sub­divided and this Agreement of Sale is subject to sub­division being formally approved and registered by not
later than 31 October 2004, as per sub­division plan attached as annexure B1, B2, B3.
2. In the event of sub­division not being registered by 31 October 2004, F this Agreement of Sale shall be cancelled.'

The parties executed a series of addenda extending the date. The final extension was to 31 December 2005. By that date the subdivision had
not been approved, much less registered. The case was conducted on the G basis that despite the reference to cancellation in para 2, the
meaning of the clause was that if the condition had not been fulfilled on the date specified, the agreement would lapse.
[3] The appellant, as applicant, instituted motion proceedings against the respondent in the South Gauteng High Court in which it sought a H
declaratory order that the agreement had indeed lapsed. After the respondent had delivered his answering affidavit the matter was, by consent,
referred to trial. The appellant in its declaration asked for similar relief to that claimed in its notice of motion, which stood as a simple summons.
The respondent delivered a plea and counterclaim. In his plea, the respondent alleged:
I '14.1 The Plaintiff deliberately and intentionally failed to procure the required rezoning and subdivision of the property;
14.2 Based on the doctrine of fictional fulfilment, the relevant term/s of the contract must therefore, inter alia for purposes of the Plaintiff's allegation that the
agreement had lapsed, be deemed to J have been fulfilled;

2012 (5) SA p249

Cloete JA (Cachalia JA, Snyders JA, Leach JA and Petse AJA concurring)
Alternatively: A
14.3 The Plaintiff has breached the agreement by failing:
14.3.1 to exercise due and proper care in order to ensure that the rezoning and subdivision of the property was obtained timeously;
14.3.2 to take all reasonable and necessary steps to timeously B obtain the rezoning and subdivision of the property as it was required and obliged to
do in terms of the agreement;
14.4 The plaintiff should not be permitted to rely on its own breach and negligence in order:
14.4.1 to escape from its obligations under and in terms of the C agreement;
14.4.2 to let the agreement lapse or be permitted to cancel the agreement to the prejudice of the Defendant.
14.5 The Defendant is entitled to the relief set out in his counterclaim which is filed herewith.' D

The relief sought by the respondent in his counterclaim relevant for present purposes was:
'30.1 A Declaratory Order that the Agreement has not lapsed;
30.2 An Order for specific performance in terms whereof the Plaintiff E is directed to fulfil its contractual obligations to procure the rezoning and the
subdivision of the property and to take all necessary and reasonable steps to achieve this, including the signing of all documents to give effect thereto.'

The further allegations in the plea, and the further and alternative relief sought in the counterclaim (to one aspect of which I shall briefly have
to F return), were not pursued.
[4] The appellant's application for subdivision was approved by the City of Johannesburg in March 2007, subject to conditions. On fulfilment of
the conditions, the subdivision would have been capable of registration in the Deeds Registry. G
[5] The trial court (Vally AJ) found in favour of the respondent and on 23 February 2011 made an order that incorporated the following
paragraphs:
'1. The plaintiff's claim for a declaratory order is dismissed.
2. It is declared that the agreement of sale of the property has not H lapsed and the suspensive condition contained in Clause 2 of Annexure A to the
agreement is deemed to have been fulfilled.
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3. The plaintiff is to take all the necessary steps to effect the transfer of the property to the defendant and the defendant is to meet all his obligations in terms
of the purchase of the property within three months of the date of this order. I
 [5] The trial court (Vally AJ) found in favour of the respondent and on 23 February 2011 made an order that incorporated the following
paragraphs:
'1. The plaintiff's claim for a declaratory order is dismissed.
2. It is declared that the agreement of sale of the property has not H lapsed and the suspensive condition contained in Clause 2 of Annexure A to the
agreement is deemed to have been fulfilled.
3. The plaintiff is to take all the necessary steps to effect the transfer of the property to the defendant and the defendant is to meet all his obligations in terms
of the purchase of the property within three months of the date of this order. I
4. The counter claims of the defendant are dismissed.'

The remaining three paragraphs of the order dealt with costs. The trial court subsequently granted the appellant leave to appeal to this court.
[6] I propose dealing first with the law relating to fictional fulfilment. The remedy is an equitable one that had it origins in Roman law, that J

2012 (5) SA p250

Cloete JA (Cachalia JA, Snyders JA, Leach JA and Petse AJA concurring)
A was accepted in Roman­Dutch law and that was first analysed by this court in two decisions handed down in 1924, namely, Gowan v Bowern
1924 AD 550; and MacDuff & Co Ltd (In Liquidation) v Johannesburg Consolidated Investment Co Ltd 1924 AD 573. In the latter case Innes CJ
succinctly stated the position as follows:1
B '(B)y our law a condition is deemed to have been fulfilled as against a person who would, subject to its fulfilment, be bound by an obligation, and who has
designedly prevented its fulfilment, unless the nature of the contract or the circumstances show an absence of dolus on his part.'

For present purposes, two aspects require emphasis: the meaning of dolus, and the requirement that nothing short of C dolus will suffice.
[7] Dolus in this context does not bear its usual meaning of deliberate wrongdoing or fraudulent intent but a more specific meaning, namely, the
deliberate intention of preventing the fulfilment of the condition in order to escape the obligation subject to it. In Gowan v Bowern Wessels JA
D said:
2

'The Court must hold that if a contract is made subject to a casual condition then if the person in whose interest it is that it should not be fulfilled deliberately
does some act by which he hinders the accomplishment of the condition, he is liable as if the condition had been fulfilled. But a party cannot be said to frustrate a
condition unless he actively E does something by which he hinders its performance. There must be an intention on his part to prevent his obligation coming into
force.
There is nothing to prevent his folding his arms and allowing events to take their course. Paul, in D.45.1.85.7, uses the word curaverit, and Cujacius also uses
this term in dealing with the promissor's liability. Curare ut F or ne here signifies to bring actively about a certain set of circumstances . . . . The only culpa for
which a promissor sub conditione is liable is some deliberate act, some act done with the intention of causing the condition to fail or, perhaps, also a deliberate
omission3 where there is a duty to do something, by which he frustrates the happening of the condition in his own interest in order to enrich or G benefit
himself.'

Towards the end of his judgment the learned judge said:4

'I do not think that the civil law goes further than this:
If a promise is made subject to a casual condition the promissor may not for his own benefit, in order to escape the consequences of the H contract, actively
do something to prevent the fulfilment of the condition. To do so is dolus.'

In his judgment in Koenig v Johnson & Co Ltd 1935 AD 262 at 2725 the same learned judge, then Chief Justice, referred to part of the first

2012 (5) SA p251

Cloete JA (Cachalia JA, Snyders JA, Leach JA and Petse AJA concurring)
passage just quoted and, in a later passage in the Koenig case6 (that was A subsequently approved in Ferndale Investments (Pty) Ltd v DICK
Trust (Pty) Ltd 1968 (1) SA 392 (A) at 395A – C) said:
'(I)f it is the fault of the person in whose favour the condition is inserted that the condition cannot be fulfilled, or if he intended to prevent the B condition from
being fulfilled, the law considers the condition to have been fulfilled as against him. The nature of the contract is always an important element. In some cases the
person benefitted by the non­performance of the condition can sit still and do nothing to assist in its fulfilment; in other cases it is his legal duty to assist in the
condition being fulfilled, and in all cases if he deliberately and in bad faith prevents the fulfilment of the condition in order to escape the C consequences of the
contract the law will consider the unfulfilled condition to have been fulfilled as against the person guilty of bad faith.'

In Scott and Another v Poupard and Another 1971 (2) SA 373 (A) at 378H Holmes JA, who delivered the majority judgment, said that the
principle underlying the doctrine of fictional fulfilment may be stated thus: D
'Where a party to a contract, in breach of his duty, prevents the fulfilment of a condition upon the happening of which he would become bound in obligation and
does so with the intention of frustrating it, the unfulfilled condition will be deemed to have been fulfilled against him.'

[8] If the intention was to escape the obligation, it matters not whether E the person concerned was actuated by the purest or the basest of
motives, because the doctrine is concerned with intention, not motive. In Koenig v Johnson Koenig sold and transferred to Johnson & Co his
shares in the Contex company. Payment of the last instalment of the purchase F price was conditional on Koenig delivering letters patent for
which application would have to be made by Contex. Johnson & Co believed, on legal advice, that any such application would be improper as it
would infringe the existing patent rights of another party. It accordingly used its newly acquired controlling interest in Contex to prevent the
making of the application. Wessels CJ said:7
'If Johnson & Co deliberately and intentionally frustrated Koenig on G delivering the new patent, their opinion and motive are immaterial.'

[9] The other point that requires emphasis is that for the doctrine to be applied to the action or inaction of a contracting party, what must be
proved is intention in the sense just discussed — negligence does not H suffice. That is apparent from a number of judgments delivered in this
court. In Gowan v Bowern Innes CJ said:8
'It is difficult to see how the principle of fictional fulfilment of a condition can operate on the mere ground of culpa. It will I think be found that in cases in which
there may be a duty on the promissor to I take any active steps to bring about the fulfilment of a condition, that

2012 (5) SA p252

Cloete JA (Cachalia JA, Snyders JA, Leach JA and Petse AJA concurring)
A duty arises either from a term of the contract itself, or because the omission of such steps will render the happening of the condition impossible. In the last
mentioned case the neglect to take the steps will generally be due to a desire to defeat the condition, and the doctrine would apply.'

B In the same case De Villiers JA quoted9 what is clearly the translation by Sir Henry Juta1 0 of Van der Linden's Institutes of Holland 1.14.9.2:
'The conditions are deemed to be fulfilled when the debtor, who has bound himself subject to them, is himself and intentionally the cause of their not being
fulfilled.'1 1

The learned judge, in the course of referring to the Roman law and other C Roman­Dutch law authorities, then went on to say:
'If such person, whom I shall call the debtor, deliberately hinders or impedes the fulfilment of the condition, he is liable just as if the condition had been
fulfilled.'1 2

I have already (in para [7] above) quoted two passages from D the judgment of Wessels JA at 571 – 572 from which it is quite clear that the
learned judge, having analysed the old authorities, was of the view that only intentional conduct suffices. The learned judge also said:1 3
'It seems to me difficult to extract from the texts of the Corpus Juris that mere negligence on the part of the promissor which may incidentally E cause the
conditions to fail is enough. . . . He need not be diligent so that the condition may be fulfilled. Nor can I find in any of the older commentators a clear statement
that a condition has to be regarded as fulfilled if, through the culpa of the party interested, the condition is frustrated. . . . It is true that Gowan's delay in
forwarding the vessel indirectly caused the second instalment [on the payment of which F Bowern's claim against Gowan for commission depended] to fail, but
the delay was not purposely plotted so that the condition should fail and this seems to me essential. Gowan must have contrived something which caused the
second instalment not to be paid.'

[10] In the MacDuff case Innes CJ, in the course of his review of the old authorities, referred1 4 to the same passage in Van der Linden to
which G De Villiers JA had referred in Gowan v Bowern, and concluded with the passage referred to in para [6] above. Solomon JA also referred
to the passage in Van der Linden and continued:1 5
'(T)he rule, as laid down in the passage from Van der Linden cited above, is an equitable one, based upon the principle that it is contrary to good

2012 (5) SA p253

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Cloete JA (Cachalia JA, Snyders JA, Leach JA and Petse AJA concurring)
 [10] In the MacDuff case Innes CJ, in the course of his review of the old authorities, referred to the same passage in Van der Linden to
which G De Villiers JA had referred in Gowan v Bowern, and concluded with the passage referred to in para [6] above. Solomon JA also referred
to the passage in Van der Linden and continued: 1 5

'(T)he rule, as laid down in the passage from Van der Linden cited above, is an equitable one, based upon the principle that it is contrary to good

2012 (5) SA p253

Cloete JA (Cachalia JA, Snyders JA, Leach JA and Petse AJA concurring)
faith for a party, who finds that he has entered into a disadvantageous A contract deliberately to set about to prevent the other party from fulfilling a condition
upon which his own obligation depends.'

[11] In the present case the appellant accepted that he had a tacit contractual duty to take all reasonable steps to ensure that the property
B was subdivided and the subdivision registered. The addendum to the agreement did not contain a true condition but the doctrine of fictional
fulfilment has been extended. It is an equitable doctrine and equity demands that in certain cases a contracting party should be held to a
bargain where it has deliberately not performed an obligation for the purpose of avoiding the contract: Du Plessis NO and Another v Goldco
Motor & Cycle Supplies (Pty) Ltd 2009 (6) SA 617 (SCA) paras 22 – 29. C
[12] Therefore in the present matter, in order successfully to invoke the doctrine of fictional fulfilment, the respondent bore the onus of proving
that the appellant, by deliberate commission or omission, prevented the subdivision from taking place, with the intention of avoiding its
obligations under the agreement. I proceed to examine the evidence. D
[13] Mr John Alastair Legh was called to give evidence by the appellant. At the time that the agreement was concluded, he and Mr David Kuper
were equal shareholders in the appellant and he was a director. Kuper died before the matter was heard. Legh testified that he and Kuper were
E property owners and developers and that they had purchased erf 39 through the appellant for this purpose. Their intention was to subdivide
the erf and sell it. To this end they appointed a town planner, who, when his advice proved to be erroneous, was substituted with another town
planner, Mr Henry Nathanson, and an estate agent, Mr Eskel Jawitz. The appellant called both Nathanson and Jawitz to give F evidence.
[14] Legh said in his evidence­in­chief that he and Kuper 'desperately wanted' the subdivision to go through. He confirmed that the time within
which the subdivision was to take place as reflected in the G addendum to the agreement was extended on 28 October 2004 to 31 January
2005; on 31 January 2005 to 30 April 2005; on 25 April 2005, to 31 July 2005; and on 29 July 2005 to 31 December 2005. He said that the
extended dates were discussed with Nathanson, which the latter disputed. Legh's evidence was that he thought Nathanson was proceeding
diligently with the rezoning process. He also said that even after the final extension had been granted at the end of July 2005, 'we H really,
really wanted to get rid of these properties'.
[15] Jawitz had been an estate agent for 41 years when he testified. He said that the property market had turned in about 2000 and that in
2004 it was 'definitely rising, very buoyant and very vibrant'. In I re­examination he said that at no time between April 2004 (when the
agreement was concluded) and 31 December 2005 (the date of the final extension) did the shareholders of the appellant ever decide that they
wanted to get out of the agreement but, on the contrary, they were 'totally amenable to extend the period . . . notwithstanding the increase in
market values, they were very happy to extend it based upon their J

2012 (5) SA p254

Cloete JA (Cachalia JA, Snyders JA, Leach JA and Petse AJA concurring)
A belief that, as I understood it, sub­division was going to come through in . . . this period'. He went on to express the opinion that:
'(T)here was no point in the sellers selling either the stand or the property at the time that they did if they were not of the belief that in actual fact sub­division
would come through. Then they should have B rather waited until sub­division came through and then put the properties back on the market which would have
then realised for them a substantially higher price.'

Junior counsel, who alone represented the respondent at the trial, cross­examined Jawitz further after he had been re­examined, and in so C
doing elicited the following evidence:
'Again, if the sellers would have had no intention, or if they honestly believed that sub­division was not coming through, then again it reinforces my comment,
M'Lord, that they should have rented out the property for a year or two and then when sub­division came through they would have put it on the market and then
sold it for more, but they D chose to sell it at the market price then according to my discussions with them and according to my understanding that in actual fact
the whole sub­division was in the process and that they had every expectation that it was going to come through within the relevant times.'

and:
E '(M)y point was if they honestly did not expect sub­division to come through it would have paid them to rent it out for R25 000 and put it on the market
when sub­division came through, because as it is they were selling it at a 2004 price and they would have received the money at 2005 or 2006 which in itself was
almost crazy M'Lord.'

F [16] Nathanson explained what happened about the subdivision. There were at the time two routes that could be followed: either under the
Town Planning and Townships Ordinance 15 of 1986 or under the Development Facilitation Act 67 of 1995. Nathanson's evidence was that the
procedure under the Ordinance would have taken longer, especially if there were objections, whereas under the Act there are time G frames
imposed which had the consequence that from the time an application for rezoning and subdivision was submitted to the time it was granted,
129 days would elapse, despite objections.
[17] In May 2004 the decision was taken on behalf of the appellant to H follow the route prescribed by the Act. The reason given by Legh was
that although this process cost significantly more, 'we wanted to transfer these two properties' and it was considered that the procedure under
the Act would be quicker. Nathanson accordingly prepared an application under the Act. He described the process as 'cumbersome' and said
that this was the reason why the application was only ready in September 2004. I The Act requires the application to be served on a
'designated officer'. But at about that time the legal advisers to the Johannesburg City Council, who were the designated officers under the Act,
all resigned as designated officers pursuant to a resolution of the Council. Consequently there were no designated officers until one was
appointed on 27 January 2005, and that person had to be trained. As a result the J system only began to operate again in about March 2005.
Nathanson

2012 (5) SA p255

Cloete JA (Cachalia JA, Snyders JA, Leach JA and Petse AJA concurring)
had left a copy of the application on the desk of the registrar of the A Development Facilitation Tribunal, which he took to be the new
designated officer; but he did not 'trigger' the application, ie he did not ask the designated officer to consider it, as that would have started the
129­day process which he did not wish to do, for the reasons that follow.
[18] In March 2005 Nathanson met with the senior legal adviser of the B City of Johannesburg and he was given a copy of an affidavit that the
Council was going to use to challenge the applicability of the Act. (The challenge commenced in March 2005 and culminated more than five
years later in the decision by the Constitutional Court reported as Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality v Gauteng Development Tribunal and
Others 2010 (6) SA 182 (CC) (2010 (9) BCLR 859).) C Also in March, Nathanson established that the Council was not going to recognise any
decisions taken under the Act by the Development Facilitation Tribunal and that it would not participate in any applications under the Act. He
had discussions with various persons at the Council, the Development Facilitation Tribunal Registrar's office and D members of the Tribunal, and
formed the view that the Council's challenge would be resolved within a short space of time; and he was of the view that the Council's
prospects of success were 'remote'.
[19] Nathanson was at the time aware of s 67 of the Act, ss (2) and (3) of which provide:
'(2) After a land development application has been lodged in terms of E this Act the same or a substantially similar land development application may not
also be brought in terms of any other law.
(3 If a land development application has been rejected in terms of this Act, the same or a substantially similar land development application may not, within a
period of two years, thereafter be brought in terms of any other law.' F

Nathanson interpreted the effect of these sections to be that in the event of the Council succeeding in its challenge, an application under the
Act would fail and that he could not then bring a similar application G under the Ordinance within a period of two years; and that an application
under the Act and the Ordinance could not be brought simultaneously.
[20]Juta
© 2018 Nathanson said(Pty)
and Company thatLtd.
the decision not to file the application for enrolment was taken
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: Mon 'with
Jul 14 2025 my client's
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GMT+0200 Legh,
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other hand, said in cross­examination that had he known that Nathanson had not proceeded with the application, he would have been
 period of two years, thereafter be brought in terms of any other law.' F

Nathanson interpreted the effect of these sections to be that in the event of the Council succeeding in its challenge, an application under the
Act would fail and that he could not then bring a similar application G under the Ordinance within a period of two years; and that an application
under the Act and the Ordinance could not be brought simultaneously.
[20] Nathanson said that the decision not to file the application for enrolment was taken by himself, 'with my client's knowledge'. Legh, on the
other hand, said in cross­examination that had he known that Nathanson had not proceeded with the application, he would have been
'shocked'. H
[21] On 15 November 2005 Nathanson wrote a letter to Legh in which he summarised what had already happened; set out in detail what in his
view would happen if the appellant continued with its application under the Act or brought a new application under the Ordinance; and I
recommended that the application under the Act be abandoned and that an application be brought under the Ordinance. The appellant did not
react to the recommendation until the following year.
[22] On 6 December 2005 the respondent sent a letter to Jawitz requesting a further extension of time for the approval of the sub­division. This
time the appellant refused. J

2012 (5) SA p256

Cloete JA (Cachalia JA, Snyders JA, Leach JA and Petse AJA concurring)
A [23] The trial court found against the appellant on two bases. The first was that the appellant had acted unreasonably in refusing a further
extension after 31 December 2005. The second was that the appellant had made no application for subdivision, either under the Ordinance or
the Act, before that date. The trial court also rejected the argument that B no dolus had been established, finding that despite agreeing to the
extensions, the appellant did not do anything to ensure that the condition was fulfilled; and that by its action and deliberate inaction, the
appellant had frustrated the fulfilment of the condition.
[24] The reasoning of the trial court overlooks one fundamental point: C the onus was on the respondent to show that it was the appellant's
intention, by not taking steps to secure subdivision of the erf, to escape its obligations under the contract. Whether the appellant acted
reasonably or not is irrelevant, save to the extent that this might indicate the appellant's intention; and in any event, so far as the first finding
of the trial court is concerned, the obligation on the appellant was limited to D the lifetime of the contract. If the obligation could not be
fulfilled within the agreed period, the appellant was perfectly entitled to refuse a further extension.
[25] The mere fact that the appellant gave extensions at all creates the probability that it had no intention to escape from its obligations in
terms E of the agreement by exploiting the condition to which they were subject. Legh's evidence summarised above in para [14] was that the
appellant had no such intention. That evidence was not challenged and there is no reason to reject it. Jawitz's evidence quoted above in para
[15] negatives any suggestion that the members of the appellant were intent on F destroying the bargain. There is no reason to reject his
evidence either. And even if Nathanson did agree with the appellant in March 2005 that he would hold back the application under the Act, the
reason was not to frustrate the contract. The reason was, in Nathanson's words:
'(A)s at June, July 2005 I was still of the view that it would make sense G to wait it out and just see for the next while whether it was going to be resolved and
the expectation was that it was, because you could not have or it was my understanding that you could not have these three spheres of government simply
allowing the system to break down like this.'

[26] Had the intention been to frustrate the agreement, the appellant H would not have granted the two further extensions which it did (on 25
April and 29 July). Nor does the appellant's failure to respond to Nathanson's letter of 15 November 2005 before the end of the year indicate
such an intention. Nathanson's recommendation was incapable of being implemented by 31 December. If, on the other hand, I Nathanson did not
tell the appellant about his intention not to activate the application under the Act, and if it be assumed both that he was negligent (I
emphasise that this is an assumption) and that his negligence can be attributed to the appellant, this does not suffice. For the reasons already
given, only dolus suffices.
[27] The mere fact that there was a delay does not mean that the J appellant was actuated by dolus. In the heads of argument drafted by

2012 (5) SA p257

Cloete JA (Cachalia JA, Snyders JA, Leach JA and Petse AJA concurring)
senior counsel then representing the respondent (who did not appear A before us) much reliance was placed on the decision in Thanolda
Estates (Pty) Ltd v Bouleigh 145 (Pty) Ltd 2001 (3) SA 196 (W). In that case Wunsh J concluded1 6 that the defendant had an obvious duty to
take steps to procure the fulfilment of the conditions (that subdivision of the property B be approved and that a township establishment on the
property be approved in principle within 180 days); and further concluded1 7 that 'the defendant's conduct in avoiding the fulfilment of the
condition was intentional'. The latter finding distinguishes that case from the present. The question facing the court in that case, as formulated
by the learned judge,1 8 was 'whether the non­fulfilment of the conditions can properly C be attributed to the defendant's conduct'. That
question does not arise for decision in this case, and I expressly refrain from deciding on the correctness of the view expressed by Wunsh J as
to the incidence of the onus involved in answering it.
[28] The correct approach to the question facing this court — whether dolus in the sense required has been established — is set out in the D
following passage from the judgment of Innes CJ in the MacDuff case at 590 (and as I have already pointed out, it applies equally to deliberate
and calculated inaction):
'Where the nonfulfilment of the condition is due to the deliberate and calculated action of the debtor, dolus will ordinarily be present. But the E nature of the
contract or the established intention of the parties may conceivably negative it even then — and in such a case the doctrine would not operate.'

[29] In argument, senior counsel who represented the respondent on appeal nailed his colours to the mast and relied solely on what F
Nathanson did and did not do, the submission being: first, that it should be inferred from Nathanson's action and inaction that he intentionally
prevented the fulfilment of the condition; and second, that his intention should be attributed to the appellant. I have considerable difficulty with
the second proposition, but it is unnecessary to explore it further. The case advanced in oral argument was not pleaded; it was not put to G
Nathanson; and counsel found himself unable to show from the record facts from which the inference for which he contended could properly be
drawn.
[30] The action and inaction of those acting on the appellant's behalf were not shown to have been prompted by a desire to escape the H
obligations it had under the agreement. The respondent accordingly did not discharge the onus on him and the relief based on the doctrine of
fictional fulfilment sought by him and granted by the court a quo, should have been refused.
[31] Similar relief cannot be obtained by a decree of specific performance. I Assuming, again without deciding, that the appellant breached

2012 (5) SA p258

Cloete JA (Cachalia JA, Snyders JA, Leach JA and Petse AJA concurring)
A the contract by not obtaining registration of subdivision timeously, the effect of such a failure would be that the contract lapsed. It could
therefore no longer be enforced. The remedy of specific performance would accordingly not be available, and the respondent would be limited to
a claim for damages for breach of contract. Although such a claim was B pleaded, and quantified on the basis of the loss to the respondent of
the profit he would have made but for the appellant's breach, no evidence whatever was tendered to prove the amount of the loss. The
respondent's counsel nevertheless asked that para 4 of the order made by the court a quo should be amended so that it dismissed only the
claims based C on fictional fulfilment and for specific performance, and decreed absolution from the instance in respect of the claim for
damages. We were informed from the bar that the respondent wishes to pursue the damages claim if it has not prescribed (a question on which
I express no opinion) and we were urged to open the door that the trial court had closed. But the insurmountable difficulty facing the
respondent is that he brought no D cross­appeal against the order dismissing all of his counterclaims and this court is accordingly not entitled
to interfere with that order in the manner suggested: South African Railways and Harbours v Sceuble 1976 (3) SA 791 (A) at 793F – 794E;
Shatz Investments (Pty) Ltd v Kalovyrnas 1976 (2) SA 545 (A) at 560G – H.
E [32] Before making the appropriate order, I wish to say something about the manner in which the trial was conducted. It will be recalled that
the appellant initiated motion proceedings and that the matter was referred to trial after the respondent had filed his answering affidavit. At the
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trial the respondent was allowed to read from that affidavit and did so, F extensively. That was not the correct procedure. A witness who gives
evidence in trial proceedings must do so in the ordinary way. In our practice, lay witnesses are not usually permitted to read from pre­prepared
 respondent is that he brought no D cross­appeal against the order dismissing all of his counterclaims and this court is accordingly not entitled
to interfere with that order in the manner suggested: South African Railways and Harbours v Sceuble 1976 (3) SA 791 (A) at 793F – 794E;
Shatz Investments (Pty) Ltd v Kalovyrnas 1976 (2) SA 545 (A) at 560G – H.
E [32] Before making the appropriate order, I wish to say something about the manner in which the trial was conducted. It will be recalled that
the appellant initiated motion proceedings and that the matter was referred to trial after the respondent had filed his answering affidavit. At the
trial the respondent was allowed to read from that affidavit and did so, F extensively. That was not the correct procedure. A witness who gives
evidence in trial proceedings must do so in the ordinary way. In our practice, lay witnesses are not usually permitted to read from pre­prepared
statements even if those statements have been prepared by themselves. The learned judge a quo was under a misapprehension as to G the
status of the affidavits, as appears from what he said whilst Legh was being cross­examined, namely: 'I will accept that the affidavits in this
application are proper evidence before this court.' Affidavits filed may of course be used for cross­examination and also as proof of admissions
therein contained, but (save to the extent that they contain admissions) they have no probative value; and in the absence of agreement, they
do H not stand as the witness's evidence­in­chief, or supplement it. And if, by agreement, they are to be treated as such, it is unnecessary
and a waste of time and costs for them to be read into the record. A referral to trial is different to a referral to evidence, on limited issues. In
the latter case the affidavits stand as evidence, save to the extent that they deal with I dispute(s) of fact; and once the dispute(s) have
been resolved by oral evidence, the matter is decided on the basis of that finding together with the affidavit evidence that is not in dispute.
[33] The following order is made:
1. The appeal succeeds with costs, including the costs of two J counsel.

2012 (5) SA p259

Cloete JA (Cachalia JA, Snyders JA, Leach JA and Petse AJA concurring)
2. Paragraphs 1 to 3 and 5 to 7 of the order of the court a quo are A set aside and the following order substituted therefor:
'(a) It is declared that the agreement of sale concluded by the parties on 12 April 2004 in respect of the proposed portion 12 of erf 39, Sandhurst, lapsed on
31 December 2005 and was of no force or effect after that date. B
(b) The defendant is ordered to pay the plaintiff's costs of suit in respect of the claim and counterclaims and the costs of the application proceedings.'
3. Paragraph 4 of the order of the court a quo stands, viz, 'The counterclaims of the defendant are dismissed.' C

Appellant's Attorneys: Faber Sabelo Edelstein, Johannesburg; Matsepes Inc, Bloemfontein.

Respondent's Attorneys: Hattingh Basson Archary & Ndzabandzaba, Centurion; Naudés, Bloemfontein. D

1 At 591.
2 At 571.
3 A question settled in Ferndale Investments (Pty) Ltd v DICK Trust (Pty) Ltd 1968 (1) SA 392 (A).
4 At 572.
5 The judges who heard that appeal were equally divided. See p 298.
6 At 272.
7 At 273.
8 At 553.
9 At 566.
10 Which in the 5th edition (1906) is at pp 112 – 113.
11 Morice's translation 2 ed (1922) p 138 is:
Conditions are considered to have been fulfilled, if the debtor who has bound himself under a condition is himself intentionally the cause of its not being fulfilled.'
1 2 At 566.
1 3 At 571 – 572.
1 4 At 591.
1 5 At 599.
1 6 In para 16.
1 7 Ibid.
1 8 Ibid.

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