PERMANENT MAXILLARY

CENTRAL INCISOR
 Class Traits
Those characteristics of teeth which place them
into functional categories
1. Incisal 2/3rd of crown flattened labiolingually – Long horizontal biting edge
2. Distinct & rounded protuberances on incisal margin of newly erupted incisors
(mammelons)
3. Marginal ridges located on mesial & distal borders of lingual surface & roughly
parallel to long axis of tooth
Introduction
 Widest mesiodistally of any of the anterior teeth
 Labial surface is less convex than that of the
maxillary lateral incisor or canine
 Number of developmental lobes = 4
 Labial =3
 Palatal = 1
Introduction
 Universal system –
 Right – #8
 Left - #9
 Palmer Zsigmondy system –
 Right – 1⏌
 Left - ⎿1
 FDI –
 Right – 11
 Left – 21
Chronology
 First evidence of calcification – 3 to 4 months
 Enamel completed – 4 to 5 years
 Eruption – 7 to 8 years
 Root completed – 10 years
Measurements
Labial aspect
 Shape of the crown
 Squared or rectangular
 Looks nearly symmetrical and
regular
 Mesiodistal width is more at the
incisal third than at the cervical
third – CERVICAL
CONSTRICTION

Maxillary right central incisor

Labial aspect
 Mesial Outline
 Straight

 Often merges with mesioincisal line

angle = 90°
 Mesial border > distal border

Maxillary right central incisor

Labial aspect
 Distal Outline
 Rounded or convex
 Height of convexity –
towards the cervical line
 Distoincisal line angle =
obtuse

Maxillary right central incisor

 Labial aspect
 Incisal Outline
 Straight

1. It is rounded during the

initial stages of eruption
because of the presence of
mamelons

Maxillary right central incisor

Labial aspect
 Cervical outline
 Semicircular cervical outline
 Curvature is towards the root

Maxillary right central incisor

Labial aspect
 Labial surface
 Slightly convex towards the
cervical third
 Relatively less convex in the
middle and incisal portions.

Maxillary right central incisor

Labial aspect
 Root
 Cone shaped
 Blunt apex
 Mesial outline - almost straight to the
middle third of the root and gradually
tapers from the middle third to the
apex.
 Distal outline - distal outline is slightly
convex from the cervical third to the
middle third and gradually tapers
from the middle third to the apex

Maxillary right central incisor

Lingual aspect
 Shape of the crown
 Same as labial aspect
 Squared or rectangular

 Looks nearly symmetrical and

regular

Maxillary right central incisor

Lingual aspect
 Mesial Outline
 Straight

 Often merges with mesioincisal line

angle = 90°
 Mesial border > distal border

Maxillary right central incisor

Lingual aspect
 Distal Outline
 Rounded or convex
 Height of convexity –
towards the cervical line
 Distoincisal line angle =
obtuse

Maxillary right central incisor

Lingual aspect
 Incisal Outline
 Straight

 Itis rounded during the initial

stages of eruption because
of the presence of
mamelons

Maxillary right central incisor

Lingual aspect
 Cervical outline
 Semicircular cervical outline
 Curvature is towards the root

Maxillary right central incisor

Lingual aspect
 Lingual surface
 Lingual fossa -
◼a broad depression in the
central portion
◼ bordered by mesial and distal
marginal ridges on the sides
and cingulum cervically
◼ Inverted W-shaped

Maxillary right central incisor

Lingual aspect
 Lingual surface
 Cingulum -
◼A smooth convex area below
the cervical line.
◼ It is placed slightly towards the
distal side, resulting in the
mesial marginal ridge
measuring longer than the
distal marginal ridge.

Maxillary right central incisor

Lingual aspect
 Lingual surface
 The prominent ridges and the
cingulum give a shovel- or
scoop-shaped appearance to
the incisor

Maxillary right central incisor

Lingual aspect
 Lingual surface
 Crown and root taper
lingually
 Lingual portion is narrower
than labial portion
 LINGUAL CONVERGENCE

Maxillary right central incisor

Lingual aspect
 Lingual surface
 A cross section of the root at the
cervix shows the root to be
generally triangular with rounded
angles.
 One side of the triangle is labial,
with the mesial and distal sides
pointing lingually.
 The mesial side of this triangle is
slightly longer than the distal side
Lingual aspect
 Root
 Similar to the labial aspect
 There is a lingual taper along
the entire length of the root
leading to a decrease in
dimension towards the lingual
side.

Maxillary right central incisor

Mesial aspect
 Shape of the crown
 Triangular or wedge shaped
◼ Base of the triangle – cervix
◼ Apex of the triangle – incisal ridge

 Labiolingual width is more at the

cervix than at the incisal third –
both height of convexities lie in the
cervical third

Maxillary right central incisor

Mesial aspect
 Shape of the crown
 A line drawn through the crown
and the root from the mesial
aspect through the center of the
tooth will bisect the apex of the
root and also the incisal ridge of
the crown
◼ Incisal ridge of the crown is on a line
with the center of the root

Maxillary right central incisor

Mesial aspect
 Labial outline
 Convex

 Curves smoothly from the cervical

margin to the incisal ridge
 Height of convexity – cervical third

Maxillary right central incisor

Mesial aspect
 Palatal outline
 S- shaped
◼ Convex at the point where it joins the crest
of curvature at the cingulum
◼ Concave at the mesial marginal ridge
◼ Slightly convex again at the linguoincisal
ridge and the incisal edge.
 Height of convexity – cervical third

Maxillary right central incisor

Mesial aspect
 Cervical outline
 Convex

 Convexity towards the INCISAL

EDGE
 Curvature is more on mesial aspect
than distal aspect (3.5 mm)

Maxillary right central incisor

Mesial aspect
 Incisal outline
 The incisal ridge forms the apex of
the triangular shape
 It is in line with the root axis

Maxillary right central incisor

Mesial aspect
 Mesial surface
 Mesial contact area – incisal third
(close to the incisal edge)

Maxillary right central incisor

Mesial aspect
 Root
 Conical
 Labial outline – slightly convex from the
cervical third to the middle third and
tapers to the apex.
 Lingual outline - straight from the
cervical third to the middle third and
there is a gradual taper to the apical
third.
Maxillary right central incisor
Distal aspect
 Shape of the crown
 Triangular or wedge shaped

Maxillary right central incisor

Distal aspect
 Labial outline
 Convex

 Curves smoothly from the cervical

margin to the incisal ridge
 Height of convexity – cervical third

Maxillary right central incisor

Distal aspect
 Palatal outline
 S- shaped
◼ Convex at the crest of curvature
◼ Concave at the mesial marginal ridge
◼ Slightly convex at the incisal ridge

 Height of convexity -

Maxillary right central incisor

Distal aspect
 Cervical outline
 Convex

 Convexity towards the INCISAL

EDGE
 Curvature is less on distal aspect
than mesial aspect (2.5 mm)

Maxillary right central incisor

Distal aspect
 Incisal outline
 The incisal ridge forms the apex of
the triangular shape
 It is in line with the root axis

Maxillary right central incisor

Distal aspect
 Distal surface
 Distal contact area – junction of the
incisal and middle third

Maxillary right central incisor

Distal aspect
 Root
 Conical
 Labial outline – slightly convex from the
cervical third to the middle third and
tapers to the apex.
 Lingual outline - straight from the
cervical third to the middle third and
there is a gradual taper to the apical
third.
Maxillary right central incisor
Incisal aspect
 Shape of the crown
 Roughly triangular
 Crown is wider mesiodistally
than faciolingually

Maxillary right central incisor

Incisal aspect
 Labial outline
 Broad and convex
 Incisal ridge is clearly seen
◼ Formed by joining the labial and
lingual margins
◼ 1.5–2 mm thick faciolingually

 Distolingual angle is slightly more

lingual than mesioincisal angle

Maxillary right central incisor

Incisal aspect
 Labial outline
 Mamelons
◼ freshlyerupted teeth
◼ Correspond to three
developmental lobes
◼ Gradually lost because of
wearing away of tooth

Maxillary right central incisor

Incisal aspect
 Lingual outline
 The mesial and distal marginal
ridges converge towards the
cingulum

Maxillary right central incisor

Incisal aspect
 Embrasures
 Lingual embrasure > Labial
embrasure
 This is because of lingual
convergence
Applied morphology
 Incisal dominance
 Maxillary central incisor is
the prominent tooth when a
person smiles.
 This is called as incisal
dominance.
Applied morphology
 Trauma / Fracture
 Maxillary central incisors
commonly undergo fracture
due to trauma.
 Restoration of these teeth
becomes vital for aesthetics
and function.
Applied morphology
 Shovel-shaped incisor
 An exaggeration of the
marginal ridges
 It is a genetically
determined variation seen in
Mongoloid races, including
North and South American
Indians
Applied morphology
 Hutchinson incisors
 Abnormal permanent upper
central incisors that are peg
shaped and notched, usually
with obvious thinning and
discoloration of enamel in
the area of the notching
 Seen in congenital syphilis
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