OUTLINE OF RESEARCH WORK
Name of the Student : Rasal Shivraj Santoshkumar
Registration Number : 2023AE/02M
Degree : M.Tech. (Agricultural Engineering)
Discipline : Soil and Water Conservation Engineering
Year of Admission : 2023-2024
Major Field : Soil and Water Conservation Engineering
Minor Field : Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Computer and Statistics,
Ground Water Engineering
Title of Project
“EFFECT OF MOISTURE STRESS ON YIELD AND GROWTH ATTRIBUTING CHARACTERS ON
SOYABEAN"
OBJECTIVES
1. To evaluate performance of in- situ rain water conservation practices i.e. opening of furrow at
different rows.
2. To study the effects of moisture stress on yield attributing parameters.
3. To study the cost economics of in- situ rain water conservation practices.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Effect of moisture conservation practices on soil moisture
conservation and water use efficiency
Arora Sanjay and Rajan Bhatt, (2003) on farm study showed that soil
moisture storage increased to the tune of 2.25, 4.01 and 10.77 % at 60
days after sowing (DAS) with shallow tillage, deep tillage and ridge and
furrow sowing treatment over the farmers' practice during maize. There
was nearly 11 % increase in maize grain yield in ridge and furrow sowing
over farmers' practice. Mulch spread on the whole plot increased the grain
and straw yield of maize by 58.6 and 35.0 % as compared to unmulched
control.
Allolliet. al., (2007) studied the influence of in- situ moisture conservation
practices on the performance of dry land chilli. Different moisture
conservation practices viz., ridges and furrows, ridges and furrows mulch
and farmer practice (Flatbed method) were followed. Ridge and furrows
along with mulch enhanced the vigour of the crop as manifested in higher
plant height, leaf area and dry matter production. Further moisture
conservation practices (ridges and furrow + mulch) helped to promote the
productivity of chilli sevident in significantly higher yield per unit area. The
pooled data indicated the higher yield (38.40 q/ha) due to ridges and
furrows + mulch followed by ridges and furrows as compared to flatbed
method (30.80 q/ha) of cultivation.
Malligawad, (2010) studied the effect of in-situ soil moisture conservation
and nutrient management practices on the productivity of sesame and
sorghum in sequence cropping system and indicated that in-situ soil
moisture conservation through 2:1 or 3:1 skip row method of planting
along with application of either organic manures or organic manures +
inorganic fertilizers to preceding sesame crop and no organic manures
and no inorganic fertilizers to succeeding sorghum produced higher yields
of both the sesame and sorghum crops in this system.
Rao et. al., (2010) studied the effect of in-situ rainwater conservation
practices in sorghum (sorghum bicolor) under rainfed condition in arid
region. A field experiment was conducted during kharif seasons 2003-
2005 at Pali, Rajasthan, India to study the effects of rainwater
conservation practices in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] under
rainfed conditions. The experiment comprised of a field bunding and no
bunding (Control) and four rainwater conservation practices. Sorghum
growth and yield attributes significantly
increased with adoption of rainwater conservation practices. Insitu
rainwater conservation practices significantly increased sorghum grain
and stover yields over control.
Jat et. al., (2012) studied the effect of efficient moisture conservation
practices for maximizing maize productivity, profitability, energy use
efficiency and resource conservation in a semi-arid Inceptisol. Six moisture
conservation treatments viz., sowing along slope; sowing across slope;
ridge and furrow sowing; flat sowing and ridging at 30 days after sowing
(DAS); opening of ditches across slope at 10 m interval; and compartment
bunds at 5 m interval were tested for maize during 2000 to 2004 in a
semi- arid inceptisol at Arjit. The study was conducted identify a superior
treatment that would minimize runoff and soil loss and maximize
productivity, monetary returns and energy use efficiency. Based on the
analysis of variance, flat sowing and ridging at 30 DAS was superior with
significantly higher mean grain yield of 1477 kg ha; fodder yield of 5903
kg ha; net returns of Rs.4093 ha and benefit cost ratio of 1.56.
2.2 Effect of different tillage practices on crop yield
Akhtar et al., (2005) studied a significant effect of deep tillage on
groundnut pod development and its yield. A field experiment was
conducted for two consecutive years to see the effect of various tillage
depths on pod yield of groundnut and soil moisture status under rainfed
conditions of Chakwal. Different implements used were mouldboard, chisel
and disc ploughs along with cultivator as control.Each increase in tillage
depth significantly affected these parameters. Highest number of
developed pods and yield was noted with moldboard plough and the
lowest in case of cultivator each year. More number of pods and pods yield
was recorded during first year than second year. Economically highest net
return was received from moldboard plough (Rs. 6652) followed by chisel
(Rs. 4927) and least by disc plough (Rs. 2227) over cultivator. Post-harvest
soil analysis showed a positive effect of tillage depth on moisture contents
of soil.
Shivadhar et al.. (2008) studied the effect of tillage and soil moisture
conservation Practices on the productivity of chickpea and soil properties
under rainfed condition in a Sandy loam soil. Among tillage treatments
deep summer ploughing followed by two harrowing was found superior
with respect to plant stand, branch/plant, plant height, yield attributes and
yields.
Pramanik S. C.. (1999) revealed that the minimum tillage is as good as
conventional llage with respect to the growth and yield of maize. Row
tillage system similarly increases in yield by 77.0%. Thus it can be
concluded that the increase maize yield by 10.0% due to conventional
tillage may betoo small to pay the tillage cost.
2.3 Onset of effective monsoon and its withdrawal
Raman (1974) analysed the daily rainfall data of the black cotton soil and
were a of Maharashtra and identified the commencement of sowing rains.
He drew up a criterion to identify the spell of rain at beginning of the
South-West monsoon, which would provide sufficient moisture reserve in
the soil adequate for the commencement of sowing. Raman called the
commencement of a 7-days spell with the total rainfall of 25 mm with the
not less than five days of one mm or more rain each day as the
'commencement of sowing rain'. Using this criteria, from daily rainfall data
of 231 stations over about 40 to 70 years, he found mean and median
dates of commencement of sowing rains which dispersed from 2nd June to
6th July and from 4th June to 2nd July, respectively.
Ashok Raj (1979) defined the onset of effective monsoon (OEM) based on
the following criteria.
1) The first day's rain in the 7 days spell was not less than e mm, where e
was the average daily evaporation.
2) The total rain during the 7 days spell was not less than (5e+10) mm.
3) At least four out of these seven days were rainy days with not less than
2.5 mm of rain each days. Using above criteria, the daily rainfall data from
five districts ofIndia were analysed to find mean date of OEM and earliest
and latest probable dates of OEM. It was observed that mean date of OEM
ranged from 3d July to 13th July for Banswara, 19th May to 24th May for
Cannanore, 29th May to 24th June for Chandrapur, 6th April to 26th April
for Gara Hills and 17th June to 17th July for Mehbubnagar districts.
Pawade (1981) analysed rainfall data for 5 stations in Akola District to
determine mean date of OEM earliest and latest probable date of OEM and
standard deviation it was observed that mean date of OEM for Akola was
June 23 for Akot July 2 for Balapur July 4 for Murtizapur July 4 and that for
Washim was June 21 corresponding standard deviations in days were
observed 12, 17, 18, 20 and 18 respectively.
Reddy (1985) modified the above approach for studying the monsoon
characteristics of Punjab by proposing following criteria for onset of
effective monsoon.
a) The first day rain in the 7 days rainy spell was not less than 'e' where 'e'
was the average daily evaporation of June and July months.
b) The total rain during the 7 days rainy spell was not less than the
amount of rain which brings the top 30 cm soil layer to the field capacity.
c) At least 3 out of 7 days must be rainy days with not less than 2.5 mm of
rain on each day.
Verma and Sharma (1990) studied the monsoon rainfall a typical rainfall
belt of Northern India, Namely 'Kandi' belt of Northern Punjab for a period
of 27 years (1996-1986) to develop criteria of OEM for sowing of rainfed
crops, namely maize and sun hemp in sandy loam and loamy sand soils,
respectively. The following criteria were proposed for the onset of effective
monsoon in the case of study were a.
1) The first days rain in the seven days spell should not be less than 'e'
where 'e' was average daily pan evaporation of the season.
2) The total rain during the 7 days spell should not be less than EOR,
where EOR was "effective onset rainfall" andcould be expressed as
EOR = 0.75 (FC-WP) BD'd +5e+RO
FC = Moisture content at field capacity (on weight basis)
WP = Moisture content at wilting point (on weight basis).
BD = Relative bulk density of soil w.r.t. water.
D = Effective seeding zone depth or ploughing depth which ever is more
cm
RO = Runoff, mm
E = Average daily pan evaporation, mm
3) At least three out of 7 days were rainy days (having a minimum of 2.5
mm of rain per day).
.4) If above three criteria were satisfied in a week of the first fortnight of
June, but followed by a prolonged dry spell then it should be considered as
pre monsoon spell and not OEM.
By using above criteria the dates of onset of effective monsoon for maize
and sun hemp crops in sandy loam and loamy sand soils were worked out.
Dani (1991) analysed daily rainfall data of Parbhani for the period of 30
years from 1961 to 1990 to find out the dates of onset of effective
monsoon (OEM) and the end of monsoon by using the criteria stated by
Ashok Raj (1979). It was found that mean date of OEM for Parbhani was
June 25 with standard deviation of 20 days. Earliest and latest probable
dates of OEM were found to be June 5 and July 15 respectively.
Taksale (1992) analysed daily rainfall data of seven station of Marathwada
region for a period of 20 years (1967-1986) to find out the dates of onset
and end of effective monsoon by using criteria developed by Ashok Raj
(1979). It was found that the mean dates of onset of effective monsoon
was July 1 and mean date of end of monsoon was October 15.
Talekar and Parghane (2002) collected than daily rainfall data for Hingoli,
Maharashtra for a period of 25 years (1975-2000) and analysed to find out
onset of effectivemonsoon.
Sharma and Kumar (2003) analysed the rainfall of past 20 years of Nagaur
districts in the arid region of Rajasthan (India) to suggest the probable
date of onset of monsoon using criteria given by AshokRaj, (1979) and
Markov chain model.
Subhash and Das (2004) studied onset of effective monsoon and its
withdrawal using daily rainfall data of 42 years (1960-2001) recorded at
the Agricultural Research Institute, Patna, Bihar, India. Mean effective
onset of Monsoon was 28th June, with standard deviation of 11 days.
2.3 Dry spell analysis
The presence or absence of certain amount of rainfall at crucial times
determines the success or failure of rainfed agricultural crop. In
rainfed were as, for successful crops planning, the knowledge of
occurrence of dry and wet spells assumes a vital role. The work done
related to this subject was reviewed here.
Ashok Raj (1979) analysed daily rainfall data for various stations of five
districts of India.
Pawade (1981) suggested 10 days wet spell for Nagpur were a instead of
7 days as considered by Ashok Raj. He analyzed the daily rainfall data of 5
stations in Akola District to get the mean date of commencement of
critical dry spells along with their mean duration. The date of
commencement of CDS were from July 11 to July 26, August 4 to August
25 and August 31st to September 19 for first second and third CDS
respectively
Gupta (1982) analysed the 25 years rainfall data for Karnal station to find
out the average number of dry days, consecutive dry spell expected in
each of the monsoon month and the continuous dry spell expected taking
all the months together. Gumbel's distribution and modified Gumbel's
distribution were used in the analysis.
Mohan et al., (1985) studied frequencies of wet and dry spell at eight
station in Nasik districts for the south-west monsoon period. The study
was based on the daily rainfall data of the stations for 50 years (1921-
1970).
Kolhe (1988) analyzed the daily rainfall data for 9 stations, one in each
districts of Vidarbha region for the period of 20 to 22 years (1965-1986)
tofind out the mean dates of commencement of critical dry spells along
with their durations. The criteria adopted for analysed was one, which was
stated by Ashok Raj (1979). The cumulative probability nomographs for
dry spells during crop development stages for various regions and for
various crop varieties depending upon region were also prepared.
Dani (1991) analysed the daily rainfall data of Parbhani for
the period of 30years (1961-1990) to find out the mean date of
commencement of critical dry spell along with their mean duration. The
criteria adopted were one which was suggested by Ashok Raj (1979). The
mean dates of commencement of critical dry spell observed were July 16
for first, August 14 for second and September 12 for third CDS.
Shivakumar (1991) used the specific definition of onset of rains in each
year as sowing date, the lengths of dry spells were calculated from the
historical rainfallDani (1991) analysed the daily rainfall data of Parbhani
for the period of 30 data for 150 stations. The relationships between mean
annual rainfall and average frequency of dry spell for the selected
locations in west Africa showed distinct pattern and permitted to
prediction of the frequency of dry spell from annual rainfall totals.
Mahiwal and Chhatrola (1992) analysed the monthly rainfall pattern of
Taksale (1992) analysed the daily rainfall data of 20 years for Marathwada
different stations of Bhal and Coastal agro climatic zones. The year to year
variability and variability in rainfall occurring during monsoon season
along with other statistical parameters were worked out.
Ranade and Gupta (1992) observed from rainfall analysis of 22 years data
that 23 week had Maximum frequency of drought while minimum was in
case should be done in 27th and 30th week. Thus sowing of the crops
should be done in 25th week.
Taksale (1992) analysed the daily rainfall data of 20 years
for Marathwadaregion of Maharashtra. The seven important rain guage
stations, one in each districts of Marathwada were selected for the study.
Dry spell analysis was done by applying criteria stated by Ashok Raj.
Mishra et al., (1996) analysed the rainfall data obtained from
meteorological observatory located in the Chotanagpur plateau, Bihar
during 1967-1992.
Sharma (1996) predicted the stochastic behaviour of the longest dry and
wet spells using theory of runs, Poisson probability densityfunction of the
occurrence of spells and Weibull's distribution of total rain over wet spell.
The entire analysed was carried out using only five parameters, namely
the probability of any day being a dry day, the probability of dry day
followed by the previous wet dry, the mean and variation of the daily
rainfall sequence during rainy season.
Sharma and Kumar (2003) investigated the rainfall of past 20 years of
Nagpur districts of the arid region of Rajasthan, to suggest the occurrence
of dry spell.
Dekal et.al (2010) developed a discrete precipitation model for the daily
series of precipitation occurrences over North East India. The point of
approach was to model the duration of consecutive dry and wet days i.e.
spell, instead of individual wet and dry days. Various distributions viz.
uniform, geometric, logarithmic, negative binomial, Poisson and Markov
chain of order one and two, Eggenberger-Polya distribution had been fitted
to describe the wet and dry spell frequencies of occurrences. The models
were fitted to the observed data of seven stations namely Imphal,
Mohanbari, Guwahati, Cherrapunji, Silcoorie, North Bank and Tocklai
(Jorhat) of North- East India with pronounced attention to summer
monsoon season. The goodness of fit of the proposed model were tested
using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Eggenberger-Polya distribution fairly fitted
wet and dry spell frequencies and could be used in the future for an
estimation of the wet and dry spells in the were a under study.
Deluca and Corral (2013) analyze distributions of rain-event sizes, rain-
event durations, and dry-spell durations for data obtained from a network
of 20 rain gauges scattered in a region of the NW Mediterranean coast.
While power-law distributions model the dry-spell durations with a
common exponent 1.50±0.05, density analysis was inconclusive for event
sizes and event durations, due to finite size effects. However, present
alternative evidence of the existence of scale invariance in these
distributions by means of different data collapses of the distributions.
These results were in agree- ment with the expectations from the Self-
Organized Criticality paradigm, and demonstrate that scaling properties of
rain events and dry spells could also be observed for medium resolution
rain data..
Shushma L. et al. (2014), provided information on the spatial & temporal
patterns associated with dry spell characteristics, and allowed
identification of regions and characteristics where the two datasets agree/
disagree. Selected characteristics of dry spells and associated trends over
India during the 1951-2007 period was studied using two gridded
databases: IMD & the Asian Precipitation- Highly Resolved Observational
Data Integration Towards Evaluation of the water resources (APHRODITE)
datasets. Two precipitation thresholds, 1 and 3mm, were used to define a
dry day (& therefore dry spells).
Mundetia and Sharma.(2014) obtained rainfall indices and Standardized
Precipitation Index (SPI) for Rajasthan state characterized as the most
sensitive and vulnerable state in India. Daily rainfall data of 35years
(1971- 2005) for 31 well- spread stations were used to generate critical
were a maps. From the analysis of rainfall indices, it was observed that
few stations situated in east and south-eastern side in the state had
shown high negative change for annual and monthly rainfall but not such
negative change was observed in the case of average number of wet days
for the same stations. Similarly from SPI drought analysis both short term
and long term, higher tendency of mild droughts was observed than
moderate and severe droughts with a noticeable increase in occurrence of
severe droughts on longer time scales. The 14 study described importance
of SPI and rainfall indices in understanding the climate change impacts
and droughts to provide better assessment and management aspects
for the society.
Program of Research Work
The time schedule for research work will be as follows:
1. Formulation of advisory committee and determination of probable
research topic and observation related to research work were taken.
2. 2. From second semester review of research will be collected for
selected research research work will be done. work and planning of
3. 3. From first semester actual research work will be conducted
including field layout, survey and recording treatment wise
observations.
4. 4. From first to fourth semester recording observations will be
continued up to the harvesting of crop, Analysis of data and report
preparation will be carried out.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
This chapter illustrates the material and the methodology will be used for
the study on "Effect of Moisture Stress on Yield and Growth Attributing
Characters on soyabean”
3.1 Experimental Site
The Experiment will be conducted at All India Co-ordinated Research
Project (AICRP), for Dry Land Agricultural Farm, for Pigeonpea crop during
kharif season of 2014. The soil type ranges from medium to deep black
with pH of 8.2. Geographically Parbhani is situated at 17° 36' North
latitude and 76º 47' East longitudes with an elevation of 406m above
mean sea level (Agriculture contingency plan-Parbhani district).
3.2 Climate and weather conditions
The weather prevailing at Parbhani station is categorized as sub-tropical
and semi- arid. The region falls an assured rainfall agro-climatic zone of
Maharashtra with average annual precipitation of 892mm mostly received
between June to September. Rainfall is uneven, erratic and varies from
year to year. This tract receiving more than 80% of the rainfall from south-
west monsoon. Vasantarao Naik Marathwada Agricultural University,
Parbhani which falls under semi-arid tropics having highest temperature
44°C during month of May and lowest 11°C during December. The
minimum and maximum relative humidity varies between 25 to 63 and 85
to 96 percent, respectively
3.3 Experiment details
Field experiment will plan to comprise of treatments with different
numbers of opening of furrows and moisture content of soil will measure
at following growth stages of pigeon pea.
1) 0-45 days : Braching stage
2) 45-70 days : Flowering stage
3) 70-90 days : Pod formation
4) 90-100days : Grain development
5) 100-130 : Maturity stage
3.4 Design specification
Field size: 30×30m
Replication : 4
Crop and verity : Soyabean MAUS-158
Botanical name : Glycine max
Soil type : Medium black
Each plot size : 10×30
Crop spacing : 4-7cm
3.5 Methodology
3.5.1 Soil Moisture Studies
In order to assess the changes in soil moisture status in soil regime, soil
moisture will be determined with the help of gravimetric method by using
a screw auger. Soil moisture will be collected at sowing and during crop
growth stages at 0-15cm, 15-30cm and keep in oven at 105°C for 24 hrs.
Soil 45cm depths in soil profile. The soil samples will moisture content will
be determined by gravimetric method on mass basis using
following formula
3.5.2 The growth stages of soybean crops
growth stages of soybean crops can be divided into two main phases:
vegetative (V) stages and reproductive (R) stages. These stages are
commonly referred to using the Fehr and Caviness growth stage
classification.
vegetative (V) stages:
1. VE (Emergence): The soybean seedling emerges from the soil.
2. VC (Cotyledon stage): Cotyledons fully unfold and the plant is now
visible.
3. V1 (First-node stage): The first set of trifoliate leaves (unifoliate leaves)
are fully developed.
4. V2 (Second-node stage): The second set of trifoliate leaves are
fully developed.
Reproductive (R) Stages:
1. R1 (Beginning Bloom): The plant has at least one flower on any node.
2. R2 (Full Bloom): An open flower is visible at one of the two uppermost
nodes with a fully developed leaf.
3. R3 (Beginning Pod): A pod is 5 mm (3/16 inch) long at one of the four
uppermost nodes.
4. R4 (Full Pod): A pod is 2 cm (3/4 inch) long at one of the four uppermost
nodes
. 5. R5 (Beginning Seed): Seeds are 3 mm (1/8 inch) long in the pod at one
of the four uppermost nodes.
6. R6 (Full Seed): A pod containing a green seed fills the pod cavity at one
of the four uppermost nodes.
7. R7 (Beginning Maturity): One normal pod on the main stem has reached
its mature pod color.
8. R8 (Full Maturity): Ninety-five percent of the pods have reached their
mature pod color. This is the physiological maturity stage, and seeds have
reached maximum dry weight.
3.5.3 Rainfall water runoff
1. Rational Method: This is the simplest method for calculating peak
runoff rates, primarily used for small drainage areas.
• Formula: Q=CxIxA
• Q = Peak runoff rate (cubic meters per second, or cubic feet per second)
• C = Runoff coefficient (dimensionless, representing the fraction of
rainfall that becomes runoff)
• I = Rainfall intensity (mm/hour or inches/hour) for a specific duration
and return period • A = Drainage area (hectares or acres)
• Application: Best for small urban watersheds vidual plots.
3,5.4 Biometric Observations
Treatment wise biometric observation will be recorded from experimental
field. For that five plants will be selected from each treatment plot. Three
biometric parameters viz. height of plant, number of pods and number of
branches for each plant will be recorded.
3,5.5 Simple Regression Relation between Soil Moisture Content
and Crop Growth Stages
Stage and treatment wise soil moisture content as well as biometric
observation of pigeon pea crop will be taken for the development of
simple regression equation. Treatment wise crop growth stages will be
observed and according to which simple regression equation
will be developed
LITRATURE CITED
1. Boerma, H. R., & Specht, J. E. (2004). Soybeans: Improvement,
Production, and Uses. 3rd edition. American Society of Agronomy.
This comprehensive book covers various aspects of soybean production,
including genetics, physiology, and management practices.
2. Hartman, G. L., West, E. D., & Herman, T. K. (2011). Crops that feed the
world 2. Soybean—worldwide production, use, and constraints caused by
pathogens and pests. Food Security, 3(1), 5-17.
This article reviews global soybean production and the challenges posed
by pests and diseases.
3. Purcell, L. C., & Specht, J. E. (2004). Physiological traits for ameliorating
drought stress in soybeans. In H. T. Nguyen & A. Blum (Eds.), Physiology
and Biotechnology Integration for Plant Breeding (pp. 83-120). CRC Press.
Discusses strategies to improve soybean productivity under drought
stress.
4. Board, J. E. (2013). A comprehensive review of the yield response of two
soybean cultivars to reproductive stage stress across variable planting
dates and densities. Agronomy Journal, 105(2), 478-488.
Examines the response of soybean yield to stress during reproductive
stages.
5. Omonode, R. A., & Vyn, T. J. (2006). Nitrogen form effects on soil nitrous
oxide emissions and plant nitrogen uptake in continuous corn and soybean
cropping systems. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 70(3), 886-899.
Explores the effects of nitrogen forms on soybean productivity and
environmental impacts.
6. Specht, J. E., Hume, D. J., & Kumudini, S. V. (1999). Soybean yield
potential—a genetic and physiological perspective. Crop Science, 39(6),
1560-1570.
This paper discusses the genetic and physiological factors influencing
soybean yield potential.
7. Heichel, G. H. (1980). Soybean nitrogen fixation: Some ecological clues
to maximizing production. Bioscience, 30(12), 850-855.
Analyzes ecological factors that affect nitrogen fixation and soybean
productivity.
8. Assefa, Y., Prasad, P. V. V., Carter, P., Hinds, M., Bhalla, G., Schon, R., ...
& Ciampitti, I. A. (2019). A new insight into soybean yield improvement.
Field Crops Research, 236, 165-174.
Provides insights into recent trends and strategies for soybean yield
improvement.
9. Board, J. E., & Kahlon, C. S. (2011). Soybean yield formation: What
controls it and how it can be improved. IntechOpen.
Discusses factors influencing soybean yield formation, including growth
stages and environmental conditions.
10. Fehr, W. R., & Caviness, C. E. (1977). Stages of soybean development.
Iowa State University Cooperative Extension Service Special Report, 80, 1-
12.
A classic reference detailing the stages of soybean development, widely
used for growth stage identification.
11. Egli, D. B. (2010). Soybean yield physiology: Principles and processes.
In G. Singh (Ed.), The Soybean: Botany, Production and Uses (pp. 111-
135). CAB International.
Explores the physiological processes involved in soybean growth and yield
formation.
12. Thies, J. E., & Singleton, P. W. (1998). Role of nodulation and nitrogen
fixation in soybean growth and productivity. Agronomy Journal, 90(4), 561-
567.
Examines the impact of nodulation and nitrogen fixation on the growth
and productivity of soybeans.
13. Munier-Jolain, N. G., Ney, B., & Duthion, C. (1998). Plant
developmental stages: Markers of the plant's physiological status and
implications for management practices. Field Crops Research, 57(1), 1-11.
This paper links soybean developmental stages with physiological status
and management practices.
14. Hymowitz, T., & Singh, R. J. (1987). Soybean: Botany, chemistry, and
use. In D. R. Erickson (Ed.), Edible Fats and Oils Processing (pp. 229-268).
AOCS Press.
Provides a comprehensive overview of soybean botany and its growth
characteristics.
15. Santos, D., & Hungria, M. (2015). Soybean seed vigor and growth
under field conditions. Journal of Seed Science, 37(2), 117-125.
Investigates the relationship between soybean seed vigor and growth
performance in the field.
16. Chen, P., & Wiatrak, P. (2010). Soybean growth and development.
Agronomy Journal, 102(2), 420-430.
Offers a detailed examination of the various growth stages of soybeans
and factors affecting each stage.
Facilities Required and their Availability
The scientific and technical instruments to undertake above experimental
work are available in the-
1) Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, College of
Agricultural Engineering and Technology, VNMKV Parbhani.
2) Department of Agricultural Process Engineering, College of Agricultural
Engineering and Technology, VNMKV Parbhani.
3) Dryland Agriculture Centre, VNMKV Parbhani.
4) AICRP with Utilization of Animal Energy, VNMKV Parbhani.
Place of Research Work
All India Co-ordinate Research Project (AICRP), for Dryland Agriculture
Farm, Vasantarao Naik Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani.
Signature of student
(Mr. S .S .Rasal)
APPROVED BY THE ADVISORY COMMITTIEE
Major Guide and Chairman: Prof.S. D.
Payal
AssociateProfessor,
Department of Soil and Water Conservation
college Of Agricultural Engineering &
technology, Vasantarao Naik Marathwada
Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani 431402
Advisory Committee Prof.M.S.Pendke
Members: Head of Department
Department of Soil and Water Conservation
college Of Agricultural Engineering &
technology, Vasantarao Naik Marathwada
Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani 431402.
Dr.P.H.Gourkhede
Assist
ant Professor
Depart
ment of Soil Science
college
Of Agriculture Parbhani,
Vasantarao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth,
Parbha
ni 431402.
Prof.S.B.Jadhav
Profes
sor
Depart
ment of Irrigation and Drainage Engg.
college
Of Agricultural Engineering & technology,
Par
bhani 431402.
Recommended by:
HEAD
D
epartment of Soil and Water Conservation Engg.
college Of
Agricultural Engineering & technology,
Vasantar
ao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth,
Parbha
ni 431402.
Countersigned by:
Associate Dean and Principal
C
ollege Of Agricultural Engineering & technology.
Vasantara
o Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth,
Parbha
ni 431402.
Approved by:
Director of Instruction and Dean
C
ollege Of Agricultural Engineering & technology.
Vasantara
o Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth,
Parbha
ni 431402.
Details of Course Work Proposed:
Semester Course Course No. Title of Course Credits
Major SWCE-503 Soil and Water Conservation
Structure 2+1 = 3
SWCE-505 Water management and modelling
2+1 = 3
SWCE-508 Climate change and water resources 3+0 = 3
Minor IDE-505 Design of drip and sprinkler
Semester 2+1 = 3
irrigation system
I IDE -506 Groundwater engineering 2+1 = 3
STAT -502 Statistical method for research work 2+1 = 3
Non-Credit PGS-501 Library & information services 0+1 = 1
Basic concept in laboratory
PGS-504 technique 0+1= 1
Grand Total 20 (13+7)
Semester Course Course No. Title of Course Credits
Major SWCE-501 Advanced Soil & Water
2+1=3
Conservation Engineering
SWCE-502 Applied Watershed Hydrology 2+1=3
Remote sensing and GIS for land
SWCE-507 2+1=3
and water resource management
SWCE-510 Dryland water
2+0=2
management technologies
Semester
II Supporting STAT-511 Experimental design 2+1=3
Courses
Noncredit PGS-502 Technical Writing And
0+1=1
Compulsory Communication skills
Courses PGS- 503 Intellectual Property and its
management in Agriculture 1+0 = 1
Grand total 16 (11+5)
Semester Course Course No. Title of Course Credits
Major -- ---- ---
Minor -- ---- ---
Supporting
Courses
IDE-510 Minor Irrigation 2+1=3
Semester
III
Seminar SWCE-591 Seminar 0+1=1
Total course credit 4(2+2)
Noncredit PGS-505 Agril. Research, Research ethics
Compulsory &Rural Development Programme 1+0=1
Courses
Research SWCE-599 Masters Research 0+10 = 10
Grand Total 11 (1+10)
Semester Course Course No. Title of Course Credits
Major -- --- ---
Semester Minor -- --- ---
IV Supporting -- --- ---
Seminar -- --- ---
Masters Research
Research SWCE - 599 0+20=20
Grand total 20 (0+20)
71
grand total
(27+44)
OUTLINE OF RESEARCH WORK
"Effect of Moisture Stress on Yield and Growth Attributing Characters on Soyabean"
Submitted by
Mr. SHIVRAJ SANTOSHKUMAR RASAL
Reg. No. 2023AE/02M
Under The Guidance of
Prof. S. D. Payal
Asso. Professor
C.A.Ε.Τ.V.Ν.Μ.Κ.V. Parbhani.
Submitted To
DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
VASANTRAO NAIK MARATHWADA KRISHI VIDYAPEETH PARBHANI-
431 402
2025
