Date

Page
a An mpire Aerts iree Continents
9ntoducBen:
NeubpaBanmian Civititalton conlinued ten loon

By 6 Cantury Bc.Saniam etabluehad contra!.

of wt aia ttu Mgien mediteHrtanean gea,

AKeaen, civil'satien emeAe

|MOHQ Qn weban devolepmLnt

tuu Gpreat, wsa tue uleH o Nacedonia

it was a anal ingdom in GHece,
He Huled
OM 336 BC - 8Q3 BC

wndertaàh a mitany campaign

and cenqwad panty of North - Afrcaweat
Asi.
Andio

ALaxandeH wanted to pocred. usith l

but his Seldien Hfued t eapendits
Aexandr'g buotps Ketuaned pHOCRLd
bace
est and

hie Hetunnin h died in Babylon, The ptcntis

units of empin ditinieqratad. quckls after bin dee
 Date
Page

The Dtalian cits siate o4 Aome took advanteqce

Of the politBcaldit In tig ation and establithecl
Contot QveN North Aftuca, in the eauten
mediteHHONan Legion fLom Qnt centuy Be.

Reme seitablised conto with the help of well

QHaanised militay foHc
The Ronuan fercel eiteblis hed. a nctwenk of
tHac between the ctate that was being the
paxt of Leaanden'a empine
s Latin Language (spoken în Ron)became tthe
main Lanauage o tte empite
Thus, t Ronan eupiu Cane nto etene

sTae Romani ha a qeak eapeet fot Ghreea

Cultue

gRoman empite haal a 'Nepublte' qeveHOMQNE

Lstich wsy baued. en Conplan.yetem s electiens
Wealth

Raman souety wa depended on klavey syzlem

 Date
Page

leunesTo Rreconstct The tHictoy Of Romon Cn

Renan hitoran hawe a such cotlecdien
that can be boadly cividec ioto hra categstue
cisTeadtual Sounces
(i DocuMnBaty SouHCLR
shüy Material Remaing.

1) Tedtua SouHCL:
g9 incucdes the hitory Ofof Roman peruod hat
was wniHen by contem poray
writeA,thu type
hiatony

Letert chuéchis, Rauee QmdaHs ete, aee alin foud

QyDoamentay Sounceg
Tniiptbng wene uay un Hen on Stonee and
MOtas.

'Papyri
n Egupt. tt usas pHOCLKd to
produce wni Hin.
imaloial papym
sPapynu we sedat orìng puupoe, theusan
ot Contaclu accowt laerI,
J
On,
Dial douunen
papy and
Ang about the Aotal, auHViveo wtich help
Conemic peitical an
Leultuxal aupecu of Roman empie
 Date
Duge

2) Maturiat Remaint:
9t incudu a wide ranae of attefacu
didcovereol by archaeoogistu duing
eACavatien ote aie. Canpl i buildings,
uments poteou, coins, te.
Peied 04 Roman Empirue
centey Be to h Centuy CE)
The penied of Ronsan Enpire ii divlded înto
tao phase
phases by
by Htorians ;-.

Remana. Ro man Peace )

ciy Latex Rnase-D Centuy i"Centuy c)
Adnnictatien Sa Raman Empirei
Cental AslninistHah'on:
1
Bekane canturuy BC, citstate af RoMan Empine

erte În tae senat'.

QSnale wa a peuHcal bedy ushh încded

Xoman amd 9Balian siiqin TRy ainiy

feudal lotda, nsbls, înotialiet shipyand
Senala Hopeientad aistocxacy. Senate sai
actual cnten o pawen in Hepubue
 Date
Page

gorennene of Roman Empire. Thy wer

olecisien taeu and nahen Jhe ReMan
Rul almya tied to pee the onale
Senate eNu ted in Roman Empine fm cuninie
before a
3In a " BC _Octarian CaeaH etaehed hi
HIQime and diclaned himself Rincep Tk
Leadina Cizen. Oetawian CaeieH wsa agiven .
ite Auqutus Caesat and he becam 2
ue
i Raginae
Ritipa'.

CANAMANdo în Rone.

adopted Aon, etautan Casesan inheniteo hiu

titep uadig aizern BN Kulan)aduat

docnenaed.
 Date

Auy wea an ingorkand ins tituien of Romen

adninttton.

Ronane oo a
kugie amy and it wus wel
Draauiieg anol wel egupp

Tue enate aated and feared

ielence

and geHViCe cenitisr These agitattons oftren

let douony tuety qeneraly orn empaROHA
cateçerties of elcti
elaiQr on
Ronan Atmyi
al Sotdieny uto(ained the Ronan anmy valuntanily,

ConscriptdHOCRuein wtuteheAelcie
ano it wsae mendeBo
wore
or
Aervce
NeneeneHiRL[Paued asny) in tati arHs, nainly
 Date
Page

Povinu'al Adnainictnattoo
Renan Empire foltowQrt ue enpanaionikt
petis, wtWch was aceompishatd by abisnking
a wioe keniea of sÂnat kingdan into Rana
pLOvinal temtore

Ronan e mpiree Awallowed al t mal

kinadon whtch weRe in tae Heglen
uasBaata Roman Epmpie at it peak 'n t
NContup Ce, tteched from Scottand to
AHnOnta o'nd fOm Sahana deert o tue
Euplrile and heyane
bayond).
3 Au tao_peothe o RoMan EmpiNQ w
bject
Roman Empena ane payed tenieg to him
4 The ual 'ngdom hieh wene bietib ed by
Roman Empire loecame vaole ahd iend thirt
Miiay forttas in &uyppert ot Roan
Empiree airina sth ass and n the time
ed and n eonckange Ronan Empir

GHdualy te pouwer in Roian Empirea Ahied

betwengtay and tb Proine
ptouincial
 Date
Page

Tue aigh oficioli incudd asmlnicadota

and mutery LOMDAOnoletes who becane much
moe p0wul than te
appert of he empeten

încoiaingl
da
Longer canfinet
Local AdudnigAtatiso [Adnins trattho in clie Avillaasy)
The inpertant citeg of Renan mpirte
En- (arthaqe, Atenenoda 4uttoch

Mantl a4 able to tan the prtouincal iounty

a|de (urtal egiYn) atics qenerated nuch of
empiee
3
eotlaboRalag wth the Remoun GoveDRa nt and
aotninisttati ng thet Sn toun and robsin tae

4 n Rean EmpirLy each eity

magietriatu cty eouncit
and a tunriter eItaininq illaqes "utich came
nded i uniAccBen (daea affunckiening
One
 Date
Page

Vilages coutd be uparoded to the etatue o

One cuclal aolvantage of eivin án a eity

it utgut be ptovtoled for ing
fesd setnqee
shettagee QLnd eren faminei then
ttu
Kutal ROaioni.
Publie ath use a
a seiking featuna of Roman
8. Uubanpepulattoeo enjoyed aa nmeuçh lig
luighe
wel o enterla~onasi Many amphiaatnu
akadium)
Qnd
ane fond
calendert
dundn encava tisn
la ee spe chaala[shbus)
dene fort the peple
The hird Century Cricis
Tue finat and secend century CE,weHr the
penid
0 peace and pHaspouty and econemic enpankien
Ronaan Emplre
The gd Centurey CE breought the finst majet
signa of intena! Stain
e 3 centuy ényády Romaun Empire feug
itself fiqhtting en Severtal font

4 stmultene suly in Tran a new and

tue name
Ldynaita wae `asaian clynasly
 Date
Poge

swithln the ISyieane,the Sakanian dynasty

enganded Hapidy en t direclion of Euphatu
iVeH t happen to be the eastenn bonodeU

Sassanians watec to qrtab the HSDCr Of

Reman Cmpine They werr /ealous of peace
and pmesperity. hey stortBeofeequent
inve'ons n Roman tertreh!orie! fom 3
centuy onwULds

AfamsUs HOLh inkertipten of Snapui -I, he

îranian Huler claimed that h had dustteyed

capted the eattoH5 capitad of Antu0ch

Durisg 3 century ansga numben af

GeManie Trribes and otheri trbal cenfe
cleracey eikie Atmanni Franks, GatAe ete
inwacle te Reman bortolt

9.Tke wuole pRHi9d 2 (antury rupéated,

inuasion_on ie eman temniterie uthich
sináledfsm the ragjen a4 Black Sca. to the.
Aps and Autaenn

AoDue to theee fqueut invaktendae Romans

fomeed to abanden much o tuein kRamag
eito'reg.
Duin tae
weNr Anlanty in tar battte
fitds fiaghtkng against Hhe baHbaniC tbe
 Date
Page

12 Duine a contuy Ce, thee sas rapic.

LAutesaton of empead, Locnty five empen
cÂanged infonis seven yeau.
he siýnpto ms tHain faud by Rouan ein
in hi psÌd.
Soiety Ta Ronan Empirei
RomAan souely conalsted ot 3 main claue

ay Uppen ClauAiskacrat)
Lowen Clas [tumiiere)

Tai clas included&enaton and equeate

Senateng inceuded MiLpetabl RRueMful
weathy peaple. whee " souHCe a înceme oas
bankiÄg-+ip sennabip and otuen businu
dctvities.

QEquitriani Tinly big landlókd,

,

aeld high positibng n thi acainictretiank.

Middle Cls

peaple wthoeHVed as
were inclucedin thit
 Date
Page

cahgory.
Lowen CLass (tumiione):
Tuu cateqsy incudeod peope
pesp Auch as
Labsun clas aymeres, 'casual easouu.
miine WDtker Cleths 0nAisans,ete
faniy o Roman Empire .
Te Rouuan ocety c9nsisted of nuclea familieg.

dTae faniieg wOHU patreioNchal in natue uskate

fatuen fany
3 Aeuult Qony eived
eived Aepataliy
Aepacately

6 Slaves wee tncluded. au tae

MaHHiage And DivOHCe

Hareiaaus
in yteuw ot ptittal and besines alliances

TMOHRIed in ttasit d0A Qttteens

 Date
P1ge

3.Dewrs Aystem enisted..

4DiverLie wa prevalent in tu A0ets and
it ceuld be abtajnad eaiy. Gny a notie
of intent was aufticiene to dizote sne

Re-mamrieqs wene
ws also prvaulent in te
saciety
Concitten -0f Women Tn Roman Eneirs

Roman eoey

lathor.
3 Roman w6men enjaned CEnAidemable leqal 0gktL
and

GHA finania enttts, but two and wife

huebendy and
Cases lonAete ioence were al the
 Date
Page.

Literray 9n Roman Empirte i

4tenacey seoished n particuukan ActBen o soiety
Such as nobetity ardstoracy, 0tdiene, army
offictal,
Rate
of Rouan Empie

that Rouans we erae ensugh and

were able toHead and usrte

Tae Pampeii cty wwas buleel in welcanic eHup

ttaere u a tong ertdence
widespiad casuat titeacy.
main &teet of Ponmpuii citsften canruy
adventiemente' and qmafilt wete feund ale
the
Repulatlon Ronen Soiely buer
bueNe ablo o
Rad and wtte
Relhaien 9n Ronan Enpirg:
tiaolitbnay
RonaN were tracltenaly potyteeti
beiered in naay qade end asdeses .
QRonans wweee vey aligisus munded paspla.
Ronian Enmpirt1 falleued -tae pai'ay af toloxante
uaN difrtnf Aect and aliqón.
 Date
Page

4 Reiajon was an intearal pat of Roman

Empitte Tau wene
LsinesAituated is te varioni paa af Reray
Empihe
sDudaism' was aa popular elaious cult,
pracBied by sOmi people in Ronan Empite

aod yabvoh

6 e hanes
a Suno, Minenva, Nans,fupiten

9n 2nd Centuy cE Chnktanity becanme the

populaH HOligan in Ronan Emptreand peepu
nALnbon adeptzd Ckitienityi
8. Duning tae Nle af Raan Euperon
Constane, pometdd ehietianiy and.
becane a papule Keligisg in Ronaan Enptre
Slawery System in Ronan empira
was daep - Heoted in Rema n
Empie,msty path peeple. and priReneMs uf
BeHVed alaue

Slaves were treeal pepenty ert CommDdity

 Date
Page.

Ronon eLeneny dependd on Alawee, SlaveA

e enpoped in aqrieultwral fielda
indutriea, factorlet, smoll mmanufactuung
wnitshouseeldi and evieruyuosre

b SlaveI captuKAd from a pattculat aea wer

not kept ieqetiaen and weHe dispes ed. a
differen aneae TKuy otked wncon the
Aupenvtsíen of supieuieHI. T wWEL dene to
aroid any wind conapinAcy
I Slaue4 weHe leealed hahly and a numbern
mikerable and ied én p2thette cAnditions
Slavee woren't ellwe to ae famieA

Slaue were qiven to

hem
ay
1oReman

lawes was symputhettc.

11

Atated Rlave BLeeding'

 Date
Page

started employing wage ab outr

ceap an not much maintenance
pHblam was there

13 Law 398 wsas eqalised, his las alsad

band te Ale

Many priate emplayar4 fonud

Aign
15. wee ahed t0 wenh n
and
geeup avey weNe
lanquaa and difent NLGÍ Bnd Each arsup.
Aupenuites a weteh an tten.
done to Metict tue feom hatchia
ny canpiaLy

9f a. maste Wses muHdea in i one all

fue R&uan deuinence and

ienaH0J larey yste
bends and contacts oesttteyed meny lendu,
snd
 Date
Page.

19:ee ae enstances were BLwes were set

Hay lins , tuese freee Aaves AeHVed

business manaqeH foH tueire masteNu

mauteHA and een slated tej e buines.

Causer eue Decune of Roman Empitei

1 u g e size o{ Roman Empie prtoveol to be.
a majo factot fon it doonfall Due tD
it hqe size, it uas not posaible to kep

Tae impeúaLÁAe andenpanilontt poiey

factors fo dte decline

3 fan- of pQrincesbevtted declaHing Heem

elves independnt and hey reevetted
ttee Reman Fule
Qgainet tue
The Roman Empiree funHoned w

skopped. oinine e aMny, as te wene fad

up of equent usa
u9ans. Tuis ceeted, a sheBage

TRezafpneotdions fam foaen

Hecteuted theeevice,
Taesesties laded loyalt4 andl paiatism
Thia made te Reman anms 9Qak and tthus the
decline ot Roman Empite
Emaino hocame inevtable.
 Date
Page

Wealtt o Romen Empir drained

o nstant and fequent wsau, dhis cea
QcOnomic cùcie and caused 2he doonfall o
Roan Erpire
4 e maintenance 4 the
acaunoCHacy donLOMaht aeay financia
bden en ue Ronaan qoveameni wtich alin
weahened tte eeoncmy and cauiec duYna
Roman empine

eganined nay pushed tu Roma

Empita Losancdi ite declinc
q. 9n 642.CE aftet the enpansien o4 9lam in
Anabia
and Sassanian.Cmpie had aslen to Aabe in

requent prerincial nevelt and weak and

incapakle uleeA Wwee als the maie
fore it downfal

contiuted to ie osusnfatl

1a.Sare cN wa alto a the

olecline 4 tue Rowan Empire

13 9n Roman EmpiNe,Ine was plaque epldamic

lwnich a laxae numben of populatis, died and
ceulted in e decline of pepulatibn and also
 Date
Poge

Contruibuliooo Roman fmpire :

1- Ronan Empie condibuutod In he fisese of admini
Lstatien, axciiectur, uigion, etc

feld d aw. Ranuan inttoducad

mest ystematic. civil
civil /udie'ay
judi'ay to run 1he
adminitteatten Amoothls. orth areatestt compilan
te Rouuas Rulen Tuinian
Hte peepare a cOmplete ctode c4 Laus'
CTustin'an Code.
Roman Empie masle centibutioo fo the fiald
luce
Lachitecate Qnd cQnstuuchon

sas lauilt during Roman empire g.9 la tue

Cpacty o accoioolale 60,900 4peclators
Rowua wweHehighy educatec ano) the puombBed
ant, eiterai e paintnqete, thRAUah vaioue

Ranan Hulers planed aa vital

wtal HAle in the
 Date
Page

Smpodanf Rulene a Ronman Enpis:

Diocte tHan
emphasitod
înt0 powet in Q44CE. He

lout alio n the the empire.

p e in
Reman Empiinto foH
}ach pant
Mahe tae qouerinane eaieH.
plased wndan aolnnshatioo o

eenducted a

LeHe inkoduced unifoum aseanian tan, iL had

SHe naade administative nie MANL

OHRainq AmalleN pDinces

He inteoduced a peliyaccedina to whieh

8 e intaducad niliaary conJCApHOn [wOndotey

q.He allowed the midole clas peepl to /ain

Eaxlie middl clas Pespe werunt
 Date
Doge

allowed to join ghen peston in tu adniniratien

o-He pojeted hmsef a devne monach
Conatantine.:
4AiCH Diocotion, onstartne becane tu
o4Ronan Empire io the peioal of 306. CE -329c.
1. Constanttne Hestored some changes intoduca
lby Di0cletton and addaol aome

Renan Empireand ae etablShedsoe contre

SHly DMDnaich of Roman Eppite

Csolidu
3-te înttuoducad a nw duno ninatton namod Gtik
a pune aod cain, it containod, 4fa

te ouilt a nes cite named Censtentinople.

Empie.
Neus ethode peduekieo. wete inte0
Lducadin econanA de and ni techmotoqie

ete weHA intoducad dunina hic ele.

Dueh Cenelantine ute
done in Tradin ackvities
 Date
Page

qbvement mantalned ong-ds tan ce

tHad relation

Duninq hu hi ralgn chrittianity be Came a popu

ralan, chnitianity
Meliaian in Ronan Empirte and Canstantne hi
alf adepted oarstanity
Tuetiniani

Duttnieun considuHd as a
perind pperity in Ronan Empire
manywetg againt th baxbaric.
ArAO ina ded RoAa
Empine
He capturted Afica frim Vandaly, Eat Staly
ompite devastated ah wweaeand paved he

Dustinian compiled and peparda cenplke

Code Lou shich eami
inan Code'
6

ohitden and aopped HBaulat

appaintmnk
 Date
Page.

Ecenonuc eapanaianx And iade in Romon Empire

Roman Cnplre lad a streng eLonomic.

nunes ,olve oil -factorie

& Wwealwine and otive o.ilwe eadu and

Liauida ike usÌne and tive oil wOre tanspot

tod un conteinens unewrn as Amphone'

Spain' and

Laxqse numbe of tue

Huee cante'net wON fund
site dring ecavetton

6Roans hacd a weu arcganised ComrneHOiO an

andeing netuonde
wete

powered milling technatsguthy knu) the an

alo conetrMeted aublic balhs,ampitucates

 Date
Page

Enpansien 04 Talam beame the cae

D4 Renan Empie
The enpauion o4 am from ils beginning jn
Aaloia ha beLn caud te areeet poHcod in
ancien wold. By bu2 CE baly ten eau
aten tue Prophet othammad'a daath, anae
paut a both ue etenn Ronan Empiru and,
he Sasainian Empirs had fallen th Arak
in a serie ot sunningonfonteti on.
conguexa wwhieh sevenualy Jkantocl a.
cantury latar endendeda fan a Spain Sind,
Qno Cnteal Asia , beaan infact with
the Aujuc
gatin o4 the Anab t'bes
Staty fiat wttìn Atabia yand
emening 9ulant
Huen in Syrian
deser and n the betder
catten o Aahlan
peniula and id numeauy
DHibes was key fact
oehind ste teHtorial
aaponaien 4