University of Bahrain
Training Center Management
System
ITCS 285
Name: Abdullah Al-Jassim
ID: 202310963
Submitted on: 17 April 2025
Submitted to: Dr.
ITCS 285 1
Table of Content
Introduction 3
1. Findings 3
1.1. Requirements 3
1.2. ER Design 4
1.3. Relational Scheme 5
1.4. Implementation 7
1.5. SQL Queries 12
ITCS 285 2
Introduction
Creating a well designed Database is essential for a Training Center. This
Document outlines the steps taken to create said Database. Starting from Training
Center Management System’s Requirements. Afterwards, an ER diagram is created
and the relational schema is de ned. Following that, the database will be
implemented using python and sqlite3. Finally, some SQL Query questions will be
imposed and answered; Ensuring that any Information that the management needs
can found. Resulting in a streamlined operations, e cient data storage, and
enhanced Training Experience.
1. Findings
1.1. Requirements
When creating a database, the most crucial step is collecting requirements.
The requirements of one Training centre is:
A. A training center o ers Courses/Programs having: Course ID as a unique
identi er, Course Name, Description, Cost, Room, and zero or more
Prerequisite; and can be a prerequisite to zero or more Courses. A room can be
a physical place or online.
B. Trainees have Trainee ID as a unique identi er, Name, Email, Phone, Address,
Credit Card, and Date of birth.
C. Instructors have Instructor ID as a unique identi er, Name, Email, Phone,
Address, Salary, and Date of birth.
D. A section have SecNo, year, and Starting Week as a unique identi er for the
same course. In addition, a section have the ending week and the room in
which a lecture is presented, the room can be online.
E. Each Trainee is registered to zero or more section and a section has more than
one trainee
F. If a trainee passes a course, a certi cate is made with the date of certi cation
and expiry date for the certi cate.
G. A section is taught by one instructor only and an instructor can teach one or
more sections.
ITCS 285 3
fi
ff
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
ffi
fi
fi
1.2. ER Design
This Design of ER is Done on draw.io online.
Date of
Name Email Address Phone
Birth
Course ID
M Prerequisite Person
Course
Name Course N
Credit
Card
M Is A
1
Description
Certificate Trainee ID
Instructor
ID
Cost
has N Trainee Instructor
Date of
Expiry Date
Salary
Certification
M 1
Sec No. M
Section N Regestired Teaches
Year
Starting
Week
M
Ending
Room
Week
Since Trainee and Instructor entity share many attributes, a super type was created.
A person can only be Trainee or an Instructor. Section was made a weak entity since it is
only de nable using the Course entity. The partial keys for section are Sec No, Year, and
Starting Week.
ITCS 285 4
fi
1.3. Relational Scheme
This relational schema was done on draw.io
Trainee Instructor Course
Trainee_ID Instructor_ID Course_ID
Name Name Name
Email Email Description
Phone Phone Cost
Address Address
Date_of_Birth Date_of_Birth
Credit Cart Salary
Section Prerequisites Certificate
Course_ID Lower _Level_ID Course_ID
Sec_No Higher_Level_ID Trainee_ID
Year Date_of_Certification
Starting_Week Expiry_Date
Ending_Week
Room
Instructor_ID
Registered
Course_ID
Sec_No
Year
Starting_Week
Trainee_ID
Trainee (Trainee_ID, Name, Email, Phone, Address, Date_of_Birth, Credit_Card)
Instructor (Instructor_ID, Name, Email, Phone, Address, Date_of_Birth, Salary)
Course (Course_ID, Course_Name, Description, Cost)
Section (Course_ID, Sec_No, Year, Starting_Week, Ending_Week, Room,
Instructor_ID)
FK (Course_ID) References Course
Prerequisite (Lower_Level_ID, Higher_Level_ID)
FK (Lower_Level_ID) References Course
FK (Higher_Level_ID) References Course
Certi cate (Course_ID, Trainee_ID, Date_of_Certi cation, Expiry_Date)
FK (Course_ID) References Course
FK (Trainee_ID) References Trainee
Registered (Course_ID, Sec_No, Year, Starting_Week, Trainee_ID)
FK ( Course_ID, Sec_No, Year, Starting_Week) References Section
FK (Trainee_ID) References Trainee
ITCS 285 5
fi
fi
Constraints:
Trainee:
Trainee_ID is an eight digit number
Phone is a unique sixteen digit number
Credit_Card is a sixteen digit number
Instructor:
Instructor_ID is a six digit number
Phone is a unique eight digit number
Course:
Course_ID is a three digit number
Section:
Starting week is a number between 1 and 52
Ending week is a number between 1 and 52
There can be (sometimes) multiple Relational schema for the same ER
diagram, here are some reasons why the current relational schema was chosen:
- Since a person is either a Trainee or an instructor, choice 8B is the most logical
choice.
- Because section is a weak entity and Course is the owner entity, Course_ID is
part of the primary key and a foreign key in the section Relation referencing
the Course Relation.
- For each many to many relationship, a new Relation was created having as the
primary key of the two primary keys of the entities it is in relation with.
- Since the cardinality of the Teaches relationship is one to many, the key of the
one side is a foreign key in the many side.
ITCS 285 6
1.4. Implementation
Python code to generate Tables:
import sqlite3
# Connect to or create an SQLite3 database
def create_connection(db_file):
try:
conn = sqlite3.connect(db_file)
print("Database created and successfully connected to SQLite3.")
return conn
except sqlite3.Error as e:
print(e)
return None
# Create tables
def create_tables(conn):
try:
cursor = conn.cursor()
# Trainee table
cursor.execute("""
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS Trainee (
Trainee_ID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
Name TEXT NOT NULL,
Email TEXT NOT NULL,
Phone TEXT,
Address TEXT,
Date_of_Birth TEXT,
Credit_Card TEXT
);
""")
# Instructor table
cursor.execute("""
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS Instructor (
Instructor_ID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
Name TEXT NOT NULL,
Email TEXT NOT NULL,
Phone TEXT,
Address TEXT,
Date_of_Birth TEXT,
Salary REAL
);
""")
# Course table
cursor.execute("""
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS Course (
Course_ID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
Name TEXT NOT NULL,
Description TEXT,
Cost REAL
);
""")
# Section table
cursor.execute("""
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS Section (
Course_ID INTEGER,
Sec_NO INTEGER,
Year INTEGER,
Starting_Week INTEGER,
Ending_Week INTEGER,
Room TEXT,
Instructor_ID INTEGER,
PRIMARY KEY (Course_ID, Sec_NO, Year, Starting_Week),
ITCS 285 7
FOREIGN KEY (Course_ID) REFERENCES Course(Course_ID),
FOREIGN KEY (Instructor_ID) REFERENCES Instructor(Instructor_ID)
);
""")
# Prerequisites table
cursor.execute("""
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS Prerequisites (
Lower_Level_Course_ID INTEGER,
Higher_Level_Course_ID INTEGER,
PRIMARY KEY (Lower_Level_Course_ID, Higher_Level_Course_ID),
FOREIGN KEY (Lower_Level_Course_ID) REFERENCES Course(Course_ID),
FOREIGN KEY (Higher_Level_Course_ID) REFERENCES Course(Course_ID)
);
""")
# Certificate table
cursor.execute("""
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS Certificate (
Course_ID INTEGER,
Trainee_ID INTEGER,
Date_of_Certification DATE,
Expiry_Date DATE,
PRIMARY KEY (Course_ID, Trainee_ID),
FOREIGN KEY (Course_ID) REFERENCES Course(Course_ID),
FOREIGN KEY (Trainee_ID) REFERENCES Trainee(Trainee_ID)
);
""")
# Registered table
cursor.execute("""
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS Registered (
Course_ID INTEGER,
Sec_NO INTEGER,
Year INTEGER,
Starting_Week INTEGER,
Trainee_ID INTEGER,
PRIMARY KEY (Course_ID, Sec_NO, Year, Starting_Week, Trainee_ID),
FOREIGN KEY (Course_ID, Sec_NO, Year, Starting_Week)
REFERENCES Section(Course_ID, Sec_NO, Year, Starting_Week),
FOREIGN KEY (Trainee_ID) REFERENCES Trainee(Trainee_ID)
);
""")
conn.commit()
cursor.close()
print("Tables created successfully.")
except sqlite3.Error as e:
print(e)
if __name__ == "__main__":
db_file = "Database.db"
conn = create_connection(db_file)
if conn:
create_tables(conn)
conn.close()
ITCS 285 8
Trainee Table
Trainee_ID Name Email Phone Address Date_of_Birth Credit_Card
20199889 Hamad hamad889@T 5981232 Muharraq 15/10/2004 3912567894
rainingCenter 659811
.com
20210012 Ali ali012@Traini 65596565 Muharraq 31/1/2005 8739546489
ngCenter.co 726323
m
20222532 Noora noora532@Tr 5782345 Isa Town 22/3/2002 9653878653
ainingCenter. 421750
com
20230998 Abdullah abdullah998 66654545 Saar 06/12/2003 8436598273
@TrainingCe 064584
nter.com
20252338 Ahmed ahmed338@T 9886768 Manama 21/8/2001 4897347658
rainingCenter 973584
.com
Instructor Table
Instructor_ID Name Email Phone Address Date_of_Birth Salary
213454 Jamal jamal21@Inst 87233445 Manama 23/7/1996 845.21
ructor.Trainin
gCenter.com
754936 Ali ali75@Instruc 48795623 Muharraq 04/11/1997 845.21
tor.TrainingC
enter.com
893456 Khalid khaild89@Ins 87454523 Manama 19/5/1993 712.35
tructor.Traini
ngCenter.co
m
912332 Mohammad mohammad9 9941212 Ri a 11/3/1995 831.23
1@Instructor.
TrainingCent
er.com
932386 Sara sara93@Instr 76842974 Budaiya 17/10/1999 678.53
uctor.Training
Center.com
ITCS 285 9
ff
Course Table
Course_ID Name Description Cost
113 Java Programming Teaches how to program 15.0
using java
122 Python Programming Teaches how to program 15.0
using python
123 AI and ML Teaches AI and Machine 20.0
Learning concepts
234 LLM Teaches Large language 25.0
Models concepts
259 Game Development Teaches how to create 30.0
and optimize games
Section Table
Course_ID Sec_No Year Starting_We Ending_wee Room Instructor_I
ek k D
122 1 2025 29 39 Online 213454
123 1 2024 29 44 1135 754936
259 1 2025 19 39 2050 213454
122 1 2023 1 11 2032 893456
234 1 2025 34 49 1050 932386
113 1 2025 29 39 Online 912332
Prerequisites Table
Lower_Level_Course_ID Higher_Level_Course_ID
122 123
123 234
122 259
ITCS 285 10
Certi cate Table
Course_ID Trainee_ID Date_of_certi cation Expiry_Date
113 20210012 14042025 NULL
113 20230998 14042025 NULL
122 20222532 14042023 NULL
123 20222532 17052024 17052027
234 20222532 13032025 13032028
122 20199889 19012023 NULL
259 20199889 15082025 NULL
Registered Table
Course_ID SEC_NO Year Starting_Week Trainee_ID
122 1 2025 29 20210012
113 1 2025 29 20210012
122 1 2023 1 20222532
123 1 2024 29 20222532
234 1 2025 34 20222532
122 1 2023 1 20199889
259 1 2025 19 20222532
113 1 2025 29 20230998
ITCS 285 11
fi
fi
1.5. SQL Queries
1. Find courses’s name that are taught by Instructor named Jamal.
SELECT C.Name
FROM Instructor AS I, Section AS S, Course AS C
WHERE I.Instructor_ID = S.Instructor_ID AND S.Course_ID = C.Course_ID
AND I.Name = ‘Jamal’
Name
Python
Programming
Game Development
2. Count the number of Trainees in each section and order them from highest to
lowest number of Trainees.
SELECT Course_ID, Sec_No, Year, Starting_Week, Count(Trainee_ID) AS
Trainee_Count
FROM Registered
GROUP BY Course_ID, Sec_No, Year, Starting_Week
ORDER BY Trainee_count
Course_ID Sec_No Year Starting_Wee Trainee_Coun
k t
113 1 2025 29 2
122 1 2023 1 2
122 1 2025 29 1
123 1 2024 29 1
234 1 2025 34 1
259 1 2025 19 1
3. List all prerequisites for a course named LLM.
SELECT C1.Name
FROM Course AS C1, Course AS C2, Prerequisites AS P
WHERE C1.Course_ID = P.Lower_Level_Course_ID AND C2.Course_ID =
P.Higher_Level_Course_ID AND C2.Name = ‘LLM’
Name
Python
Programming
ITCS 285 12
4. List Trainee name who have earned certi cate along with Course name and
Date of certi cation.
SELECT T.Name AS Trainee_name, C.Name AS Course_name,
R.Date_of_Certi cation
FROM Trainee AS T, Course AS C, Certi cate AS R
WHERE R.Trainee_ID = T.Trainee_ID AND R.Course_ID = C.Course_ID
Trainee_name Course_name Date_of _Certi cation
Ali Java Programming 14042025
Abdullah Java Programming 14042025
Noora Python Programming 24042023
Noora AI and ML 17052024
Noora LLM 13032025
Hamad Game Development 15082025
Hamad Python programming 19012023
5. For each course count the number of Trainees.
SELECT C.Name, COUNT(R.Trainee_ID) AS Trainee_Count
FROM Course AS C, Registered AS R
WHERE C.Course_ID = R.Course_ID
GROUP BY C.Name
Name Trainee_Count
Java Programming 2
Python 3
Programming
AI and ML 1
LLM 1
Game Development 1
6.
ITCS 285 13
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
7. Retrieve the name of the Instructor with the highest salary.
SELECT Name
FROM Instructor
WHERE Salary = (SELECT MAX(Salary)
FROM Instructor)
Name
Jamal
Ali
8. Retrieve the most expensive Courses.
SELECT Name
FROM Course
WHERE Cost = (SELECT MAX(Cost) FROM Course)
Name
Game Development
9. retrieve the Trainee with the highest number of Certi cate.
SELECT Trainee_ID, COUNT(*) AS Num
FROM Certi cate
GROUP BY Trainee_ID
SELECT T.Trainee_ID, T.Name, C.Num
FROM Trainee T, (SELECT Trainee_ID, COUNT(*) AS Num
FROM Certi cate
GROUP BY Trainee_ID) AS C
WHERE T.Trainee_ID = C.Trainee_ID AND C.Num =
(SELECT MAX(C.NUM) FROM C)
Trainee_ID Name Num
20222532 Noora 3
10.
ITCS 285 14
fi
fi
fi
11. Display all section information along with course name and Instructor name.
SELECT C.Name AS Course_name, Sec_No, Year, Starting_Week,
Ending_Week, Room, I.Name AS Instructor_name
FROM Section AS S, Course AS C, Instructor AS I
WHERE S.Course_ID = C.Course_ID AND S.Instructor_ID = I.Instructor_ID
Course_name Sec_No Year Starting_We Ending_wee Room Instructor_n
ek k ame
Python 1 2025 29 39 Online Jamal
Programming
AI and ML 1 2024 29 44 1135 Ali
Game 1 2025 19 39 2050 Jamal
Development
Python 1 2023 1 11 2032 Khalid
Programming
LLM 1 2025 34 49 1050 Sara
Java 1 2025 29 39 Online Mohammad
Programming
12. Find courses with the highest number of prerequisites.
SELECT C.Course_ID, C.Name, COUNT(P.Higher_Level_Course_ID) AS
Num
FROM Course AS C, Prerequisites AS P
WHERE C.Course_ID = P.Higher_Level_Course_ID
GROUP BY C.Course_ID, C.Name
HAVING Num = ( SELECT MAX(Num_of_Prerequisite)
FROM ( SELECT COUNT(Higher_Level_Course_ID) AS
Num_of_Prerequisite
FROM Prerequisite)
)
Course_ID Name Num
123 AI and ML 1
234 LLM 1
259 Game 1
Development
ITCS 285 15
