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10% Limits Applications of the Derivative

• Statement of properties, e.g., limit of a • Slope of a curve at a point
constant, sum, product or quotient • Tangent lines and linear approximation
• Limit calculations, including limits • Curve sketching: increasing and
decreasing functions; relative and
involving infinity, e.g., absolute maximum and minimum points;
concavity; points of inflection
is nonexistent and • Extreme value problems
• Velocity and acceleration of a particle
• Continuity moving along a line
• Average and instantaneous rates of
50% Differential Calculus change
The Derivative • Related rates of change
• Definitions of the derivative
40% Integral Calculus
e.g., Antiderivatives and Techniques of
Integration
and • Concept of antiderivatives
• Basic integration formulas
• Derivatives of elementary functions • Integration by substitution (use of
• Derivatives of sums, products and identities, change of variable)
quotients (including tan x and cot x )
• Derivative of a composite function (chain Applications of Antiderivatives
rule), e.g., , • Distance and velocity from acceleration
• Implicit differentiation with initial conditions
• Derivative of the inverse of a function • Solutions of and applications to
(including arcsin x and arctan x ) growth and decay
• Higher order derivatives
• Corresponding characteristics of graphs The Definite Integral
of and • Definition of the definite integral as the
• Statement of the Mean Value Theorem; limit of a sequence of Riemann sums and
applications and graphical illustrations approximations of the definite integral
• Relation between differentiability and using areas of rectangles
continuity • Properties of the definite integral
• Use of L’Hospital’s Rule (quotient and • The Fundamental Theorem:
indeterminate forms) and

Applications of the Definite Integral

• Average value of a function on an
interval
• Area, including area between curves
• Other (e.g., accumulated change from a
rate of change)

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Notes and Reference Information

1. If then
(1) Figures that accompany questions are intended to
provide information useful in answering the
(A)
questions. All figures lie in a plane unless otherwise
indicated. The figures are drawn as accurately as (B)
possible EXCEPT when it is stated in a specific (C)
question that the figure is not drawn to scale. (D)
Straight lines and smooth curves may appear slightly (E)
jagged.
(2) Unless otherwise specified, all angles are
measured in radians, and all numbers used are real
numbers.
(3) Unless otherwise specified, the domain of any
function f is assumed to be the set of all real
numbers x for which f ( x ) is a real number. The
range of f is assumed to be the set of all real
numbers f ( x ) where x is in the domain of f .
(4) In this test, 1n x denotes the natural logarithm
of x (that is, the logarithm to the base e ). 2. At which of the five points on the graph in the
(5) The inverse of a trigonometric function f may be
figure above are and both negative?
indicated using the inverse function notation or
with the prefix “arc” (e.g., ).
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D (E) E
Sample Test Questions
The following sample questions do not appear on an 3. Which of the following is an equation of the line
actual CLEP Examination. They are intended to give tangent to the graph of at the
potential test-takers an indication of the format and point where
difficulty level of the examination, and to provide
content for practice and review. Knowing the correct (A)
answers to all of the sample questions is not a (B)
guarantee of satisfactory performance on the exam. (C)
Section I (D)
(E)
Directions: A calculator will not be available for
questions in this section. Some questions will
require you to select from among five choices. For 4.
these questions, select the BEST of the choices
given. Some questions will require you to enter a (A)
numerical answer in the box provided. (B)
(C)

(D)

(E)

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y
1
2
1
4
x
–5 – 4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4 5
–1
4
–1
2

x
5. The graph of the function f ( x ) = is
1 + x2
shown in the figure above. Which of the
following statements is true? 6. The graph of the second derivative of the
function f , is shown in the figure above. On
what intervals is the graph of f concave up?
I. lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x )
xÆ- • xÆ • (A)
II. lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) (B) and
xÆ0 - xÆ0 + (C)
1
f (x) - (D)
III. lim 2 does not exist.
xÆ1 x -1 (E)

(A) None 7.
(B) I and II only
(C) I and III only (A)
(D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III
(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

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8. Let f and g be the functions defined by

and For which of
the following values of a is the line tangent to
the graph of f at parallel to the line
tangent to the graph of g at

(A) 0 (B) (C) (D) (E)

9. The acceleration, at time t , of a particle moving

along the x-axis is given by At
time the velocity of the particle is 0 and
the position of the particle is 7. What is the
position of the particle at time t ?
11. The piecewise linear graphs of the
(A)
functions f and g are shown in the figure
(B) above. If what is the
(C) value of
(D)
(A)
(E)
(B)

10. If then (C)

(D) 1
(A) (E)

(B)

(C) 12. What is

(D) (A) (B) (C) 0 (D) 1 (E)

(E)

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16. Which of the following statements about the

13. If then
curve is true?
(A) The curve has no relative extremum.
(A) (B) The curve has one point of inflection and
two relative extrema.
(C) The curve has two points of inflection and
(B) one relative extremum.
(D) The curve has two points of inflection and
two relative extrema.
(C) (E) The curve has two points of inflection and
three relative extrema.

(D) d Ê sin x + 1 ˆ
17. =
dx Ë cos x ¯

(A) - csc2 x - sec x tan x

(E)
(B) - csc2 x + sec x tan x

14. For which of the following functions does (C) 0

(D) sec2 x + sec x tan x

(E) sec2 x + tan 2 x

I.
II.
18. Let f be the function defined by
III.
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) III only
Which of the following statements about f are
(D) I and II
true?
(E) II and III
I. exists.
15. What is II. exists.
(A) III. is continuous at
(B) (A) None
(C) 0 (B) I only
(D) 2 (C) II only
(E) The limit does not exist. (D) I and II only
(E) I, II, and III

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19. What is the average rate of change of the 23. Let If h is the inverse function
function f defined by on the
of f , then
interval
(A) 100 (A) (B) (C) 1 (D) 4 (E) 13
(B) 375
(C) 400
(D) 1,500 24. Let F be the number of trees in a forest at
(E) 1,600 time t , in years. If F is decreasing at a rate
given by the equation and if
20. If the functions f and g are defined for all real then
numbers and f is an antiderivative of g , which
of the following statements is NOT necessarily (A)
true?
(B)
(A) If for all x , then f is (C)
increasing.
(D)
(B) If then the graph of f has a
horizontal tangent at (E)
(C) If for all x , then for
all x . 25. Let f be the function defined by f ( x ) = x .
(D) If for all x , then for Using the line tangent to the graph of f
all x . at x = 9, what is the approximation
(E) f is continuous for all x . of f (9.3) = 9.3 ?

21. If then

(A) (B) (C) 0 (D) 1 (E)

y 26. What is the area of the region in the first

quadrant that is bounded by the line
3 and the parabola
y = √6 – x
2
1
x
O 1 2 3 4 5 6

22. Consider a rectangle in the xy-plane with its

lower-left vertex at the origin and its upper-right
vertex on the graph of as indicated
in the figure above. What is the maximum area
of such a rectangle?
(A)
(B) 4
(C)
(D)
(E)
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27. Let f be a differentiable function defined on the

closed interval and let c be a point in the 30. The Riemann sum on the closed
open interval such that
interval is an approximation for which of
• the following definite integrals?
• when and
(A)
• when

Which of the following statements must be true? (B)

(A)
(C)
(B)
(D)
(C) is an absolute maximum value of f
on .
(E)
(D) is an absolute minimum value of f
on .
(E) The graph of f has a point of inflection at
. 31.

28. The function f is continuous on the open (A)

interval If for
what is the value of (B)

(C)
(A) (B) (C) 0 (D) (E) 1

(D) 12

(E) 228
for all values of t
32. A particle moves along the x-axis,
29. The function g is differentiable and satisfies the and its velocity at time t is given by
conditions above. Let F be the function given
What is the
by Which of the following maximum acceleration of the particle on the
interval
must be true?
(A) 9
(A) F has a local minimum at
(B) 12
(B) F has a local maximum at
(C) 14
(C) The graph of F has a point of inflection at
(D) 21
(D) F has no local minima or local maxima on (E) 44
the interval
(E) does not exist.

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33. Let f be the function defined above, where k is

a constant. For what value of k is f continuous
at

35. The graph of the function f , shown in the figure

above, has a vertical tangent at and a
34. If f is a continuous, even function such that horizontal tangent at
then
For each of the following values of x , indicate
whether f is not continuous, continuous but not
(A) differentiable, or differentiable.
(B)
(C) f is
(D) continuous
f is not but not f is
(E) 6 continuous at differentiable differentiable
x x. at x . at x .
0
1
2
3

Click on your choices.

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Section II y
Directions: A graphing calculator will be available
for the questions in this section. Some questions will
require you to select from among five choices. For 1
these questions, select the BEST of the choices
given. If the exact numerical value of your answer is x
O 1
not one of the choices, select the choice that best
approximates this value. Some questions will require
you to enter a numerical answer in the box provided.

Graph of f
36.
38. Let F be a continuous function. The graph of f,
(A) 1.282 the derivative of F, is given above. Which of the
(B) 2.952 following statements is false?
(C) 5.904 (A)
(D) 6.797 (B) F is defined at
(E) 37.500 (C) F is differentiable at
(D) F has a relative maximum at
y (E) F is decreasing on

1 39. Let f be a function with second derivative given

by How many
x points of inflection does the graph of f have on
O 1 2 3 4 the interval
–1
(2, –1) (A) Six
(B) Seven
Graph of f
(C) Eight
(D) Ten
37. The graph of a function f is given above.
(E) Thirteen
What is
(A) 40. The area of the region in the first quadrant
(B)
between the graph of and the
(C) x-axis is
(D) 1
(A)
(E)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

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41. The function f is given by 44.

What is the average value of f over the closed
interval
(A)

(B)

42. Starting at a particle moves along the (C)

x-axis so that its position at time t is given by
What are all values of t (D)
for which the particle is moving to the left?
(A) (E)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E) There are no values of t for which the
45. The first derivative of the function f is given
particle is moving to the left.
above. If at what value of x does the
function f attain its minimum value on the
closed interval
(A) 0
(B) 3.14
(C) 4.82
(D) 6.28
(E) 9.42

46. The function f is differentiable with

and Which of the
following statements must be true?
43. The function f has a relative maximum value
of 3 at as shown in the figure above. If I. for all x in the open interval
then
II. There exists a number c, where
such that
(A) (B) (C) 0
III. There exists a number c, where
(D) 3 (E) 6 such that
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I and II only
(D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III

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d Ê x t ˆ
2

50. dx Á Ú0 e dt ˜ =
Ë ¯

47. Let g be the function with first derivative given (A) e x

above and If f is the function defined 2
(B) e x
by what is the value of
2
(C) 2xe x
(A) 0.311 2
(D) e x - 1
(B) 0.443 2
(C) 0.642 (E) 2xe x - 1
(D) 0.968
(E) 3.210
51. A college is planning to construct a new parking
lot. The parking lot must be rectangular and
48. Let be a differentiable function that is enclose 6,000 square meters of land. A fence
positive and increasing. The rate of increase of will surround the parking lot, and another fence
is equal to 12 times the rate of increase of r parallel to one of the sides will divide the
when parking lot into two sections. What are the
dimensions, in meters, of the rectangular lot that
(A) will use the least amount of fencing?
(B) 2 (A) 1,000 by 1,500
(C) (B) by
(D) (C) by
(E) 6 (D) by
(E) by

x 0 2 4 6
f (x) 9 5 3 1

52. The function f is continuous on the closed

interval [0, 6] and has values as shown in the
table above. Let L represent the left Riemann
6
sum approximation of Ú f ( x ) dx with
0
3 subintervals of equal length, and let R represent
the right Riemann sum approximation of
6

49. The function f is shown in the figure above. Ú0 f ( x ) dx with 3 subintervals of equal length.
At which of the following points could the What is L - R ?
derivative of f be equal to the average rate of
change of f over the closed interval (A) 0 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 16 (E) 26
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D (E) E

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55. R is the region below the curve and

above the x-axis from to
where b is a positive constant. S is the region
below the curve and above the x-axis
from to For what value
of b is the area of R equal to the area of S ?
(A) 0.739
(B) 0.877
(C) 0.986
53. The graph of the continuous function f consists (D) 1.404
of three line segments and a semicircle centered (E) 4.712
at point as shown above. If is an
antiderivative of such that what
is the value of 56. Let f be the function defined by ,
and let g be the function defined by
(A) At what value of x do the graphs
of f and g have parallel tangent lines?
(B)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(C)
(D)
(D)
(E)
(E)
57.
54. A spherical balloon is being inflated at a
constant rate of 25 cm3/sec. At what rate, in (A)
cm/sec, is the radius of the balloon changing
(B)
when the radius is 2 cm? (The volume of a
sphere with radius r is ) (C)

(D)
(A)

(E)
(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

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58. The population P of bacteria in an experiment 60. During a snowstorm, the rate, in inches per hour,
at which snow falls on a certain town
grows according to the equation is modeled by the function
where k is a constant and t is measured in where t is
hours. If the population of bacteria doubles every measured in hours and Based on
24 hours, what is the value of k ? the model, what is the total amount of snow,
in inches, that fell on the town from to
(A) 0.029
(B) 0.279 (A) 1.2
(C) 0.693 (B) 1.9
(D) 2.485 (C) 4.0
(E) 3.178 (D) 5.6
(E) 18.4

59. The graph of the function f is shown in the

figure above. What is the value of

(A)
(B)
(C) 0
(D) 2
(E) 8

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Study Resources
To prepare for the Calculus exam, you should Answer Key
study the contents of at least one introductory
college-level calculus textbook, which you can find Section 1 Section 2
in most college bookstores. You would do well to 1. C 36. B
consult several textbooks, because the approaches to 2. B 37. E
certain topics may vary. When selecting a textbook, 3. D 38. C
check the table of contents against the knowledge 4. C 39. B
and skills required for this exam. 5. B 40. B
6. D 41. 14
Visit clep.collegeboard.org/test-preparation for 7. A 42. B
additional calculus resources. You can also find 8. D 43. E
suggestions for exam preparation in Chapter IV of 9. D 44. A
the Official Study Guide. In addition, many college 10. B 45. D
faculty post their course materials on their schools’ 11. B 46. D
websites. 12. B 47. A
13. C 48. B
14. D 49. B
15. A 50. C
16. C 51. C
17. D 52. D
18. D 53. D
19. B 54. A
20. D 55. D
21. E 56. C
22. D 57. D
23. B 58. A
24. B 59. E
25. 3.05 60. D
26. 4
27. C
28. B
29. A
30. A
31. C
32. D
33. −4
34. B
35. See below

35.

f is
continuous
f is not but not f is
continuous at differentiable differentiable
x x. at x . at x .
0 ✓
1 ✓
2 ✓
3 ✓

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Test Measurement Overview experts evaluate each question in order to determine

the raw scores that would correspond to B and C
Format levels of performance. Their judgments are then
reviewed by a test development committee, which, in
There are multiple forms of the computer-based test, consultation with test content and psychometric
each containing a predetermined set of scored specialists, makes a final determination. The
questions. The examinations are not adaptive. There standard-setting study is described more fully in the
may be some overlap between different forms of a earlier section entitled “CLEP Credit Granting” on
test: any of the forms may have a few questions, page 5.
many questions, or no questions in common. Some
overlap may be necessary for statistical reasons. Panel members participating in the most recent study
were:
In the computer-based test, not all questions
contribute to the candidate’s score. Some of the Judy Broadwin Baruch College of CUNY
questions presented to the candidate are being Don Campbell Middle Tennessee State
pretested for use in future editions of the tests and University
will not count toward his or her score. Ben Cornelius Oregon Institute of Technology
John Emert Ball State University
Scoring Information Daria Filippova Bowling Green State University
CLEP examinations are scored without a penalty for Laura Geary South Dakota School of Mines
incorrect guessing. The candidate’s raw score is and Technology
simply the number of questions answered correctly. John Gimbel University of Alaska —
However, this raw score is not reported; the raw Fairbanks
scores are translated into a scaled score by a process Stephen Greenfield Rutgers, The State University of
that adjusts for differences in the difficulty of the New Jersey
questions on the various forms of the test. Murli Gupta George Washington University
Erick Hofacker University of Wisconsin —
Scaled Scores River Falls
John Jensen Rio Salado College
The scaled scores are reported on a scale of 20–80. Ben Klein Davidson College
Because the different forms of the tests are not Stephen Kokoska Bloomsburg University
always exactly equal in difficulty, raw-to-scale
Keith Leatham Brigham Young University
conversions may in some cases differ from form to
Glenn Miller Borough of Manhattan
form. The easier a form is judged to be, the higher
Community College
the raw score required to attain a given scaled score.
Steven Olson Northeastern University
Table 1 indicates the relationship between number
correct (raw score) and scaled score across all forms. David Platt Front Range Community
College
The Recommended Credit-Granting Lola Swint North Central Missouri College
Score Mary Wagner-Krankel St. Mary’s University
Rich West Francis Marion University
Table 1 also indicates the recommended
credit-granting score, which represents the After the recommended credit-granting scores are
performance of students earning a grade of C in the determined, a statistical procedure called scaling is
corresponding course. The recommended B-level applied to establish the exact correspondences
score represents B-level performance in equivalent between raw and scaled scores. Note that a scaled
course work. These scores were established as the score of 50 is assigned to the raw score that
result of a Standard Setting Study, the most recent corresponds to the recommended credit-granting
having been conducted in 2008. The recommended score for C-level performance, and a high but usually
credit-granting scores are based upon the judgments less-than-perfect raw score is selected and assigned a
of a panel of experts currently teaching equivalent scaled score of 80.
courses at various colleges and universities. These

21
 Table 1: Calculus Interpretive Score Data
American Council on Education (ACE) Recommended Number of Semester Hours of Credit: 4

Course Grade Scaled Score Number Correct

80 39-40
79 38
78 -
77 37
76 36
75 35-36
74 35
73 34
72 33-34
71 33
70 32
69 31
68 30-31
67 30
66 29
65 28-29
B 64 27-28
63 27
62 26-27
61 25-26
60 24-25
59 24
58 23-24
57 22-23
56 22
55 21-22
54 20-21
53 19-20
52 -
51 18-19
C 50* 17-18
49 16-17
48 -
47 15-16
46 14-15
45 13-15
44 13-14
43 12-13
42 11-13
41 11-12
40 10-11
39 9-10
38 8-10
37 8-9
36 7-8
35 6-8
34 5-7
33 5-6
32 4-6
31 3-5
30 2-4
29 2-3
28 1-3
27 0-2
26 0-1
25 -
24 -
23 -
22 -
21 -
20 -

*Credit-granting score recommended by ACE.

Note: The number-correct scores for each scaled score on different forms may vary depending on form difficulty.

22
 C A L C U L U S

Validity stability/consistency of the candidates’ test scores,

and is often expressed as a number ranging from
Validity is a characteristic of a particular use of the .00 to 1.00. A value of .00 indicates total lack of
test scores of a group of examinees. If the scores are stability, while a value of 1.00 indicates perfect
used to make inferences about the examinees’ stability. The reliability coefficient can be interpreted
knowledge of a particular subject, the validity of the as the correlation between the scores examinees
scores for that purpose is the extent to which those would earn on two forms of the test that had no
inferences can be trusted to be accurate. questions in common.
One type of evidence for the validity of test scores is Statisticians use an internal-consistency measure to
called content-related evidence of validity. It is calculate the reliability coefficients for the CLEP
usually based upon the judgments of a set of experts exam.1 This involves looking at the statistical
who evaluate the extent to which the content of the relationships among responses to individual
test is appropriate for the inferences to be made multiple-choice questions to estimate the reliability
about the examinees’ knowledge. The committee of the total test score. The SEM is an estimate of the
that developed the CLEP Calculus examination amount by which a typical test-taker’s score differs
selected the content of the test to reflect the content from the average of the scores that a test-taker would
of Calculus courses at most colleges, as determined have gotten on all possible editions of the test. It is
by a curriculum survey. Since colleges differ expressed in score units of the test. Intervals
somewhat in the content of the courses they offer, extending one standard error above and below the
faculty members should, and are urged to, review the true score for a test-taker will include 68 percent of
content outline and the sample questions to ensure that test-taker’s obtained scores. Similarly, intervals
that the test covers core content appropriate to the extending two standard errors above and below the
courses at their college. true score will include 95 percent of the test-taker’s
obtained scores. The standard error of measurement
Another type of evidence for test-score validity is is inversely related to the reliability coefficient. If the
called criterion-related evidence of validity. It reliability of the test were 1.00 (if it perfectly
consists of statistical evidence that examinees who measured the candidate’s knowledge), the standard
score high on the test also do well on other measures error of measurement would be zero.
of the knowledge or skills the test is being used to
An additional index of reliability is the conditional
measure. Criterion-related evidence for the validity
standard of error of measurement (CSEM). Since
of CLEP scores can be obtained by studies
different editions of this exam contain different
comparing students’ CLEP scores with the grades
questions, a test-taker’s score would not be exactly
they received in corresponding classes, or other
the same on all possible editions of the exam. The
measures of achievement or ability. CLEP and the
CSEM indicates how much those scores would vary.
College Board conduct these studies, called
It is the typical distance of those scores (all for the
Admitted Class Evaluation Service or ACES, for
same test-taker) from their average. A test-taker’s
individual colleges that meet certain criteria at the
CSEM on a test cannot be computed, but by using
college’s request. Please contact CLEP for more
the data from many test-takers, it can be estimated.
information.
The CSEM estimate reported here is for a test-taker
Reliability whose average score, over all possible forms of the
exam, would be equal to the recommended C-level
The reliability of the test scores of a group of credit-granting score.
examinees is commonly described by two statistics:
the reliability coefficient and the standard error of Scores on the CLEP examination in Calculus are
measurement (SEM). The reliability coefficient is estimated to have a reliability coefficient of 0.90. The
the correlation between the scores those examinees standard error of measurement is 3.80 scaled-score
get (or would get) on two independent replications points. The conditional standard error of
of the measurement process. The reliability measurement at the recommended C-level
coefficient is intended to indicate the credit-granting score is 4.18 scaled-score points.
1
The formula used is known as Kuder-Richardson 20, or KR-20, which is equivalent
to a more general formula called coefficient alpha.

109890-007742 • UNLWEB1015

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