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Hilliers Fundamentals Motor Vehicle Tech Book 3 5th
Edition V.A.W. Hillier Digital Instant Download
Author(s): V.a.W. Hillier
ISBN(s): 9781408507322, 1408507323
Edition: 5th
File Details: PDF, 21.66 MB
Year: 2007
Language: english
Hillier’s
Fundamentals of
Motor Vehicle
Technology

Book 3
Chassis
and Body
Electronics
Hillier’s
Fundamentals of
Motor Vehicle
Technology
5th Edition

Book 3
Chassis
and Body
Electronics
V.A.W. Hillier & David R. Rogers
Text © V.A.W. Hillier 1966, 1972, 1981, 2007, D.R. Rogers 2007

The rights of V.A.W. Hillier and D.R. Rogers to be identified as authors of this work
has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Design and Patents
Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted

in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy,
recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency
Limited, of Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street EC1N 8TS.

Any person who commits any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may
be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.

First published in 1966 by:

Hutchinson Education
Second edition 1972
Third edition 1981 (ISBN 0 09 143161 1)
Reprinted in 1990 (ISBN 0 7487 0317 9) by Stanley Thornes (Publishers) Ltd
Fourth edition 1991

Fifth edition published in 2007 by:

Nelson Thornes Ltd
Delta Place
27 Bath Road
CHELTENHAM
GL53 7TH
United Kingdom

07 06 05 04 03 / 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 978 0 7487 8435 6

Cover photograph:

New illustrations Peters & Zabransky and GreenGate Publishing Services

Page make-up by GreenGate Publishing Services, Tonbridge, Kent

Printed and bound in Slovenia by Korotan

 CONTENTS
Acknowledgements vi
6 POWER DISTRIBUTION
Preface vii
List of abbreviations viii
Electrical circuits in the vehicle 117
Vehicle wiring systems 119
1 BASIC PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES Circuit diagrams 128
Vehicle networks and communication
Basic electrics 1 buses 133
Basic electronics 21 Future developments in vehicle power
distribution and network systems 140
2 SENSORS AND ACTUATORS
7 COMFORT AND CONTROL SYSTEMS
Sensors for chassis and body systems 46
Actuators for chassis and body systems 65 Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) 142
Control systems 70
Engine cooling 150
Vehicle closure and security 155
3 POWER STORAGE
Driver comfort and assistance 163

Battery construction and operation 73

Starter battery types 79 8 SIGNALLING AND VISION

Battery maintenance 82
Lights 170
New requirements and developments in
power storage 87 Screens 184
Mirrors 190
Signalling 191
4 POWER GENERATION

Introduction 89 9 SAFETY SYSTEMS

Vehicle energy requirements 91
Alternators 94 Vehicle dynamic (active) safety 195
Current developments 102 Driver and passenger (passive) safety 209
Future development in charging systems 103
10 INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEMS
5 STARTING-MOTOR SYSTEMS
Driver information systems 216
Starting a combustion engine 104 Driver entertainment and communication 234
Types and characteristics of starter motors 106
Electrical circuits 114 11 DIAGNOSTICS
Future developments in starting systems 116
Introduction 244
Diagnostic techniques 244
Application examples 246

Index 257
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We should like to thank the following companies Every effort has been made to trace the copyright
for permission to make use of copyright and other holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked,
material: the publishers will be pleased to make the necessary
arrangements at the first opportunity.
Audi
Although many of the drawings are based on
Blaupunkt
commercial components, they are mainly intended to
Fluke
illustrate principles of motor vehicle technology. For
Hellas
this reason, and because component design changes
Crypton
so rapidly, no drawing is claimed to be up to date.
Daimler-Chrysler
Students should refer to manufacturers’ publications
DENSO
for the latest information.
Lucas
Robert Bosch Ltd
Pioneer
Porsche
Sun Electric (UK) Ltd
Tektronix
Valeo
Volkswagen UK Ltd
 PREFACE
The Hillier’s Fundamentals books are well-established electricity and electronics, followed by information
textbooks for students studying Motor Vehicle on sensor and actuator technology. This equips the
Engineering Technology at Vocational level. In reader with the prerequisite knowledge to understand
addition, there are many other readers in the academic the subsequent sections that are logically split into the
and practical world of the automotive industry. As relevant topic areas. Finally, a section on diagnostics
technology has evolved, so have these books in order to suggests tools and techniques that can be employed
keep today’s automotive student up to date in a logical whilst fault finding. This section also includes
and appropriate way. information to help the reader when faced with typical
Many of the chassis and body systems discussed problems or scenarios whilst attempting diagnostic
in previous editions of Fundamentals of Motor Vehicle work on electronic chassis and body systems.
Technology have now become standard equipment on It is interesting to note that most of the current
modern vehicles or have evolved considerably over developments that aim to make us safer and more
time. It is important that anyone wanting to understand comfortable whilst we drive are due to the massive
these systems has a clear overview of the technology growth in the availability (due to reducing cost)
used, right from the first principles! and performance of electronic control systems and
The Fundamentals series now consists of three microcontrollers. These offer the vehicle system
volumes. Volume one is similar to the previous editions designer a high degree of freedom to implement features
of FMVT but has been updated appropriately. It covers that provide added value and function with respect to
most of the topics that students will need in the early comfort and safety.
part of their studies. The complexity of vehicle electronic and control
Volume two explores more advanced areas of systems will continue to grow exponentially in response
technology employed in the modern vehicle powertrain, to the requirement for technologies to achieve low-
including all of the appropriate electronic control pollutant emissions and in order to meet the high
systems with supporting background information. This expectations of the modern vehicle driver. It is important
volume also includes insights into future developments that today’s automotive technician is equipped with the
in powertrain systems that are being explored by correct skills and knowledge to be able to efficiently
manufacturers in order to achieve compliance with maintain and repair modern vehicle systems. I hope
forthcoming emissions legislation. that this book will be useful in providing some of this
Volume three focuses on the body and chassis knowledge, either during studies or as a reference
electronic systems. It covers in detail all of the systems source.
that support the driver in the use and operation of
Dave Rogers, 2007
the vehicle. First it introduces the basic principles of
www.autoelex.co.uk
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ABS anti-lock braking system IC integrated circuit
AC alternating current IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
ACC adaptive cruise control ISG integrated starter–generator
ADC analogue to digital converter JFET junction field effect transistor
AFS adaptive front-lighting system Kbps kilobits per second
AGM absorbent glass mat kHz kilohertz
Ah ampere hours LAN local area network
ALU or arithmetic logic unit LDR light-dependent resistor
AVO amps, volts, ohms LED light-emitting diode
BSI British Standards Institution LIN local interconnect network
CAN controller area network Mbps megabits per second
CARB California Air Resources Board MHz megahertz
CCFL cold cathode fluorescence MMS multimedia messaging service
cd candela MOSFET metal oxide semiconductor field effect
CDI capacitor discharge ignition transistor
CMOS complementary metal oxide semiconductor ms milliseconds
CO carbon monoxide NTC negative temperature coefficient
CPU central processing unit OBD on-board diagnostics
CRC cyclic redundancy check OBD2 on-board diagnostics generation two
DAB digital audio broadcast PAN personal area network
DAC digital to analogue converter PCB printed circuit board
DC direct current pd potential difference
DCEL direct current electroluminescent PES poly-ellipsoidal system
DSTN double-layer supertwist nematic PID proportional-integral-derivative
DTC body and chassis diagnostic trouble code ppm parts per million
EBS electronic battery sensor PSU power supply unit
ECL emitter-coupled logic PTC positive temperature coefficient
ECU electronic control unit PVC polyvinyl chloride
EGAS electronic gas PWM pulse width modulated
EGR exhaust gas recirculation RAM random access memory
EMC electromagnetic compatibility R–C resistance–capacitance
emf electromotive force RDS radio data system
EPROM erasable programmable read only memory RF radio frequency
ESP electronic stability program rms root mean square
FET field effect transistor ROM read-only memory
FSC function-system-connection SC segment conductor
FWD front-wheel drive SI System International
GaPO4 gallium orthophosphate SIM subscriber identity module
GB gigabyte SMS short messaging service
GPRS general packet radio service SRS supplementary restraint system
GPS global positioning system SSI small-scale integration device
GSM global system for mobile communication STN super-twisted nematic
HC hydrocarbon TCS traction control system
hfe current gain in a transistor TFT thin film transistor
HIL hardware-in-the-loop method TN-LCD twisted nematic-liquid crystal display
HT high tension TTL transistor-transistor logic
HUD head-up display UART universal asynchronous receiver transmitter
Hz hertz VFD vacuum fluorescent display
I/O input/output VLSI very-large-scale integration
 Chapter 1
BASIC PRINCIPLES
AND TECHNIQUES
what is covered in this chapter …
Basic electrics
Basic electronics

1.1 BASIC ELECTRICS

1.1.1 Fundamental principles of Conductors and insulators, electron flow,

conventional flow
electricity In certain materials, the electrons are not bonded
Basic electricity and circuits tightly to their nucleus and they drift randomly from
This is a book about the fundamentals, hence we will atom to atom. Electrical current flow is the movement
start at a very fundamental level to introduce some of electrons within a material, so a substance in which
simple concepts about electricity, electronics and the the electrons are not bonded tightly together will make
way circuits behave. This will be the underpinning a good conductor. This is because little effort is needed
knowledge for the more sophisticated topics within to push the electrons through the atomic structure.
this book. Conversely, insulators have no loosely bound
All matter around us consists of complex electrons so this impedes the movement of electrons
arrangements of particles made up of protons (positively and therefore prevents the flow of electrical current.
charged) and electrons (negatively charged). These are One point to note though is that no material is a
known as atoms. For example, a hydrogen atom consists perfect insulator; all materials will allow some electron
of a proton at the centre (or nucleus) and one electron movement if the force (i.e. voltage) is high enough.
which orbits the proton (nucleus) at high speed. The The conduction of electricity in a material is due to
nucleus can be regarded as a fixed point and the mobility electron movement from a low to high potential (often
of the electrons dictates the behaviour of that material described as potential difference). As the electrons move
with respect to electrical current flow.

Figure 1.1 Hydrogen atom Figure 1.2 Copper atom

2 Basic principles and techniques Fundamentals of Motor Vehicle Technology: Book 3

they collide with atoms in their path and this raises the
temperature of the conductor. This electron flow gives
rise to an energy flow called ‘current’. An important
point to note is that electron flow works in the opposite
direction to current flow, i.e. conventional current flow
is from positive to negative whereas electrons flow from
negative to positive. For all practical purposes we can
consider that electricity flows from positive to negative Figure 1.3 Electron flow from high to low potential
– as this is an agreed convention!
Electric circuit – hydraulic analogy
Electrons moving in a circuit can be difficult to visualise. Pressure difference forces water along pipe
The easiest way to think about an electrical circuit and
its behaviour is with an analogy of hydraulics. Picture
the movement of electrons in a circuit as water flowing
in a hosepipe. In order for the water to flow in the pipe
a pressure difference must occur between two points.
This then forces the water along the pipe. The pressure
Figure 1.4 Hosepipe
in such a hosepipe system can be likened to the voltage
of an electrical system (see Figure 1.4).
This pressure has to be generated, and in a hydraulic
system, for example, this would be via a pump. This Pump
pump can be compared directly with a generator
(mechanical to electrical energy converter) or a battery Pressure gauge
(chemical to electrical energy converter) as a pressure Tap
source. Note though that just as the pump does not Flow restrictor
‘make’ the fluid, the generator or battery does not
‘make’ electricity. These components just impart energy Hydraulic circuit
to the electrons that already exist. The rate at which
the water flows can be measured and this would be
Generator
measured in volume (litres, gallons) per unit of time
(hours/minutes/seconds). In an electrical circuit, this V Voltmeter
flow rate of electrons is expressed in a unit called amps Switch
(amperes).
Further parallels can be drawn to assist in – + Resistor or load
understanding. For example, to control the flow in a
hydraulic circuit, a tap can be installed (see Figure 1.5).
This can be used to enable or disable flow of water. In Electrical ‘equivalent’ circuit
an electric circuit this would be a switch. Also, the tap
can be used to restrict or control the flow rate. In an Figure 1.5 Hydraulic and electric circuit
electric circuit, this function is carried out by a variable
resistor which would control the flow of electrons into
a circuit. A fixed resistor would be a flow restrictor or Electromotive force
restriction in the hydraulic circuit. A battery or generator is capable of creating a difference
in potential. The electrical force that gives this potential
Potential difference
difference is called the electromotive force. This
The potential, with respect to electrical circuits, indicates
is again a pressure difference that drives electrons
that the capability to do some work via the movement
around a circuit. As mentioned previously, the unit of
of electrons exists. Just as the pressure gauge of an air
electrical pressure and electromotive force is the volt.
compressor storage vessel shows that pressure exists and
The terminal connections of a battery or generator are
hence some work can be done via the stored ‘potential’
marked as positive and negative and these relate to the
energy in the compressed air when required.
higher and lower potential respectively.
In an electric circuit, the amount of work done
depends on the flow rate of electrons and this depends Amps, volts, ohms, Ohm’s law, power
on the potential difference (or pressure drop) between A certain quantity of electrons set in motion by a
the two points in a circuit. Therefore it is the potential potential difference is known as a coulomb. This is a unit
difference in an electrical circuit that gives rise to which represents the quantity of electrons or charge. In
electron or current flow. For example, the voltage a hydraulic system, a similar unit of measure would be
difference across a battery is a potential difference. the litre (i.e. volume).
 Basic electrics 3

More useful than the volume of charge is the flow must be taken into account where cables run in areas of
rate as this represents the rate of energy flow. This flow elevated temperatures (e.g. in the engine compartment)
rate is expressed in electrical terms by the unit amps or where there is limited circulating air for cooling (e.g.
(amperes). When one coulomb of charge passes a given under a carpet or trim panel).
point in a circuit in one second, then the current flow is The watt is the SI (System International) unit of
defined as one amp. power and is universally applied in mechanical and
In order that a current can flow in a circuit, electrical engineering. It expresses the rate of doing
a difference in pressure must exist created by an work or energy release. The unit of energy is the joule
electromotive force (as mentioned previously). This and this is the amount of work required to apply a
pressure is measured and expressed in volts. Of course, force of one newton for a distance of one metre. Work
circuits and circuit components can resist the flow expended at the rate of one joule per second is a watt
of electrons. This is known as resistance and can be (named after James Watt). In electrical terms, a current
measured and expressed in units of ohms. Voltage, flowing in a circuit of one amp under an electromotive
current and resistance are all related and this was force (emf) of one volt will dissipate one watt.
discovered by the scientist called Ohm in 1827. He This can be expressed as:
discovered that at a constant temperature, the current
P = VI
in a conductor is directly proportional to the potential
difference across its ends. Also, the current is inversely where P = Power, V = Voltage, I = Current.
proportional to resistance. This is known as Ohm’s law Also, combining the above equations we can say
and the relationship is: that:
V V2
=R P = I2R or P =
I R
where V = pd (potential difference); I = Current; and where R = Resistance.
R = Resistance. An important point to note from the above is that if
The resistance of any conductor is determined by the current is doubled then the power (heating effect)
the material properties with respect to electron flow, its is increased by a factor of four. This is used to great
length and cross-sectional area, and the temperature. effect in fuses where any increase in current produces a
A normalised measure of the resistance of a material, significant increase in heat which is used to intentionally
i.e. its ability to resist electrical current flow, can be melt the fuse conductor and break the circuit.
gained by knowing its resistivity (units are ohm metre).
Earthing arrangements
This is the resistance (in ohms) measured across a one-
The simple circuit shown in Figure 1.6 connects the
metre length of the material which has a cross-section
lamp to the battery and uses a switch to control the
of one square metre. Some typical values for common
supply from the battery via the feed wire. To complete
materials are shown in Table 1.1.
the circuit a return path to the battery must exist and in
The most commonly used material for electrical
Figure 1.6 it is via a return wire.
components and wiring is copper as this has a low
resistance at a moderate cost. Precious metals have
lower resistivity but of course are more expensive.
Irrespective of this fact, it is not uncommon to see gold
or silver connectors or contacts in switches or relays
due to the lower resistance of the material. It is also
important to note that most materials increase their
resistance as temperature increases. This is known as
a positive temperature coefficient and is a factor that

Table 1.1 Resistivity of some materials used for electrical

conductors
Substance Approximate resistivity (ohm m at 20ºC)
Silver 1.62 × 10–8 (or 0.000 000 0162)
Copper 1.72 × 10–8 Figure 1.6 Insulated return circuit for a supply current
Aluminium 2.82 × 10–8
Tungsten 5.50 × 10–8 For vehicle wiring systems this is generally not the
Brass 8.00 × 10–8 case! Feed wires supply the current to components via
Iron 9.80 × 10–8 switches etc., but the return path is normally completed
Manganin 44.00 × 10–8 through the vehicle frame or bodywork (assuming it is
Constantin 49.00 × 10–8 metallic, a conductor). The reasons for this are:
4 Basic principles and techniques Fundamentals of Motor Vehicle Technology: Book 3

● The amount of cabling required is theoretically

halved. This reduces cost and saves weight.
● The complexity of the wiring harness and connections
is also greatly reduced; this creates a more reliable
wiring system.
One important point though is that the wiring system must
be protected from abrasion against the bodywork. This
abrasion can occur due to vibrations and it will reduce the
integrity of the cable insulation (i.e. by rubbing through
it). Under these circumstances a ‘short’ circuit could occur
(i.e. the current flows directly back to the battery via a
low-resistance path through the metallic bodywork, high
current can flow due to this low resistance and this in turn
can overheat the cable). There is a risk of fire if the circuit Figure 1.7 Earth return circuit
is not suitably protected via a fuse.
For certain vehicle types, separate earth return
cables are used to optimise safety by reducing the risk of
short circuits due to the above scenario. This technique
is generally used for fuel tankers for example and is
known as an insulated return system (see Figure 1.8).
An important point with respect to earth connections – +
is the polarity. That is, which of the two battery Battery
connections will be connected to the vehicle frame
as described above. Generally, all modern cars have Vehicle frame complete circuit
the battery ‘negative’ connected to earth. This means
that live cables are at the same potential as the battery Earth return
(12 volts for a car) and the earth connection is at 0 volts.
Hence a potential difference between the live cable and
the frame exists (i.e. 12 volts; see Figure 1.9).
This method has been common since the 1970s, but – + Separate, insulated return,
prior to this some vehicles were positive earth, i.e. a no connection to frame
Battery
12 volt positive connection to the frame and zero volts
at the live cables. The potential difference was the same
and it was thought that positive earth systems would Insulated return
produce better ignition performance as the spark polarity
at the plug was negative (the spark jumps from earth to Figure 1.8 Simple earth and insulated return circuit
centre electrode with respect to conventional flow). This
meant that the electron flow (opposite to conventional
flow) was from centre to earth electrode, i.e. from a
hotter to colder surface. This temperature difference
worked in favour of the electron flow and marginally Negative connected
improved ignition performance. Due to the lack of to earth Power supply to consumers
sophistication in the electrical system at that time, the
– +
polarity of the vehicle could be changed quite easily. In a
Battery
modern vehicle with electronic systems reverse polarity
would be catastrophic; also, the high performance of
Vehicle frame
modern ignition systems is such that the advantage of a
Negative earth
positive earth system is now irrelevant.
Circuit faults – open and short circuit Positive connected
Power
The two most common faults in a simple circuit are an to earth
open circuit and a short circuit. One point that is clear by + –
now is that a complete circuit is needed if current is to Battery
flow. To control a circuit we can install a switch and this
device intentionally breaks the circuit to prevent current
flow when required. An open circuit has the same effect.
It prevents current flow, but it is an unintentional break Positive earth
in the circuit due to a wiring or component fault (e.g. an
unintentionally disconnected terminal; see Figure 1.10). Figure 1.9 Positive and negative earth systems
 Basic electrics 5

The direction of current flow and electron flow are

Key Points
opposite
Multiply amps and volts in a circuit and this gives
power in watts. This is an SI unit to measure the
rate at which work is done
Generally, in an automotive electrical circuit,
one of the battery terminals is connected to the
vehicle frame and this is used as a return path for
the current. The terminal connected to the frame
dictates the earthing arrangement, i.e. positive or
negative earth. Modern vehicles are negative earth
Figure 1.10 Open circuit
A short circuit is an unintentional low-resistance
path in a circuit causing excessive current to flow.
As mentioned previously, if the insulation of a live wire An open circuit is an unintentional high-resistance
is damaged and the conductor is allowed to touch the path which reduces or prevents current flow. Both
metal bodywork, then a very low-resistance return path of them, if they occur, are fault conditions
for current will exist. Some or all of the current will flow
along this path thus taking a short cut back to the battery
(i.e. without passing through the intended consumer).
Hence the term ‘short circuit’ (see Figure 1.11). 1.1.2 Electromagnetics
In these circumstances very high current levels can
Magnetism
flow due to the fact that a vehicle battery has very high
A magnet (permanent or electromagnet) is surrounded
current density. This has a damaging and dangerous
by a magnetic field. This is an invisible region around
effect on the vehicle wiring as these large currents can
the magnet which produces an external force on
heat the cables such that they glow red hot. This then
ferromagnetic objects. The two ends of a magnet are
melts the insulation on the cable and causes further
known as ‘poles’, north and south. Figure 1.12 shows
shorts to surrounding cables. Worse than this, the
the lines of force around a bar magnet.
insulation can combust and cause a fire. Normally if
An important property of a magnet is that these
this occurs the wiring harness and possibly the vehicle
poles attract and repel each other, i.e. like poles repel
is damaged beyond repair! For these reasons a circuit
and unlike poles attract.
is normally protected by a current-limiting device such
as a fuse or circuit breaker and this protects the wiring Magnetic flux and flux density
system from over current caused by a short circuit. The lines of force around a magnet are known as
magnetic flux and indicate a region of magnetic activity.
Electrical energy flow through a conductor can
Key Points

Certain materials will concentrate the field due to an

be likened to water flowing through a hosepipe.
effect called permeability which concentrates the path
Bearing this analogy in mind, voltage is the
of the flux. For example, Figure 1.14 shows how the
pressure and current is the flow rate in the system.
iron frame (which has high permeability) concentrates
The more pressure the more flow!
the flux.
Conductors allow the free movement of electrons The unit of magnetic flux is the weber. Note that a
through them and hence electrical current flow. change in flux of one weber per second will induce an
Insulators do not electromotive force of one volt.

Figure 1.11 Short circuit Figure 1.12 Lines of force around a bar magnet
6 Basic principles and techniques Fundamentals of Motor Vehicle Technology: Book 3

Figure 1.13 Action when two opposing poles are brought Figure 1.15 Reluctance
together

Figure 1.14 Iron frame concentrates the flux

The unit of flux density is the tesla and is expressed as a

ratio of the magnetic flux relative to the area.
Reluctance
This property is can be compared to resistance in electrical
terms, except of course it applies to a magnetic circuit. It is Figure 1.16 Maxwell’s corkscrew rule
the resistance of a material to a magnetic field. Figure 1.15
shows how the reluctance of an air gap is reduced when
two poles of a magnet are bridged by a piece of iron.
The polarity of the magnet depends on the direction
The unit of reluctance is the henry and is defined
of current flow through the coil. The strength of the
as the reluctance of a circuit where the rate of change
magnet depends on two factors:
of current is one ampere per second and the resulting
electromotive force is one volt. ● the amount of current flowing through the winding
● the number of turns in the winding.
Electromagnetism
One effect of a current flowing in a conductor is to Laws of magnetism
create a magnetic field around that conductor. The During the 19th century many scientists researched
direction of this magnetic field depends on the direction electricity and magnetism. Their experimental work
in which current flows through the conductor. This can produced a number of fundamental principles which
be visualised by using Maxwell’s corkscrew rule (see form a basis of understanding of how electrical
Figure 1.16). It has a number of practical applications and electromagnetic systems behave. This is useful
as discussed below. knowledge for anyone working on automotive electrical
and electronic systems.
Electromagnets
When current flows through a wire conductor that Faraday – electromagnetic induction
has been wound into a coil, the flux produced around One of the most important experiments is shown in
this coil can be concentrated by using a soft iron core Figure 1.17.
(as discussed above). The windings are placed close Faraday noticed that when he inserted the magnet into
to each other and the flux blends to form a common the coil the galvanometer needle moved. He also noted
pattern around the iron core similar to a bar magnet. that on removal, the galvanometer needle flicked in the
 Basic electrics 7

Figure 1.17 Electromagnetic induction

Figure 1.18 Apparatus for showing Lenz’s law

opposite direction. This behaviour showed that current

was being generated but only when the magnet was
moving. It also showed that the direction of the current
depended on the direction of movement of the magnet.
This characteristic is known as electromagnetic
induction and can be described as follows:
An electromotive force (emf) is induced in a coil
whenever there is a change in the magnetic flux
adjacent to that coil.
The magnitude of this emf depends on:
● the number of turns in the coil
● the strength of the magnetic flux
● the speed of relative movement between the flux
and coil.
Lenz – direction of induced current
This law relates to the direction of the induced current
resulting from electromagnetic induction. Figure 1.18 Figure 1.19 Mutual induction
shows experimental apparatus to demonstrate the
principle.
When the magnet enters the coil an induced current ● the magnitude of the primary current
is generated. This current sets up a magnetic field the ● the turns ratio between primary and secondary
polarity of which opposes the magnet itself. In other coils
words, the induced current sets up a north pole to repel ● the speed at which the magnetic field collapses.
the magnet.
This is property is known as mutual induction and forms
In practical terms, this law explains ‘back emf’ which
the basic principle of operation behind transformers
is a well-known phenomenon in motors and coils.
and ignition coils.
Faraday – mutual and self-induction In the above experiment, when closing the switch,
Faraday conducted experiments with an iron ring to the growing magnetic field produces an emf in the
show that a coil could be used instead of a magnet to primary circuit itself that opposes the current flowing
induce a current in another coil. Figure 1.19 shows the into that circuit (according to Lenz’s law). This slows
apparatus. down the growth of the current in the primary circuit.
The primary circuit is connected to a battery, the Conversely, when opening the switch, the collapsing
secondary circuit to a galvanometer. The galvanometer magnetic field will induce current in the primary circuit
needle responds every time the circuit is completed or (in the opposite direction to that described above),
broken but in opposite directions. The induced current which causes arcing at the switch contacts. This is due
in the secondary winding depends on: to self-induction and is the reason why capacitors were
8 Basic principles and techniques Fundamentals of Motor Vehicle Technology: Book 3

connected across contact breaker points (standard coil direction of motion and the second finger in the
ignition systems) to absorb this emf and reduce arcing, direction of current.
thus extending service life and increasing performance. This can be summarised as:
Faraday – induction in a straight conductor thuMb Motion
Another experiment carried out by Faraday involves the foreFinger Field
movement of a straight conductor through a magnetic seCond finger Current
field as shown in Figure 1.20.
The left-hand rule gives the relationship between field,
An emf is generated when the conductor is moved
current and motion for a motor.
through the magnetic field. This was developed further
Just use the left hand instead!
by Fleming to show the relationship between the
direction of the field, the current and the conductor. Direct current circuit theorems
These circuit theorems are used in electrical engineering
Fleming – right-hand rule (generators), left-
to evaluate the current flows in more complicated direct
hand rule (motors)
current (DC) networks containing emf sources and load
The right-hand rule applies to generators and is shown
resistances. It is not the intention to study the application
in Figure 1.21.
of these in detail as they are less likely to be used by
This can be described as follows:
the automotive technician or engineer. However, they
When the thumb and first two fingers of the right
are worthy of mention as they highlight important basic
hand are all at right angles to each other, the forefinger
principles and knowledge of them means that they can
points in the direction of the field, the thumb in the
be explored and researched in more detail should you
wish to do so.
● Kirchhoff ’s current law: this states that at any
junction in a electrical circuit the total current
flowing towards that junction is equal to the total
current flowing away (see Figure 1.23).
i.e. I1 + I2 – I3 – I4 – I5 = 0
● Kirchhoff ’s voltage law: this states that in any closed
loop network, the sum of the voltage drops taken
around the loop is equal to the resulting emf acting
in that loop (see Figure 1.24).
i.e. E1 – E2 = IR1 + IR2 + IR3

Figure 1.20 Induction in a straight conductor

Figure 1.22 Fleming’s left-hand rule

Figure 1.21 Fleming’s right-hand rule Figure 1.23 Kirchhoff’s current law
 Basic electrics 9

Figure 1.24 Kirchhoff’s voltage law

Simple AC generator
This consists of apparatus as shown in Figure 1.25.
Basically there are two magnetic poles either side of
a field magnet and a loop conductor which is rotated in
the magnetic field. Each end of the loop is connected
to a slip ring which makes contact with a carbon brush.
When the conductor loop rotates in the magnetic field
an emf is generated in it and this drives current around
the circuit formed by the loop, slip rings, carbon brushes
and connecting wires to the resistor, which forms the
electrical load. The slip rings and brushes allow the Figure 1.26 Coil position and current flow
loop to rotate freely whilst passing current to the static
(non-rotating) part of the circuit.
above and use Fleming’s left-hand rule to check your
When the loop is at position 1 (in Figure 1.26) the
understanding).
direction of current can be found using Fleming’s right-
The emf generated in the coil is shown below as
hand rule (above) and is indicated by the arrows and
a plot of emf versus angular movement. The current
symbols in the figure.
flow reverses continually as the generator rotates at a
As the loop rotates, the output emf falls until it
frequency directly proportional to speed. This type of
reaches position 2. Since at this point no flux is ‘cut’ by
current flow is commonly used in many electrical circuits
the conductors, the output will be zero.
of all kinds and is known as alternating current.
The loop rotates further until it reaches position
3 (effectively 180 degrees from position 1). At this AC circuits, single and three phase
point dense flux is cut by the conductors and emf will When alternating current (AC) is plotted as a graph of
be induced in the loop again, but the emf will be the emf versus angle (as above and shown in Figure 1.28),
opposite polarity to position 1 and hence the current the resulting curve forms a characteristic shape known
will flow in the opposite direction (refer to position 3 as a sine wave (short for sinusoidal). Using this example,
each complete turn gives a repeating, cyclic pattern and
this is known as a cycle. The time required for this cycle is
known as the periodic time. The maximum peak in either
direction on the y-axis (positive or negative) is known
as the amplitude and the total distance from the positive
peak to the negative peak is the peak-to-peak value.
The number of complete cycles that occur per second
is known as the frequency and the SI unit of frequency
is hertz. Note that:
1
Frequency =
Periodic time (T)

Figure 1.25 Simple dynamo Figure 1.27 Emf generated in a coil

10 Basic principles and techniques Fundamentals of Motor Vehicle Technology: Book 3

values directly in terms of power output, we can use

the root mean square (rms) values of a sine wave and
this is directly comparable to a DC voltage value with
respect to power. The rms value of a sine wave can be
calculated from:
rms = Peak voltage × 0.707
Also note the mean (average) value of a sine wave:
Mean = Peak voltage × 0.637
Most modern measurement devices, for example
Figure 1.28 Sine wave multimeters, will display the true rms value of a sine-
wave voltage. Rms values are used because the normal
Example: A sine-wave cycle repeats in 0.1 seconds, average voltage value of a pure sine wave is zero no
1 matter how high the peak voltage.
therefore f = where f = Frequency and T = Periodic
T Sine wave, plus more complex wave-forms (i.e.
time:
from an analogue crank angle pick-up for an engine
1 management system) can be viewed, measured, stored
f= = 10
0.1 and analysed using a digital oscilloscope.
i.e. 10 Hz Another factor important in AC circuit analysis is the
impedance. This is the opposition in a circuit to the flow
Alternating current is widely used in power transmission of an AC. Apart from resistance, in an AC circuit the
networks where transformers can be used to step up or back emf caused by self-induction opposes the build-up
down voltages to reduce current flow and losses. In the current due to the continually reversing voltage. In a
home, AC is standard at 230 volts 50 Hz (in Europe) but DC circuit this phenomenon only occurs at switch-on.
for motor vehicles, current flow must be unidirectional, Impedance is expressed in ohms and is calculated as
particularly important for charging batteries! Alternating follows for an AC circuit:
current can be converted to unidirectional or DC via a
process called rectification. Rectifiers are discussed in Voltage
Impedance =
detail in section 1.2.2. Basically the alternating wave- Current
forms are converted electronically so that the generated The output delivered by the simple AC generator
emf is always in the same direction. This is known as consists of a single sine-wave emf that produces a
full-wave rectification, see Figure 1.29. simple, reversing current flow. This is known as single-
The instantaneous emf gives a proportional current phase alternating current. In practice, as higher power
flow in a connected circuit with a given resistance (R). The is needed, single-phase alternating current becomes
power dissipated in this circuit as heat will be given by: less efficient at transferring power and where higher
Power (Watts) = VI or I2R (as discussed above) power requirements exist a multi-phase supply is used.
In most cases this will be three phase. If three conductor
An important point with respect to a sine wave is the coils, each with a single-phase emf, are connected
amount of energy or work that the alternating current together with the peak voltage spaced equidistantly (at
flow can do. Power is converted to heat in a resistance 120 degrees) then this produces a smoother output emf
and this is not a polarity conscious effect. That is, with less ripple and much higher current density than
the direction of the current flow is not important in a a single-phase supply. The connections of the coils and
resistor, just its magnitude. the resulting output graph are shown in Figures 1.30
If the peak value of an AC sine wave is, say, 12 volts, and 1.31.
this means that in one cycle, the emf is at its peak value There are two configurations in which the three phases
only twice (once in each direction of current flow). can be connected together according to the requirement
At this point, only, does the maximum current flow. of the application. These are known as star and delta
Compared to a DC emf of 12 volts (where this voltage windings and are discussed in more detail in Chapter 4.
is continuously existing), less energy will be dissipated.
In order to compare AC sine-wave voltages with DC Eddy currents
In any electrical machine, in addition to current being
induced in windings, currents are also induced in the
electrical frames or component parts. These induced
emfs cause circulating currents which, due to the low
resistance of these parts (generally iron), can be quite
considerable and cause excessive heat to build up, as
well as causing significant power loss. These are known
Figure 1.29 Full-wave rectification as ‘eddy currents’. Another effect seen in rotating
 Basic electrics 11

Figure 1.33 Armature construction

Figure 1.30 Three coils connected Transformer

A transformer is a device which utilises the phenomenon
of mutual inductance (as discussed above) to change the
voltages of ACs, i.e. to step up or down the magnitude
of the supply voltage according to the requirements of
the application. The basic schematic is shown in Figure
1.34.
It consists of two windings, a primary and secondary.
These are wound around a common ferromagnetic core
(which is laminated to reduce eddy currents). The
voltage increase or decrease depends on the turns ratio
of the windings, i.e.
Secondary voltage Secondary turns
=
primary voltage primary turns
Figure 1.31 Three-phase output
The transformer must be supplied with AC in the primary
winding to set up a continuously reversing magnetic
flux in the core. This flux then induces an emf into the
secondary winding. A transformer is a very efficient
machine with no moving parts but it cannot create
power (i.e. the total amount of energy in an isolated
system remains constant). An increase in voltage from
primary to secondary gives a proportional decrease in

Figure 1.32 Stator windings

machines (such as generators and motors) is that these

eddy currents set up a magnetic field which tends to
oppose rotation.
Electric machines must have high efficiency and
the resistance of these core parts can be increased by
laminating the construction, i.e. making the part from
thin iron stampings which are insulated from each other
with layers of varnish. This increases the resistance of
the eddy current path and improves the efficiency of the
machine considerably. Figure 1.33 shows the laminated
construction of the armature of a DC machine. Figure 1.34 Transformer
12 Basic principles and techniques Fundamentals of Motor Vehicle Technology: Book 3

current (discounting efficiency losses). The losses in a The conductor coil is formed in a loop and the ends
transformer are mainly due to: of this are connected to a commutator. This device
reverses the current in the coil each cycle. In the simple
● iron losses due to eddy currents
machine shown, the arrangement is a two-segment
● copper losses due to heating from internal resistance.
commutator. The current to the motor coil is applied
Simple DC motor via the commutator from carbon brushes which slide
When current from a battery is applied to a conductor in a against it as it rotates. In practice, commutators used in
magnetic field, then according to Fleming’s left-hand rule, real DC machines are far more complex and consist of
a force is produced which will move the conductor. many commutator segments.
The cause of this deflecting force can be seen when There are some important general characteristics of
the lines of magnetic force are mapped. Figure 1.35 DC motors worthy of note:
shows a current being passed through a conductor and
● Torque is proportional to armature current.
the formation of the magnetic field around it. This field
● As speed increases, a back emf is produced (Lenz’s
causes the main field to deflect and the repulsion of
law) and this opposes the current flowing into the
the two fields produces a force that gives motion to the
machine. Therefore, as speed increases, torque
conductor.
decreases (and vice versa).
The force acting on this conductor is proportional to
the flux density, the current flowing and the length of Hall effect devices
the conductor exposed in the field. In 1879 Edward Hall discovered that when a magnet
This effect is used in a DC motor to create a rotating is placed perpendicular to the face of a flat current-
torque. Figure 1.36 shows the construction of a simple carrying conductor, a difference in potential appeared
DC electric motor. across the opposite edges of that conductor. This is
known as the ‘Hall effect’ and the potential difference
(pd) produced across the edges is known as the Hall
voltage.
Figure 1.37 shows the basic principle. The vertical
edges of the plate have equal potential so the voltmeter
registers zero.
When the plate is placed in a magnetic field (as
shown in Figure 1.38) a pd across the edges is shown as
a reading on the voltmeter.
The magnitude of the Hall voltage depends upon
the current flowing through the plate and the strength
of the magnetic field. When the current is constant,
the Hall voltage is proportional to the field strength.
Figure 1.35 Bending of main field Similarly, if the field strength is constant, the Hall
voltage is proportional to the current flowing through
the plate.
With common conductive materials the Hall voltage is
relatively low. With the use of semiconductor materials, a
much higher voltage can be achieved. Note though that
the magnetic field does not generate energy but acts
effectively as a switch or controller. Hall effect devices are

Figure 1.36 DC motor Figure 1.37 Hall effect – zero voltage

Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
 OLBEECHTs] THE SWIMMER MANUSCRIPT 245 or knots,
resulting from the stings of insects, and suggesting to the Indian the
idea of pieces of venison or bear meat strung upon a stick to be
barbecued. By the "httle (blowgun) arrow tufts" on the white oak
are meant the swellings or buds on the suckers which grow up from
around the base of the tree, as compared to the thistledown at the
end of a blowgun arrow. These suckers are considered to resemble
in appearance the jointed sections of a rabbit's intestines, and
thence to have an occult influence over a disease which may have
been caused by the rabbits. The medicine man selects seven of
these suckers and three or four of the knotty red oak twigs, each
about a foot long, and puts them into the vessel with the decoction.
The taboo includes salt and hot food as usual, together with greasy
food of any kind, for the reason that grease, being derived from
animal sources, would neutralize the effect of the medicine, intended
to counteract the influence of those animals. 50 vjQ-'.i i;'^ntVyo-
°lo'!i n9'Vo"'t'i' 'iV diflerent they have inhaled to cure with this
se"^hkwo*'ya Go'lkwo^'ci nu'^'ye^GQ*' tyi;'stt!a°' so''Gwo°'-!i
(eryiigo) seven full grown like, each one, Loo This (is) to Treat
(Them) With (When) They Have Inhaled Bad (Odors) FREE
TRANSLATION Eryngo, seven full-grown (stalks) each (having) one
(stalk) where (it grows). explanation This prescription is for the cure
of nausea or stomach disorder caused by disagreeable inhalations,
as from a dead body (human or animal) or any fetid matter. The
patient drinks a warm infusion of seven se''hkwo''ya, Eryngium
virginianum Lam., Eryngo plants, which produces vomiting. The
infusion is strained before use, and drunk once every morning for
four days. Hot food is prohibited during this period. There is no
ceremony, bat a peculiar injunction that the seven plants selected
must each have but a single stalk. Such plants are rather difficult to
find, as the Eryngo usually sends up a number of stalks from each
root. (See p. 54.)
 246 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 99 51
tsa''nda-kt*€*'Go°N'3°' tsu-'Dale'n9-'°Da tsa'nskftsGa' it which they
are restricting they are (different) they dream them themselves, and
kinds Df'Dan€''l8wo''"ski k^uVyu^'sti S9"°'tiwu'°li tstVuDe-t*?''.i
(wDd Hydrangea) (sycamore) (raspberry) it which, it has come
down, H t't.tse'!i tsi;''nastyno''i ama''-yi ntGa"'Da | a'NJowa'Gt-NjS"^
(red alder) they have roots water, Loo all cloth and aVt*'ni u'N'ywS"'
"wa'so'' a-.seci' tsu^'^yo'tsti' underneath her dress itself it must she
will do without And (This is for) When They are Under Restrictions
(and) They Dream of All Sorts (of Things) FREE TRANSLATION Wild
hydrangea, sycamore, raspberry (a branch of which) has come down
(and taken root again), red alder, all having their roots in the water.
And she will have to give up her ONvn undergarment (as a fee).
explanation This prescription is for use when a woman, during her
catamenial period dreams of bringing forth a bear, a litter of puppies,
or something of a sbuilar kind, out of the ordinary course of nature.
tsa'nda*kt'€"G9*'.i Uterally: "when they are restricting themselves,"
is the technical term for being subject to the taboo rules (cf. Ga-
kt'9°D8, "restricted"); although it is also used to indicate the
restrictions to which either a male or a female patient may be
subjected in case of illness, it is, in this connection, understood to
refer to the injunctions to be observed by a woman during her
menstrual periods. No formula is used, but the prescription
introduces several interesting features of Cherokee medical practice.
The patient drinks a decoction of the roots of Di''Dan€''l9Wo*'"ski,
Hydrangea arborescens L., wild hydrangea; k*uV*yu"sti, Platanus
occidentalis L., sycamore, buttonwood; I't.tse'^i, Alnus rugosa (Du
Roi) Spreng., smooth alder, to which is added the root of an
"inverted " raspberry branch S9"'ttwu'°li, Rubus strigosus Michx.,
wild red raspberry. Also, Rubus occidentalis L., black raspberry;
thimbleberry. As stated, not the root of the main plant is used but
that of a branch that has taken root a second time. (PI. 6, a.) Such a
double-rooted raspberry is an important factor in a number of
prescriptions, although the medicine man was unable to assign any
reason for the fact. [From information obtained at a later
 Olbrechts] the swimmer MANUSCRIPT 247 date by Mr.
Mooney, it appears that a medicine man thought this kind of root
was used], "because it is more bitter than the main root." [I did not
find this view confirmed and would be inclined to think that it owes
its popularity merely to such considerations as are discussed on page
54.] The roots selected are such as dip into the water from trees and
shrubs overhanging the stream. Such water-growing roots are also
frequently specified in the prescriptions [especially in those dealing
with troubles of the urinary passages and related aihnents. Medicine
men can not now advance any explanation of this peculiar
injunction; the idea is probably that the unimpeded contact of these
roots with the water renders them effective in the treatment of
organs in which the flow of liquid (urine, catamenial blood, etc.) is
laborious and defective.] By a loose wording of the sentence this
provision ("all having their roots in the water") is made to apply also
to the raspberry, which is not intended. All the roots, however, have
to be taken from the east side of the tree. The decoction is drunk
several times during the day, in doses of about half a pint at a time,
for four days, and affords relief by acting as an emetic and a
purgative. The patient abstains from all food the first day until
sunset, tlie second day until noon, the third day until late in the
morning, and on tlie fourth morning eats breakfast with the rest of
the household. She abstains also from salt and hot food while under
treatment. For his pay it is specified that the medicine man shall
receive the undergarment of the patient. [This may be some article
of dress which we also would call an undergarment, such as a
petticoat, a chemise, etc., but these luxuries are not yet generally
introduced among the Cherokee, so that the undergarment is
generally an older dress. Some girls and women wear three or four
dresses, one on top of the other.] 52 *t'a' u'niDzi*'ya
Dt'Da*nQ'''wo*tT this they (are) worms to cure people with SGe" I
*a'-no*Gwo"' u'seny'li Vt*9"r)a''nfGa' DaWi'skuIa^ Now thenl ha,
now quickly thou hast come to listen Flint tsAstf'aa i o-'nali'
tsa'sttoo'-^i Dt'tso'tlt'o't'sti' *tDa"'"we!i' | thou little mountain (s)
they are little, Loc thou art staying thou wizard GaDo' tsiiny'lti
ntGe*'s9'na' | i;'sonu"'li 't'kso'"st*Ga' | what thou failst never quickly
thou hast come down v'ttawo'tu'tli ^* ast'Q'' De'*tDo^'®st*Ga' I
tscko"'ya u'ska'se^'ti' swampy marsh edge thou has come and
halted insects frightful 9< W. D. form; C. D.=(v)sawo-tu'tti.
 248 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 99
u^nanuGO'^tseU' I uDZf'ya-Gwo"^ G€''sf.i' | tsDHlsta"'y'tthe has
come out, App it worm, L it is, App. (it is) what thou eatest Gwu-
'Dfna' 'iGe-'sfi' | nfG9"\vaye*'l8n5°'5°'sG€*'stt-G\vo"' L (=E), E it
which is, App a likeness of it will be left, L tSa'lDS-Q-'.r I 5""Dali
u*'nd5hlo"iGWO'' 'tG€*'sf.i' I i;'ntDZt*'yathou hast animal-ghost (s)
they have said it, L it which is, App they (are) passed, T L Gwo"'
Ge'sf.i' I t'a'°ltn€-''Gwo'' *9-r)e-'t'ottsta-'yH'aiifGa' worms, L it is,
App. second, L again, thou hast come and eaten them as thou goest
by 5ntG9'\vaye-'kno°"o'"sGe-'sti-Gwo''' tsa'bs-9-'(.i'^^) utst'-'nawu-
GWo"^ a Ukeness of it will be left, L thou has passed, T L beyond it,
stretched, L niGQ-'otSGe'sti' I utst'-'nawa' aDo*'nfGa' it will be said
beyond it, stretched it has been said continually (h) sGe" I 'a'-no-
Gwo°' w'sonv'li Vt'^ija-'iifGa' Dawt'skiila" Now then ha now quickly
thou has come to listen Flint sa*k'o-'ni tso'tlti su'lu-y-f'Gwo-'U
Dt'tso'tlt'o't'sti" (etc. . .). blue thy abode swampy laurel thicket, thou
art staying big, Loc (c) SGe" I 'a'-no-Gwo"' D'sonv'li Vt'^rja-'iifGa' |
Da'ootlGa' Now then ha, now quickly thou hast come to listen Goose
lOsa'k'o-'ni | Galg'ldi tso'tlto't'sti' {etc. . . .). blue above thou art
staying (d) SGe" I 'a'-no-Gwo"' u'sonu'li 'a't'grja'nfGa' | vtH' Now
then ha, now quickly thou hast come to listen Swan tsunc'Ga I
Gal^'ldi tso'tlto*j.'sti {etc. . . .) thou white above thou art staying
{e) SGe" I *a'-no-Gwo°' u'sonu'li 'a't'oqa'nfGa' | Guwt'sNow then ha,
now quickly thou has come to listen Bitkuwi' sa'k*o"'m | Galp'ldi
tso'tlto'i'sti {etc. . . .). tern blue above thou art staying 15 (/) SGe" I
*a'-no-Gwo"' u'soiiu'li 'a't'or)a'n6-Ga' | k*a'Now then ha, now quickly
thou has come to listen Sandng-stv'Va sa*k*o-'iii Gal9'ldi
tso'tlto^t'sti {etc. . . .). piper blue above thou art staying This is the
Medicine for Worms FREE TRANSLATION Now then! Ha, now thou
hast come to Usten, thou Little Flint! where the Httle mountains are
thou art staying. Thou wizard; what dost thou ever fail in? Quickly
thou hast come down. At the edge of the ever-swampy marsh thou
hast come to halt. It came out (as a) terrible insect (but) it was a
mere worm. But that is the very thing thou eatest. A mere Ukeness
of it will be left when thou wilt have passed. They are merely what
have become animal ghosts. They are mere worms. (And) a second
time thou hast again come and eaten them as thou goest by; a mere
likeness of it will be left when thou wilt have passed. Relief will be
caused constixntly. Relief has been caused. »5 Emeudation by editor.
 Olbk^chts] the swimmer MANUSCRIPT 249 Now then! Ha,
ndw thou hast quickly come to listen, Blue Flint, thou art staying at
thy abode, the big swampy laurel thicket {etc. . . .). Now then! Ha,
now thou hast quickly come to listen, Blue Goose, thou art staying
above (etc. . . .). Now then ! Ha, now thou hast quickly come to
listen, thou White Swan, thou art staying above (etc. . . ,)• Now
then! Ha, now thou hast quickly come to listen, Blue Bittern, thou art
staying above (etc. . . .). Now then! Ha, now thou hast quickly come
to listen, Blue Sandpiper, thou art sta3dng above (etc. . . .).
EXPLANATION This is another formula for removing worms and
closely resembles No. 32 (p. 213), both in principle and treatment. It
consists of six paragraphs, the first two being addressed to the Flint
and the other to four varieties of birds. The wording of the six
paragraphs in the original is ahnost identical, the only differences,
except as regards the spirits invoked, being such as might easily
arise in transcribing. The complete formula occupies a considerable
time in the recital. The goose, Da'co'tlaa' addressed in the third
paragraph is the American white-fronted goose (Anser albifrons
gambeli). The medicine man could give no reason for involving the
flint, but tliis was explained by another practitioner, who stated that
in a worm formula used by himself he put a flint arrowhead into the
decoction and prayed to it under the name of Flint to cut the worms
to pieces with its sharp edge. In Irish folklore a prehistoric flint
arrowhead is used in the same way. The medicine used is a
decoction of the roots of Gf'oaGe*^ a'Dzt"lo"'ski, Spigelia
marilandica L., Indian pink; k'kwe" u-'lasy'la, Cypripedium
parviflorum Salisb., Small yellow ladyslipper; and of the bark of
u'skwiita^ L'str'oa. The decoction is sweetened with honey or with
the pods of the honey locust, k'u'lse''Dzi, Gleditsia triacanthos L.
(See p. 56.) The m.edicine is given for four consecutive days, in the
morning and at night, the general ceremony being the same as
described in No. 32. The final pass is around and then downward.
The effects of the medicine usuaUy make themselves felt on the
second day. The taboo consists of water, eggs, and greasy food. The
patient drinks nothing but the decoction while under treatment.
 250 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 99 53 li'af
i;'N!a\Va'to"'9"'ski' a'Da'n^-'wo-tT this it makes them as if to cure
anyone with clothed, Hab SGe" I *a'-no-Gwo'' Ge^'ya-Gu-'oa' Du-
'Da-N!t'6"€lo!r 't-'Ge-Sfi' I Now ha, now woman, E she (E) has
thought it it which is, then App u'Dile^Gt-GWO''' 'i-Di;-
'kso*'o'°'t'ant'l€'.i' | aye''ltGO''Gt-GWu'-Dfna' Heat L it which she (E)
has simulator, L E let down, App i'ye*'lo'no'!i Ge"'se".i' I he has made
it is, App. it like 5 SGe" I *a'-no-Gwo"' Vt'^rja-'nfGa' Ct'skiiya' sa'k'o-
ni' ^) Now then ha, now thou hast come to listen thou Man Blue
i;''*9°DZ0'^-yi-''DZ9 DtHsotH'o''tsti' | v'siini^-'li D0-'t*a°le'9r)a' |
Cold, Loc. , direction thou art staying quickly thou hast arisen,
toward facing us Ge'**ya-Gi;''G8 Du''Da-N't*e*'*lo!r GeSf.i' |
u'Dtle'^Gt Du-'kso''= woman, E(?) she (E.) has thought it it is, App
Heat she has o°'t'e-'° I ayc'ltGo-'Gi-Gwu^-Dt'na' uye-'lo*n5'!i 't'-Gfsfi'
| let it down simulator, L, E he has made it which, it is, App it like
na'na' t*t't'o'la'st'anfGa' u^'ke'tt'ta-GWo"' tstDa'°le*5°ski f'Garight
there thou hast come to fog, L when it rises (Hab.) light, cool it off
lOGa't'a' Da'"le'o°ska' I i^'so^too'^ nv'Da'nQ-'na | vtst"-naw8it
hangs it rises night-been it has not been beyond it, on said
stretched, Gwo"' aDo^'nfGa' *ya" L it has been said Sharply! This is
the Medicine when They have Blisters FREE TRANSLATION Now,
then! Ha, now it is the Sun who has caused it. That is the one who
has caused Heat to come down. And she has made it (appear) as if
it actually were a simulated disease. Now then! Ha, now thou hast
come to listen, thou Blue Man, in the direction of the Cold Land thou
art staying. Quicldy thou hast arisen, facing this way. It is the Sun
who has caused it. She caused Heat to come down, but made it
(appear) as if it actually were a simulated disease. Now thou hast
come to cool it off. As the fog, when it arises, so does it arise, not
for one night (only, but forever). Rehef has been caused. Sharply!
explanation This is a formula for the cure of watery bUsters which
break out on the body in summer, and are caused, according to the
medicine man, by the heat of the sun. 9« Interpolated by J. M.
 MOONEY 1 OlbrechtsJ THE SWIMMER MANUSCRIPT 251
The medicine used is a warm infusion of the bark of kwa^'lo'^oa,
Rhus hirta (L.) Sudw. (also Rhus glabra L., smooth sumac) ; Dalo''ni,
Rhus copalliiia L., dwarf sumac, which the medicine man pours over
the affected part, after reciting the formula, the whole ceremony
being similar to that described in No. 48. Whenever the water ceases
to run from the blisters the cure is considered as effected, one
application being sometimes sufficient for this purpose. There is a
taboo of salt, beans, potatoes, eggs, pmnpkins, and cymlings for
reasons already explained. (See No. 30, p. 210.) The sickness is
ascribed to Ge^'^yaGu-'ca, the Sun (see p. 20), which sends the
disease spirit. Heat, into the body of the patient. It is said to
counterfeit aye'ltGo^'Gi, a disease brought about by evil conjurers,
because the bhsters resemble the swelhngs caused in ay€*'ltGo-'Gi
diseases by the cinders or sticks put under the skin of the victim by
the conjurer's arts. The name of the relief spirit was inadvertently
omitted in the manuscript, but he is brought from the North, or the
Cold Land, and is probably the Blue Man as in Formula No. 48, page
241. He cools the Heat, and compels it to rise "lilie the fog when it
arises." 54 JiV a^mne'^Dzi a^Da'nQ'Vo'tT this their breast to cure
anyone with tiiksi' niGQ'Van9'^N!aDe*^G0°\i'' terrapin it does it to
them as they go about SGe" Now then nQ'no trail (s) aye'li' ^a'-
no'Gwo"^ o^'nali' ha, now * mountain(s) tsi;'sttGo!-i' u'so'^i-Df'tla
^' where they are little, Loc right, direction toward
DtG9'^wana"'"wuDe'Ga' they are lying (stretched) about DeGQ-
'watQ'Hc'tle" tu'ksi Di;-'Da-N!t'e''®loH' terrapin he (E.) has thought it
in the middle they have come to hang on, App no* Gwo rnO a'
Gwo^ however Now qwo" tSUDf'^USti' *t'Gay6"'li thou old tuksi'
terrapin tsune-'Ga thou White L (=E) thou surroundest him t'anilfi' I
asGf'na-Gwo"^' put it under.App ghost, L D€*'t'ask9lo-'!o°'t'a'm-Ga' I
thou hast come to make him relinquish his grasps tlaVo"t'a'''laGi' ^^
GQ'waDani;"'y*tiDe*'Ge*sti' ever (muddy) they will place him under
as he Ge'Sft.l it is, App GeSfi' I it is, App u'lsGe-'no" it important
t*ASGf'n8-GW0'' ghost (E), L t't>e-l-9-' thy body— T L i;*lsGe"'D8 it
important *t'GayQ-'°li thou Old night, Loc Ge'Sf.l it is, App Ge-S€'°.i'
it is, App Dast'o*'edge, limit Di;ni;''y'= he has tsune*'Ga thou White
fy9*'°D9 yonder marsh V so tD9 night-been nv D9 ng na it has not
been said moves about vtst^'-nawa^ beyong it, stretched
DO*^so°'lo*tso*i he has been made weak ntGQ*'Do'no'°*o'"sGe-sti'
it will be said again and continuously 10 " W. D. form; C.
D.=u'so'iDfDza. *' Emendation by editor. «« W. D. form; C. D.=sawo-
t-.
 252 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 99 This is
the Medicine for Their Breast, When the Terrapin Affects them as
They go About FREE TRANSLATION Now then! Ha, now he has his
trails stretched about toward the little mountains in the direction of
the Night Land. It is the Terrapin that has caused it. He has come to
hang in the middle (of the body). It is but a ghost. Now, however,
thou Old White One, at the very edge of thy body he ^ is sitting. It
is the Terrapin that has put the important thing under him. It is but a
ghost. Thou Old White One, thou hast come to make the important
thing relinquish its grasp. Let him err about under the swamp,
yonder in the Night Land. He has been made weak, and not for one
night (only, but forever). Relief wiU be caused continuously.
explanation This is a formula for the cure of an abdominal pain,
probably due to the violation of some one of the rules of digestion,
although the medicine man asserts that it is caused by the Terrapin,
which in some way "spoils the saliva" of the patient. This diagnosis is
based exclusively upon the fact that in the disturbed sleep which
accompanies the illness, the sick man dreams of terrapins. Precisely
the same disease would be ascribed to the evil agency of the snakes
or of the fish, or of any other animal, if the sufferer happened to
dream of them. In the formula the Fire is addressed as the Ancient
White One, and is asked to drive out the important thing, the
disease which has come from the little mountains in the Night Land,
the West, and to put it away under the mud, so that it may not get
out again to do any further mischief. The fire is generally invoked
against the terrapins, snakes and fishes, for the reason that these
cold-blooded animals are unable to withstand the heat. The
treatment consists of rubbing the abdomen and administering a
strong herb decoction to cause vomiting so as to dislodge the
"spoiled saliva." The plants used are skwo*'l y't'ano"'', Asarum
canadense L., asarabacca, wild ginger; skwo*'l Dstf'oa, Hepatica
acutiloba DC, liver leaf; tii'ksi wo-yi', Epigaea repens L., mayflower.
The last name means "terrapin's paw," a fact which doubtless has
something to do with its selection in this case. The decoction is
boiled four times, as already explained, until it becomes a thick
sirup. On each of the four days the patient drinks the liquid until he
vomits, when no more is drunk untU next day. The medicine must
not necessarily be prepared by the medicine man, but may be 1 The
patient.
 M'OONEY l Olbrechtsj THE SWIMMER MANUSCRIPT 253
concocted and administered by members of the patient's household.
The formula is recited by the medicine man, while rubbing the
abdomen of the sick person. The rubbing is repeated four times
before noon and for four days if required. 55 u'a' ng'Vo't'i' Dalo-'nt-
Ge-'"* ts-a*'ndfk'o'!a this to cure with yellow-ish it which, they
urinate tsa"''ndfk'o*5-.i | it which they urinate (Hab) e*'ldi aGv^a\Q-
'T)d low if has been cut off i;''na*ste"'Dzi they (are) roots t'e-l9-ldi' it
hangs down o"'l-akt'a' eye-ball it big a^Gi;*al9"'Da | Gl''gq it has
been cut oS blood D8 2 Ge-SQ.i' I boUed it has been, Hab a'^k'alf'.i
yrki it is full if it is k'ane-'lska (Calycanthus) w-a* .ts-0"' thither, it
goes T L aGt* Da it has been taken 'ya-no'Gwo^' successively, now
kwa°lu*'si blisters e"'ldi a'Gi;'al9'''D8 low it has been cut off
tsu'*ya*'.i it has them in it unAdi" fasti"' they must drink it v'Hlano'!i
I sul= it has been in it squirrel, I tsi;"'waDu"'n8 they have sinews,
arteries e-'ldi low tGQ-yi first i;* na Su .Ga toes in the liquid(?) Ga-
yo-'th u-'irtl9-'= a little it has been Ga-kt'9''D8 Go'lkwo-'Gi it
restricted seven This is to Cure (Them) With, if What They Urinate is
Yellowish FREE TRANSLATION (A piece of) summer grape, cut off
low down; a calycanthus tuber; dewberry roots, where it goes away
(i. e., a runner); strawberry bush; (a piece of) northern foxgrape, cut
off low down; (a piece of) ampelopsis, cut off low down; loosestrife.
It (all) should first be boiled a little, (then) they must drink it. There
are restrictions, if the seven be complete. explanation The symptoms
of this disease are at first frequent and excessive urination, gradually
decreasing in quantity, until it goes to the other extreme. According
to the medicine man's statement, if the flow should stop, the patient
dies. The remedy is to drink a decoction of the barks of the following
plants: t'e-'lg-'ldi, Vitis aestivalis Michx., summer grape, pigeon
grape; k'ane-'lska, Calycanthus fertilis Walt., calycanthus, bubby
root; siilo'Makt'a', Rubus nigrobaccus Bailey (also Rubus mllosus
Ait.), dewberry; tsf^waBu^'ne €*'gw5", Evonymus americanus L.,
strawberry bush; kwa^li'-'si, Vitis labrusca L., northern fox grape;
i;''na'si;.'Ga, 2W. D. form; C. D.-v-U'tsg-ca.
 254 BUEEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 99
Ampelopsis cordata Michx.; and of the roots of Gt*'G9tsi;^*'ya''.i,
Lysimachia quadrifolia L., loosestrife. The loosestrife, [as well as the
different varieties of grape prescribed are often met with in recipes]
to cure urinary ailments. No rubbing nor any ceremony accompanies
the treatment. When all seven of the plants prescribed are used
there is a taboo of salt, hot food, and of sexual intercourse, but
when, as sometimes happens, less than seven are used, there is no
regular taboo. 56 (a) SGe" Now, then, Dt'tsotlt'o'i'sti thou art staying
t'am'le-°.i' I put under SJo^'t^'am-oa' to make him relinquish his
grasps ctV a'nty9"ts€"'ni a'Da'no*'wo*tT | this their throat to cure
anyone with t'e"Ga wo'^DtGe'"' n9''Do--yf'-Dza g'Dal-e'^GWO-H'
Frog brown sun, Loc. direct lake, big, Loc. u'^siiny'li D0''t'a^le''9r)a'
| u*1sG€"'d9 quickly thou hast arisen, facing it important e't'stl
Gese*".i' pain it is, App. I i;tsi'*nawa' beyond it, stretched no*'"Gwu-
Dfn8' now, L I Dvnv y it which he (E.) has De'^t^askelo'tbou hast
come aDO nt'Ga it has been said Sharply (b) SGe" I t'e^Ga sa^'k'o-
ni' Now, then, Frog blue GwoSi' Dt'tsotlt'o't'sti (etc.). big, Loc thou
art staying !iV a'ntyo'ts€''ni a'Da'n9"'wo*tT this their throat to cure
anyone with tcisko''ya | DtDzo*'t'a.e-'tt-GWO^' I i;'"y9"Dzo"'-yf-'DZ8
9"Dal-e*^= cold, Loc, dir lake. insects 10 i;''ntkwot'€'''n8 it has
down they are to be blown, L I tst'Dant'y9'tso*'t'tska' it which, their
throats are swollen nQ*wo*t'i-N'5' tso''l-i.yi;"sti to cure with, and
tobacco-like This is the Medicine For Their Throat FREE
TRANSLATION (a) Now, then! Brown Frog, in the great lake in the
direction of the Sun Land thou art staying. Quicldy thou hast arisen,
facing us. It is Pain that has put the important thing under him. But
now thou hast come and caused him to relinquish his grasp. Relief
has been caused. Sharply! (6) Now, then! Blue Frog, in the great
lake, in the direction of the Cold Land thou art staying (etc.). This is
the medicine for their throat, when their throat is swollen on account
of insects. They are to be blown. And to cure (them) with the
tobaccolike (plant), (which) has down. explanation This formula is
for the cure of an ailment which, from the symptoms as described by
medicine men, seems to be diphtheria. According to
 oIbhechts] the swimmer MANUSCRIPT 255 the theory, it is
caused by the insect ghosts, which effect an entrance into the
throat, where they multiply, causing the throat to swell and
producing a choldng sensation. The curing spirit addressed is the
t'e'oa', a small species of frog, which is represented as living in the
great pond, and is expected to come and devour the mischievous
wonns and insects, as is the habit of the frog. The medicine is a
poultice of tso'^hyu'sti u'ntkw't'€"'n9, Verhascum thapsus L.,
common mullein leaves, beaten up in warm water and applied to the
throat with the hand of the medicine man, who recites the formula
at the same tinie, blowing once at the end of each paragraph. The
operation is repeated, thus making four blowings in all. While under
treatment the patient is forbidden to eat the larvae of the yellow
jacket or locust, both of which are roasted as food [and considered a
great delicacy] by the Cherokee, or to taste honey, the reason being
that both larvae and honey are derived from insects, and would
consequently serve to aggravate the disease. Pumpkins, cymlings,
tomatoes, and all other juicy fruits and vegetables must also be
avoided, for the reason stated (p. 65), these same insects being held
responsible for all kinds of boils, blisters, and similar complaints. 57
!t'a' a'ntsko*'li a'Da'ng-'wo'tT this their head to cure anyone with
sGe" I no*"Gwo"' *a't'or)a''nfGa' *t'skuya' tsAsti^'oa now, then! now
thou hast come to listen thou man thou little DtGe'Mo.'se-^.i' I
Vno'Gwo"' i;isG€-'DO° tVniGa'le'fGa' | thou penetratest ha! now it
important thou hast come and them, App. pushed it away
vtst'^nawa' ano^'m-Ga' | *ya' Ga^le'' | Ga^le^' | oa^le*' beyond it
stretched it has been said Sharply! Ga^le" I This (for) Their Head
(is) the Medicine FREE TRANSLATION Now, then! Now thou hast
come to listen, thou Little Man, thou penetrator. Ha, now thou hast
come to push away the important thing. Relief has been caused.
Sharply! Galeh. (Four times.) EXPLANATION This short formula for
the cure of headache is addressed to the Little Man, [possibly] one
of the Thunder Boys. The title of "penetrator" is frequently bestowed
on a spirit invoked, and implies that he has the power of going
irresistibly through all obstacles. 7548°— 32 18
 256 Bureau of American ethnology [bull. 99 [The final
GaPle^' could not be satisfactorily explained either to jMr. Mooney or
to me by any of the medicine men; the word may have some
connection with Ga^le'iii', his ear.] No medicine is used. The
medicine man recites the formida while warming his hands over the
fire, after which he lays them upon the temples or the back of the
neck of the patient, or wherever the pain is most acute. He ends by
blowing four times at the words Ga^le". The ceremony is repeated
four times. 58 !iV i;ntye''lo*sk9*'[.i^] a'Da'nQ-'wo'tT this when they
have become to cure anyone with like it SGe" I *a'-no-GWO^'
*a't'9"r)a"'nfGa' u'Da'ti sa""k*o-ni' e-'hste"'Now then! ha, now thou
hast come to listen watersnake blue head of ni GfSQ-' Dttso'tlt'o'tsti'
| ^Da-'^we't-Dfng' | *a'-no"Gwo'" streamlet it is, T L thou art
staying thou (art a) wizard, E ha, now v'sonu-'li DO''t'a°le'or)a' |
Go'u'sti tsunu"'lti m^GfSQ'na' | quickly thou hast arisen, facing us
something thou failest never 5 + + tsi;DD''tDa I nQ"'no-!i'
Dayu"'tan9"o°'si' | i;"IsGe*'D9 (such-and-such) his names are trail,
Log it lies toward this direction it important 't'Duny'y't*ani'le"°.i'
i;Do-'lyVa\to°\ti' ntGe''so*na' | uye-'b'si"it which he (E) has put
under it its track to be refound never he has been lo!'t-GWO°'
Ge*'sf.i' I aSGf'na Dy'DD''n5!i' Ge*'S€".i' | a°\e made like him, L it is,
App ghost he (E) has said it it is, App and v'y-tGaWe-'sGi Di;'Da-
N!t*e-'''io!i' yiki' I a^e' yQ-'wi De^'a^lu' difierent he speaks (Hab.)
he (E) has thought it if it is and human being purple
Du'Da*N!t'€""al5'i' yt'ki | *a'-no'Gwo'' 'o°'-t'a''seso'fGa' ulsGe*'he has
thought it if it is ha, now again, thou hast come it importo pull it out
10 Da I usonu"'li de^t'u'tltVnfGa' | i;tst"-nawa' aDo'^nfca' | tant
quickly thou hast come to put beyond it, stretched it has been said
him on his legs 1 v»/ ya sharply! This is the Medicine When They
Have Become as Though (They Were Really III) FREE TRANSLATION
Now then! Ha, now thou hast come to listen, Blue Watersnake, thou
art staying at the head of the streamlet; thou powerful wizard! Ha,
now thou hast arisen, facing us; thou never failest in anything. He is
called so-and-so. The path lies toward our direction. He has put the
important thing under him, its track never to be found. It has made
him as though (he were really ill), it seems. It is a ghost that has
caused it, it seems; or maybe it is a speaker of incantations that has
caused it; or maybe it is the Purple Human Being that has '
Emendation by editor.
 AIOONEY Olbrecht; s] THE SWIMMER MANUSCRIPT 257
caused it. (Anyway), now thou hast come to pull out the important
thing. Quickly thou hast come to put him on his feet. Belief has been
caused. Sharply! EXPLANATION This is another formula for the
treatment of ay€''ltGO''Gi diseases. It is couched in such terms as if
the reciter were in doubt as to who caused it: a ghost [a "speaker of
different (i. e., evil) things," viz, an incantator, or by the Purple
Person. The probable explanation is that all the possible causes are
enumerated, so as not to take any chances; a process which is very
common in conjurations the world overl. The y'nati' or watersnake
(Natinx sipedon) is regarded as an especially crafty animal fit to
combat the cunning of a secret enemy. The symptoms are described
as sudden keen pains in the arm, the shoulder, etc., and shifting
from one place to another. The pain is caused by the moving about
of the object w^hich has been shot into the victim's body. (See p.
87.) The medicine used is a cold infusion of the bark of ttse'Ji, Alnus
rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng., smooth alder; wnith this in his mouth, the
medicine man sucks the different sore spots in turn, afterwards
spitting the liquid into another bowl [so as to make possible the
discovery of the intrusive object]. The formula is recited four times,
the medicine man sucking after each recital; the whole ceremony is
repeated four times before noon. There is no taboo. 59 *t'a'
tsu*'nastaGi)!i a'Da*n9''wo"tT this whenever their feet to cure them
(indef.) are frostbitten with 'eli'-yir 'eli-'-yu- 'elf'-yu- 'e!'i-yu' thou art
living — E 'ana'-!t-yu'' *ea"'yu' 'ea-'yu* *e!t-'yu" There thou art living
— E *tDa''"W€!i' tsO''tdDzi' Gf'GaG6*'° 'e'i"'yu thou wizard mountain
lion red thou art living, E 't'Da-"we'!i tS0''tdDzi' Gf'GaGe-"' 'e'f'yu
't'f'y^l This, Whenever Their Feet are Frost Bitten, (is) the Treatment
FREE TRANSLATION Thou art living, indeed. (Four times.) There
thou art living, indeed. Thou art living indeed. (Three times.) Thou
Wizard, red Mountain Lion, Thou art living indeed (bis),
 258 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 99
EXPLANATION This song, for the cure of frostbite, has a very
pleasing tune, and is addressed to the mountain lion, which is
supposed to have power over this ailment, because, according to the
medicine men, its feet are never frostbitten. The red indicates its
power. The treatment consists of the application of snow water to
the frostbitten parts. The snow is first melted over the fire, and the
water thus obtained is again warmed in a vessel into which the
patient puts his feet. The medicine man now sings the song, after
which he takes some snow or a small piece of ice in his mouth and
sucks the affected part. The ceremony is repeated four times before
noon. Snow is preferred to ice for sucking. 60 a'a' tSi;*^nastaGo!'i
a'Da*nQ"'wO"tT this whenever their (feet) to cure anyone with are
frostbitten (a) SGe" I ' Now then k'an€*'sk8-wo"'Di grass, brown
GeSQ'' Ga'^lnasun it is, T L I have come to (b) SGe" I 'a Now then!
(etc.). -no'Gwo^' *a't'Qr)a"'nfGa' tcf'stii ha, now thou hast come to
listen Rabbit GeSQ"' tsu'Danu''yHtDe*G9"^ | it is, T L thou stayest
under them, moving about f^y't'anfca' put my toe under -no'Gwo'
ha, now utst' '-n awa-G wo^' beyond it, stretched, L 'a't'9i]a*'nfGa'
tcr'stu thou hast come to listen Babbit (c) SGe" Now then (etc.) *a'-
no*Gwo"' 'a^t^Qqa-^nt'Ga' tcf'stu ha, now thou hast come to listen
Rabbit dfst dfst dt'st dt"st ^ya" (Onom.) Sharplyl WO*'Dt-Ge-'° I
brownish vGa'^n9WO*^toS where it is wanned aD0''nfGa' it has
been said sa'k'o-ni' I blue o°"naGe-°' I black This is the Medicine
When Their Feet are Frost Bitten FREE TRANSLATION Now then! Ha,
now thou hast come to listen, Brown Rabbit, thou art staying under
the (sheltering) broom sedge, (and art there) moving about. I have
come to put my feet under it where it is warm. Relief indeed has
been caused. Now then! Ha, now thou hast come to listen, Blue
Rabbit (etc.). Now then! Ha, now thou hast come to listen, Black
Rabbit (etc.). (with at the end:) dist! dist! dist! dist! Sharply!
explanation This formula is intended to prevent frostbite as well as
to cure it. It is addressed to the Rabbit, for the same reason as
explained in
 oIbrechts] the SWIAIMER MANUSCRIPT 259 No. 59,
because this is one of the animals that is thought to be immune
from frostbite. The Rabbit is represented as hiding under the warm
k^ane-'skewo'^oi, Andropogon virginicus L., broom sedge, and the
patient obtains rehef by putting his frozen foot under the same
warm cover. The final "dist," repeated four times in a slow way, is
intended to imitate the cry of the rabbit when startled. As a
preventive, the formula is recited on starting from the house in
winter, and [is believed to] enable one to walk barefoot on the snow
without injury. 61 *t'a' Di;nt"ala'Go!9"'[i^] Dt*'Da'n9Wo-tT this
whenever their mouths are sore to cure people with sGe" I 'a'-no-
GWo^' 'a't'oqa-'nfoa' 9-'N!Atsi' tsAstf'oa ] Now ha, now thou hast
come to listen Snow thou little then i;-''Dtle"Gt=GWo"' *i'Ge-se-'[.i^]
u'lsGe-'oa 't'-Dunu-'y't'e*"' | y'sonw'li Heat, L that which is, App it
important it which he has put under quickly t'a'DtGale*'^fGa' |
vtSt''naW8Gw5"' ny'D9t'anQ*'D8 no°"t'Q'= thou hast come to
beyond it stretched, L it has been said at the same time thou hast
scatter it ne*'lfGa' | 'yS'*' come and Sharplyl done it for him a'a' Di;-
nt''al8'Go!9-'[.i^] Dt'oa^nQ-'wo'tT | "wane-'°GWo" this whenever
their mouths are sore to cure people with (hickory) L Go°"t'3ti'
DtDzo''t'tsto.'tt-Gw5"' | Ga-kt'Q''D8 no^^'ci' tsuso= it (is) to be used
they must be blown with it, L it restricted four they with it nights
*'tD8' u'^Dtle^Gi a*ma' a°Ie' t'u'ya' been hot salt and beans This is
the Medicine When Their Mouths are Sore FREE TRANSLATION Now
then! Ha, now thou hast come to listen, thou Little Snow. It is but
Heat that has put the important thing under him.® Quickly thou
hast come to scatter it. Relief has been caused forthwith, thou hast
come to do it for him. Sharply! This is the medicine when their
mouths are sore. Hickory (bark) is merely to be used for blowing
them with. (Are) restricted (for) four days: Hot (food), salt, and
beans. explanation This formula is used for thrush in children and for
a similar coating of the inside of the mouth in adults, no matter from
what cause originating. According to the medicine men's theory, the
disease is 5 Emendation by editor. 6 The patient.
 260 BUEEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Buix. 99 caused
by fever, personified under the name of y'Dtle'^Gi or Heat. In
accordance with the theory, Little Snow is invoked to dislodge the
disease. The medicine is the inner bark of the "wane-', Hicoria alba
(L.) Britt., liickory, chewed by the medicine man, and blown by him
into the mouth of the patient, after having recited the formula. He
then blows his breath into the patient's mouth, the whole operation
being repeated four times at each treatment, according to the
regular practice. The patient can not chew the hickory bark for
himself, but is sometimes given another medicine to chew in
addition. The ceremony may be performed either in the morning or
in the evening, or [if the seriousness of the complaint demands it],
both. If in the morning, it is performed while the patient is stiU
fasting. The medicine man, however, is not obliged to fast as in
some cases. Hot food and salt are tabooed as usual, and also beans.
The latter are prohibited in all fever diseases, because their skins
sometimes shrivel up as from an interior heat; [according to other
medicine men], because they resemble boils, or because they are
watery. The same reason probably accounts for the prohibition of
beans and potatoes in a similar ailment of the throat, noted in No.
48. 62 tcisko''ya ama-'-y-ane'U Dt'Da'nQ'Vo'tT !t'a' msect(s) water,
Loc, they to cure people with this are living (a) sGe" I 'a'-no'Gwo^'
u'sonu'"li 'a't'9r)a''ni"Ga' tsuh'stanow then ha now quickly thou hast
come to listen (cat-fish) nala' De^a^lu' a'm-aye"'li Dt'tsotlt'o'i'sti |
'a'\-tcsko"'ya' purple water, middle thou art staying ha, insect(s)
a'ntDe"a^lu' Ge*Sf'[.i^] u*lsGe''D9 Di;'ntni;"'y't'ani'lf .i' | 'a'-no*they
yellow it is, App, it important they have put it under him, App ha, 5
GWO"' i;'sonu*'li GeH*aDi'Gale*''yo"W^st'a'nfGa' | i;S'3"tD0^ now
quickly thou hast come to scatter it as thou comest night, been
ny'D8'no''na | utst^'-nawii-Gwo'' aDo'^nfoa' | ^a' it has not been
said beyond it stretched, L it has been said Sharply (b) SGe" I *a'-
no-Gwo"' u'sonu-'li 'a't^gija'^ni-Ga' o-'lfGa" now then ha, now
quickly thou hast come to listen Red Horse wo"'DtGe-'i a^m-aye*'4i
Dt'tsotlt*o*t'sttDe-Ga' | *a'\-tcsko-y8-Gwo"' brown water, middle
thou art staying, moving about ha, insect(s), L a'ntWO"'DtGf '[i^l
Ge-Sf'[i^] i;lsGe"'D8 'tDDnmyy't'am'lf.i' 'a'-no'they brown it is, App it
important it which they have put ha, under, App IOgwo"' u'sony'li
(etc., as in a.) now quickly !t'a' tcsko-'yo° Dt'Da'ng-'wo't'i^ | a'myQ-
^tse-'ni tsu'ntyQ'"this insect(s) to cure people with their throat when
their tso't'tska' Li-'nt*aSGf'Da yt'ki | a"a-Gw5°' tGa''.i' | throat swells
it oozes out from them if it is this, L it (is) all 7 Emendation by editgr.
 O^BRECHTs] THE SWIMMER MANUSCRIPT 261 no-'wo't't-
N'S' k'o-stu-'Da yiie-'oo u'tloo-Do^'skr tst'ki Go°"t'= to cure with,
and (everlasting) white it scatters (Hab.) it which is it to be oti I
DtDzo-t'a.e-tt-GWo"^' | ye-lt-'ca Gakt'9"'Da I so^kt'a' used it must
be blown on them, L much it restricted apple(s) with kwano"' nu-
no°' t^v'ya--Nlq^ Oa-Du' na/sGwo"^ k'o-'N*t Ge's^-' peach(es)
potato(es) bean (s), and bread also noticeable itis, T. L i;-'wa-Tisy!'i \
je'li' 't'^lo^' t'Go^-'Da i;-'niilsta-'y'ti' nfGe-'so-na' it is done possible
somewhere as long as for them to eat never This is the Medicine for
the Insects Living in the Y/ater FREE TRANSLATION Now then! Ha,
now thou hast come to listen, Purple BlueCatfish, in the middle of
the water thoa art staying. Ha, it is the purple insects that have put
the important thing under him.^ But now thou hast quickly come
and hast caused them to scatter, (and) not for one night (only, but
forever). Relief has been caused. Sharply! Now then! Ha, now thou
hast quickly come to hear. Brown Red -Horse, thou wizard, in the
middle of the water thou art stajdng, moving about. Ha, it is the
brown insects that have put the important thing under him.^ But
now thou hast quickly come (etc.). This is the medicine for insects,
when their throat swells and if (pus) oozes out from the (swellings).
This now is all, namely, the medicine is the common everlasting
(from which) white dust scatters itself; they are merely to be blown
^^dth it. There are considerable restrictions: apples, peaches,
potatoes, beans besides (all this); also bread that has been cooked
in plain (sight). They should not eat any of these as long as (they
can) possibly (abstain from them). EXPLANATION This is a formula
for the cure of a disease which is described as a clogging up of the
throat passages so as to seriously interfere with breathing and
utterance, and which seems to be diphtheria or some similar
ailment. The formula was carelessly written in the original and hence
the two paragraphs do not correspond as closely as they should. The
disease is ascribed to the tcsko''ya ghosts, which "form a settlement"
under the mem^brane of the throat as explained in No. 56. In this
particular case they are stated to be water insects, and the large fish
which prey upon these animals are called from the great water to
come and disperse them. The fish named are locally known as the
blue catfish and the red horse. 8 The patient.
 262 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 99 The
medicine is a warm decoction of k'o'sty*'D9 une-'ca u'tlGO'Do°'ski,
Gnaphalium ohtusijolium L., common everlasting, the liquid being
blown down the throat of the patient by means of a tube made from
the stalk of ocmaDt"to.ti'' u*t*8no°\ Ewpatorium purpureum L., Joe-
pye-weed, trmnpet weed. The medicine man recites the first
paragraph, and then blows the liquid in this manner, after which he
blows his breath through the tube in the same way. The operation is
repeated at the end of the second paragraph, and the whole
ceremony is repeated twice, so as to make up four applications of
the medicine. [As usual,] the treatment is repeated four times before
noon, and for four consecutive mornings. The taboo includes apples
and peaches, [because, some medicine men say their watery and
juicy nature shows that they are of the same nature as boils and
watery blisters, and would therefore only aggravate the complaint;
others hold that they are forbidden, as well as the dumplings (see
below), because their shape is like that of the malignant swellings
that are to be cured. The reason for the prohibition of beans and
potatoes is evident from the explanation given in No. 56, page 254,
which deals with a similar illness in the mouth. "The bread which has
been made visibly" is the name the Cherokee give to a peculiar kind
of dumplings they make ; unlike their common corn bread, which is
baked under the ashes of the hearth, and is therefore not "visible"
while it is being done, these dumplings, made out of com meal and
beans, are cooked in an uncovered vessel, i. e., "visibly."] 63 !i'a'
Dvnt'^'yvGwu'ttSG9''[.i' ^] a^Da*n9*wo't'i' this whenever their
teeth ache to cure anyone with sGe" I no-'cwo" 'aH'or)a''nt*Ga'
su'lo''"li tsu'ne-'Go ng-no-'-yi Now, then! now thou hast come to
listen Squirrel thou white sun, Loc. Dt'tsotlt'o't'sti I i;^s5nu*'li
DO'"'t'a»le'*or)a' | vlsGe^'na €"tsti' thou art staying quickly thou
hast arisen, facing us it important pain Di;wa-'"wsunD"'y't*ant'le"°i' I
tsotlsta''y*ti-Gwo^' 'tG€*'se'°.i' | he has come to put it inside, from
the it is what thou eatest, L it which is, App. bottom up 5 asGf'no
f'Do'no'H | aGt'sti D"yu'kt^ano'*t-Gwo^' Ge"'sf .i' | ghost it has been
said food (solid) it has been changed, L it is, App. *t"y5'''''st*anfGa'
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