Che m istry H andBook CHAPTER

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
Proton (mP) Neutron (mn) Electron(me)
/anode rays / cathode rays
mass =1.67 × 10–27 kg mass = 1.67 × 10–27 kg mass = 9.1 × 10–31 kg
mass = 1.67 × 10–24 g mass = 1.67 × 10–24 g mass = 9.1 × 10–28 g
mass = 1.00750 amu mass = 1.00850 amu mass = 0.000549 amu
e/m value is dependent e/m of electron is found to
on the nature of gas be independent of nature of
taken in discharge tube. gas & electrode used.

REPRESENTATION OF AN ELEMENTS ATOMIC MODELS

5 Thomson : An atom considered to be positively
M ass num ber A charged sphere where e– is embedded inside it.
S ym bol
EN
of the 5 Drawback : Cannot explain stability of an atom.
X elem ent 5 Rutherford Model of an atoms :
Atom ic num ber Z
Electron is revolving around the nucleus in circular path.
RN = R0(A)1/3, R0 = 1.33 × 10–13 cm
Terms associated with elements : [A mass number, RN = Radius of nucleus]
5 Atomic Number (Z) : = No. of protons SIZE OF NUCLEUS
LL

Electron = Z – C (charge on atom) 5 The volume of the nucleus is very small and is only a
5 Mass number (A) =Total number of neutron and minute fraction of the total volume of the atom.
proton present Nucleus has a diameter of the order of 10 –13 cm and
the atom has a diameter of the order of 10–8 cm.
A = Number of proton + Number of Neutrons
5 Thus, diameter of the atom is 105 times to the diameter
5 Isotopes : Same atomic number but different mass of the nucleus and volume of atom is 1015 times to
A

number volume of nucleus.

Ex. : 6C12, 6C13, 6C14
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
5 Isobars : Same mass number but different atomic
5 RW MW IR Visible UV X-rays CR
number
(Radiowaves Microwaves Infrared rays Visible rays
Ex. 1H3, 2He3 Ultraviolet rays X-rays Cosmic rays)
5 Isodiaphers : Same difference in the number of 5 Wavelength decreases
5 Frequency and energy increases
neutrons & protons
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c 1
Ex. 5B11, 6C13 5 • c= • •
c
5 Isotones : Having same number of neutrons
1 hc
Ex. 1H3, 2He4 •T •E h , h = 6.626 × 10–34 Js

5 Isosters: They are the molecules which have the same

12400
number of atoms & electrons •E eV
Å
Ex. CO2, N2O nhc
•Total amount of energy transmitted E nh
5 Isoelectronic:Species having same no. of electrons
n = number of photons
Ex. Cl–, Ar, S2–

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 CH APTER
Che m istry H andBook

BOHR’S ATOMIC MODEL HYDROGEN SPECTRUM

Theory based on quantum theory of radiation and the

classical laws of physics 1 1 1
2 • Rydberg’s Equation : RH Z2
K Ze e mv n12 n22
• 2
r r
1
nh RH 109700 cm Rydberg constant
• mvr or mvr n
2 • For first line of a series n2 = n1 +1
• Electron remains in stationary orbit where it does not • Limiting spectral line (series limit) means n2 =
radiate its energy. • H line means n2 =n+1; also known as line of longest
n2 , shortest , least energy
• Radius : r 0.529 Å
• Similarly H line means n2 = n1 +2
Z
• When electrons de-excite from higher energy level (n)
Z
• Velocity : v 2.188 106 ms 1
to ground state in atomic sample, then number of
n
n n 1
Z2 spectral lines observed in the spectrum =
2
•Total energy (KE + PE) = –13.6 × 2 eV/atom
n EN • When electrons de-excite from higher energy level (n2)
KZe2 KZe2 KZe2 to lower energy level (n1) in atomic sample, then
• TE , PE , KE number of spectral line observed in the spectrum
2r r 2r
PE = –2KE, KE = –TE, PE = 2TE n2 n1 n2 n1 1
v =
• Revolutions per sec = 2
2 r • No. of spectral lines in a particular series = n2 – n1
2 r
• Time for one revolution =
LL

v
• Energy difference between n1 and n2 energy level Hydrogen
Spectrum (n2) (n1)
1 1 eV 1 1
E E n2 E n1 13.6 Z2 IE Lyman Any higher orbit 1 [Found in U.V. region]
n12 n22 atom n12 n22
Balmer Any higher orbit 2 [Found in Visible region]
where IE = ionization energy of single electron species.
Paschen Any higher orbit 3 [Found in I.R. region]
A

• Ionization energy = E EG.S. 0 EG.S. Brackett Any higher orbit 4 [Found in I.R. region]
EG.S.= Energy of electron in ground state Pfund Any higher orbit 5 [Found in I.R. region]

n=1 2 3 4 5

K L M N O
E1 < E2 < E3 < E4 <E5
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–13.6 –3.4 –1.51 –0.85 –0.54 eV

E2–E1 > E3–E2 > E4–E3 > E5–E4 >
10.2 1.89 0.66 0.31 eV
12.1
12.75
13.06
KE At n = is 0
PE At n = is 0
TE At n = is 0
Ground st
I E.S 2ndE.S 3rdE.S 4thE.S
State (Excited State)

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Che m istry H andBook CHAPTER

de-BROGLIE HYPOTHESIS HEISENBERG UNCERTAINITY PRINCIPLE

• All material particles posses wave character as • According to this principle, “ it is impossible to measure
well as particle character. simultaneously the position and momentum of a
h h microscopic particle with absolute accuracy”
• If one of them is measured with greater accuracy, the
m p
other becomes less accurate.
• The circumference of the nth orbit is equal to n
times of wavelength of electron i.e., 2 rn = n h h
• x. p or x v
Number of waves = n = principal quantum 4 4 m
number where x =Uncertainity in position
150 p = Uncertainity in momentum
• Wavelength of electron Å v = Uncertainity in velocity
V volts
h m = mass of microscopic particle
• • Heisenberg replaced the concept of orbit by that of orbital.
2mKE
QUANTUM NUMBER
In an atom each shell, subshell, orbital and electron are designated by a set of 4 quantum numbers.

5 Principal quantum number (By Bohr) For H & H- like species all the subshells of a shell
Indicates = Size and energy of the shell, distance
EN have same energy.
of e– from nucleus i.e. 2s = 2p 3s = 3p = 3d
Values n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5..................... 5 Magnetic quantum number (m)
h Given by Linde
Angular momentum = n
2 Indicates orientation of orbitals i.e. direction of
Total number of e–s in a shell = 2n2 electron density.
Total number of orbitals in a shell = n2 Value of m = – .........0.........+
Total number of subshell in a shell = n Maximum no of e's in an orbital = 2
LL

5 Azimuthal/Secondary/Subsidiary/Angular (with opposite spin)

momentum quantum number ( ) m for p sub shell = p x py pz
Given by = Sommerfeld –1 +1 0
Indicates = Sub shells
Values 0, 1..............(n–1)
Indicates shape of Sub shell m for d sub shell = dx y dyz d z2 dxz d x 2– y 2
–2 –1 0 +1 +2
A

Value Values of Initial from

of n [Shape] word
eg. = 0 (s) [Spherical] Sharp
If n = 4 =1 [p] [Dumb bell] Principal 5 Spin quantum number (ms or s)
=2 [d] [Double dumb bell] Diffused
Given by Uhlenback & Goudsmit
=3 [f] [Complex] Fundamental
Values of s = ±½
Total no. of e–s in a sub shell = 2(2 + 1)
Total value of spin in an atom = ±½ ×number of
Total no. of orbitals in a sub shell = (2 + 1)
unpaired electrons
Orbital angular momentum
h h
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= 1 1 Spin angular momentum = s s 1

2 2
h = Planck's constant

5 Aufbau principle : The electrons are filled up in increasing order of the energy in subshells.
RULES 1s22s 22p 63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f145d106p67s25f146d10
FOR 5 (n + ) rule : The subshell with lowest (n + ) value is filled up first, but when two or more
FILLING subshells have same (n + ) value then the subshell with lowest value of n is filled up first.
OF 5 Pauli exclusion principle : Pauli stated that no two electrons in an atom can have same
ORBITALS values of all four quantum numbers.
5 Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity : Electrons are distributed among the orbitals of subshell
in such a way as to give maximum number of unpaired electrons with parallel spin.

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