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Electrochemistry in Light Water Reactors Reference
Electrodes Measurement Corrosion and Tribocorrosion
Issues EFC 49 1st Edition Damien Feron Digital Instant
Download
Author(s): Damien Feron, Rik-Wouter Bosch, Jean-Pierre Celis
ISBN(s): 9781420054088, 1420054082
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 28.06 MB
Year: 2007
Language: english
Electrochemistry in light water reactors
 European Federation of Corrosion Publications
NUMBER 49

Electrochemistry in
light water reactors
Reference electrodes,
measurement, corrosion and
tribocorrosion issues

Edited by
R.-W. Bosch, D. Féron and J.-P. Celis

Published for the European Federation of Corrosion

by Woodhead Publishing and Maney Publishing
on behalf of
The Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining

CRC Press
Boca Raton Boston New York Washington, DC

Cambridge England
Woodhead Publishing Limited and Maney Publishing Limited on behalf of
The Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining

Woodhead Publishing Limited, Abington Hall, Abington,

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Published in North America by CRC Press LLC, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW,
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First published 2007 by Woodhead Publishing Limited and CRC Press LLC
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 Contents

Contributor contact details ix

Series introduction xii
Volumes in the EFC series xiv
Preface xix

Part I Measurements and reference electrodes

1 Current state-of-the-art in reference electrode

technology for use in high subcritical and supercritical
aqueous systems 3
Digby D. Macdonald, Ting Zhu and Xueyong Guan,
Pennsylvania State University, USA
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Internal reference electrodes 10
1.3 External reference electrodes 23
1.4 Isothermal liquid junction potential 26
1.5 Thermal liquid junction potential 27
1.6 Summary and conclusions 38
1.7 Acknowledgments 39
1.8 References 39

2 LIRES: a European-sponsored research project to

develop light water reactor reference electrodes 43
R.-W. Bosch, SCK·CEN, Belgium; Z. Kerner and
G. Nagy, AEKI, Hungary; D. Féron, CEA, France;
M. Navas, CIEMAT, Spain; W. Bogaerts, KU Leuven,
Belgium; D. Kárník, NRI Rez, Czech Republic;
T. Dorsch and R. Kilian, Framatome ANP, Germany;
M. Ullberg and A. Molander, Studsvik Nuclear AB,
Sweden; K. Mäkelä and T. Saario, VTT Industrial
Systems, Finland
2.1 Introduction 43

v
vi Contents

2.2 Testing standard 46

2.3 High temperature reference electrodes 47
2.4 Round robin test 57
2.5 Irradiation experiments 62
2.6 Conclusions 70
2.7 Acknowledgment 70
2.8 References 71

3 In-plant corrosion potential measurements in light

water reactor environments 73
Anders Molander, Studsvik Nuclear AB, Sweden
3.1 Introduction 73
3.2 Measurements in boiling water reactors 73
3.3 Measurements in pressurized water reactor secondary
systems 79
3.4 Conclusions 83
3.5 Acknowledgments 83
3.6 References 83

4 High temperature reference electrodes:

a comparative analysis 85
Marta Navas and Marisol García, CIEMAT, Spain
4.1 Introduction 85
4.2 Description of the work 86
4.3 Conclusions 101
4.4 References 103

Part II Electrochemistry and corrosion issues

5 The influence of corrosion potential

on stress corrosion cracking of stainless
steels in pressurized water reactor primary
coolant environment 107
M. Postler, NRI Řež, Czech Republic; R.-W. Bosch
and S. Van Dyck, SCK·CEN, Belgium
5.1 Introduction 107
5.2 Experiment 107
5.3 Results 110
5.4 Conclusions 121
5.5 Acknowledgments 121
5.6 References 121
 Contents vii

6 High temperature electrochemical impedance

spectroscopy of metals related to light water
reactor corrosion 122
Gabor Nagy, Zsolt Kerner, János Balog and
Robert Schiller, KFKI Atomic Energy Research
Institute, Hungary
6.1 Introduction 122
6.2 Experimental set-up 124
6.3 Results and discussion 124
6.4 Conclusions 130
6.5 Acknowledgments 132
6.6 References 132

7 High temperature corrosion of Zircaloy-4 followed by

in-situ impedance spectroscopy and
chronoamperometry. Effect of an anodic polarisation 134
M. Tupin, C. Bataillon, J. P. Gozlan and P. Bossis,
CEA – Saclay, France
7.1 Introduction 134
7.2 Experiment 136
7.3 Experimental results and interpretation 138
7.4 Conclusions 154
7.5 References 155

8 Electrochemical corrosion study of Magnox Al80 and

natural uranium 156
R. Burrows and S. Harris, Nexia Solutions Ltd, UK
8.1 Introduction 156
8.2 Method 157
8.3 Results: Magnox Al80 157
8.4 Results: natural uranium 161
8.5 Conclusion 162
8.6 References 163

Part III Electrochemistry and tribocorrosion issues

9 Analysis of mechanisms induced by sliding and

corrosion: dedicated apparatus for pressurized water
reactor environments 167
J-Ph. Vernot and D. Kaczorowski, areva np, France
9.1 Introduction 167
9.2 Experimental device 168
viii Contents

9.3 Results and discussions 172

9.4 Conclusions 177
9.5 References 178

10 Tribocorrosion in pressurized water reactor

environments: room temperature results and finite
element modeling 179
D. Déforge, A. Ambard and A. Lina, Electricité de
France (EDF) R&D, France; P. Ponthiaux and F. Wenger,
Ecole Centrale Paris, France
10.1 Introduction 179
10.2 Presentation of the Electricité de France tribometer 179
10.3 Experiments 181
10.4 Results 184
10.5 Finite element modeling of the electrochemical results 189
10.6 Conclusions and perspectives 193
10.7 Acknowledgments 194
10.8 References 194

11 Tribocorrosion of stellite 6 alloy: mechanism of

electrochemical reactions 195
François Wenger and Pierre Ponthiaux, Ecole Centrale
Paris, France; Lidia Benea, Dunarea de Jos University
of Galati, Romania; Jean Peybernès, Commissariat à
l’Energie Atomique (CEA), France; Antoine Ambard,
Electricité de France (EDF), France
11.1 Introduction 195
11.2 Experimental conditions 196
11.3 Wear laws 199
11.4 Electrochemical behavior of stellite 6 202
11.5 Conclusions 210
11.6 References 211

Index 213
 Contributor contact details

(* = main contact) Chapter 1

Digby D. Macdonald*, Ting Zhu
Editors
and Xueyong Guan
R.-W. Bosch* Center for Electrochemical Science
SCK·CEN and Technology
Belgian Nuclear Research Centre Department of Materials Science
Reactor Materials Research Unit and Engineering
Boeretang 200 Pennsylvania State University
2400 Mol 201 Steidle Bldg
Belgium University Park
E-mail: [email protected] PA 16802
USA
D. Féron
E-mail: [email protected]
CEA – Saclay
DPC/SCCME
Chapter 2
Bât. 458, P.C. 50
91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cédex R.-W. Bosch*
France SCK·CEN
E-mail: [email protected] Belgian Nuclear Research Centre
Reactor Materials Research Unit
J.-P. Celis
Boeretang 200
KU Leuven
2400 Mol
Dept MTM
Belgium
Kasteelpark Arenberg 44
E-mail: [email protected]
BE-3001 Leuven
Belgium
E-mail: jean-pierre.celis@kuleuven.
be

ix
x Contributor contact details

Z. Kerner, G. Nagy M. Ullberg, A. Molander

AEKI Studsvik Nuclear AB
Konkoly-Thege út 29–33 SE-611 82 Nyköping
Budapest Sweden
Hungary E-mail: anders.molander@
E-mail: [email protected] studsvik.se
D. Féron K. Mäkelä, T. Saario
CEA – Saclay VTT Industrial Systems
DPC/SCCME Kemistintie 3
Bât. 458, P.C. 50 Espoo
91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cédex Finland
France E-mail: [email protected]
E-mail: [email protected]
Chapter 3
M. Navas
CIEMAT Anders Molander
Technology Department Studsvik Nuclear AB
Avenida Complutense 22 SE-611 82 Nyköping
Madrid 28040 Sweden
Spain E-mail: anders.molander@
E-mail: [email protected] studsvik.se
W. Bogaerts
Chapter 4
KU Leuven
Dept MTM Marta Navas*, Marisol García
Kasteelpark Arenberg 44 CIEMAT
BE-3001 Leuven Technology Department
Belgium Avenida Complutense 22
E-mail: walter.bogaerts@mtm. Madrid 28040
kuleuven.be Spain
E-mail: [email protected]
D. Kárník
NRI Rez
Rez 130
Chapter 5
Rez M. Postler*
Czech Republic NRI Řež
E-mail: [email protected] Husinec-Řež, 250 68
Czech Republic
T. Dorsch, R. Kilian
E-mail: [email protected]
Framatone ANP
Freyeslebenstrasse 1
Erlangen
Germany
E-mail: renate.kilian@framatome-
anp.de
 Contributor contact details xi

R.-W. Bosch, S. Van Dyck Chapter 9

SCK·CEN
Belgian Nuclear Research Centre J-Ph. Vernot*, D. Kaczorowski
Reactor Materials Research Unit AREVA NP – Centre Technique
Boeretang 200 Départment Mécanique des fluides
2400 Mol – Mécanique des Structures
Belgium (NTT-F)
E-mail: [email protected] Section Mécanique Statique, Usure
Frottement et Fatigue
Chapter 6 Porte Magenta
1 rue B. Marcet
Gabor Nagy*, Zsolt Kerner, BP 181
János Balog, Robert Schiller 71205 Le Creusot cédex
KFKI Atomic Energy Research France
Institute E-mail: jeanphilippe.vernot@
H-1525 Budapest areva.com
P.O. Box 49
Hungary Chapter 10
E-mail: [email protected]
D. Déforge*, A. Ambard, A. Lina,
Chapter 7 P. Ponthiaux, F. Wenger
Electricité de France (EDF) R&D
M. Tupin*, C. Bataillon, J. P. Chemistry and Corrosion Group
Gozlan, P. Bossis Les Renardières
Laboratoire de Microscopie et Avenue des Renardières
d’Etude de l’Endommagement Ecuelles F-77818
DMN/SEMI/LM2E Moret-sur-Loing cédex
CEA – Saclay France
91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cédex E-mail: [email protected]
France [email protected]
E-mail: [email protected]
Chapter 11
Chapter 8
François Wenger*, Pierre
R. Burrows*, S. Harris Ponthiaux, Lidia Benea, Jean
Nexia Solutions Ltd Peybernès, Antoine Ambard
Berkeley Centre Ecole Centrale Paris
Berkeley Laboratoire LGPM
Gloucestershire Grande Voie des Vignes
GL13 9PB 92295 Châtenay-Malabry
UK France
E-mail: robert.burrows@ E-mail: [email protected]
nexiasolutions.com
 European Federation of Corrosion (EFC)
publications: Series introduction

The EFC, incorporated in Belgium, was founded in 1955 with the purpose
of promoting European co-operation in the fields of research into corrosion
and corrosion prevention.
Membership of the EFC is based upon participation by corrosion socie-
ties and committees in technical Working Parties. Member societies appoint
delegates to Working Parties, whose membership is expanded by personal
corresponding membership.
The activities of the Working Parties cover corrosion topics associated
with inhibition, education, reinforcement in concrete, microbial effects, hot
gases and combustion products, environment sensitive fracture, marine
environments, refineries, surface science, physico-chemical methods of
measurement, the nuclear industry, the automotive industry, computer-
based information systems, coatings, tribocorrosion and the oil and gas
industry. Working Parties and Task Forces on other topics are established
as required.
The Working Parties function in various ways, e.g. by preparing reports,
organising symposia, conducting intensive courses and producing instruc-
tional material, including films. The activities of the Working Parties are
co-ordinated, through a Science and Technology Advisory Committee, by
the Scientific Secretary. The administration of the EFC is handled by three
Secretariats: DECHEMA e.V. in Germany, the Société de Chimie Industri-
elle in France, and The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining in the
United Kingdom. These three Secretariats meet at the Board of Adminis-
trators of the EFC. There is an annual General Assembly at which delegates
from all member societies meet to determine and approve EFC policy.
News of EFC activities, forthcoming conferences, courses, etc., is published
in a range of accredited corrosion and certain other journals throughout
Europe. More detailed descriptions of activities are given in a Newsletter
prepared by the Scientific Secretary.

xii
 Series introduction xiii

The output of the EFC takes various forms. Papers on particular topics,
for example, reviews or results of experimental work, may be published in
scientific and technical journals in one or more countries in Europe. Con-
ference proceedings are often published by the organisation responsible for
the conference.
In 1987 the, then, Institute of Metals was appointed as the official EFC
publisher. Although the arrangement is non-exclusive and other routes for
publication are still available, it is expected that the Working Parties of the
EFC will use The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining for publica-
tion of reports, proceedings, etc., wherever possible.
The name of The Institute of Metals was changed to The Institute of
Materials on 1 January 1992 and to The Institute of Materials, Minerals and
Mining with effect from 26 June 2002. The series is now published by
Woodhead Publishing and Maney Publishing on behalf of The Institute of
Materials, Minerals and Mining.

P. McIntyre
EFC Series Editor, The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, London,
UK EFC

Secretariats are located at:

Dr B. A. Rickinson
European Federation of Corrosion, The Institute of Materials, Minerals and
Mining, 1 Carlton House Terrace, London SW1Y 5DB, UK

Dr J. P. Berge
Fédération Européenne de la Corrosion, Société de Chimie Industrielle,
28 rue Saint-Dominique, F-75007 Paris, FRANCE

Professor Dr G. Kreysa
Europäische Föderation Korrosion, DECHEMA e.V., Theodor-Heuss-
Allee 25, D-60486 Frankfurt, GERMANY
 Volumes in the EFC series

1 Corrosion in the nuclear industry

Prepared by the Working Party on Nuclear Corrosion
2 Practical corrosion principles
Prepared by the Working Party on Corrosion
Education (out of print)
3 General guidelines for corrosion testing of materials for
marine applications
Prepared by the Working Party on Marine Corrosion
4 Guidelines on electrochemical corrosion measurements
Prepared by the Working Party on Physico-Chemical Methods of
Corrosion Testing
5 Illustrated case histories of marine corrosion
Prepared by the Working Party on Marine Corrosion
6 Corrosion education manual
Prepared by the Working Party on Corrosion Education
7 Corrosion problems related to nuclear waste disposal
Prepared by the Working Party on Nuclear Corrosion
8 Microbial corrosion
Prepared by the Working Party on Microbial Corrosion
9 Microbiological degradation of materials – and methods of
protection
Prepared by the Working Party on Microbial Corrosion
10 Marine corrosion of stainless steels: chlorination and microbial
effects
Prepared by the Working Party on Marine Corrosion
11 Corrosion inhibitors
Prepared by the Working Party on Inhibitors (out of print)

xiv
 Volumes in the EFC series xv

12 Modifications of passive films

Prepared by the Working Party on Surface Science and Mechanisms
of Corrosion and Protection
13 Predicting CO2 corrosion in the oil and gas industry
Prepared by the Working Party on Corrosion in Oil and Gas
Production (out of print)
14 Guidelines for methods of testing and research in high temperature
corrosion
Prepared by the Working Party on Corrosion by Hot Gases and
Combustion Products
15 Microbial corrosion (Proc. 3rd Int. EFC Workshop)
Prepared by the Working Party on Microbial Corrosion
16 Guidelines on materials requirements for carbon and low alloy steels
for H2S-containing environments in oil and gas production
Prepared by the Working Party on Corrosion in Oil and Gas
Production
17 Corrosion resistant alloys for oil and gas production: guidance on
general requirements and test methods for H2S Service
Prepared by the Working Party on Corrosion in Oil and Gas
Production
18 Stainless steel in concrete: state of the art report
Prepared by the Working Party on Corrosion of Reinforcement in
Concrete
19 Sea water corrosion of stainless steels – mechanisms and experiences
Prepared by the Working Parties on Marine Corrosion and Microbial
Corrosion
20 Organic and inorganic coatings for corrosion prevention – research
and experiences
Papers from EUROCORR ’96
21 Corrosion–deformation interactions
CDI ’96 in conjunction with EUROCORR ’96
22 Aspects on microbially induced corrosion
Papers from EUROCORR ’96 and the EFC Working Party on
Microbial Corrosion
23 CO2 corrosion control in oil and gas production – design
considerations
Prepared by the Working Party on Corrosion in Oil and Gas Production
xvi Volumes in the EFC series

24 Electrochemical rehabilitation methods for reinforced concrete

structures – a state of the art report
Prepared by the Working Party on Corrosion of Reinforced Concrete

25 Corrosion of reinforcement in concrete – monitoring, prevention and

rehabilitation
Papers from EUROCORR ’97

26 Advances in corrosion control and materials in oil and gas

production
Papers from EUROCORR ’97 and EUROCORR ’98

27 Cyclic oxidation of high temperature materials

Proceedings of an EFC Workshop, Frankfurt/Main, 1999

28 Electrochemical approach to selected corrosion and corrosion control

Papers from 50th ISE Meeting, Pavia, 1999

29 Microbial corrosion (Proc. 4th Int. EFC workshop)

Prepared by the Working Party on Microbial Corrosion

30 Survey of literature on crevice corrosion (1979–1998): mechanisms,

test methods and results, practical experience, protective measures
and monitoring
Prepared by F. P. Ijsseling and the Working Party on Marine
Corrosion

31 Corrosion of reinforcement in concrete: corrosion mechanisms and

corrosion protection
Papers from EUROCORR ’99 and the Working Party on Corrosion
of Reinforcement in Concrete

32 Guidelines for the compilation of corrosion cost data and for the
calculation of the life cycle cost of corrosion – a working party
report
Prepared by the Working Party on Corrosion in Oil and Gas
Production

33 Marine corrosion of stainless steels: testing, selection, experience,

protection and monitoring
Edited by D. Féron on behalf of the Working Party on Marine
Corrosion

34 Lifetime modelling of high temperature corrosion processes

Proceedings of an EFC Workshop 2001. Edited by M. Schütze,
W. J. Quadakkers and J. R. Nicholls
 Volumes in the EFC series xvii

35 Corrosion inhibitors for steel in concrete

Prepared by B. Elsener with support from a Task Group of Working
Party 11 on Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete

36 Prediction of long term corrosion behaviour in nuclear waste

systems
Edited by D. Féron and Digby D. Macdonald of Working Party 4 on
nuclear corrosion

37 Test methods for assessing the susceptibility of prestressing steels to

hydrogen induced stress corrosion cracking
Prepared by B. Isecke on behalf of Working Party 11 on Corrosion of
Reinforcement in Concrete

38 Corrosion of reinforcement in concrete: mechanisms, monitoring,

inhibitors and rehabilitation techniques
Edited by M. Raupach, B. Elsener, R. Polder and J. Mietz on behalf of
Working Party 11 on Corrosion of Steel in Concrete

39 The use of corrosion inhibitors in oil and gas production

Edited by J. W. Palmer, W. Hedges and J. L. Dawson

40 Control of corrosion in cooling waters

Edited by J. D. Harston and F. Ropital

41 Metal dusting, carburisation and nitridation

Edited by M. Schütze and H. Grabke

42 Corrosion in refineries
Edited by J. Harston

43 The electrochemistry and characteristics of embeddable reference

electrodes for concrete
Prepared by R. Myrdal on behalf of Working Party 11 on Corrosion
of Steel in Concrete

44 The use of electrochemical scanning tunnelling microscopy

(EC-STM) in corrosion analysis: reference material and
procedural guidelines
Prepared by R. Lindström, V. Maurice, L. Klein and P. Marcus on
behalf of Working Party 6 on Surface Science

45 Local probe techniques for corrosion research

Edited by R. Oltra (on behalf of Working Party 8 on Physico-
Chemical Methods of Corrosion Testing)
xviii Volumes in the EFC series

46 Amine unit corrosion survey

Edited by F. Ropital (on behalf of Working Party 15 on Corrosion in
the Refinery Industry)
47 Novel approaches to the improvement of high temperature corrosion
resistance
Edited by M. Schütze and W. Quadakkers (on behalf of Working
Party 3 on Corrosion in Hot Gases and Combustion Products)
48 Corrosion of metallic heritage artefacts: investigation, conservation
and prediction of long term behaviour
Edited by P. Dillmann, G. Béranger, P. Piccardo and H. Matthiessen
(on behalf of Working Party 4 on Nuclear Corrosion)
49 Electrochemistry in light water reactors: reference electrodes,
measurement, corrosion and tribocorrosion
Edited by R.-W. Bosch, D. Féron and J.-P. Celis (on behalf of Working
Party 4 on Nuclear Corrosion)
50 Corrosion behaviour and protection of copper and aluminium alloys
in seawater
Edited by D. Féron (on behalf of Working Party 9 on Marine
Corrosion)
51 Corrosion issues in light water reactors: stress corrosion cracking
Edited by D. Féron and J.-M. Olive (on behalf of Working Party 4 on
Nuclear Corrosion)
 Preface

Four years ago, the European Community project LIRES (Development

of Light Water Reactor Reference Electrodes) was started with the objec-
tive of developing high temperature reference electrodes for light water
reactors (LWRs). To conclude this research project, a one-day seminar was
organized with the topic: ‘High Temperature Electrochemistry in Light
Water Reactors’ (EFC event No. 279, 30 November 2004, KU Leuven,
Belgium). The objective of the seminar was to give an overview of the
developments of electrochemical methods and techniques for use in high
temperature, high pressure aqueous environments in Europe and to focus
on their application to LWRs. This volume publishes the fruits of all the
technical and scientific discussions which occurred during the friendly one-
day seminar, including a selection of papers presented during this seminar
and papers presented during EUROCORR conferences. These papers have
been brought together as they all concern corrosion problems in LWRs,
attempting to solve them using electrochemical methods.
The volume has been divided into three parts: (1) Measurements and
reference electrodes, (2) Electrochemistry and corrosion issues, and (3)
Electrochemistry and tribocorrosion issues. The current state-of-the-art is
described, showing the main difference between the electrochemistry in
boiling and in pressurised water reactors (PWRs). The volume also covers
topics ranging from reference electrode developments, electrochemical
tests, in-pile testing and tribocorrosion behaviour of stainless steel under
PWR conditions.
We would like to thank the authors who presented and wrote papers of
outstanding scientific and technical content and who responded enthusiasti-
cally to the questions and comments raised by the reviewers; the members
of the EFC Working Party 4 on ‘nuclear corrosion’ (WP4) and EFC Working
Party 18 on ‘tribocorrosion’ (WP18) who reviewed and commented on
these papers; and also Miss Mylene Belgome, Secretary of WP4, who helped
the editors in the secretarial procedures reviewing.

xix
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the remainder biscuit; the remainder viands. Obs. Shak.
REMA‘INDER-MAN, n. In law, he who has an estate afier a particular
estate is determined. Blackstone. REMAINING, ppr. Continuing;
resting ; abiding for an indefinite time ; being left after separation
and removal of a part, or after loss or destruction, or after a part is
passed, as of time. REMA/INS, n. plu. That which is left after a part
is separated, taken away or destroyed ; as the remains of a city or
house demolished. 2, A dead body ; a corpse. Pope. The singular,
remain, in the like sense, and in the sense of abode, is entirely
obsolete. Shak. REMA’KE, v. t. pret. and pp. remade. [re and make.|
‘To make anew. REMAND, v. t. [Fr. remander ; L. re and mando. | To
call or send back him or that which is ordered to a place ; as, to
remand an officer from a distant place; to remand an envoy from a
foreign court. REMANDED, pp. Called or sent back. REM'‘ANDING,
ppr. Calling or sending back. REM’ANENT, n. [L. remanens.] The part
remaining. [Little used. Itis contracted into remnant. | REM/ANENT,
a. Remaining. [Little used.] Taylor. REMARK, n. [Fr. remarque ; re
and mark.] Notice or observation, particularly notice or observation
expressed in words or writing; as the remarks of an advocate ; the
remarks made in conversation ; the judicious or the uncandid
remarks of a critic. A remark is not always expressed, for we say, a
man makes his remarks ona preacher’s sermon while he is listening
to it. In this case the notice is silent, a mere act of| the mind.
REMARK, »v. t. [Fr. remarquer.] To ob-|| serve; to note in the mind;
to take notice of without expression. I remarked the manner of the
speaker; I remarked his elegant expressions. 2. 'To express in words
or writing what one thinks or sees ; to express observations ; as, itis
necesSary to repeat what has been)| before remarked. 3. To mark;
to point out; to distinguish. [Vol in use.] His manacles remark him.
Milton. REMARKABLE, a. [Fr.remarquable.] Observable ; worthy of
notice. Tis remarkable that they Talk most, who have the least to
say. | Prior. 2. Extraordinary ; unusual; that deserves) particular
notice, or that may excite admiration or wonder; as the remarkable
preservation of lives in shipwreck. The dark day in May, 1790, was a
remarkable! phenomenon. REM (REM ARKABLENESS, — 2. ness ;
worthiness of remark; the quality of deserving particular notice.
Hammond. REM‘ARKABLY, adv. Ina manner or degree worthy of
notice; as, the winters of 1825, 1826 and 1828 were remarkably free
from snow. The winter of 1827 was remarkable for a great quantity
of snow. 2. In an extraordjnary manner. REM‘ARKED, pp. Noticed ;
observed ; expressed in words or writing. REM'‘ARKER, n. An
observer ; one who makes remarks. Watts. /IREM‘ARKING, ppr.
Observing ;_ taking notice of; expressing in words or writing.
REMARRIED, pp. Married again or a second time. REMAR/RY, v. t. [re
and marry.] To marry again or a second time. Tindal. REMAR/RYING,
ppr. Marrying again or a second time. REMAS’TICATE, v. t. [re and
masticate.] To chew or masticate again; to chew over and over, as in
chewing the cud. REMAS’TICATED, pp. Chewed again or repeatedly.
REMAS/TICATING, ppr. Chewing again or over and over.
REMASTI€A/TION, n. The act of masticating again or repeatedly.
REME/DIABLE, a. [from remedy.) That may be remedied or cured.
The evil is believed to be remediable. REME/DIAL, a. [L. remedialis.]
Affording a remedy ; intended for a remedy, or for the removal of an
evil. The remedial part of law is so necessary a consequence of the
declaratory and directory, that laws without it must be very vague
and imperfect. Statutes are declaratory or remedial. Blackstone.
REMEDIATE, in the sense of remedial, is not in use. healed ;
repaired. REMED'ILESS, a. [In modern books, the accent is placed
on the first syllable, which would be well if there were no
derivatives; but remedilessly, remedilessness, require the accent on
the second syllable. | Not admitting a remedy ; incurable ; desperate
; as a remediless disease. 2. Irreparable ; as, a loss or damage is
remediless. 3. Not admitting change or reversal ; as a remediless
doom. Milton. 4, Not admitting recovery ; as a remediless delusion.
South. REMED/ILESSLY, adv. In a manner or degree that precludes a
remedy. Clarendon. REMED/‘ILESSNESS, x. Incurableness. REMEDY,
n. [L. remedium ; re and medeor, to heal ; Fr. reméde.} 1. That
which cures a disease; any medicine or application which puts an
end to disease and restores health ; with for; as a remedy for the
gout. 2. That which counteracts an evil of any kind; with for, to or
against ; usually with for. Civil government is the remedy for the
evils of natural liberty. What remedy can be provided for
extravagance in dress? The man who shall invent an efi ' |
Observable-| IREM‘EDIED, pp. [from remedy.] Cured 5 REM fectual
remedy for intemperance, will deserve every thing from his fellow
men. 3. That which cures uneasiness. Our griefs how swift, our
remedies how slow. Prior. 4. That which repairs loss or disaster ; ae
ration. In the death of a man there is no remedy. Wisdom. REM’EDY,
v. t. [Fr. remedier.] To cure; to heal; as, to remedy a disease. f 2. To
cure; to remove, as an evil; as, to remedy grief; to remedy the evils
of a war. 3. 'To repair; to remove mischief; in a very general sense.
REM’EDYING, ppr. Curing ; healing; removing ; restoring from a bad
to a good state. REMELT,, v. t. [re and melt.] To melt a second time.
REMELT’ED, pp. Melted again. REMELT'ING, ppr. Melting again.
REMEMBER, v.¢. [Norm. remembre ; Low L. rememoror ; re and
memoror. See Memory.| il. To have in the mind an idea which had
been in the mind before, and which recurs to the mind without
effort. We are said to remember any thing, when the idea of it arises
in the mind with the consciousness that we have had this idea
before. Watts. . When we use effort to recall an idea, we are said to
recollect it. This distinction is not always observed. Hence remember
is often used as synonymous with recollect, that is, to call to mind.
We say, we cannot remember a fact, when we mean, we cannot
recollect it. Remember the days of old. Deut. xxxii. 3. To bear or
keep in mind; to attend to. Remember what 1 warn thee ; shun to
taste. Milton. 4. To preserve the memory of; to preserve from being
forgotten. Let them have their wages duly paid, And something over
to remember me. | Shak. 5. To mention. [.Vot in use.] Ayliffe. 6. To
put in mind; to remind; as, to remember one of his duty. [Mot in
use.] Clarendon. 7. To think of and consider; to meditate. Ps, Ixiii. 8.
To bear in mind with esteem; or to reward. Eccles. ix. 9. To bear in
mind with praise or admiration; to celebrate. 1 Chron. xvi. 10. To
bear in mind with favor, care, and regard for the safety or
deliverance of any one. Ps.Ixxiv. Gen. viii. Gen. xix. 11. To bear in
mind with intent to reward or punish. 3 John 10. Jer. xxxi. 12. To
bear in mind with confidence ; to trustin. Ps. xx. 13. To bear in mind
with the purpose of assisting or relieving. Gal. ii. 14. To bear in mind
with reverence ; to || obey. | Remember thy Creator in the days of
thy youth. Eecles. xii. 15. To bear in mind with regard ; to keep as
sacred ; to observe. Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy. Ex.
xx. |T'o remember mercy, is to exercise it. Hab. VM.
 REM REMEM’BERED, pp. Kept in mind; recollected.
REMEM’BERER, n. One that remembers. Wotton. REMEMBERING,
ppr. Having in mind. . REMEM’BRANCE, n. [Fr.] The retaining or
having in mind an idea which had been present before, or an idea
which had been previously received from an object when present,
and which recurs to the mind afterwards without the presence of| its
object. Technically, remembrance differs from reminiscence and
recollection, as the former implies that an idea occurs to the mind
spontaneously, or without much mental exertion. The latter imply
the power or the act of recalling ideas which do not spontaneously
recur to the mind. The righteous shall be in everlasting reREM To
remove back again to a former place or state; toreturn. [See
Migrate.] Boyle. REMIGRA’TION, n. Removal back again; a migration
to a former place. Hale. REMIND, v. t. [re and mind.] To put in mind;
to bring to the remembrance of ; as, to remind a person of his
promise. 2. To bring to notice or consideration. The infirmities of old
age remind us of our mortality. REMINDED, pp. Put in mind.
REMINDING, ppr. Putting in mind; calling attention to.
REMINIS’CENCE, n. [Fr. from L. reminiscens, reminiscor, Gr. wraouar.
See Memory.) 1. That faculty of the mind by which ideas formerly
received into it, but forgotten, are recalled or revived in the memory.
membrance. Ps. exii. | Remembrance is when the same idea recurs,|
without the operation of the like object on the, external sensory.
Locke., 2. Transmission of a fact from one to an-| other. | Titan
Among the heay’ns th’ immortal fact dis-) play’d, Lest the
remembrance of his grief should fail.) Addison.| 3. Account
preserved; something to assist the memory. Those proceedings and
remembrances are in the Tower. Hale. 4. Memorial. But in
remembrance of so brave a deed, A tomb and funeral honors |
decreed. Dryden. 5. A token by which one is kept in the memory.
Keep this remembrance for thy Julia’s sake.| Shak. 6. Notice of
something absent. Let your remembrance still apply to Banquo. ||
Shak. 7. Power of remembering ; limit of time! within which a fact
can be remembered ; -as when we say, an event took place be-|
fore our remembrance, or since our remem-| brance. 8. Honorable
memory. [.Vot in use.] 9. Admonition. Shak.) 10. Memorandum ; a
note to help the memory. Chillingworth. REMEM’BRANCER, n. One
that reminds, or revives the remembrance of any thing. God is
present in the consciences of good and bad; he is there a
remembrancer to call our actions to mind. Taylor. 2. An officer in the
exchequer of England, whose business is to record certain papers
and proceedings, make out processes, &ce.; a recorder. The officers
bearing this name were formerly called clerks of the remembrance.
Encye. REMEM’ORATE, v.¢. [L. rememoratus, rememoror. | To
remember; to revive in the m | | emory. [Not in use.}
REMEMORA’TION, n. Remembrance. {Not in use.] REMER’CIE, 2 |
[Fr. remercier.] To REMER’CY, iz thank. [.Vot in use.] Spenser. 1.
Abatement ; relaxation Shak. || (6. The act of sending back. Encyce.
2. Recollection; recovery of ideas that had | escaped from the
memory. Hale. REMINISCEN’TIAL, a. Pertaining to re| miniscence or
recollection. Brown. REMISE, v. t. sas z. (Fr. remise, from re-| mettre
; L. remissus, remitto ; re and mitto,| to send.] To give or grant
back; to release a claim; to resign or surrender by deed. A B hath
remised, released, and forever quitclaimed| to BC, all his right to the
manor of Dale. Blackstone. | | REMI'SED, pp. Released. /REMI/SING,
ppr. Surrendering by deed. REMISS’, a. [Fr. remis; L. vemissus,
supra.] Slack ; dilatory; negligent; not performing duty or business;
not complying with IIA to be remiss in attendance on official duties ;
remiss in payment of debts. Slow ; slack; languid. Woodward. Not
intense. These nervous, bold; those languid and re| miss.
Roscommon. (REMISS’/IBLE, a. That may be remitted or forgiven.
Feltham. REMISSION, n. [Fr. from L. remissio, from remitto, to send
back.] moderation ; as, the remission of extreme rigor. Bacon.| 2.
Abatement; diminution of intensity; as the remission of the sun’s
heat; the remission of cold ; the remission of close study or of labor.
Woodward. Locke. 3. Release ; discharge or relinquishment of a
claim or right; as the remission of a tax or duty. Addison. 4. In
medicine, abatement ; a temporary sub2. 3. ease or of pain, as
distinguished from intermission, in which the disease leaves the
patient entirely for a time. 5. Forgiveness ; pardon; that is, the
giving up of the punishment due to a crime; as the remission of sins.
Matt. xxvi. Heb.| ix. [Mot in use.] | REMISS’LY, adv. Carelessly ;
negligently ; without close attention. ooker.| 2. Slowly; slackly ; not
vigorously ; not with ardor. Clarendon. REMISS‘/NESS, rn. Slackness
; slowness ;} carelessness ; negligence ; want of ardor|
REM/IGRATE, v. 7. [L. remigro; re and migro, to migrate. | Vol. {i or
vigor ; coldness ; want of ardor ; want} engagements at all, or not
in due time; as), sidence of the force or violence of a dis-|| REM
business, duty or engagement in the proper time or with the
requisite industry. Denham. Arbuthnot. REMIT’, v. t. [L. remilto, to
send back; re and mitto, to send; Er. remettre; It. rimettere ; Sp.
remitir.] jl. To relax, as intensity ; to make less tense or violent. So
willingly doth God remit his ire. Milton. 2. To forgives to surrender
the right of punishing a crime; as, to remit punish| ment. Dryden.
|3. ‘To pardon, as a fault or crime. Whose soever sins ye remit, they
are remitted to them. John xx. ‘4. To give up; to resign. In grievous
and inhuman crimes, offenders should be remitted to their prince.
Hayward. 5. To refer ; as a clause that remitted all to the bishop’s
discretion. Bacon. 6. 'To send back. The pris’ner was remitted to the
guard. Dryden 7. To transmit money, bills or other thing in payment
tor goods received. American merchants remit money, bills of
exchange or some species of stock, in payment for British goods. 8.
To restore. In this case, the law remits him to his ancient and more
certain right. Blackstone. REMIT’, v. 7. To slacken; to become less
intense or rigorous. When our passions remit, the vehemence of our
speech remits too. Broome. So we say, cold or heat remits. 2. To
abate in violence for a time, without intermission ; as, a fever remits
at a certain hour every day. REMIT/MENT, n. The act of remitting to
custody. 2. Forgiveness ; pardon. Milton. REMIT’TAL, n. A remitting ;
a giving up; | surrender; as the remittal of the first fruits. Swift.
REMIT’TANCE, n. In commerce, the act of transmitting money, bills
or the like, to a distant place, in return or payment for | goods
purchased. 2. The sum or thing remitted in payment. Addison.
REMIT’TED, pp. Relaxed; forgiven ; | pardoned; sent back; referred ;
given up; transmitted in payment. REMIT’TER, x. One who remits, or
makes remittance for payment. 2. In law, the restitution of a more
ancient and certain right to a person who has right to lands, but is
out of possession and hath afierwards the freehold cast upon him by
some subsequent defective title, by virtue of which he enters.
Blackstone. 3. One that pardons. REM/NANT, n. [contracted from
remanent. See Remain.] | | i. Residue; that which is left after the
separation, removal or destruction of a part. The remnant that are
left of the captivity. Neh. i. 2. That which remains after a part is
done, performed, told or passed. The remnant of my tale is of a
length To tire your patience. Dryden. Where I may think the remnant
of my thoughts. Shak. of punctuality ; want of attention to any oO
REM'NANT, a. Remaining; yet left.
 REM And quiet dedicate her remnant life To the just duties
of a humble wife. used.) [ Little Prior. REMOD’‘EL, v. t. [re and
model.] To mod-| el or fashion anew. REMOD’ELED, pp. Modeled
anew. REMOD’‘ELING, ppr. Modeling again. REMOLD, v. t. [re and
mold.] shape anew. REMOLDED, pp. Molded again. J. Barlow.
REMOLDING, ppr. Molding anew. REMOLTEN, a. or pp. [re and
molten, from melt.| Melted again. Bacon. REMON’STRANCE, n. [Fr.
remontrance. See Remonstrate. | 1. Show; discovery. [Mot in use.]
Shak. 2. Expostulation; strong representation of reasons against a
measure, either public or private, and when addressed to a public
body, a prince or magistrate, it may be}, accompanied with a
petition or supplication for the removal or prevention of some evil or
inconvenience. A party aggrieved presents a remonstrance to the
legislature. 3. Pressing suggestions in opposition to aj measure or
act; as the remonstrances of; conscience or of justice. Rogers. 4.
Expostulatory counsel or advice; re-| proof. Encye. REMON’STRANT,
a. Expostulatory ; urging strong reasons against an act.
REMON’STRANT, 2. One who remonstrates. The appellation of
remonstranis is given to the Arminians who remonstrated against the
decisions of the Synod!) of Dort, in 1618. and monstro, to show; Fr.
remontrer. See Muster. | 1. To exhibit or present strong reasons
against an act, measure or any course of| proceedings; to
expostulate. Men_ remonstrate by verbal argument, or by a written
exposition of reasons. 2. To suggest urgent reasons in opposition to
a measure. Conscience remonstrates against a profligate life.
REMON’STRATE, v. t. To show by a strong representation of reasons.
REMON’STRATING, ppr. Urging strong reasons against a measure.
REMONSTRA‘TION, n. The act of remonstrating. [Little used.]
REMON’STRATOR, n. One who remonstrates. REM’ORA, n. (L. from
re and moror, to delay.] Delay; obstacle; hinderance. use. | 2. The
sucking fish, a species of Echeneis, which is said to attach itself to
the bottom or side of a ship and retard its motion. REM'ORATE, v. t.
[L. remoror.| To hinder; to delay. [Vol in use.] REMORD,, v. t. [L.
remordeo ; re and mordeo, to gnaw. | i} [.Vot in T > o mold or
Encyc.|) REMON’STRATE, v. i. [L. remonstro ; re REM |REMORSE, 2.
remors’. [L. remorsus, from! remordeo. | 1. The keen pain or
anguish excited by aj sense of guilt; compunction of conscience for a
crime committed. Clarendon. 2. Sympathetic sorrow; pity;
compassion. Curse on th’ unpard’ning prince, whom tears | can draw
To no remorse. Dryden. [This sense is nearly or quite obsolete.)
[REMORS’ED, a. Feeling remorse or compunction. [Not used.] Bp.
Hall. REMORSEFUL, a. remors/ful. Full of re| morse. Bp. Hall. 2.
Compassionate ; feeling tenderly. [.Vot| | in use.] 13. Pitiable. [Not
in use.} REMORSELESS, a. remors‘less. Unpity| ing; cruel; insensible
to distress; as the | remorseless deep. Milton. Remorseless
adversaries. South. REMORSELESSLY, adv. _remors'lessly. | Without
remorse. South. IREMORSELESSNESS, 2. remors'lessness.| Savage
cruelty; insensibility to distress. Beaum. |REMO’TE, a. [L. remotus,
removeo ; re and| moveo, to move. } 1. Distant in place; not near;
as a remote country ; a remote people. Give me a life remote trom
guilty courts. Granville. 2. Distant in time, past or future ; as remote
| antiquity. Every man is apt to think the | time of his dissolution to
be remote. 3. Distant; not immediate. It is not all remote and even
apparent good | that affects us. Locke. ‘4. Distant; primary ; not
proximate; as the | remote causés of a disease. 5. Alien; foreign; not
agreeing with; asa proposition remote from reason. Locke. 6.
Abstracted; as the mind placed by thought amongst or remote from
all bodies. Locke. 7. Distant in consanguinity or affinity; as a remote
kinsman. \8. Slight; inconsiderabie ; as a remote analogy between
cases ; a remote resemblance in form or color. REMO’TELY, adv. At a
distance in space or time; not nearly. 2. Ata distance in
consanguinity or affinity. I 3. Slightly ; in a small degree; as, to be
remotely affected by an event. REMO’TENESS, xn. State of being
distant in space or time ; distance ; as the remoteness of a kingdom
or of astar; the remoteness of the deluge from our age; the
remoleness of a future event, of an evil or of| success. |2. Distance
in consanguinity or affinity. 3. Distance in operation or efficiency; as
the remoteness of causes. 4. Slightness; smallness; as remoteness
of] resemblance. IREMO’TION, nx. The act of removing ; the state
of being removed to a distance. To rebuke ; to excite to remorse.
[Mot in use.) Skelton. REMORD’, v. i. To feel remorse. [Not in use.]
Elyot. REMORD/ENCY, n. morse. Compunetion ;_ reKillingbeck.
[Little used. | Shak. Brown. REMOUNT,, v. t. [Fr. remonter; re and)
monter.] ‘To mount again ; as, to remount) | a horse. [REMOUNTY, v.
7. To mount again ; to reascend. Woodward. Shak.|, Chapman.|| 9.
REM REMOVABIL‘ITY, n. The capacity of being removable from an
office or station ; capacity of being displaced. REMOVABLE, a. [from
remove.] Thatmay be removed from an office or station. Such curate
is removable at the pleasure of the rector of the mother church.
Ayliffe. 2. That may be removed from one place to another.
REMOVAL, n. The act of moving from one place to another for
residence ; as the removal of a family. 2. The act of displacing from
an office or post. 3. The act of curing or putting away ; as the
removal of a disease. 4. The state of being removed; change of
place. Locke. 5. The act of putting an end to; as the removal of a
grievance. REMOVE, ». t. [L.removeo ; re and moveo, to move; I'r.
remuer; It. rimuovere; Sp. remover. | 1. To cause to change place;
to put from its place in any manner; as, to remove a building. Thou
shalt not remove thy neighbor’s landmark. Deut. xix. . 'To displace
from an office. . To take or put away in any manner; to cause to
leave a person or thing; to banish or destroy ; as, to remove a
disease or complaint. Remove sorrow from thine heart. Eccles. xi. To
carry from one court to another ; as, to remove a cause or suit by
appeal. 5. To take from the present state of being ; as, to remove
one by death. REMOVE, v. i. To change place in any manner. 2. To
go from one place to another. Prior. 3. To change the place of
residence; as, to remove from New York to Philadelphia. {[Vote. The
verb remove, in most of its applications, is synonymous with move,
but not in all. Thus we do not apply remove to a mere change of
posture, without a change of place or the seat of a thing. A man
moves his head when he turns it, or his finger when he bends it, but
he does not remove it. Remove usually or always denotes a change
of place in a body, but we never apply it to a regular continued
course or motion. We never say, the wind or water ora ship removes
at a certain rate by the hour; but we say, a ship was removed from
one place in a harbor to another. Move is a generic term, including
the sense of remove, which is more generally applied to a change
from one station or permanent position, stand or seat, to another
station. ] we 4. REMOVE, n. Change of place. Chapman. 2.
Translation of one to the place of another, Shak. 3. State of being
removed. Locke. 4. Act of moving a man in chess or other game. \5.
Departure ; a going away. Waller. 6. The act of changing place;
removal. Bacon. a 7. A step in any scale of gradation. A freeholder is
but one remove from a legislator. Addison. Any indefinite distance;
as a small or great remove. Rogers. The act of putting a horse’s
shoes on different feet. Swift. 8. /10. A dish to be changed while the
rest of the course remains. Johnson.
 REN Ti. Susceptibility of being removed. [Vol in use. |
Glanville. REMOVED, pp. Changed in place ; carried to a distance ;
displaced from office ; placed far off. 2. a. Remote ; separate from
others. fi Shak. REMOVEDNESS, x. State of being removed ;
remoteness. Shak. REMOVER, n. One that removes; as a remover of
landmarks. Bacon. REMOVING, ppr. Changing place ; carrying or
going from one place to another; displacing ; banishing.
REMUNERABIL'ITY, n. The capacity of) being rewarded.
REMU'NERABLE, a. [from remunerate.]| That may be rewarded ; fit
or proper to be recompensed. REMU'NERATHE, v. t. [L. remunero ;
and munero, from munus, a gift.] re To reward; to recompense; to
requite ; in]) a good sense ; to pay an equivalent to for|| any
service, loss, expense or other sacrifice ; as, to remunerale the
troops of an army for their services and sufferings; to remunerate
men for labor. The pious sufferer in this life will be remunerated in
the life to come. REMU'NERATED, pp. Rewarded; compensated.
REMU'NERATING, ppr. Rewarding ; re-| compensing.
REMUNERA‘TION, n. Reward; recompense ; the act of paying an
equivalent for services, loss or sacrifices. Shak. 2. The equivalent
given for services, loss or) sufferings. REMU’NERATIVE, a. Exercised
in rewarding; that bestows rewards; as re-|| munerative justice.
Boyle. REMU'NERATORY, a. Affording recompense ; rewarding.
Johnson. REMUR’MUR, »v. é. [L. remurmuro ; re and) murmuro. | To
utter back in murmurs; to return in murmurs ; to repeat in low
hoarse sounds.|| Dryden. The trembling trees in every plain and
wood, Her fate remurmur to the silver flood. Pope. REMUR MUR,
v.% To murmur back; to return or echo in low rumbling sounds. The
realms of Mars remurmur’d all around. Dryden. REMUR’MURED, pp.
Uttered back in murmurs. REMUR’MURING, ppr. Uttering back in low
sounds. RE’NAL, a. [L. renalis, from renes, the kidneys. | Pertaining
to the kidneys or reins; as the renal arteries. REN’ARD, n. [Fr.; G.
reineke.] A fox; a name used in fables, but not in common discourse.
Dryden. RENAS/CENCY, n. The state of springing or being produced
again. Brown. RENAS‘CENT, a. [L. renascens, renascor ; ve and
nascor, to be born.] Springing or rising into being again; reproduced.
RENAS/CIBLE, a. That may be repro| i] REN [RENAWIGATE, v. t. [re
and navigate.] To navigate again; as, to renavigate the Pacitic ocean.
RENAV'IGATED, pp. Navigated again ; sailed over anew.
RENAVIGATING, ppr. Navigating again. RENCOUN’TER, n. [Fr .
rencontre; re and encontre; en and contre, against.] Literally, a
meeting of two bodies. Hence, l. A meeting in opposition or contest.
The jostling chiets in rude rencownter join. Glanville 2. A casual
combat; a sudden contest or fight without premeditation ; as
between individuals or small parties. 3. A casual action; an
engagement between armies or fleets. The confederates should—
outnumber the enemy in all rencounters and engagements. |
Addison. 4. Any combat, action or engagement. RENCOUN’TER, v. t.
To meet unexpectedly without enmity or hostility. [This use is found
in some recent publications, but is not common.] 2. To attack hand
to hand. Spenser. RENCOUN’TER, v. 7. To meet an enemy
unexpectedly. 2. To clash; to come in collision. 3. To skirmish with
another. 4, To fight hand to hand. Johnson. REND, v. t. pret. and pp.
rent. [Sax. rendan, hrendun; Ir. rannam, rannaim; W. rhanu ; Arm.
ranna, to divide, and crenna, to abridge, whence Eng. cranny, L.
crena. Qu. L. cerno, Gr. xpwe. Class Rn. No. 4. 8. 13. 16.] 1. To
separate any substance into parts with foree or sudden violence ; to
tear asunder ; to split; as, powder rends a rock in blasting ; lightning
rends an oak. An empire from its old foundation rent. Dryden. I rend
my tresses, and my breast [ wound. Pope. Neither rend your clothes,
lest ye die. Ley. x. 2. To separate or part with violence. I will surely
rend the kingdom from thee. 1 Kings xi. 'To rend the heart, in
Scripture, to have bitter sorrow for sin. Joel ii. To rend the heavens,
to appear in majesty. |__ Is. Ixiv. Rend differs somewhat from
lacerate. We never say, to lacerate a rock ora kingdom, when we
mean to express splitting or division. Lacerate is properly applicable
to the tearing off of small pieces of a thing, as to lacerate the body
with a whip or scourge ; or to the tearing of the flesh or other thing
without entire separation. REND’/ER, n. [from rend.j One that tears
by violence. REN'DER, v. ¢. [Fr. rendre; It. rendere; Sp. rendir; Port.
render. This is probably the L. reddo, with n casually inserted. } l. To
return; to pay back. See that none render evil for evil to any man.| 1
Thess. v. 2. To inflict, as a retribution. I will render vengeance to my
enemies.| Deut. xxxii. |3. To give on demand; to give; to assign.|
The sluggard is wiser in his own conceit, than seven men that can
render a reason. Provy.| duced ; that may spring again into being.|
XXVI. REN 44. To make or cause to be, by some influence upon a
thing, or by some change ; as, to render a person more safe or more
unsafe ; to render him solicitous or cautious; to vender a fortress
more secure or impregnable ; to render a ferocious animal more
mild and tractable. 5. To translate, as from one language into
another; as, to render Latin into English. We say, to render a word, a
sentence, a book, or an author into a different language. Locke. 6.
To surrender; to yield or give up the command or possession of ; as,
to render one’s self to his enemies. K. Charles. [Less used than
surrender.] 7. To afford; to give for use or benefit. Washington
rendered great service to his country. 38. To represent ; to exhibit.
He did render him the most unnatural That liv’d amongst men. [JVot
in use.] Shak. Clarendon. To render back, to return; to restore.
RENDER, n. A surrender: a giving up. Shak. 2. A return; a payment
of rent. {n those early times, the king’s household was supported by
specific renders of corn and other victuals from the tenants of the
demains. Blackstone. 3. An account given. Shak. REN/DERABLE, a.
That may be rendered. Sierwood. REN‘DERED, pp. Returned; paid
back; given; assigned; made; translated ; surrendered ; afforded.
REN’/DERING, ppr. Returning; giving back; assigning ; making;
translating ; | surrendering; affording. REN'DERING, n. Version;
translation. Lowth. REN DEZVOUS, n. [Fr. rendez vous, render
yourselves, repair to a place. This word is anglicized, and may well
be pronounced as an English word. ] . A place appointed for the
assembling of troops, or the place where they assemble ; or the port
or place where ships are ordered to join company. A place of
meeting, or a sign that draws men together. [Rarely used.] Bacon. 3.
Anassembly ; a meetin [Rarely used.] REN/DEZVOUS, v. i. To
assemble at a particular place, as troops. The place where the Gauls
and Bruti had rendezvoused. Alfred’s Orosius, Trans. B. Trumbull.
Hook, Rom. Hist. REN’DEZVOUS, v. t. To assemble or bring together
at a certain place. Echard. REN'DEZVOUSING, ppr. Assembling at a
particular place. REN/DIBLE, a. That may be yielded or surrendered.
2. That may be translated. [Little used in either sense. ] Howell.
RENDITION, n. [from render.] The act of yielding possession ;
surrender. Fairfaz. South. 2. g. 5 2. Translation. | REN/EGADE, (Sp.
Port. renegado, from |RENEGA’DO, M renewar, to deny; L. re | and
nego, to deny; It. rinegato; Fr. rené| gat; primarily an apostate.) 'J,
An apostate from the faith. Addison,
 REN 2, One who deserts to an enemy 3 a deserter.
Arbuthnot. 3, A vagabond. [This is the sense in which this word is
mostly used in popular language. | RENE‘GE, »v. t. (L. renego.] To
deny; to disown. Obs. Shak. RENE‘GE, v. i. To deny. Obs. Shak.
RENERVB, v. tf. renerv’. [reand nerve. To nerve again; to give new
vigor to. J. Barlow. RENERV’/ED, pp. Nerved anew. RENERV/ING,
ppr. Giving new vigor to. RENEW, v. t. [L. renovo ; re and novo, or re
and new.] 1. To renovate; to restore to a former state, or to a good
state, after decay or depravation; to rebuild; to repair. Asa renewed
the altar of the Lord. 2 Chron.|| XV. 9, To re-establish ; to confirm.
Let us go to Gilgal and renew the kingdom there. 1 Sam. xi. | 3. To
make again; as, to renew a treaty or) covenant. 4. To repeat; as, to
renew expressions of| friendship ; to renew a promise; to renew) an
attempt. 5. To revive; as, to renew th ancestor or of a former age. 6.
To begin again. The last great age renews its Shak. finish’d course. |
Dryden. 7. To make new; to make fresh or vigorous ; as, to renew
youth ; to renew strength 5 to renew the face of the earth. Ps. ciii.
Is. xl. Ps. civ. 8. In theology, to make new; to renovate ; to
transform; to change from natural enmity to the love of God and his
law ; to}, implant holy affections in the heart; to| regenerate. Be ye
transformed by the renewing of your mind. Rom. xii. Eph. iv.
RENEW’ABLE, a. That may be renewed } as a lease renewable at
pleasure. Swift.| RENEWAL, n. The act of renewing ; the act of
forming anew; as the renewal ofa treaty. ; 2. Renovation;
regeneration. 3. Revival; restoration to a former or to a) good state.
| RENEW’ED, pp. Made new again; repaired; re-established ;
repeated ;_ revived 3)| renovated ; regenerated. RENEW’EDNESS, n.
State of being re-| newed. Hammond., RENEW‘ER, n. One who
renews. Sherwood. RENEW/ING, ppr. Making new again; repairing ;
re-establishing ; repeating ; reviving ; renovating. 9. a. Tending or
adapted to renovate. RENEWING, n. The act of making new;
renewal. | REN IFORM, a. [L. renes, the kidneys, and] form.| Having
the form or shape of the kidneys. Kirwan. RENITENCE, bn [L.
renitens, renitor, to, RENITENCY, resist; re and nitor, to struggle or
strive.] 4. The resistance of a body to pressure ; the the preferable
orthography. Encyc. REN NET, A kind of apple. IREN'NETING, §
Mortimer. e glories of an), 2. In cards, not to follow suit, when the
perREN impulse of other matter ; the effect of elasticity. Quincy. 2.
Moral resistance ; reluctance. We find a renitency in ourselves to
ascribe life and irritability to the cold and motionless fibers of plants.
Darwin. effect of it ; acting against impulse by elastie force. Ray.
REN'NET, n. [G. rinnen, to run, to curdle; D. runnen, ronnen, to
curdle or coagulate ; Sax. gerwnnen, coagulated. | The conereted
milk found in the stomach o a sucking quadruped, particularly of the
calf. It is also written runnet, and this is \ | RENOUNCE, v. t.
renouns’. [Fr. renoncer ; L. renuncio: re and nuncio, to declare, from
the root of nomen, name. | To disown; to disclaim; to reject; as a)
title or claim; to refuse to own or ac1. knowledge as belonging to;
as, to renounce), a title to land or a claim to reward; to re-|) nounce
all pretensions to applause. . To deny; to cast off; to reject; to
disclaim; as an obligation or duty; as, to renounce allegiance. . To
cast off or reject, as a connection or yossession; to forsake ; as, to
renounce the world and all its cares. ¢ honesty. 2 Cor. iv.
RENOUNCE, v. i. renouns’. To declare a renunciation, He of my sons
who fails to make it good, By one rebellious act renounces to my
blood. {Vot in use. ] Dryden. son has a card of the same sort.
RENOUNCE, n. renouns’. The declining to follow suit, when it ean be
done. jected; disclaimed. RENOUNCEMENT, n. renouns’ment. The
act of disclaiming or rejecting ; renunciation. Shak. RENOUN’CER, n.
One who disowns or disclaims. t RENOUN'CING, ppr. Disowning ;
disclaiming ; rejecting. RENOUN'CING, n. The act of disowning,
disclaiming, denying or rejecting. RENOVATE, v. é. [L. renovo ; re
and novo, to make new ; novus, new.]} a good state, after decay,
destruction or depravation. It is synonymous with renew, except in
its fourth definition, supra. REN‘OVATED, pp. Renewed ; made new,
| fresh or vigorous. IREN/OVATING, ppr. Renewing. IRENOVA/TION,
zn. [Fr. from L. renovatio. }\ 11. The act of renewing ; a making new
after decay, destruction or depravation ; regrace. There is something
inexpressibly pleasing in the annual renovation of the world.
Rambler. 2. A state of being renewed. Bacon. Milton! r. renommée ;
re and nomRENOWN’, x. [F IREN'ITENT, a. Resisting pressure or the)
Shak.) We have renounced the hidden things of disRENOUN’CED, pp.
Disowned ; denied ; reTo renew ; to restore to the first state, or to)
newal; as the renovation of the heart by) REN from the extensive
praise of great achieyments or accomplishments. Giants of old, men
of renown. Gen. vi. Num. XVi. RENOWN)’, v. t. To make famous. Soft
elocution does thy style renown. Dryden. A bard whom pilfer’d
pastorals renown. Pope. [This verb is nearly or quite obsolete. |
RENOWN’ED, a. Famous; celebrated for great and heroic
achievments, for distinguished qualities or for grandeur ; eminent;
as renowned men; a renowned king ; a renowned city. Milton.
Dryden. IRENOWN’EDLY, adv. With fame or celebrity. RENOWN’LESS,
a. Without renown ; inglorious. RENT, pp. of rend. Torn asunder;
split or burst by violence; torn. RENT, n. [from rend.] A fissure; a
break or breach made by force; as a rent made in the earth, in a
rock or in a garment. 2. A schism; a separation; as a rent in the
church. White. RENT, v. t. To tear. [See Rend.] RENT, v. i. To rant.
[Volt i use.) Hudibras. n. [Fr. rente, from rendre ; It. rendita; Sp.
renta; D. Dan. G. rente; Sw. rivnta. | A sum of money, or a certain
amount of | other valuable thing, issuing yearly from | lands or
tenements ; a compensation or return, in the nature of an
acknowledgment, | for the possession of a corporeal inherit| ance.
Blackstone. Rents, at common law, are of three kinds ; rent-service,
rent-charge, and rent-seck. Rent-service is when some corporal
service | is incident to it, as by fealty and a sum of money ; rent-
charge is when the owner of the rent has no future interest or
reversion expectant in the land, but the rent is reserved in the deed
by a clause of distress for rent in arrear; rent-seck, dry rent, is rent
reserved by deed, but without any clause of distress. There are also
rents of assize, certain established rents of freeholders and copy-
holders of manors, which cannot be varied; called also qutt-rents.
These when payable in silver, are called white rents,in
contradistinction to rents reserved in work or the baser metals,
called black rents, or black mail. Rack-rent isa | rent of the full value
of the tenement, or near it. A fee farm rent is a rent-charge issuing
out of an estate in fee, of at least one fourth of the value of the
lands at the time of its reservation. Blackstone. RENT, v. t. To lease;
to grant the posses| sion and enjoyment of lands or tenements for a
consideration in the nature of rent. The owner of an estate or house
rents it to a tenant for aterm of years. 2. To take and hold by lease
the possession of land or a tenement, for a consideration in the
nature of rent. The tenant rents his estate for a year. RENT, v. i. To
be leased, or let for rent ; as, an estate or a tenement rents for five
hundred dollars a year. RENT, | effort of matter to resume the place
or form from which it has been driven by the mer, to name. } (Fame
; celebrity ; exalted reputation derived! RENT’ABLE, a. That may be
rented. RENT’AGE, x. Rent. [.Vot used.]
 R EP RENT'’AL, n. A schedule or account of) rents, RENTED,
pp, Leased on rent. RENTER, n. One who leases an estate ; more
generally, the lessee or tenant who takes an estate or tenement on
rent. RENT’ER, v. t. [Fr. rentraire ; L. retrako, retrahere; re and
traho, to draw.] 1. To fine-draw ; to sew together the edges of two
pieces of cloth without doubling them, so that the seam is scarcely
visible. 2. In tapestry, to work new warp into a piece of damaged
tapestry, and on this to restore the original pattern or design. Encye.
3. To sew up artfully, as a rent. REN’TERED, pp. Fine-drawn ; sewed
artfully together. REN’TERER, n. A fine-drawer. REN’TERING, ppr.
Fine-drawing ; sewing artfully together. RENTING, ppr. Leasing on
rent; taking) on rent. RENT-ROLL, x. [rent and roll.] A rental; a list or
account of rents or income. RENUNCIA’TION, n. [L. renuneiatio.]
The act of renouncing; a disowning ; rejec-| tion. [See Renounce.]}
Taylor. RENVERSE, v. t. renvers’. [Fr. renverser.] To reverse. [Not
used.} Spenser. RENVERSE, a. renvers’. In heraldry, inverted ; set
with the head downward or contrary to the natural posture. Encye.
RENVERSEMENT, n. venvers'ment. The act of reversing. (Vot in use.]
Stukely.| REOBTA’IN, vw. t. [re and obtain.] To obtain again.
REOBTA’‘INABLE, a. That may be ob-! tained again. Sherwood.
REOBTA‘INED, pp. Obtained again. | REOBTA/‘INING, ppr. Obtaining
again. REOPPO’'SE, »v. t. s as z. To oppose again.) REORDA’IN, ». t.
[re and ordain; Fr. re-| ordonner. | | ‘To ordain again, as when the
first ordina-| tion is defective. | REORDA'INED, pp. Ordained again.
REORDA/JINING, ppr. Ordaining again. REORDINA‘TION, n. A
second ordination. Alterbury. REORGANIZA’TION, n. The act of
organizing anew; as repeated reorganizalion of the troops. Marshall.
REOR’'GANIZE, v. t. [re and organize.} To organize anew ; to reduce
again to a regular body, or to a system; as, to reorganize a society
or an army. REOR’GANIZED, pp. Organized anew. REOR’GANIZING,
ppr. Organizing anew. REPAC'IFIED, pp. Pacified or appeased! again.
REPACIFY, v. t. [re and pacify.] To pacify again. REPAC’IFYING, ppr.
Pacifying again. REPACK,, v. f. [re and pack.] To pack a second time;
as, to repack beef or pork. REPACK’ED, pp. Packed again.
REPACK’ER, n. One that repacks. REPACK’ING, ppr. Packing anew.
REPA‘ID, pp. of repay. Paid back. REPAIR, v. t. [Fr. reparer; L.
reparo; re and pare, to prepare. See Pare.] 1. Te restore to a sound
or good state after decay, injury, dilapidation or partial de-! |
|REPAND/OUS, a. [supra.] Bent upwards ; R EP struction; as, to
repair a house, a wall or a ship ; to repair roads and bridges.
'Temperance and diet may repair a broken or enfeebled constitution.
I'ood repairs the daily waste of the body. 2. To rebuild a part
decayed or destroyed ; to fill up; as, to repair a breach. 3. To make
amends, as for an injury, by an equivalent ; to indemnity for; as, to
repair’ a loss or damage. | REPA/‘TIR, a. Restoration to a sound or
good)| state after decay, waste, injury or partial destruction ; supply
of loss; reparation ; as, materials are collected for the repair of a
chureh or a city. REPAIR, v. i. [Fr. repairer.| To go to; to to
asanctuary for safety. Go, mount the winds and to the shades repair.
Pope. betake one’s self; to resort; as, to repair} REP REPARTEE,, n.
[Fv. repartic, from repartir, to divide, to shave, to reply ; re and
partir, to divide. } A smart, ready and witty reply. Cupid was as bad
as he; Hear but the youngster’s repartee. Prior. REPARTEE,, v. i. To
make smart and witty | replies. Prior. JREP‘ASS, v. t. [Fr. repasser ;
It. ripassare ; re and pass. | To pass again ; to pass or travel back ;
as, to repass a bridge or a river; to repass the sea. Pope. REP‘ASS,
v.71. To pass or go back; to move back ; as troops passing and
repassing before our eyes. REP‘ASSED, pp. Passed or traveled back.
REP‘ ASSING, ppr. Passing back. REP\AST, n. [F'r. repas, from
repaitre ; L. re | REPA‘IR, n. The act of betaking one’s self, to any
place; a resorting ; abade. reparable. Dryden. | REPA‘IRABLE, a.
That may be repaired 3] and pasco, to feed.] 1. The act of taking
tood; or the food taken ; ameal. | From dance to sweet repast they
turn. sound state; rebuilt; made good. REPA’IRER, n. One who
repairs, restores or makes amends; as the repairer of decay. Dryden.
REPA‘IRING, ppr. Restoring to a sound state; rebuilding ; making
amends for loss or injury. REPAND’, a. [L. repandus.] In botany, a
repand leaf is one, the rim of which is terminated by angles having
sinuses between them, inseribed in the segment of a circle ; or
which has a bending or waved margin, without any angles; or which
is bordered with numerous minute angles and small segments of
circles alternately. Martyn. Lee. Smith. ’ convexedly crooked. Brown.
See Repair.| 1. That may be repaired or restored to a sound or good
state; as, a house or wall is not reparable. 2. That may be retrieved
or made good; as, the loss is reparable. 3. That may be supplied by
an equivalent ; as a reparable injury. REP/ARABLY, adv. In a manner
admitling of restoration to a good state, or of| amends, supply or
indemnification. as the reparation of a bridge or ef a highway. 2 tion
of decaying health or strength after disease or exhaustion. 3.
Amends; indemnification for loss or damage. A loss may be too great
for reparation. 4. Amends; satisfaction for injury. I am sensible of
the seandal I have given by my loose writings, and make what
reparation | am able. Dryden. REPAR/ATIVE, a. That repairs;
restoring to a sound or good state; that amends deREPA’IRED, pp.
Restored to a good or REP/ARABLE, a. [Fr. from L. reparabilis.|)
REPARA‘TION, n. The act of repairing 4 restoration to soundness or
a good state 3}) . | Supply of what is wasted ; as the repara-|
Milton. A repast without luxury. Johnson. 2. Food ; victuals. | Go,
and get me some repast. Shak. REPAST, v. t. To feed; to feast. Shak.
REP‘ASTURE, x. Food; entertainment. | [Wot in use.) Shak. REPAY, v.
t. (Fr. repayer; re and pay.] \l. To pay back; to refund; as, to repay
money borrowed or advanced. 2. To make return or requital; in a
good or bad sense; as, to repay kindness ; to repay an injury.
Benefits which cannot be repaid—are not commonly found to
increase affection. Rambler. 3. To recompense, as for a loss. Milton.
4. To compensate; as false honor repaid | In contempt. Bacon.
REPA‘YABLE, a. That is to be repaid or refunded ; as money lent,
repayable at the | end of sixty days. IREPA‘YING, ppr. Paying | sating
; requiting. REPA/YMENT, n. The act of paying back ; |
reimbursement. 2. The money or other thing repaid. IREPEVAL, v. t.
[Fr. rappeler, to recall; re | and appeler, L. appello ; ad and pello.} To
recall. [Obsolete as it respects persons. | Shak. . To recall, as a
deed, will, law or statute ; to revoke; to abrogate by an authoritative
act, or by the same power that made or enacted; as, the legislature
may repeal | at one session, a law enacted at a preced| ing one.
REPE/AL, nx. Recall from exile. [ot in | wse.] Shak. 2. Revocation;
abrogation ; as the repeal of a statute. REPEALABIL/‘TY, a. The
quality of being repealable. back ; compen| | 5) < |REPEA’LABLE, a.
Capable of being repealed ; revocable by the same power that
enacted. It is held as a sound principle, that charters or grants which
vest rights in individuals or corporations, are not refeet or makes
good. Taylor.|| REPAR/ATIVE, x. That which restores to]| a good
state; that which makes amends,|, Wotton. Kettlewell. pealable
without the consent of the grantees, unless a clause reserving the
right is inserted in the act. REPE’ALED, pp. Revoked ; abrogated.
 REP REPE/ALER, n. One that repeals. REPE/ALING, ppr.
Revoking ; abrogating. REPE/AT, v.t. (Fr. repeter ; It. ripetere ; Sp.
repetir ; L. repeto ; re and peto, to make at or drive towards. This
verb ought to he written repete, in analogy with compete, and with
repetition. | 1, To do, make, attempt or utter again; to iterate ; as,
to repeat an action; to repeat an attempt or exertion ; to repeat a
word) or discourse; to repeat a song ; to repeat) an argument. 2. To
try again. I the danger will repeat. 3. To recite; to rehearse. He
repeated some lines of Virgil. Waller. To repeat signals, in the navy,
is to make the; same signal which the admiral or commander has
made, or to make a signal again. Mar. Dict. REPE‘AT, n. In music, a
mark directing a part to be repeated in performance. 2. Repetition.
REPE/ATED, pp. Done, attempted or spoken again ; recited. ’
Dryden. REPE/ATEDLY, adv. More than once ; again and again,
indefinitely. He has been repeatedly warned of his danger.
REPEATER, n. One that repeats; one that recites or rehearses. 2. A
watch that strikes the hours at will, by the compression of a spring.
REPE/ATING, ppr. Doing or uttering again. REPEDA’TION, n. [Low L.
repedo; re and pes, the foot.] A stepping or going back. [Voi in use.
| More. REPEL’, v.t. [L. repello; re and pello, to drive.] 1. To drive
back; to force to return ; to check advance; as, to repel an enemy or
an assailant. Hippomedon repell’d the hostile tide. Pope. And virtue
may repel, though not invade. Dryden. 2. To resist; to oppose ; as,
to repel an argument. REPEL’, v. 7. To act with force in opposition to
force impressed. Electricity sometimes attracts and sometimes
repels. 2. In medicine, to check an afflux to a part of the body.
REPEL’/LED, pp. Driven back ; resisted. REPEL’LENCY, n. The
principle of repulsion; the quality of a substance which expands or
separates particles and enlarges the volume ; as the repellency of
heat. Black. . The quality that repels, drives back or) resists
approach ; as the repellency of the electric fluid. 3. Repulsive quality.
Forster. REPEL’/LENT, a. Driving back; able or tending to repel.
REPEL’LENT, xn. In medicine, a medicine which drives back morbid
humors into the mass of the blood, from which they were, unduly
seereted ; or which prevents such an afilux of fluid to a part, as
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