Map Reading & Land Navigation

CPT KINDIPAN

I. OUTLINE
 DEFINITION
 MARGINAL INFORMATION
 GRIDS
 SCALE & DISTANCE
 DIRECTION
 ELEVATION AND RELIEF
 NAVIGATION MATHODS AND EQUIPMENT
 TERRAIN ASSOCIAION

II. LEARNING OBJECTIVES

 Read Map
 Determine and report positions on the ground in terms of their location on the map
 Perform land navigation

III. MAP READING

- Appreciation and utilization of MAPS for military use

MAP
- is a graphic representation of. A portion of the earth’s surface drawn to scale, as seen from above.
- It uses colors, symbols and labels to represent features found on the ground.

PURPOSE
Provides Information on the…
- Existence
- Location
- Distance Between
….Ground Features
- Routes of Travel and Communication
- Variations in Terrain
- Heights of Natural Features
- The Extent of Vegetation Cover

SKILLS REQUIRED
- Read and Interpret the Map
- Plot and Read Coordinates
- Measure Distances
a. Map Scale
b. Bar Scale
- Read and Plot Azimuth
a. Protractor
b. Compass
- Identify Relief Features and Elevation
- Apply the Method of Locating Points
- Navigate
PROCUREMENT
 UNIT (END USER)
Ø SHEET NAME AND SHEET NUMBER
DIV (UNIT) G2
MIG 18 ISAFP

SECURITY
- Maps are documents that must not fall into unauthorized hands.
1. Turn – in
2. Destruction
CARE
- PROTECT FROM WATER, MUD , AND TEARING
- USE OF PENCIL AND ERASING
- MAPS LOCATION DURING OPNS
- FOLDING

CATEGORIES
A. SCALE - the ratio or fraction between the distance on a map and the corresponding distance on the
surface of the earth
B. TYPE - Map categorized according to its purpose or the manner it was made. Maps produced by other
government agencies or civilian entities.

SCALE
1. SMALL SCALE - 1:1,000,000 & SMALLER
n used for general planning and for strategic studies.
n standard Small-scale map is 1:1,000,000.
2. MEDIUM SCALE – 1:75,000-1:1,000,000
n used for operational planning
n standard medium-scale map is 1:250,000.
3. LARGE SCALE - 1:75,000 & LARGER
n used for tactical, administrative, and logistical planning.
n STANDARD LARGE-SCALE IS 1:50,000

SMALL
1:1,000,000 & smaller

MEDIUM
1:75,000 1:1,000,000

LARGE
LARGE SCALE
SCALE
1:75,000 & LARGER
BY TYPE
 1. PLANIMETRIC
2. TOPOGRAPHIC
3. PHOTOMAP
4. JOINT OPERATIONS GRAPHIC
5. PHOTOMOSAIC
6. TERRAIN MODEL
7. MILITARY CITY MAPS
8. SPECIAL MAPS

PLANIMETRIC MAP
Presents only the horizontal positions for the features represented.

TOPOGRAPHIC MAP
-Portrays terrain features
in a measurable way (usually through use of contour lines)
-Shows both horizontal and vertical positions
of the features represented. topographic maps

PHOTOMAP
- A reproduction of an aerial photograph upon which grid lines, marginal data, place names,
route numbers, important elevations, boundaries, and approximate scale and direction have
been added.

JOINT OPERTIONS GRAPHICS

- Maps based on the format of standard 1:250,000 medium-scale military topographic maps that
contain additional information needed in joint air-ground operations
TERRAIN MODEL
• A scale model of the terrain showing features, and in large-scale models showing
industrial and cultural shapes.
• It provides a means for visualizing the terrain for planning or indoctrination
purposes and for briefing operations.

PHOTOMOSAIC
An assembly of aerial photographs

MILITARY CITY MAP

A topographic map (usually at 1:12,550 scale, sometimes up to 1:5,000), showing the details of a city

SPECIAL MAPS
Maps for special purposes, such as trafficability, communications, and assault maps

MARGINAL INFORMAION
ARE INFORMATIONS AND INSTRUCTIONS WRITTEN ON THE OUTER EDGE OF THE MAP

SHEET NAME
TITLE OF THE MAP AND IS NAMED AFTER THE LARGEST GEOGRAPHICAL AREA PRESENTED

SHEET NUMBER
used as a reference number for the map sheet

SERIES NAME
- Usually includes a group of similar maps at the same scale and on the same sheet lines or
format designed to cover a particular geographic area
- the name given to the series is generally that of a major political subdivision
MAP SCALE
- Usually includes a group of similar maps at the same scale and on the same sheet lines or
format designed to cover a particular geographic area
- the name given to the series is generally that of a major political subdivision
SERIES NUMBER
It is a sequence reference expressed either as a four-digit numeral (1501) or as a letter, followed by a three- or
four-digit numeral (S711, S701, etc). In the regional grouping of allied mapping projects, our map series was
designated “S”.

MARGINAL INFORMATION

Example: S701
S - is for World Series
7 - is for Scale of the map as follows;
8 - 1:25,000
7 - 1:50,000
6 - 1:100,000
0 - is for Sub Geographical area as follows:
0 - Philippines
1 - Luzon
2 - Visayas
3 - Panay
4 - Sulu
5 – Mindanao

EDITION NUMBER
Editions are numbered consecutively; the highest numbered sheet is the most recent.
INDEX TO BOUNDERIES
Is a miniature of the map that shows the boundaries that occur within the map area, such as provincial and
city boundaries.
PHILIPPINES
A. PROVINCE OF NUEVA ECIJA
B. PROVINCE OF BULACAN

ADJOINING SHEETS DIAGRAM

The diagram usually contains nine rectangles that represents
The adjoining sheets surrounding your map. All represented
sheets are identified by their sheet numbers.

DECLINATION DIAGRAM
Indicates the angular relationships of
true north, grid north & magnetic north

BAR SCALE
Are rulers used to convert map distance to ground distance

CONTOUR INTERVAL NOTE

It states the vertical distance between adjacent contour lines of the map

SPHEROID NOTE
Spheroids (ellipsoids) have specific parameters that
define the X Y Z axis of the earth. The spheroid is
an integral part of the datum

GRID NOTE
Gives information pertaining to the grid system
used and the interval between grid lines,
and it identifies the UTM grid zone number.

PROJECTION NOTE
The projection system is the framework of the map.
For military maps, this framework is of the conformal type;
that is, small areas of the surface of the earth retain their true
shapes on the projection; measured angles closely approximate
true values; and the scale factor is the same
in all directions from a point
VERTICAL DATUM NOTE
Any level surface (for example, mean sea level) taken as a surface of reference from which to determine
elevations

HORIZONTAL DATUM
A geodetic reference point (of which five quantities are known: latitude, longitude, azimuth of a line from this
point, and two constants, which are the parameters of reference ellipsoid). These are the basis for horizontal-
control surveys.

CONTROL NOTE
Indicates the special agencies involved in the control of the technical aspects of all the information that is
disseminated on the map

PREPARATION AND PRINTING NOTE

Indicates the agencies responsible in the preparation and printing of the map

UNIT IMPRINT
Identifies the agency that prepared and printed the map with its respective symbol. This information is
important to the map user in evaluating the reliability of the map

LEGEND
Illustrates and identifies the topographic symbols used to depict some of the more prominent features on the
map. The symbols are not always the same on every map.

TOPOGRAPHIC SYMBOLS
REPRESENTS THE NATURAL AND MAN MADE FEATURES OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE

SCHOOL

FOOTPATH BUILT UP
AREA

TOPO SYMBOLS USED ARE DEPICTED ON THE LEGEND

STANDARD COLORS OF TOPOGRAPHIC SYMBOLS
1. BLACK
2. REDDISH BROWN
3. BLUE
4. GREEN
5. BROWN
6. RED

COLORS USED IN CONVENTIONAL SIGNS

*RED - depicts classification of roads, built-up areas & special features
* BLUE – WATER FEATUES (HYDROGRAPHY)
*GREEN – REPRESENTS VEGETATION
*BLACK – EPRESENTS MAN-MADE OBJECTS, IE. BUILDINGS, TOWER ETC.
*BROWN – DEPICTS RELIEF AND ELEVATION SUCH AS CONTOURS ON OLDER MAPS

MILITARY SYMBOLS
SYMBOLS USED TO REPRESENT MILITARY FEATURES SUCH AS IDENTITY, SIZE, LOCATION, AND MOVEMENT FOR
TROOPS AND MILITARY ACTIVITIES AND INSTALLATIONS

COLORS USED FOR MILITARY SYMBOLS

*RED - ENEMY FORCES, ACTIVITIES AND INSTALLATIONS
*BLUE - FRIENDLY FORCES
*GREEN - ENGINEER ACTIVITIES
*YELLOW – CONTAMINATED AREAS

BASIC SYMBOLS

- UNIT COMMMAND
POST/HQS

- OP - LOG INSTALLATIONS
SYMBOLS UNIT ROLE INDICATOR

UNIT CAPABILITY INDICATOR AVIATION/ENGINEER

ARTILLERY/CHEMICAL
GRIDS
A SERIES OF STRAIGHT LINES INTERSECTING AT RIGHT ANGLES FORMING SQUARES.
COMMON PROPERTIES OF GRIDS:
– TRUE RECTANAGULAR GRIDS
– SUPERIMPOSED ON THE GEOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
– PERMIT LINEAR AND ANGULAR MEASUREMENTS.

GRIDS- PERMITS LINEAR OR ANGULAR MEASUREMENT FROM KNOWN REFERENCE LINES.

LINEAR MEASUREMENTS:
– METERS
– YARDS
– FEET
ANGULAR MEASUREMENTS:
– DEGREES
– MILS

GRIDS
GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES (LATITUDE/LONGITUDE)
MILITARY GRID REFERENCE SYSTEM (MGRS)
“DETERMINE AND REPORT POSITIONS ON THE GROUND IN TERMS OF THEIR LOCATION ON THE MAP”

GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES
-ONE OF THE OLDEST SYSTEMATIC METHOD OF LOCATION
-EXPRESSED IN ANGULAR MEASUREMENT

REFERENCE LINES

EQUATOR- THE LINE THAT BISECTS THE GLOBE HORIZONTALLY

PRIME MERIDIAN – IS A NORTH- SOUTH LINE THAT RUNS THROUGH GREENWICH, ENGLAND
PARALLEL- THE RINGS AROUND THE EARTH PARALLEL TO THE EQUATOR
MERIDIAN – THE RING AROUND THE GLOBE AT RIGHT ANGLES WITH THE PARALLEL PASSING THROUGH THE
POLES.
GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES
Geographic grids are intersecting lines drawn on maps and globes

LATITUDE
IS THE DISTANCE OF A POINT NORTH OR SOUTH OF THE EQUATOR

LONGITUDE
IS THE DISTANCE OF A POINT EAST OR WEST OF THE PRIME MERIDIAN

GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES ON A LARGE SCALE MAP

MILITARY GRID REFERENCE SYSTEM

THE UTM GRID
GRID ZONE DESIGNATION - 51P
100,000 METER SQUARE ID- TT
10,000 METER SQUARE 12
1,000 METER SQUARE ( 4 DIGIT) 1020
100 METERS ( 6 DIGITS) 102205
10 METERS (8 DIGITS) 10262053
1 METER (10 DIGITS) 1026820537
COMPLETED GC: (15DIGITS) 51PTT1026820537

FOLLOWING INFORMATIONS FOR THE MGRS IS INDICATED IN THE GRID REFERENCE BOX OF STANDARD
LARGE SCALE MAPS:
– GRID ZONE DESIGNATION - 51P
– 100,000 METER SQUARE ID- TT
MILITARY GRID REFERENCE SYSTEM (MGRS) DATA
Grid zone designation
Example: 51P
100,000 - meter square identification
Example: TT
Grid Coordinates
– Nearest 1,000 meters (Four digits)
– Nearest 100 meters (Six digits)
– Nearest 10 meters (Eight digits)

MILITARY GRID REFERENCE SYSTEM

WHILE THE FOLLOWING DATA WILL BE OBTAINED BY THE MAP USER FROM THE MAP USING THE PRINCIPLE
READ RIGHT- UP:
1,000 METER SQUARE ( 4 DIGIT) 1020
100 METERS ( 6 DIGITS) 102205
10 METERS (8 DIGITS) 10262053
1 METER (10 DIGITS) 1026820537

PRINCIPLE IN READING MAP COORDINATES

READ “RIGHT-UP”
RIGHT -OBJECTIVE SHOULD BE TO THE RIGHT OF THE VERTICAL GRID LINE
UP- OBJECTIVE IS ABOVE THE HORIZONTAL GRID LINE
READ “RIGHT-UP”
RIGHT -1ST HALF OF THE COORDINATE AND IS THE NUMBER OF THE NORTH-SOUTH GRIDLINE WHERE THE
OBJ IS TO THE RIGHT.
UP- 2ND HALF OF THE COORDINATE AND IS THE NUMBER OF THE EAST WEST GRID LINE ( OBJ IS ABOVE THE
LINE).