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Biological Classification Notes Class11

The document discusses the classification of living organisms, introducing the Five Kingdom Classification proposed by R.H. Whittaker in 1969, which includes Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia based on cell type, body organization, nutrition, reproduction, and phylogenetic relationships. It also highlights the characteristics of each kingdom and mentions organisms that do not fit into these categories, such as viruses, viroids, and lichens. A summary table provides a concise overview of the key features of each kingdom.

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55 views3 pages

Biological Classification Notes Class11

The document discusses the classification of living organisms, introducing the Five Kingdom Classification proposed by R.H. Whittaker in 1969, which includes Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia based on cell type, body organization, nutrition, reproduction, and phylogenetic relationships. It also highlights the characteristics of each kingdom and mentions organisms that do not fit into these categories, such as viruses, viroids, and lichens. A summary table provides a concise overview of the key features of each kingdom.

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carolfernandes4444
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Class 11 Biology – Chapter 2: Biological

Classification
🔬 Introduction
Early classification: Two Kingdoms → Plantae & Animalia.
Problems: Unicellular organisms, fungi, and prokaryotes didn’t fit well.
R.H. Whittaker (1969) proposed the Five Kingdom Classification based on:
- Cell type: Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
- Body organization: Unicellular or Multicellular
- Mode of nutrition: Autotrophic or Heterotrophic
- Reproduction
- Phylogenetic relationships

🧫 The Five Kingdoms

1. Monera
Type: Prokaryotic, unicellular
Cell Wall: Present (peptidoglycan)
Examples: Bacteria, cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)
Nutrition: Autotrophic (Photosynthetic/Chemosynthetic), Heterotrophic (Saprophytic,
parasitic)
Reproduction: Asexual (binary fission); gene transfer (conjugation)
Types: Archaebacteria – extreme habitats, Eubacteria – true bacteria

2. Protista
Type: Eukaryotic, mostly unicellular
Habitat: Aquatic
Nutrition: Autotrophic or Heterotrophic
Reproduction: Asexual (binary fission), Sexual (syngamy)
Examples:
- Chrysophytes (diatoms)
- Dinoflagellates (red tides)
- Euglenoids (Euglena)
- Slime moulds
- Protozoans (Amoeba, Paramecium, Plasmodium)
3. Fungi
Type: Eukaryotic, multicellular (except yeast)
Cell Wall: Chitin
Nutrition: Heterotrophic (saprophytic, parasitic, symbiotic)
Reproduction: Asexual (spores), Sexual (hyphal fusion)
Body: Hyphae (network = mycelium)
Classes:
- Phycomycetes
- Ascomycetes
- Basidiomycetes
- Deuteromycetes

4. Plantae
Type: Eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic (chlorophyll)
Cell Wall: Cellulose
Reproduction: Asexual and Sexual
Life Cycle: Alternation of generations
Includes: Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms

5. Animalia
Type: Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic
No Cell Wall
Reproduction: Mostly sexual
Examples: Invertebrates and vertebrates
Features: Mobility, organ systems, body organization

🦠 Kingdoms That Don’t Fit: Viruses, Viroids & Lichens

Viruses
Non-cellular, acellular infectious agents.
Contain DNA or RNA (never both)
Depend on host cells to reproduce.
Examples: Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV), HIV

Viroids
Smaller than viruses.
Infectious RNA particles without protein coat.
Discovered by T.O. Diener

Lichens
Symbiotic relationship between fungus and algae (or cyanobacteria).
Algae: photosynthesis | Fungus: shelter & nutrients

🧾 Summary Table
| Kingdom | Cell Type | Cell Wall | Nutrition | Organization | Examples |
|-----------|-------------|--------------|-------------------|------------------|-------------------------|
| Monera | Prokaryotic | Peptidoglycan| Auto/Heterotrophic| Unicellular | Bacteria,
Cyanobacteria |
| Protista | Eukaryotic | Present | Auto/Heterotrophic| Mostly Unicellular| Amoeba,
Paramecium |
| Fungi | Eukaryotic | Chitin | Heterotrophic | Multicellular | Yeast, Mushroom
|
| Plantae | Eukaryotic | Cellulose | Autotrophic | Multicellular | Algae, Trees |
| Animalia | Eukaryotic | Absent | Heterotrophic | Multicellular | Insects, Humans
|

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