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International Courts and the Development of
International Law Essays in Honour of Tullio Treves 1st
Edition Bernard H. Oxman (Auth.) Digital Instant
Download
Author(s): Bernard H. Oxman (auth.), Nerina Boschiero, Tullio Scovazzi,
Cesare Pitea, Chiara Ragni (eds.)
ISBN(s): 9789067048941, 9067048941
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 7.00 MB
Year: 2013
Language: english
International Courts and the Development
of International Law
The present publication was produced with the generous
support of the following Italian universities

The University of Milano

The University of Milano-Bicocca
The University of Cagliari
The University of Trento
The University of Parma
The University of Brescia
Nerina Boschiero Tullio Scovazzi
•

Cesare Pitea Chiara Ragni

•

Editors

International Courts
and the Development
of International Law
Essays in Honour of Tullio Treves

123
Editors
Nerina Boschiero Cesare Pitea
Dipartimento di diritto pubblico Dipartimento di Giurisprudenza
italiano e sovranazionale University of Parma
University of Milano Parma
Milan Italy
Italy

Tullio Scovazzi Chiara Ragni

Dipartimento delle scienze giuridiche Dipartimento di diritto pubblico
nazionali e internazionali italiano e sovranazionale
University of Milano-Bicocca University of Milano
Milan Milan
Italy Italy

ISBN 978-90-6704-893-4 ISBN 978-90-6704-894-1 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-90-6704-894-1

Library of Congress Control Number: 2012949075

Ó T.M.C. ASSER PRESS, The Hague, The Netherlands, and the authors 2013

Published by T.M.C. ASSER PRESS, The Hague, The Netherlands www.asserpress.nl

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Preface

Under Article 38 of its Statute, the International Court of Justice can apply judicial
decisions only as a ‘‘subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law’’.
However, there are many reasons to believe that international courts and tribunals
do play quite an important role in the progressive development of international
law. There are a number of decisions which are inevitably recalled as the first step,
or a decisive step, in the process of the formation of a new rule of customary
international law. Can, in these cases, the judge be considered as a subsidiary of
others? Are these cases compatible with the common belief that a judge cannot
create law? Is this a peculiarity of international law, which is characterized by the
existence of several courts but the lack of a legislator? Do decisions by different
courts lead to the consequence of a fragmented international law? This volume
aims to provide the reader with an elaboration of various questions linked to the
legislative or, depending on the preferences, quasi-legislative role of courts.
In their choices of subjects, the contributors have taken into account both the
general aspects of the development of international rules through court decisions
and the instances of specific sectors of international law, such as human rights,
international crimes, international economic law, environmental law, and the law
of the sea. Others have chosen the subject of rules on jurisdiction and the pro-
cedure of international courts. The question of the courts’ role, mutatis mutandis,
in the development of areas of law different from public international law, namely
private international law and European Union law, has also been considered.
***
The subject of this collection of essays is also linked to the outstanding char-
acteristics of the scholar in honour of whom it is published at the time of his
retirement from the University of Milan. Tullio Treves combines an academic
background with the experiences of a negotiator of international treaties and a
judge of an international tribunal.1 He has been professor of international law

1
For more details see the curriculum vitae included in this volume.

v
vi Preface

in the Italian Universities of Sassari, Turin, and Milan and has given and will
deliver lectures and courses in many and prestigious academies all around the
world, including the Hague Academy of International Law. His bibliography is
impressive for the quality and number of works, as well as for the variety of the
subjects and languages.2 His first diplomatic experience, as a legal expert of the
Italian delegation at the Third Conference of codification of international law of
the sea (1973–1982), has been followed by several others. In 1996 he was elected
judge of the International Tribunal for the Law of Sea where he sat until 2011. He
was subsequently also elected by his colleagues as President of the Seabed Dis-
putes Chamber of the Tribunal and largely contributed to the seminal advisory
opinion rendered by it in 2011 on Responsibilities and Obligations of States
Sponsoring Persons and Entities with respect to Activities in the Area.
It is also because he has a great deal to say on how international law develops
that the editors of this collection are certain that Tullio Treves will appreciate the
contributions written by friends and colleagues and collected in this volume.
***
The two original editors Nerina Boschiero and Tullio Scovazzi, owe a great
debt of gratitude to Tullio Treves under the supervision of whom they have begun
their legal studies and with whom they have subsequently shared many unfor-
gettable experiences. They have taken the initiative of promoting this collection of
essays also as the less young3 among those who have the privilege to consider
Tullio Treves as their mentor.
In their task, while having the benefit of reading in advance the contributions
and learning a great deal from them, the editors had to address two inevitable
questions
The first question was the drawing of the list of contributors. It was evident that
it would have been impossible to include all those who were willing to participate
for well justified reasons of friendship and collaboration and that a difficult and
perhaps questionable choice had to be made. The editors finally decided to invite a
number of lawyers who have participated with Tullio Treves in diplomatic
negotiations or have been judges at the International Tribunal for the Law of the
Sea. They have also included his colleagues at the Department of International
Law of the University of Milan and on the board of editors of the Rivista di Diritto
Internazionale Privato e Processuale. Finally, they have invited some young
scholars who have benefited from academic advice and supervision by Tullio
Treves during the development of their legal research.
The second question was the dimension of the contributions in order not to
exceed what could be contained in one volume. The editors started by prescribing
a precise limit of space and continued by strictly enforcing it. Most contributors

2
See the bibliography included in this volume.
3
To be precise, Tullio Scovazzi is much older than Nerina Boschiero.
Preface vii

have complied with this imposition and the editors are sincerely grateful to them
because they have facilitated their task. Other contributors have not4 and the
editors are equally grateful to them, because they have understood the deeply
rooted Mediterranean culture of the editors, according to which every rule has its
exceptions.
***
The editors wish to thank all those people who in one way or another have
helped to bring this collection of essays to its conclusion. In particular the editors
are indebted to Chiara Ragni and Cesare Pitea, who with a lot of competence and
goodwill took much of the burden of the editorial effort on their shoulders and
were finally appointed editors, together with the two original ones. They are also
grateful to Angelica Bonfanti, Benedetta Cappiello, Chiara Sisler, Elena Fasoli,
Francesca Romanin Jacur, Giorgia Sosio De Rosa, Giulia Bigi, Luigi Crema,
Maria Chiara Noto, Michele Potest, Sabrina Urbinati, Seline Trevisanut, and
Stefano Brugnatelli who acted as ‘stylists’ in ensuring that each paper was written
in a uniform style as for abbreviations, quotations, and other details. Special thanks
are due to Peter Morris who supervised most of the papers written by non-English
native language contributors, to Seline Trevisanut, who did a similar work for texts
in French, as well as to Philip van Tongeren and Marjolijn Bastiaans who provided
the highly professional publishing services of T.M.C. Asser Press. It is also
appropriate to thank the Universities of Brescia, Cagliari, Milan, Milano-Bicocca,
Parma, and Trento which financed the publication of this book. Above all the
editors wish to express their gratitude to the group of friends, colleagues and
followers of Tullio Treves who generously contributed their intellectual resources
and valuable time to make possible the completion of this collective effort.

Milan, June 2012 Nerina Boschiero

Tullio Scovazzi

4
Regrettably one of the editors is among them.
Tullio Treves: A Biographical Note

Tullio Treves was born in Tucumán, Argentina, on 20 September 1942. His father,
Renato Treves, an eminent philosopher and sociologist of law, and his mother,
Fiammetta Lattes, had fled to Argentina to escape the anti-semitic laws of Fascist
Italy.
He studied in the Italian school system from elementary school until he
graduated at Milan University Faculty of Law in 1964. He then started a scholarly
and academic career under Professor Mario Giuliano who taught Private Inter-
national Law and later International Law at the University of Milan’s Faculty of
Law. He held the position of Assistant to Professor Giuliano after 1967; from 1969
onwards he gave courses as chargé de cours at the Universities of Pavia and
Sassari. In 1972, he became a full professor (straordinario, tenured as ordinario in
1975) teaching at the University of Sassari’s Faculty of Law from 1972 to 1974 (as
dean in 1973–1974) and at the University of Turin’s Faculty of Political Sciences
from 1974 to 1980. From 1980 until his retirement in 2012 he taught at the
University of Milan’s Faculty of Law. In Milan he gave courses on Private
International Law, General International Law, and he inaugurated the teaching,
which he continued for many years, of Advanced International Law, promoting an
interactive method focusing on specific subjects and international case law. In
Milan he also gave informal seminars on new developments on international law
involving his pupils, young colleagues, and graduate students.
In his scholarly writing Tullio Treves started with private international law,
publishing books on exchange controls in the conflict of laws (1967) and on
jurisdiction in international criminal law (1973) and he wrote numerous articles
and notes stimulated by his participation in the Rivista di diritto internazionale
privato e processuale. In these writings, while following the technical method-
ology of the Italian approach to private international law, he also devoted a great
deal of attention to comparative law and to the connections between private and
public international law, as well as to the political implications of cases and
doctrinal trends.
His interests soon moved toward public international law. He published a long
essay on the topical issue of the continuity of treaties and new independent States

ix
x Tullio Treves: A Biographical Note

in 1969, and, stimulated by his involvement in the Italian Delegation to the Pre-
paratory Committee to the Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea, and to the
Conference itself, he started writing on the law of the sea, dispute settlement,
international environmental law, and general questions of international law. He
continued and still continues to focus on these issues. Among the books published,
the following should be mentioned: Diritto Internazionale. Problemi fondamentali
(2005), the 1991 Hague lectures (in French) on State practice and the codification
of the Law of the Sea, the book (in Italian) on International disputes, new trends
and new tribunals (1999), and the 2006 Castellòn General Course in English on
International Law: Achievements and Challenges, in which he sets out his personal
views on customary law and international law-making, the fragmentation of
international law, the settlement of disputes, and other general topics.
He conceived and directed with enthusiasm collective research endeavours on
topical issues which actively involved young researchers in scholarly and orga-
nizational tasks, affording them the opportunity to interact with recognized
international scholars. Among them are those whose results appear, or are to
appear in book form, on Civil Society and International Courts and Tribunals, on
Non-Compliance Mechanisms and the Effectiveness of International Environ-
mental Law, and on Common Concerns and the Protection of International
Investment.
Tullio Treves has been involved in international activities since the early 1970s.
First, as a member of the Italian Delegation to the Third UN Conference on the
Law of the Sea (1973–1992), where he chaired the French Language Group of the
Drafting Committee, and at other conferences. Between 1984 and 1992, he was the
Legal Adviser to the Permanent Mission of Italy at the United Nations in New
York. In this capacity he chaired various working groups of the Sixth Committee
and was a member of the Italian delegation to the Security Council. In 1996, he
was elected as a Judge of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, a
position which, after having been re-elected in 2002, he left in 2012. At the
Tribunal he was twice President of the Seabed Disputes Chamber, including
the proceedings for the delivery, on 1 February 2011, of an Advisory Opinion upon
the request of the Council of the International Seabed Authority. He chaired the
Tribunal’s Committee of the Whole for the drafting of the Rules of the Tribunal.
Apart from his involvement in the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea,
Tullio Treves is an active participant in international litigation: counsel for France
in the Arbitration with Canada on the delimitation of maritime zones in the area of
Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon; counsel for Finland in the Great Belt case before the
International Court of Justice; counsel for Peru in the Peru v. Chile maritime
dispute before the ICJ; an arbitrator in the Bangladesh v. India maritime delimi-
tation case. A consultant to various Governments, International Organizations and
private entities; and Chairman of an Arbitration Tribunal for the Cairo Regional
Centre for International Commercial Arbitration.
He has given courses and lectured at many distinguished learning institutions,
including the Universities of Paris I and II, the Institute for Advanced Legal
Studies of Geneva, the Hague Academy of International Law, the Castellon
Tullio Treves: A Biographical Note xi

Bancaja Euromediterranean Courses of International Law (1997 and in 2007 the

general course), the Rhodes Academy for Maritime Law and Policy (every year
since its inception in 1995), the Instituto Ortega y Gasset in Madrid, the University
of California at Berkeley School of Law, the Cursos de Invierno de dereito
internacional (Belo Horizonte, Brazil, 2010), the UNITAR and later UN Courses
on International Law (The Hague, Quito, Yaoundé); the UN Regional Courses on
International Law (Addis Abeba 2011 and 2012), and the OAS Courses on
International Law (Rio de Janeiro, 2012).
A Member of the ‘‘Curatorium’’ of the Hague Academy of International Law
since 2010, he taught at the Academy in 1991, and at the external sessions in Cairo
in 2000 and Abu Dhabi in 2010. He is invited to deliver the General Course
in 2015.
He is a member of numerous learned societies, including the Institut de droit
international (since 1999); the Società italiana di diritto internazionale (as
member of the Board 1998–2003); the American Society of International law,
Société française de droit international; the Law of the Sea Institute (a member of
the Board 1984–1990); the European Council for Environmental Law (as president
since 2006); and the Monetary Law Committee of the International Law Associ-
ation.
He is editor of the Rivista di diritto internazionale privato e processuale,
a co-editor of the Italian Yearbook of International Law, the editor of Comunicazioni
e studi, a member of the Boards of the Max-Planck Encyclopedia of Public Inter-
national Law, The Law and Practice of International Courts and Tribunals, the
Ocean Development and International Law Journal, Il diritto marittimo, Rivista di
diritto della navigazione, Revue belge de droit international, Revista Española de
derecho internacional, as well as being a correspondent for Italy of the Journal du
droit international.
Publications of Tullio Treves

Books and Monographs

Il controllo dei cambi nel diritto internazionale privato, Padova, 1967, XIV–345.
La continuità dei trattati e i nuovi Stati indipendenti, Comunicazioni e Studi, 1969,
333–454.
La giurisdizione nel diritto penale internazionale, Padova, 1973, VIII–317.
Military Installations, Structures, and Devices on the Seabed, American Journal of
International Law, vol. 74, 1980, 808–857.
La Convenzione delle Nazioni Unite sul diritto del mare del 10 dicembre 1982,
Milano, 1983, XVIII–518.
Problemas generales del Derecho Internacional a la luz de la Convención de la
Naciones Unidas sobre el derecho del mar, Cursos de Derecho Internacional de
Vitoria-Gasteiz, 1984, 17–62.
(With M. Giuliano and T. Scovazzi), Diritto internazionale, vol. 1 and 2, Milano,
1983, XLIV–674 and XVI–611.
(With M. Giuliano and T. Scovazzi) Diritto internazionale. Parte Generale, 2nd
ed., Milano, 1991, XXVI–643.
La navigation, in R. J. Dupuy and D. Vignes (eds), Traité du nouveau droit de la
mer, Paris-Bruxelles, 1985, 687–808.
Navigation, in R. J. Dupuy and D. Vignes (eds), A Handbook on the New Law of
The Sea, vol. 2, Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster, 1991, 835–976.
Codification du droit international et pratique des Etats dans le droit de la mer,
Recueil des cours de l’Académie de droit international de La Haye, vol. 223,
1990-IV, 9–302.
L’Italia e il diritto del mare, Milano, 1995, XXVI–155.
Le controversie internazionali. Nuove tendenze, nuovi tribunali, Milano, 1999,
XII–292.
Diritto internazionale. Problemi fondamentali, Milano, 2005, XXVI–781.
International Law: Achievements and Challenges, Cursos Euromediterráneos
Bancaja de Derecho Internacional, vol. X, 2006 (publ. 2010), 45–270.

xiii
xiv Publications of Tullio Treves

Edited Books

(With M. Giuliano and F. Lanfranchi) Corpo-indice degli accordi bilaterali in

vigore tra l’Italia e gli Stati esteri, Milano, 1968, 14–555.
I conflitti di leggi in materia di vendita. Materiali e letture per il corso di diritto
internazionale, Milano, 1971, 260.
(With M. Giuliano and F. Pocar) Codice delle convenzioni di diritto internazionale
privato e processuale, Milano 1977; 2nd ed., Milano, 1981, XIV–1944; with F.
Pocar, R. Clerici, P. De Cesari, and F. Trombetta-Panigadi, 3th ed., Milano,
1999, XXVI–2629.
(With L. Amato, P. De Cesari, and G. Gasparro) La giurisprudenza italiana sul
diritto del mare/Italian Cases on the Law of the Sea, Milano, 1979, XIV–261.
La ricerca scientifica nell’evoluzione del diritto del mare, Milano, 1981, VIII–196.
(With L. Amato, T. Faranda, and T. Scovazzi) La legislazione italiana sul diritto
del mare/Italian Legislation on the Law of the Sea, Milano, 1981, LII-290.
Lo sfruttamento dei fondi marini internazionali, Milano, 1982, XII–195.
Verso una disciplina comunitaria della legge applicabile ai contratti, Padova,
1983.
(With P. De Cesari, L. Migliorino, T. Scovazzi, and F. Trombetta-Panigadi), Index
of Multilateral Treaties on the Law of the Sea, Milano, 1985, VIII–374.
(With T. Scovazzi), World Treaties for the protection of the Environment, Milano,
Istituto per l’Ambiente, 1992, 720.
(With E. Miles), The Law of the Sea: New Worlds, New Discoveries (Proceedings
26th Ann. Conf. Law of the Sea Institute), Honolulu, 1993, X–630.
(With L. Campiglio, L. Pineschi, and D. Siniscalco), The Environment after Rio,
International Law and Economics, London, Dordrecht, Boston, 1994, XVII–285.
(With M. C. Maffei, L. Pineschi, and T. Scovazzi), Participation in World Treaties
on the Protection of the Environment, A Collection of Data, London, The
Hague, Boston, 1996, XVI–290.
The Law of the Sea: The European Union and its Member States, The Hague,
Boston, London, 1997, XXIV–590.
(With M. Frigessi di Rattalma), The United Nations Compensation Commission.
A Handbook, The Hague, London, Boston, 1999.
(With L. Pineschi and A. Fodella), International Law and Protection of Mountain
Areas/Droit international et protection des régions de montagne, Milano, 2002,
XVI–325.
(With L. Pineschi and A. Fodella), Sustainable Development of Mountain Areas,
Legal Perspectives after Rio and Johannesburg/Développement durable des
régions de montagne, Les perspectives juridiques à partir de Rio et Johannes-
burg, Milano, 2004, XXVIII–373.
(With M. Frigessi di Rattalma, A. Tanzi, A. Fodella, C. Pitea, and C. Ragni), Civil
Society, International Courts and Compliance Bodies, The Hague, 2005, XX–317.
(With L. Pineschi, A. Tanzi, C. Pitea, C. Ragni, and F. Romanin Jacur) Non-
Compliance Procedures and Mechanisms and the Effectiveness of International
Environmental Agreements, The Hague, 2009, XLVIII–586.
Publications of Tullio Treves xv

Chapters in Books and Articles

Problemi internazionalprivatistici delle obbligazioni pecuniarie nella giurispru-

denza italiana, Rivista di diritto internazionale privato e processuale, 1965,
246–290.
Sulla contumacia ‘‘faute de conclure’’ nel diritto belga e gli articoli 797 n. 3 e 798
cod. proc. civ., Rivista di diritto internazionale privato e processuale, 1965,
323–328.
Considerazioni in tema di ordine pubblico e norme materiali applicate dal giudice
straniero in sede di delibazione, Rivista di diritto internazionale privato e
processuale, 1965, 504–520.
In tema di applicabilità al Marocco di accordi italo-francesi, Rivista di diritto
internazionale privato e processuale, 1966, 83–105.
Norme dispositive e inderogabili di diritto internazionale privato, ordine pubblico
e delibazione di sentenze straniere, Rivista di diritto internazionale privato e
processuale, 1966, 780–787.
Sulla volontà delle parti di cui all’articolo 25 delle preleggi e sul momento del suo
sorgere, Rivista di diritto internazionale privato e processuale, 1967, 315–335.
Les nationalisations en Allemagne de l’Est et la Fondation Carl Zeiss, Revue
critique de droit international privé, 1967, 23–54.
Il caso Zeiss, Rivista di diritto internazionale privato e processuale, 1967,
437–502.
Sulla legge regolatrice dell’azione diretta del mandante nei confronti del sostituito
nel mandato, Rivista di diritto internazionale privato e processuale, 1968,
848–853.
Il meccanismo della ‘‘bilateralizzazione’’ e gli effetti obbligatori della Convenzione
dell’Aja sul riconoscimento e l’esecuzione delle sentenze straniere, Rivista di
diritto internazionale privato e processuale, 1969, 174–182 and in: L’efficacia
delle sentenze straniere nelle convenzioni dell’Aja e di Bruxelles, Padova,
1969, 281–290.
Modificazioni al codice civile in tema di società in attuazione di direttiva della
CEE, Rivista di diritto internazionale privato e processuale, 1970, 294–299 (in
German: Assenwirtschaftsdienst des Betriebs-Beraters, 1970, p. 129).
Dichiarazioni dei nuovi Stati e accordi multilaterali dei loro predecessori, Rivista
di diritto internazionale, 1970, 21–35.
Recenti sviluppi del caso ‘‘Zeiss’’, Rivista di diritto internazionale privato e
processuale, 1970, 451–460.
Les clauses monétaires dans les émissions d’euro-obligations, Rivista di diritto
internazionale privato e processuale, 1971, 775–825 (shorter version in: Les
euro-obligations/Eurobonds, Paris, 1972).
La crisi monetaria del 1972 e il diritto internazionale, Rivista trimestrale di diritto
pubblico, 1972, 1366–1392.
Les privilèges et immunités des membres de la Commission et de la Cour
Européenne des droits de l’homme, in Multitudo legum, Ius unum, Festschrift
W. Wengler, Berlin, 1973, 667–684.
xvi Publications of Tullio Treves

Il labirinto della vendita internazionale, Politica del diritto, 1973, 97–109.

Imprenditori italiani e stranieri tra la disciplina della concorrenza nella CEE e
interventi statali nell’economia, in Concentrazioni di imprese e investimenti
stranieri nel mercato comune, Bari, 1974, 139–144.
La crisi monetaria davanti alla Corte delle Comunità Europee, Rivista di diritto
internazionale privato e processuale, 1974, 46–57.
Gli incarichi di insegnamento universitario a cittadini stranieri: uno strano caso
di ricorso alla reciprocità per analogia, Rivista di diritto internazionale privato
e processuale, 1974, 374–375.
Valore dell’oro e limitazione della responsabilità dell’armatore espressa in
franchi Poincaré, Il diritto marittimo, 1974, 12–29.
Les unités de compte dans les conventions et organisations internationales,
Annuaire français de droit international, 1974, 753–772.
Vis atractiva e rapporti di lavoro nella Convenzione CEE e nella legge
fallimentare, in La legge fallimentare, bilancio e prospettive dopo 30 anni di
applicazione, Milano, 1975, 1227–1229.
Appunti in tema di dirottamenti aerei nel diritto internazionale generale, in: Studi
in onore di Manlio Udina, vol. 1, Milano, 1975, 813–824 (updated version in:
L. Bonanate (ed.), Dimensioni del terrorismo politico, Milano, 1979).
Costituzione e accordo italo-argentino sulla cittadinanza, Rivista di diritto
internazionale privato e processuale, 1975, 294–300.
Le decisioni interpretative dell’Accordo istitutivo del Fondo monetario internaz-
ionale, Comunicazioni e studi, 1975, 925–944 (in French: Revue générale de
droit international public, 1975, 1–20).
Gold Clauses in International Treaties, The Italian Yearbook of International Law,
vol. 1, 1975, 132–149.
Una svolta alla conferenza del diritto del mare? Il ‘‘Testo unico informale di
negoziato’’, Rivista di diritto internazionale, 1974, 459–463.
Devices to Facilitate Consensus: the Experience of the Law of the Sea Conference,
The Italian Yearbook of International Law, vol. 2, 1976, 39–60.
(with M. Scerni) La tavola rotonda del 1975 sul diritto del mare presso l’Istituto
Italo-Latinoamericano, Rivista di diritto internazionale, 1975, 85–89.
Les tendances récentes du droit conventionnel de la responsabilité et le nouveau
droit de la mer, Annuaire français de droit international, 1975, 767–783.
Chronique de jurisprudence italienne, Journal du droit international, 1976,
152–184.
La Comunità economica europea e la Conferenza sul diritto del mare, Rivista di
diritto internazionale, 1976, 445–467.
Conventions de droit privé uniforme et clauses or, Rivista di diritto internazionale
privato e processuale, 1976, 16–49.
La Communauté Européenne et la zone économique exclusive, Annuaire français
de droit international, 1976, 653–677.
Note sous Cour d’appel de Paris 9 juillet 1975, Revue critique de droit
international privé, 1977, 98–103.
Publications of Tullio Treves xvii

Le transfert de technologie et la Conférence sur le droit de la mer, Journal du droit

international, 1977, 43–65.
The Monetary Clauses in the 1975 Montreal Protocols to the Warsaw Air Law
Convention, in Internationales Recht und Wirtschaftsordnung/International
Law and Economic Order, Festschrift F. A: Mann, München, 1977, 795–806.
L’elezione a suffragio universale del Parlamento europeo e l’equilibrio tra le
istituzioni della CEE, Amministrazione e società, 1977, 1301–1310.
La diffusion des clauses en droits de tirage spéciaux dans les traités internationaux,
Annuaire français de droit international, 1977, 700–708.
Il codice di condotta sul trasferimento della tecnologia, Rivista di diritto
internazionale privato e processuale, 1977, 705–732.
La Conferenza del diritto del mare: dal ‘‘Testo unico riveduto’’ del 1976 al ‘‘Testo
composito informale’’ del 1977, Rivista di diritto internazionale, 1977,
566–578.
L’informazione sulla politica estera dell’Italia: il caso dei trattati internazionali,
in: Studi in onore di G. Balladore Pallieri, vol. 2, Milano, 1978, 614–630.
Sulla conversione in moneta nazionale dei limiti di responsabilità in franchi oro
della Convenzione di Varsavia, Il diritto marittimo, 1978, 83–89.
L’inquinamento marino: profili di diritto internazionale e comunitario, Studi
marittimi, 1978, 31–42.
L’abrogazione del divieto delle clausole oro negli Stati Uniti, Rivista di diritto
internazionale privato e processuale, 1978, 55–60.
La riforma del Fondo monetario internazionale, in Studi in onore di E.T. Liebman,
Milano, 1978, 3205–3220.
(with P. L. Lamberti Zanardi) Introduzione, in Il primato del diritto comunitario e i
giudici italiani, Milano, 1978.
La pollution résultant de l’exploration des fonds marins en droit international,
Annuaire français de droit international, 1978, 827–850.
La settima sessione della Conferenza sul diritto del mare, Rivista di diritto
internazionale, 1979, 125–154.
Euro-obbligazioni, in U. Carnevali (ed.), Dizionario del diritto commerciale e
industriale, Milano 1979.
Currency indemnity clauses, evoluzione recente della giurisprudenza inglese in
tema di obbligazioni di moneta estera e diritto internazionale dei commercianti,
in Studi in onore di C. Grassetti, Milano, 1979.
L’ottava sessione della Conferenza sul diritto del mare, Rivista di diritto
internazionale, 1979, 717–742.
La nona sessione della Conferenza sul diritto del mare, Rivista di diritto
internazionale, 1980, 432–463.
La notion d’utilisation des espaces marins à des fins pacifiques dans le nouveau
droit de la mer, Annuaire français de droit international, 1980, 687–699.
Drafting the LOS Convention, Marine Policy, 1981, 273–276.
Une nouvelle technique dans la codification du droit international: le Comité de
rédaction de la Conférence sur le droit de la mer, Annuaire français de droit
international, 1981, 65–85.
xviii Publications of Tullio Treves

La decima sessione della Conferenza sul diritto del mare, Rivista di diritto
internazionale, 1982, 24–55.
Continuité et innovation dans les modèles de gestion des ressources minérales des
fonds marins, in Académie de droit international de La Haye/Université des
Nations Unies, La gestion des ressources pour l’humanité: le droit de la mer,
Colloque 1981, The Hague, Boston, London, 1982, 63–83.
Fondo monetario internazionale, in Appendice al Novissimo Digesto Italiano,
Torino, 1982.
La protection des investissements préparatoires et la résolution N. 2 de la
Conférence des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer, Annuaire français de droit
international, 1982, 851–872.
Seabed Mining and the United Nations Law of the Sea Convention, The Italian
Yearbook of International Law, vol. 5, 1981/1982, 22–51.
La nouvelle Convention du droit de la mer, Structure et problèmes généraux,
Environmental Policy and Law, vol. 10, 1983, 78–82.
Norme imperative e di applicazione necessaria nella Convenzione di Roma del 19
giugno 1980, Rivista di diritto internazionale privato e processuale, 1983,
25–41.
The EEC and the Law of the Sea: How Close to One Voice?, Ocean Development
and International Law, vol. 12, 1983, 173–189.
(with R. Clerici and C. Biscaretti di Ruffia) Chronique de jurisprudence italienne,
Journal du droit international, 1983, 160–203.
Principe du consentement et nouveau régime juridique de la recherche scientifique
marine, in D. Bardonnet and M. Virally (eds), Le nouveau droit de la mer,
Paris, 1983, 269–285 (updated version: Principe du consentement et recherche
scientifique dans le nouveau droit de la mer, Revue générale de droit
international public, 1980, 253–268.
The Adoption of the Law of the Sea Convention: Prospects for Seabed Mining,
Marine Policy, 1983, 3–13.
Mare (diritto nazionale e internazionale), in Appendice al Novissimo Digesto
Italiano, Torino, 1984.
Evolución del sistema monetario internacional y unidades monetarias de oro de las
convenciones internacionales de unificación del derecho privado, Juridica,
Anuario del Departamento de derecho de la Universidad Ibero-americana,
vol. 16, 1984, 373–379.
Accommodation of Multiple Uses of the Seas in International Law, with Special
Reference to the Mediterranean, in D. M. Johnston and N. Letalik (eds), The
Law of the Sea and Ocean Industry: New Opportunities and Restraints (1982
Law of the Sea Institute Conference), Honolulu, 1984, 51–62.
The United Nations Law of the Sea Convention of 1982: Prospects for Europe, in
M. B. F. Ranken (ed.), Greenwich Forum IX, Britain and the Sea, Edimburgh,
1984, 166–182.
Publications of Tullio Treves xix

The U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea as a Non-Universally Accepted

Instrument: Notes on the Convention and Customary Law, in A. W. Koers and
B. H. Oxman (eds), The 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea (1983 Law of
the Sea Institute Conference), Honolulu, 1984, 685–690.
Le nouveau régime des espaces marins et la circulation des navires, in Université
de Paris I- Panthéon Sorbonne, Objectif mer, Paris, 1984, 107–123 (republished
with a bibliographical note in B. Vukas (ed.), Essays On The New Law of the
Sea, Zagreb, 1985, 202–220.
Observers Signatory of the Final Act in the International Seabed Authority’s
Preparatory Commission, German Yearbook of International Law, vol. 27,
1984, 303–314.
Innovation dans la technique de codification du droit international - la préparation
de la Conférence de Vienne sur les traités passés par les organisations
internationales, Annuaire français de droit international, 1986, 474–494.
Notes on Transit Passage through Straits and Customary Law, in A. Bos and H.
Siblesz (eds), Realism in Law-Making, Essays in International Law in Honor of
Willem Riphagen, Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster, 1985, 247–259.
The EEC, the UN and the Law of the Sea, in E. D. Brown and R. Churchill (eds),
The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea: Impact and Implementation (1985
Law of the Sea Institute Conference), Honolulu, 1987, 518–526.
La convenzione istitutiva della MIGA come codice di condotta in tema di
investimenti, Rivista di diritto internazionale privato e processuale, 1987, 1–12.
Mario Giuliano, Rivista di diritto internazionale, 1987, 110–124.
La déclaration des Nations Unies sur le renforcement de l’efficacité du principe du
non-recours à la force, Annuaire français de droit international, 1987, 379–398.
Comments, in G. Ulfstein, P. Andersen, and R. Churchill (eds), Council of Europe,
The Regulation of Fisheries: Legal, Economic and Social Aspects, Strasbourg,
1987, 179–182.
La participation de l’‘‘Organisation internationale compétente’’ aux décisions de
l’Etat côtier dans le nouveau droit de la mer, Le droit international à l’heure de
sa codification. Etudes en l’honneur de Roberto Ago, vol. 2, Milano, 1987,
473–490.
International Legal Problems of Scientific Research with Particular Reference to the
Mediterranean, in U. Leanza (ed.), Il regime giuridico del mare Mediterraneo,
Milano, 1987, 288–307.
The United Nations General Assembly, Antarctica and the Law of the Sea
Convention, in F. Francioni and T. Scovazzi (eds), International Law for
Antarctica, Milano, 1987, 281–289.
Les fonds marins au-delà de la juridiction nationale, in R. J. Dupuy (ed.), Manuel
sur les organisations internationales/Handbook on International Organisations,
Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster, 1988, 584–598 (new version titled: Les fonds
marins au-delà de la juridiction nationale L’Autorité internationale des fonds
marins, in the second edition of the Manual, Dordrecht, Boston, London, 1998,
776–794).
xx Publications of Tullio Treves

Banca internazionale per la Ricostruzione e lo Sviluppo (e istituzioni collegate), in

Digesto IV Edizione, Torino, 1988.
La prévention des conflits internationaux dans la déclaration adoptée en 1988 par
l’Assemblée Générale de l’O.N.U., Annuaire français de droit international,
1988, 437–453.
High Seas, in R. Bernhardt (ed.), Encyclopedia of Public International Law, vol. 2,
Amsterdam, New York, Oxford, Tokio, 1989, (publ. 1995) 705–710.
Marine Research, in R. Bernhardt (ed.), Encyclopedia of Public International Law,
vol. 3, Amsterdam, New York, Oxford, Tokio, 1989, (publ. 1997) 296–298.
Le Nazioni Unite e il diritto internazionale privato, in L’unificazione del diritto
internazionale privato e processuale, Studi in memoria di Mario Giuliano,
Padova, 1989, 897–916.
L’apertura alla firma della Convenzione UNCITRAL sulla cambiale internazionale:
problemi relativi all’ambito di applicazione, Rivista di diritto internazionale
privato e processuale, 1989, 325–330.
La convenzione e il protocollo di Roma sugli illeciti contro la sicurezza della
navigazione e delle piattaforme fisse, Rivista di diritto internazionale privato e
processuale, 1989, 489–514.
La limite extérieure du plateau continental: évolution récente de la pratique,
Annuaire français de droit international, 1989, 724–735.
The UN Body of Principles for the Protection of Detained or Imprisoned Persons,
American Journal of International Law, vol. 84, 1990, 578–586.
The Role of Universal International Organizations in Implementing the 1982 UN
Law of the Sea Convention, in A. H. A. Soons (ed.), Implementing the Law of
the Sea Convention through International Institutions, Law of the Sea Institute
Conference 1989, 1990, 14–37.
Pagamenti internazionali, in Enciclopedia Giuridica, vol. XXII, 1990.
(with N. Boschiero and R. Clerici) Chronique de jurisprudence italienne, Journal
du droit international, 1990, 645–682.
The Rome Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of
Maritime Navigation, in N. Ronzitti (ed.), Maritime Terrorism and International
Law, Dordrecht, Boston, London, 1990, 69–90.
La convention de 1989 sur les mercenaires, Annuaire français de droit
international, 1990, 520–535.
Fondo Monetario Internazionale, in Digesto, IV edizione, vol. VI Pubblicistico,
Torino, 1991.
Deep Sea-Bed Mining: The Practice of the Pioneer Investors, in R. Wolfrum (ed.),
Law of the Sea at a Crossroads: The Continuing Search for a Universally
Accepted Regime, Berlin, 1991, 331–349.
La loi namibienne sur la zone économique exclusive de 1990 et les pouvoirs de
l’Etat côtier, Espaces et ressources maritimes, 1991, 145–147.
L’amendement de 1991 à la loi namibienne sur la mer territoriale et la zone
économique de 1990, Espaces et ressources maritimes, 1992, 149–150.
Publications of Tullio Treves xxi

Le navire et la compatibilité entre les utilisations de la mer, in Société française de

droit international, Colloque de Toulon, Le navire en Droit international, Paris,
1992, 151–168.
Introduction, in EC:EEZ? - The Future of Europe’s Offshore Waters, Special Issue
of Ocean Development and International Law, vol. 23, 1992, 93–96.
La pêche en haute mer et l’avenir de la Convention des Nations Unies sur le droit
de la mer, Annuaire français de droit international, 1992, 885–904.
Il diritto dell’ambiente a Rio e dopo Rio, in Rivista giuridica dell’ambiente, 1993,
577–583.
Stato costiero e archeologia sottomarina, Rivista di diritto internazionale, 1993,
698–719.
Droit de passage en transit et protection de l’environnement dans le détroit de
Bonifacio, Espaces et ressources maritimes, 1993, 175–184.
L’entrée en vigueur de la Convention des Nations Unies sur le Droit de la mer et
les conditions de son universalisme, Annuaire français de droit international,
1993, 850–873.
Transit Passage and Protection of the Environment in the Strait of Bonifacio, in A.
Kiss and F. Burhenne Guilmin (eds), A Law for the Environment, Essays in
Honour of Wolfgang E. Burhenne, Gland, Cambridge, 1994, 121–128.
Aspetti internazionali della responsabilità civile per danni all’ambiente, Rivista
giuridica dell’ambiente, 1994, 105–116.
The Protection of the Oceans in Agenda 21 and International Environmental Law,
in L. Campiglio, L. Pineschi, D. Siniscalco, and T. Treves (eds), The
Environment after Rio, London, Dordrecht, Boston, 1994, 161–171.
Arrivano i primi frutti del vertice della terra, Impresa Ambiente, 1994, 14–18.
Réflexions sur quelques conséquences de l’entrée en vigueur de la Convention des
Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer, Annuaire français de droit international,
1994, 849–863.
The Agreement Completing the U.N. Law of the Sea Convention: Formal and
Procedural Aspects, in M. Nordquist, and J. N. Moore (eds), 1994 Rhodes
Papers, Entry into Force of the Law of the Sea Convention, The Hague, Boston,
London, 1995, 99–118.
Entry into Force of the United Nations Law of the Sea Convention: the Road
towards Universality, in N. Al-Nauimi, and R. Meese (eds), Legal Issues
Arising under the United Nations Decade of International Law, The Hague,
1995, 443–480.
Rapport général (on the theme: Action commune pour la protection de
l’environnement marin), Revue de l’Inedemer, Convergences Méditerrané-
ennes, Actes du Colloque, 1995, vol. 3, 71–86.
The Law of the Sea Tribunal: its Status and Scope of Jurisdiction after November
16, 1994, Heidelberg Journal of International Law (Zeitschrift für ausländisches
öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht), 1995, vol. 55, 421–451. (Updated version:
The Jurisdiction of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, Indian
Journal of International Law, vol. 37, 1997, 396–419).
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 Appropriate Pattern. 47 VI. APPROPRIATE PATTERN. It is
only by experience that a designer learns to know what may, and
what may not, be done within given lines. Many a notion which one
had a thought of adopting, turns out to be practically quite
unamenable to existing conditions. You caniiot draw a bold, flowing
scroll without considerable allowance in the way of length in the
blocks, cards, or whatever it may be ; nor can you well avoid a
certain upright tendency in patterns where the width is very much
restricted. The fact of the matter is, the characteristic lines of time-
honoured patterns are mainly the direct result of the restrictions
under which the craftsman was working. It is owing to the facility
with which triangular cubes of tile can be manipulated, that the
peculiarly geometric character of
 48 The Anatomy of Pattern. much Oriental ornament is due.
So also with us, the proportions of the square tile have resulted in a
distinctly characteristic form of ornament. I do not pretend to say
whether the turning over of the design which prevails in early silks,
was suggested by the fact that such turning over could be so, readily
done in weaving ; but it looks, at all events, as though the Sicilians,
and, in fact, weavers generally, until comparatively recent times,
adopted that plan of design, because by means of it they could at
once double the scale of their pattern. In the Renaissance silk,
figured on Plate 33, and in all such reversible designs planned upon
the diamond, hexagon, or ogee, onehalf the labour of designing and
card-cutting is saved. Naturally, the nineteenth century manufacturer
has not been slow to adopt a plan so obviously economical. It has
been said, that the idea of reversing a pattern owes its origin to the
circumstance that you may double a sheet of paper, and so, with one
action, cut out the two sides of it. If that is not so, it well might be
— except that, probably, reversed patterns were common long
before paper was. Very possibly it is derived
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 Appropriate Pattern. 49 from the practice of folding or
doubling. One may put together, for example, several sheets of
veneer, or even several planks, and, with one action of the saw, fret
all of them alike. That facility gave rise at all events to Boulle's
characteristic inlay patterns ; and in the balconies of Swiss chilets
one still sees a very effective kind of pierced pattern-work, which is
accounted for in a similar way. Bands or stripes of different colours
are so common in Eastern curtains, blankets, &c., because they can
be so easily woven. Even in more elaborate silk and other designs,
certain of the colours are very often distributed band-wise. The
variety of colour so obtained, is obviously due to the ease with
whiqh the weaver can change his shuttle. At the same time,
economy is thus often effected. If in such a design' as that on Plate
34 the flowers were meant to appear in gold, or only the eyes of the
flowers, the gold thread need only be used in the bands where the
flowers or eyes actually occur. You have but to look at the back of
any old piece of many-coloured silk damask to see the changes of
the shuttle very plainly marked. The aim of the designer is usually to
E
 50 The Anatomy of Pattern. disguise them more or less in
his pattern. But in the early days of silk weaving the unsophisticated
artist had no fear of a horizontal line. In such a pattern as the
Sicilian silk in Plate 20, he would boldly make the various bands of
animals in various colours. He would sometimes even carry bands of
colour straight across the animals, regardless of their shape. And the
effect of this rough-andready proceeding, in the silk itself, certainly
justifies him. In early examples of weaving both the turning over of
the pattern, and the banded arrangement of the colour are veiy
frequent; indeed, so much so, as to form quite marked features in
the design of the eleventh and following centuries, whether Sicilian
or Italian. (It was from Sicily, you know, that the art of weaving was
introduced into Italy.) Designers would be the more ready to adopt,
and to adhere to, the plan suggested.^; by the loom, in that the
horizontal line, due to it, was not anyways injurious to the effect of a
fabric meant to fall in folds. The dim vertical line, which was also
likely to occur from the turning over, was calculated to lose itself in
..the more strongly marked verticality of the
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n^l8LTe35.
 Appropriate Pattern. 5 1 folds ; and the horizontal band
emphasised by the change of the shuttle had an absolute value in
marking the fulness of the hangings. In flat decoration the horizontal
band is less unobjectionable ; and it is for that reason that so many
of the wall-paper patterns, borrowed or stolen from good old stuffs
— by their stripes you shall know them — are altogether
unsatisfactory on the wall. To me, horizontal stripes always suggest
the ample hanging, and seem to want the folds. The bold and
beautiful effect of such a damask pattern as that in Plate 35 would
be lost if it were rendered in flat decoration, especially without the
charm of the texture of the stuff: those waving lines and bands of
big rosettes would be unendurable. That pattern, by the way,
although it actually works on the principle of the parallelogram —
was obviously arrived at by carrying across a series of waved upright
lines a broad horizontal band of rosettes. Many an admirable textile
pattern, otherwise in every way suitable, is inapplicable to flat
decoration, whether in the shape of silk, or chintz, or wall paper.
Some persons appear to be of opinion that.
 5 2 The A natomy ■ of Pattern. a pattern, according to Dr.
Johnson, beiiig " something to be copied," design consists therefore
in copying what has been done before. That is all very well so far as
concerns the definition of the word pattern ; but how about the
meaning of the word design ? I would go beyond the lexicographer,
and say : not every pattern is an " exemplar." In adapting a design,
from one material to use in another, it is not enough to copy it, it
needs to be translated ; which translation is not so easy, but that an
artist gifted with any invention of his own, will find it, on the whole,
better worth while to say what it is in him to say for himself, and not
go on harping on the old, old tunes, melodious though they be. The
most perplexing thing about modern design is that we are asked
tcdesign, to-day under these conditions, to-morrow under those. We
have no traditions and no style. And yet in the very variety of the
efforts demanded of us there is relief of a kind ; and in the presence
of difficulties our ingenuity, if we have any, is excited. The more
difficult the conditions, the more they provoke solution. A designer
must have in him something
 Appropriate Pattern. 53 of pugnacity ; he must enjoy
attacking a tough problem. A man proves himself a designer, not
when he has somehow arrived ■ at a design, but inasmuch as out of
unpromising material and untoward circumstances he can shape a
thing of beauty. LONDON ; PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND
SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STKEET AND CHARING CROSS.
 WORKS ON DECORATIVE ART PUBLISHED BY B. T.
BATSFORD, 52, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON. APPROVED BY THE
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the Arts not Fine. By Lewis Foreman Day, Author of " Instances of
Accessory Art," &c. With upwards of loo illustrations, chiefly by the
Author, crown 8vo, cloth, gilt, 7j. 6d. Modern Ornamentation ; being
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Ornamentation of Manufactures in Wood, Metal, Pottery, &c. ; also
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Chr. Dresser, Ph.D., &c.. Author of "The Art of Decorative Design" ;
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Designs, imperial 4to, handsomely bound in cloth gilt, 36^. "A
COMPLETE OBAMMAB OF ADAH'S OBNAMENT." The Architecture,
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Twenty-six folio plates (17 in. by I3J in.), selected from " Works in
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James Akerman. Neatly half-bound, i/. 5j. Decorative Designs. By
Robert Adam. Transfers, taken from the Original Drawings in the
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Japanese Ornament and Design. Illustrated by 65 plates, many in
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4to, in elegant cloth binding, 2/. hs. Art and Work : as shown in the
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Royal 4to, cloth, gilt edges, 2I. 10s. Handbook of Coloured
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 WORKS ON DECORATIVE ART. Suggestions from Bird and
Flower : a Series of Drawings exhibiting a Variety of Birds in their
Haunts, Groups of Flowers and Plants, &c., drawn in a highly
Decorative spirit, for the use of Designers, Decorators, and others.
By J, Thomas, Decorative Artist, Author of "A Portfolio of Japanese
Sketches." 42 large folio plates photogiraphed from the Original
Drawings, in portfolio, 36J. Native Printed Japanese Art Books: a
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life Attitudes, .^ surrounded with appropriate Foliage and Flowers.
In Two Books, each containing 66 pages of highly Artistic and ■
Decorative Illustrations, Printed in Tints. Price, 6j. td. each Book ; or
the set of two, \2s. net. Art Foliage for Sculpture and Decoration. By
J as. K. Colling. Second Edition, Enlarged and Revised, containing 81
plates, with letterpress and numerous woodcuts. Royal 4to, cloth,
\%s. Examples of English Mediceval Foliage and Coloured
Decoration. By Jas. K. Colling. Taken from Buildings of the Twelfth to
the Fifteenth Century, 76 lithographic plates, and 79 woodcut
illustrations, Tyith text. Royal 4to, cloth, gilt top, i8f. Flat Ornament :
a Pattern Book for Designers of Textiles, Embroideries, Wall Papers,
Inlays, &c., &c. i^o plates, some printed in Colours, exhibiting
upwards of 500 Examples of Textiles, Embroideries, Paper Hangings,
Tile Pavements, Intarsia Work, Tapestries, Bookbindings, Surface
Ornaments from Buildings, &c., &c., collected from Various
Museums, Churches, Mosques, &c., &c., with some Original Designs
for Textile and other Ornament by Dr. Fischhach, Giraud, and others.
Imperial 4to, in portfolio, 25^. Examples of Ancient and Modern
Furniture, Metal Work, Tapestries, Decoration, Sr'c. By B- J. Talbert,
Architect, Author of " Gothic Forms applied to Furniture and
Decoration." 21 plates, with Description, &c., folio, doth, 32J. net.
Original Sketches for Art Furniture : By A. Jonquet, 1 A Series of
Designs for Modem Furniture in the Jacobean, Queen Anne, Adam,
Chippendale, and Sheraton Styles, illustrated in 143 Designs on 65
lithographic plates, exhibiting Examples of Drawing Room, Dining
Room, Bedroom, and Hall Furniture, Chimney-Pieces, &c. Imperial
4to, cloth, 25^. Motifs for Panels and other Decorations : Twenty
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