10.

CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION

Single Correct Answer Type

1. The second meiotic division leads to

a) Separation of sex chromosomes

b) Fresh DNA synthesis

c) Separation of chromatids and centromere

d) Separation of homologous chromosomes

2. In meiosis, chromosome number becomes

a) Half of its parent chromosome

b) Same as that of parent chromosome

c) One fourth of its parent chromosome

d) None of the above

3. Consider the following statements about plant cytokinesis

I. It usually occurs by cell plate method
II. The spindle usually persists during cytokinesis
III. Cell plate grows centrifugally
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) I and II b) I and III c) II and III d) I, II and III

4. I. …A… phase corresponds to the interval between mitosis and initiation of DNA replication
II. In animal cells, during the …B… phase, DNA replication begins in the nucleus and the centriole
duplicates in the cytoplasm
III. During the …C… phase, proteins are synthesized for the preparation of mitosis, while cell
growth continues
Identify the blanks (A-C) to complete the given statements (I-III) with reference to NCERT
textbook
a) A-G 2, B-S, b) A-S, B-G 2, c) A-S, B-G 1, d) A-G 1, B-S, C-
C-G 1 C-G 1 C-G 2 G2
5. Select the matched ones.
I . S-phase - DNA replication
II. Zygotene - Synapsis
III. Diplotene - Crossing over
IV. Meiosis - Both haploid and diploid cells
V G 2-phase - Quiescent stage
a) I and II only b) III and IV c) III and V d) I,III and V
only only only
6. Which type of cell division helps in regeneration of cells?

a) Mitosis b) Amitosis c) Meiosis d) Karyokinesi

s
7. Which of the following statement(s) is/are not correct about meiosis?
I. Meiosis involves pairing of homologous chromosomes and recombination between them
II. Two diploid cells are formed at the end of meiosis-II
III. Meiosis involves two sequential cycles of nuclear and cell division called meiosis-I and meiosis-
II, but only a single cycle of DNA replication
IV. Meiosis-I is initiated after the parental chromosome replication which produce identical sister
Page| 1
 chromatids at the S-phase
The correct option is
a) I and III b) II only c) II and III d) I, II, III and
IV
8. Choose the correct statements regarding cell cycle
I. Interphase is called the resting phase
II. Interphase is the time during which the cell is preparing for division
III. The interphase is divided into phases, i .e . ,G 1 , S and G 2-phase
IV. Interphase represents the phase between the two successive M-phases
The option with correct statements is
a) I and IV b) II and III c) I and III d) I, II, III and
IV
9. Crossing over occurs during

a) Leptotene b) Diplotene c) Pachytene d) Zygotene

10. During meiosis, the alleles of the parental pair separate or segregated from each other. How many
allele(s) is/are then transmitted to a gamete?
a) Four b) Two c) Six d) One

11. The phragmoplast is organized at the

a) Beginning of anaphase

b) End of anaphase

c) Beginning of telophase

d) End of telophase

12. The morphology of chromosomes can be studied most easily in

a) Prophase b) Metaphase c) Anaphase d) Telophase

13. Identify the correct stage of mitosis by viewing the diagram carefully?

a) Interphase b) Prophase c) Metaphase d) Anaphase

14. The number of chromosomes becomes half in

a) Anaphase-I b) Anaphase-II c) Telpohase-I d) Telophase-

II
15. In which of the following phase of cell cycle, mitotic division got arrested?

a) G2-phase b) G0-phase c) S-phase d) M-phase

16. Which of the following phase of cell cycle is also known as the resting phase?

a) G1-phase b) M-phase c) S-phase d) Interphase

17. Differentiated cell remains at which stage?

a) G1 b) G2 c) G0 d) M

Page| 2
18. The process of cytokinesis refers to the division of

a) Nucleus b) Chromosom c) Cytoplasm d) None of

es these
19. Choose the correct combination of options to select the correct statement for prophase
I. Chromosomal material condenses to form compact mitotic chromosomes
II. The assembly of mitotic spindle is initiated by the microtubules
III. Cells do not show organelles when viewed under the prophase
IV. The nucleolus or nucleoli degenerate completely
a) I only b) II and III c) I and II d) All of these

20. Which of the following event distinguishes prophase-I of meiosis from prophase of mitosis?

a) Nuclear b) Chromosomes become visible

membrane
breaks
down
c) Homologou d) Spindle forms
s
chromosom
es pair up
21. During mitosis, number of chromosomes gets

a) Change

b) No change

c) May be change if cell is mature

d) May be change if cell is immature

22. I. Chromosomes cluster at opposite spindle poles their identity is lost as discrete elements
II. Nuclear envelope assembles around the chromosome clusters
III. Nucleolus, Golgi complex and ER reform
Above features indicates which phase of mitosis
a) Anaphase b) Telophase c) Cytokinesis d) S-phase

23. What would be the change in the chromosome number, during S-phase?

a) No change

b) The number of chromosome doubles

c) The number of chromosome doubles only in case of diploid cell

d) The number of chromosome doubles only in case of haploid cell

24. Arrange the following events of meiosis in a correct sequence and choose the correct option
I. Terminalisation
II. Crossing over
III. Synapsis
IV. Disjunction of genomes
a) IV, III, II and b) III, II, I and c) II, I, IV and d) I, IV, III and
I IV III II
25. What is the approximate percentage duration of cell cycle that comes under interphase in humans?

a) 99% b) 95% c) 25% d) 5%

26. Which of the following stage of meiosis is responsible for deciding genetic constitution of gametes?

Page| 3
 a) Metaphase- b) Anaphase-II c) Metaphase- d) Anaphase-I
II I
27. …A…. mitotic cell division is only seen in the diploid somatic cells, while the …B… can show mitotic
divisions in both haploid and diploid cells.
Identify A and B form the options given below
a) A-Animals; b) A-Plants; B- c) A-Bacterial; d) None of
B-plants animals B-viruses these
28. Given diagram indicates which of the following phase of mitosis? Choose the correct option

a) Interphase b) Prophase c) Metaphase d) Anaphase

29. In meiosis, the chromosome number

a) Reduces by b) Increase by twice

half
c) Increase by d) Reduces by one-fourth
four times
30. The phase between two successive M-phase is called

a) S-phase b) G1-phase c) G2-phase d) Interphase

31. At the end of meiosis-II, number of haploid cells formed are

a) Two b) Four c) Eight d) None of

these
32. The transition between meiosis-I and meiosis-II is

a) Interkinesis b) Cytokinesis c) Diakinesis d) Karyokinesi

s
33. Synapsis occurs between

a) A male and a female gamete

b) mRNA and ribosomes

c) Spindle fibres and centromere

d) Two homologous chromosomes

34. In which stage of cell division, chromosomes are most condensed?

a) Prophase b) Metaphase c) Anaphase d) Telophase

35. Which of the protein is found in spindle fibre?

a) Tubulin b) Albumin c) Mucin d) Haemoglobi

n
36. Which of the following events occurs during G 1-phase?

a) DNA replication

Page| 4
 b) Growth and normal function of cell

c) Mutation

d) Fertilization

37. Select the correct statements regarding S-phase of interphase

I. Occurs between G 1andG 2
II. DNA replication begins in the nucleus
III. Centrioles duplicate in the cytoplasm
IV. As DNA is doubled, number of chromosomes also doubles
The option with correct statements is
a) IV and III b) I, II, III and c) II, III and IV d) I, II and III
IV
38. A material, which arrests cell division, is obtained from

a) Crocus b) Colchicum c) Dalbergia d) Chrysanthemum

39. During cell division, sometimes there will be failure of separation of sister chromatids. This event
is called
a) Interferenc b) Complemen c) Non- d) Coincidence
e tation disjunction
40. I. The cells that do not divide further, exit G 1-phase to enter an inactive stage called …A… phase of
the cell cycle
II. The cells that are in G 2-phase definitely continue with the …B… phase.
Identify A and B to complete the given NCERT statements
a) b) c) d)
A-G 0; B-S A-S; B-G 0 A-M; B-G 0 A-G 0; B-M
41. Which type of chromosomes segregate when a cell undergoes meiosis?

a) Homologous chromosomes

b) Non- homologous chromosomes

c) Both (a) and (b)

d) Centric and acentric chromosomes

42. Term ‘meiosis’ was proposed by

a) Farmer and b) Flemming c) Strasburger d) Darlington

Moore
43. Meiosis can be observed in

a) tapetal cells

b) Megaspores

c) Micropores

d) Spore mother cells

44. Crossing over that results in genetic recombination in higher organisms occurs between

a) Sister chromatids of bivalent

b) Non-Sister chromatids of a bivalent

Page| 5
 c) Two daughter nuclei

d) Two different bivalents

45. In which of the following stage of the cell cycle, the attachment of spindle fibres to kinetochores of
chromosomes occurs?
a) Prophase b) Metaphase c) Anaphase d) Telophase

46. The sequence of events by which a cell duplicates its genome, synthesizes the other constituents of
the cell and eventually divides into two daughter cells is termed as
a) Cell divisionb) Cell cycle c) Cell growth d) Cell
duplication
47. In animal cell has, cytokinesis involves

a) The separation of sister chromatids

b) The contraction of the contractile ring of micro filament

c) Depolymerization of kinetochore microtubules

d) A protein kinase that phosphorylaes other enzymes

48. Which is correct for meiotic metaphase-I?

a) Bivalents are arranged at equator

b) Univalents are arranged at equator

c) Non-homologous chromosomes forms pair

d) Spindle fibres are attached at chromomere

49. Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between

a) Non-sister chromatids of the homologous chromosomes

b) Sister chromatids of the homologous chromosome

c) Chromatids of non-homologous chromosomes

d) The genes those are completely linked

50. Which of the following phase of the cell cycle is not a part of interphase?

a) S b) M c) G0 d) G1

51. Colchicine arrests which of the following stage of cell division?

a) Prophase b) Anaphase c) Telophase d) Metaphase

52. Select the correct option with respect to mitosis.

a) Chromatids start moving towards opposite poles in telophase

b) Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum are still visible at the end of prophase

c) Chromosomes move to the spindle equator and get aligned along equatorial plate in metaphase

d) Chromatids separate but remains in the centre of the cell in anaphase

Page| 6
53. Small disc-shaped structures at the surface of the centromeres that appear during metaphase are

a) Kinetochore b) Metaphase c) Spindle d) Chromatid

s plate fibres
54. Cell division can not be stopped in which phase of the cell cycle?

a) G1-phase b) G2-phase c) S-phase d) Prophase

55. Meiosis in AaBb will produce gametes

a) AB, aB, Ab, b) AB, ab c) Aa, bb d) Aa, Bb

ab
56. The stage between two meiotic division is called

a) Interphase b) Cytokinesis c) Interkinesis d) Karyokinesi

s
57. If we ignore the effect of crossing over, how many different haploid cells arise by meiosis in a
diploid cell having 2 n=12 ?
a) 8 b) 16 c) 32 d) 64

58. Which of the following CdKs and cyclins comes under G 1 check point?

a) Cd K 4/ b) Cd K 6 / c) Both (a) d) Cd K 2/
Cyclin D Cyclin D and (b) Cyclin B
59. Crossing over occurs at

a) Single strand stage

b) Two strand stage

c) Four strand stage

d) Eight strand stage

60. Chromosome number can be doubled by using which of the following?

a) Indole acetic acid

b) GA

c) Zeatin

d) Colchicines

61. Dictyotene a is prolonged

a) Leptotene b) Pachytene c) Diplotene d) Zygotene

62. Which of the following is unique to mitosis and not a part of meiosis?

a) Homologous chromosomes behave independently

b) Chromatids are separated during anaphase

c) Homologous chromosomes pair and form bivalents

d) Homologous chromosomes crossover

63. Spindle fibre is made up of

Page| 7
 a) Humulin

b) Intermediate filament

c) Flagellin

d) Tubulin

64. There are three genes a , b , c with percentage of crossing over between a∧b is 20%, b∧c is 28%
and a∧c is 8%. What is the sequence of genes on chromosome?
a) b,a,c b) a,b,c c) a,c ,b d) None of
these
65. See the diagrams carefully and identify the different stages of mitosis ( A−C) by choosing
appropriate options given below

a) A-Metaphase; B-Telophase; C-Interphase

b) A-Telophase; B-Metaphase; C-Prophase

c) A-Anaphase; B-Telophase; C-Interphase

d) A-Telophase; B-Anaphase; C-Prophase

66. During which stage of meiosis, do tetrads line up at the equator?

a) Prophase-I b) Telophase-I c) Metaphase- d) Anaphase-I

I
67. The anaphase promoting complex is activated by

a) M cdk cyclinb) G1 cdk c) S cdk cyclin d) Transaction

cyclin factor
68. A cell plate is laid down during

a) Cytokinesis

b) Karyokinesis

c) Interphase

d) None of these

69. During which stage of meiosis, do the sister chromatids begin to move towards the poles?

a) Prophase-I b) Telophase-I c) Anaphase-II d) Anaphase-I

70. In a cell cycle, which structures serves as the site of attachment of spindle fibres?

a) Chromosom b) Histone c) Chromone d) Kinetochore

es meta
71. Identify the diagram and name the phase of meiosis carefully

Page| 8
 a) Telophase-I b) Anaphase-I c) Metaphase- d) Prophase-I
I
72. Which of the following serves as mitotic spindle poison?

a) Ca
2+¿ ¿
b) Mg
2+¿¿
c) Tubulin d) Colchicine

73. Chromosomes are visible with chromatids at which phase of mitosis?

a) Interphase b) Prophase c) Metaphase d) Anaphase

74. RNA and proteins are formed in

a) G1-phase b) G2-phase c) S-phase d) G0-phase

75. Give the name of the phases of meiosis, in which
I. the chromosome number is reduced to haploid state
II. the amount of DNA is reduced to haploid state
The correct option is
a) Anaphase-II; anaphase-I

b) Anaphase-I, metaphase-II

c) Anaphase-I, anaphase-II

d) Anaphase-II, metaphase-I

76. What type of cell division takes place in the functional megaspore initially in angiosperms?

a) Homeotypic without cytokinesis

b) Reductional without cytokinesis

c) Somatic followed by cytokinesis

d) Meiotic followed by cytokinesis

77. Which of the following statements are correct for multicellular cell division?
I. Cell division brings about embryonic development and growth
II. It plays a role in repair and maintenance of the body
III. It is important for reproduction
The correct option is
a) Only I b) I and III c) Only II d) I, II and III

78. Meiosis involves two sequential cycles of …A… called meiosis-I and meiosis-II but only a single
cycle of …B…
Identify A and B to complete the given statement
a) A-nuclear b) A-cell division, B-DNA replication
and cell
division, B-
DNA
replication
c) A-DNA d) A-nuclear division, B-DNA replication

Page| 9
 replication,
B-cell
division
79. During, meiosis-I, the bivalent chromosomes clearly appear as tetrads during

a) Diakinesis b) Diplotene c) Leptotene d) Pachytene

80. DNA replicates

a) Twice in each cell cycle

b) Only once in each cell cycle

c) Once in mitotic cell cycle, once in meiotic-I (reductional division) and once in meiotic-II (equational
division)
d) None of the above

81. Select the correct sequence of a cell cycle

a) G2 → M →Gb)
1→S S →G2 → M →G1

c) G1 → S →G2d)
→M M → G1 → G2 → M

82. Which of the following statements are correct for meiosis?

I. Meiosis is a double division. It gives rise to four cells
II. The cells undergoing meiosis may be haploid or diploid
III. No bouquet stage is recorded
IV. Pairing or synapsis of homologous chromosomes takes place during zygotene of prophase-I and
continues upto metaphase-I
Option containing correct statement is
a) I only b) I and IV c) II and III d) All of these

83. Mature nerve cells are incapable of cell division. These cell are probably considered in

a) G2-phase b) S-phase c) Mitosis d) G0-phase

84. Mitosis or the equational division is usually restricted to …A… cells. However, in some lower plants
and in some social insects …B… cells also divide by mitosis.
Choose the correct option for A and B from the given options
A B
a) Haploid; b) Haploid; c) Diploid; d) Diploid;
diploid haploid diploid haploid
85. The spindles are formed of

a) Chromosom b) Actin c) Microtubule d) Myosin

e s
86. During mitosis, ER and nucleolus begin to disappear at

a) Late b) Early c) Late d) Early

prophase metaphase metaphase prophase
87. The plane of alignment of chromosome at the metaphase stage of cell cycle is referred to as the

a) Prophase b) Metaphase c) Anaphase d) Telophase

plate plate plate plate
88. From the following, identify the two correct statements with reference to meiosis
I. Bead-like structures are absent on chromosomes
II. Displacement of chiasmata occurs in diakinesis
III. Separation of two basic sets of chromosomes
IV. No division of centromere

Page| 10
 The correct option is
a) II and III b) II and IV c) III and IV d) I and III

89. Consider the following statements about colchicine

I. It is an alkaloid widely used in plant breeding for doubling the chromosome number
II. Colchicine induced polyploidy has been used in raising several varieties of horticulture and
agricultural plants
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) Only I b) Only II c) Both I and IId) None of
these
90. Separation of linked genes is called

a) Linkage b) Segregation c) Crossing d) Genetic

over mutation
91. Sequence of four phases of cell cycle is

a) G 1 → S →G 2 → M

b) G 1 → G2 → S → M

c) S →G1 →G 2 → M

d) M → G 1 → G2 → S

92. The division of the cytoplasm is termed as

a) Karyokinesi b) Mitosis c) Cytokinesis d) Meiosis

s
93. Cell would normally proceed to mitosis without interruption

a) Once it had started the S-period

b)
Once it had entered the G 2-phase
c) At anytime during cell division

d) None of the above

94. The two chromatids of a metaphase chromosome represent

a) Replicated chromosomes to be separated at anaphase

b) Homologous chromosomes of a diploid set

c) Non-homologous chromosomes joined at the centromere

d) Maternal and paternal chromosomes joined at the centromere

95. In the process of mitotic division during interphase, chromosome material remains in the form of
very loosely coiled threads called
a) Chromosom b) Chromatin c) Chromatid d) Microtubule
e s
96. Which is synthesized in G 1-phase?

a) DNA b) Histones c) Nucleolar d) Tubulin

polymerase DNA protein
97. Which of the following occurs more than one and less than five in a chromosome?

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 a) Chromatid b) Chromomer c) Centromere d) Telomere
e
98. Longest phase of meiosis, is

a) Prophase-I b) Prophase-II c) Anaphase-I d) Metaphase-

II
99. Mitotic stages are not observed in

a) Cosmarium b) E . coli c) Saccharomyces

d) Chlorella

100. Crossing over is also an enzyme mediated process and the enzyme involved is called

a) Ligase b) Polymerase c) Recombinas d) Endonuclea

e se
101. Which one of the following stages corresponds to Mendel’s law of independent assortment?

a) Anaphase-II b) Anaphase-I c) Metaphase- d) Telophase-I

I
102. Which stages of mitosis is known for occurrence of cytokinesis?

a) Metaphase b) Telophase c) Anaphase d) None of

these
103. Characteristic of meiosis is

a) Two nuclear and two chromosome divisions

b) Two nuclear and one chromosome division

c) One nuclear and two chromosome divisions

d) One nuclear and one chromosome division

104. See the diagram carefully and sequentially arrange the steps of amitosis given below?

I. The constriction appears in the cytoplasm

II. The nucleus of cell elongates and develops a constriction round its middle
III. The constriction in nucleus gradually deepens and finally cuts the nucleus into two daughter
nuclei
IV. The cytoplasmic constriction divides the parent cell into two daughter cells, each with a nucleus
Option containing correct sequence of events is
a) I → III → II b)
→ IV I → II → III c)
→ IV II → I → III d)
→ IV II → III → I → IV

105. The number of mitotic cell divisions required to produce 256 cells from single cell would be

a) 10 b) 12 c) 6 d) 8

106. The second check point in cell cycle occurs at

a) G0−G1 b) G1−G2 c) G1−¿ S d) G2−¿ M

107. The M-phase starts with the …A…, corresponding to the separation of daughter chromosomes,
known as …B… and usually ends with division of cytoplasm which is known as …C…
Identify A-C to complete the given NCERT statement

Page| 12
 a) A-cell division; B-cytokinesis; C-karyokinesis

b) A-nuclear division; B-karyokinesis; C-cytokinesis

c) A-cell division; B-karyokinesis; C-cytokinesis

d) A-nuclear division; B-cytokinesis; C-karyokinesis

108. DNA replication in a cell cycle occurs during

a) G1-phase b) S-phase c) G2-phase d) M-phase

109. If the cell has 14 chromosomes at interphase. Than how many chromosomes will the cell have at
G 1-phase of cell cycle?
a) 28 b) 14 c) 7 d) 21

110. When parental and maternal chromosomes change their material with each other in cell division,
this event is called
a) Bivalent b) Crossing c) Synapsis d) Dyad
forming over forming
111. Which of the following stage is responsible for the appearance of Lampbrush chromosomes?

a) Meiotic b) Mitotic c) Mitotic d) Mitotic

prophase prophase anaphase metaphase
112. The given figure is the representation of a certain event at a particular stage of a type of cell
division. Identify the stage and choose the correct option?

a) Prophase-I b) Prophase-II during meiosis

during
meiosis
c) Prophase d) Both prophase and metaphase of mitosis
during
meiosis
113. Chiasmata are most appropriately observed in meiosis during

a) Diakinesis b) Diplotene c) Metaphase- d) Pachytene

II
114. In which of the following stages, the chromosome is single thin and like long thread?

a) Leptotene b) Zygotene c) Pachytene d) Diakinesis

115. From the following, identify the two correct statements with reference to meiosis
I. Bead like reference to meiosis
II. Displacement of chaismata occurs in diakinesic
III. Separation of two basic sets of chromosomes
IV. No division of centromere
The correct option is
a) II, III b) II, IV c) III, IV d) I, III

116. Which of the following stage of cell cycle is known as quiescent stage?

a) G1-phase b) S-phase c) G0-phase d) G2-phase

117. At which stage of mitosis, chromatids separated and passes to different poles?

Page| 13
 a) Prophase

b) Metaphase

c) Anaphase

d) Telophase

118. When dividing cells are examined under a light microscope, chromosomes become visible in

a) Interphase b) S-phase c) Prophase d) G1-phase

119. Phenomenon of crossing over in diploid organisms is responsible for

a) Linkages between genes

b) Recombination between linked genes

c) Segregation between genes

d) Dominance of gene

120. In G 1-phase of cell cycle, what would be the change in DNA content of the cell?

a) DNA b) DNA content gets reduced

content
increases to
double
c) Four fold d) No change in DNA content
increase of
DNA
content
121. What is the approximate duration of cell cycle for a mammalian cell?

a) 90 min b) 24 hrs c) 24 days d) 12 hrs

122. Karyokinesis refers to the division of

a) The b) The nucleus

cytoplasm
c) Cytoplasm d) all constituents of the cell
and nucleus
123. Which of the following statements are correct for cell cycle?
I. Cell cycle is the sequence of events involving growth and division of a cell from the time of its
formation to its own division into daughter cells
II. Cell growth (in terms of cytoplasmic increase) is a continuous process
III. DNA synthesis occurs only during one specific stage in the cell cycle
IV. The replicated chromosomes (DNA) are distributed to daughter nuclei during cell division
a) I and III b) I and II c) III and IV d) I, II, III and
IV
124. Which of the following statement is true for cells in G 0 stage of cell cycle?

a)
Cells in G 0 stage are metabolically more active
b) Cells are metabolically inactive

c) Cells are metabolically active but no longer proliferate in normal condition

d) None of the above

Page| 14
125. In which stage of the first meiotic division, two sister chromatids are formed?

a) Leptotene b) Zygotene c) Pachytene d) Diplotene

126. Synapsis occurs in ……….. phase of meiosis.

a) Zygotene

b) Diplotene

c) Pachytene

d) Leptotene

127. Mitosis usually results in the

a) Production b) Growth of multicellular organisms

of diploid
daughter
cells
c) Cell repair d) All of the above

128. Which of the following type of cell cycle is known as equational division?

a) Amitosis b) Mitosis c) Meiosis d) None of the

above
129. The complete disintegration of nuclear envelope in a cell cycle marks the

a) Start of b) Start of metaphase of mitosis

prophase of
mitosis
c) End of d) Start of telophase of mitosis
anaphase of
mitosis
130. Chromosomes are arranged along the equator during

a) Prophase b) Metaphase c) Anaphase d) Telophase

131. What is the average duration for mitosis?

a) 3 min 30 b) 3 hr to 5 hr c) 30 min to 3 d) 2 hr to 3 hr
min hr
132. G
Which of the following stage of mitosis follows the S and 2-phases of interphases?

a) Prophase b) Metaphase c) Anaphase d) Telophase

133. I. Phases of cell cycle are controlled by proteins, …A… and …B…
II. There are two regulatory mechanisms, called …C… which take decision about cell division.
III. The second check point, called …D… is responsible for transition from G 2 to M-phase.
Identify A-D to complete the given statements (I-III)
a) A-cyclins; b) A-cyclins; B-check points; C-mitotic cyclin, D-CdKs
B-CdKs; C-
check
points; D-
mitotic
cyclin (Cm)
c) A-mitotic d) A-mitotic cyclin (Cm), B-cyclins; C-check points, D-CdKs
cyclin (Cm),
B-CdKs; C-

Page| 15
 check
points, D-
Cyclin
134. When synapsis is complete all along the chromosome, the cell is said to have entered a stage called

a) Zygotene b) Pachytene c) Diplotene d) Diakinesis

135. ‘XX’ is a phase of mitosis, in which the chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes. During
‘XX’ phase, nuclear envelope breaks down and spindles forms at opposite ends of the cell
Identify ‘XX’
a) Interphase b) Anaphase c) Telophase d) Prophase

136. Which of the following CdKs and cyclins comes under G 2 check point?

a) Cd K 4/ b) Cd K 2/ c) Cd K 6 / d) Cd K 2/
Cyclin B Cyclin B Cyclin B Cyclin D
137. Mitosis is divided into

a) Five stages b) Three c) Four stages d) Six stages

stages
138. Which of the following statements (events) is/are true for mitotic telophase?

a) Nucleolus, GB and ER form

b) NM assembles around each chromosomes clusters

c) Arrival of chromosomes cluster at opposite poles and loss of their identity as discrete elements

d) All of the above

139. Identify A-C in the given statements, and choose the correct option
I. Spindle microtubules that extend from the two poles of a dividing cell are called …A…
II. A centromere connects two identical copies of a single chromosomes. These two copies are
called …B…
III. In ‘X’ phase, the paired chromosomes separate and begin moving to opposite ends of the cell.
This ‘X’ is called …C…
a) A-kinetochore fibres; B-chromatids; C-metaphase

b) A-polar fibres; B-homologous chromosomes; C-Prophase

c) A-polar fibres; B-sister chromatids; C-anaphase

d) A-kinetochore fibres; B-asters; C-anaphase

140. Among the following, which one is longest phase in prophase of meiosis?

a) Leptotene b) Zygotene c) Pachytene d) Diplotene

141. The interphase is divided into three main phases. There phases are

a) G
1-phase, M-phase and G 2-phase
b) M-phase, S-phase and divisional phase

c) Gap 1 phase, synthesis phase and gap 2 phase

d)
M-phase G 2-phase and divisional phase
142. In which of the following stages of the cell cycle chromosome number becomes half?

Page| 16
 a) Metaphase- b) Anaphase-I c) Prophase-I d) Metaphase-
I II
143. What type of plant is formed when colchicines is used in the process of development of
Raphanobrassica?
a) Triploid b) Haploid c) Autotetrapl d) Allotetraplo
oid id
144. The proteins involved in the movement of chromosomes towards the poles during cell division are

a) Actin b) Myosin c) Tubulin d) Elastin

145. Which of the following specie’s haploid cell has maximum chromosome counts?

a) Ophiogloss b) Cat c) Allium d) Dog

um
146. Which one of the following precedes re-formation of the nuclear envelope during M-phase of the
cell cycle?
a) Decondensation from chromosome and reassembly of the nuclear lamina

b) Transcription from chromosomes and reassembly of the nuclear lamina

c) Formation of the contractile ring and formation of the phragmoplast

d) Formation of the contractile ring and transcription from chromosomes

147. Synaptonemal complex is formed during

a) Pachytene b) Zygotene c) Leptotene d) Diplotene

148. Identify the diagram and name the stage of meiosis correctly

a) Pachytene b) Zygotene
(crossing
over)
c) Leptotene d) Diplotene

149. G0-phase is

a)
Phase after G 2-phase
b) Phase after M-phase, in which daughter cell enters new cell cycle

c) Arrest of cell cycle on the onset of differentiation

d) All of the above

150. During cell division, chromosome attaches with spindles

a) Kinetochore

b) Centrosome

c) Centriole

Page| 17
 d) Secondary constriction

151. The spindle microtubules are polar, their orientation is

a) Positive (+) and negative (-) both ends towards the equator

b) Positive (+) ends towards the poles

c) negative (-) ends towards the poles

d) Positive (+) and negative (-) both ends towards the poles

152. The non-sister chromatids twist around and exchange segments with each other during

a) Diplotene b) Diakinesis c) Leptotene d) Pachytene

153. Two basic stages of cell cycle are

a) Interphase and M-phase/divisional phase

b) Karyokinesis and cytokinesis

c) Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

d) G , S
1 and G 2 phases
154. Which of the following statements are correct for G 1-phase?
I. It is the last substage of interphase
II. Cell organelles do not increase in number
III. Both cell and nucleus grow in size
IV. It synthesizes RNAs, proteins and other biochemical for cell growth and subsequent replication
of DNA
Choose the correct option
a) I and II b) II and IV c) I and III d) II and III

155. From the following identify the two correct statements with reference to meiosis
I. Bead-like structures are absent on chromosomes.
II. Displacement of chiasmata occurs in diakinesis.
III. Separation of two basic sets of chromosomes.
IV. No division of centromere.
a) II,III b) II,IV c) III,IV d) I,III

156. The S-phase of cell cycle is characterized by

a) Duplication of chromosome

b) Shortening of chromosome

c) Duplication of DNA

d) Duplication of centriole

157. Congression is a phenomenon of

a) Movement of sister chromatids towards the poles

b) Pairing of homologous chromosomes

c) Separation of paired chromosomes

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 d) Bringing the chromosomes on equator of spindle apparatus

158. Find the correctly matched pairs and choose the correct option
I. Leptotene – The chromosomes become invisible
II. Zygotene – Pairing of homologous chromosomes
III. Pachytene – Dissolution of the synaptonemal complex takes place
IV. Diplotene – Bivalent chromosomes appear as tetrads
V. Diakinesis – Terminalisation of chiasmata takes place
a) I and II b) II and IV c) II and V d) II and III

159. The number of DNA strands in chromosome at G 2-stage is

a) One b) Two c) Four d) Eight

160. Meiosis occurs in which of the following cells?

a) Sperm cells b) Unicellular c) Liver cells d) All of these

organisms
161. Identify the following figures ( A−D) and choose the correct option

a) A-Metaphase-II, B-Anaphase-I, C-Prophase-I, D-Anaphase-II

b) A-Prophase-I, B-Anaphase-I, C-Interphase, D-Metaphase-I

c) A-Metaphase-I, B-Anaphase-I, C-Prophase-I, D-Anaphase-II

d) A-Prophase-II, B-Anaphase-I, C-Interphase, D-Metaphase-II

162. During the G 1-phase of cell division

a) RNA and proteins are synthesized

b) DNA and proteins are synthesized

c) Cell prepares for M-phase

d) Cell undergoes duplication

163. Study the diagram showing meiosis carefully and choose the correct options for A−E

a)
A−¿Tetrad, B−¿ Bivalent, C−¿Zygotene stage, D−¿Sister chromatids, E−¿Non-sister chromatids
b)
A−¿Bivalent, B−¿ Tetrad, C−¿Pachytene stage, D−¿Crossing over, E−¿Non-sister chromatids
c)
A−¿Bivalent, B−¿ Tetrad, C−¿Pachytene stage, D -Non-Sister chromatids, E -Sister chromatids
d)
A−¿Bivalent, B−¿ Tetrad, C−¿Pachytene stage, D−¿Sister chromatids, E−¿Non-Sister chromatids
164. In …A…. phase, there is synthesis of RNAs and proteins that are needed for cell growth and
replication of DNA. While it is …B… phase, where synthesis of protein occur that is needed for

Page| 19
 spindle formation and mitosis to continue.
Identify A and B to complete the given statement
a) A-G; B-S b) c) d) None of
A-G 2; B-S A-G; B-G 2
these
165. Interphase nucleus is enclosed by

a) Non-porous nuclear membrane

b) Porous double nuclear membrane

c) Non-porous double discontinuous nuclear membrane

d) A single porous unit membrane

166. Read the following statements and select the correct option
I. M-phase represents the phase when the actual cell division or mitosis occurs
II. Interphase represents the phase between two successive M-phases
III. In the 24 hrs average duration of cell cycle of a human cell, cell division proper lasts for only
about an hour
IV. The M-phase lasts more than 95% of the duration of cell cycle
a) I, II and III b) II and IV c) II, III and IV d) I and IV

167. What change would occur in DNA content, during S-phase?

a) No change

b) The amount of DNA per cell doubles

c) The amount of DNA per cell increase four folds

d) The amount of DNA per cell decreases

168. In meiosis, the daughter cells are not similar to that of parent because of

a) Crossing b) Synapsis c) Both (a) d) None of

over and (b) these
169. Which stages of cell division do the following figures ‘A’ and ‘B’ represent respectively?

a) Metaphase - Telophase

b) Telophase - Metaphase

c) Late anaphase - Prophase

d) Prophase - Anaphase

170. During cell cycle, RNA and non-histone proteins are synthesized in

a) S-phase b) G0-phase c) G1-phase d) M-phase

171. Alleles of different genes that are on the same chromosome may occasionally separated by a
phenomenon known as
a) Pleiotropy

Page| 20
 b) Epistasis

c) Continuous variation

d) Crossing over

172. In meiosis, division is

a) I reductional and II equational

b) I equational and II reductional

c) Both reductional

d) Both equational

173. Cells in G 0-phase of cell cycle

a) Exit cell cycle

b) Enter cell cycle

c) Suspend cell cycle

d) Terminate cell cycle

174. Given below is a schematic break-up of the phases/stages of cell cycle

Which one of the following is the correct indication of the stage/phase in the cell cycle?
a) B- b) C- c) D-Synthetic d) A-
Metaphase Karyokinesi phase Cytokinesis
s
175. Choose the correct answer for the statements given below
I. Protein involved in the shortening and thickening of chromosome fibres
II. The name of early prophase when elongated chromosomes occur in overlapped condition like a
ball of wool without their ends being visible
III. Each group of astral rays along with its centriole pair
IV. Name the narrow point which is responsible for attaching two sister chromatids to each other
a) I-Codensins, II-Aster, III-Spirme stage, IV-Kinetochore

b) I-Codensins, II-Aster, III-Spirme stage, IV-Centromere

c) I-Codensins, II-Spirme stage, III-Aster, IV-Centromere

d) I-Tubulins, II-Spirme stage, III-Amphiaster, IV-Kinetochore

176. If you are provided with root-tips of onion in your class and are asked to count the chromosomes,
Page| 21
 which of the following stages can you most conveniently look into?
a) Metaphase b) Telophase c) Anaphase d) Prophase

177. In cell cycle, during which phase chromosomes are arranged at equatorial plate?

a) Metaphase b) Anaphase c) Telophase d) Prophase

178. Meiosis in a plant occurs when there is a change

a) From gametophyte to sporophyte

b) From sporophyte to gametophyte

c) From gametophyte to gametophyte

d) From sporophyte to sporophyte

179. When number of chromosomes is already reduced to half in the first reductional division of
meiosis, what is the necessity of second meiotic division?
a) The division is required for the formation of four gametes

b) Divisions ensures equal distribution of haploid chromosomes

c) Division ensures equal distribution of genes on chromosomes

d) Division is required for segregation of replicated chromosomes

180. Select the correct option

a) Division of the cytoplasm occurs before the division of the nucleus

b) Division of the nucleus occurs before the division of the cytoplasm

c) Both the division of the nucleus and cytoplasm occurs at the same time

d) None of the above

181. During meiotic division, the

a) Homologous chromosomes are separated

b) The linkage is disturbed

c) The homologous chromosomes do not segregate

d) All of the above

182. Recombination is involved in the process of

a) Cytokinesis

b) Spindle formation

c) Crossing over

d) Chromosome duplication

183. A diploid living organism develops from zygote by which type of the following repeated cell
divisions?

Page| 22
 a) Meiosis b) Amitosis c) Mitosis d) Segmentati
on
184. Pick out the correct statements.
I.Synapsis of homologous chromosomes takes place during prophase-I of meiosis.
II.Division of centromeres takes place during anaphase-I of meiosis.
III.Spindle fibres disappear completely in telophase of mitosis.
IV.Nucleoli reappear at telophase-I of meiosis.
a) I only b) III only c) I and II only d) I, III and IV
only
185. An egg cell has 5pico gram of DNA in its nucleus. How much amount of DNA will be, in this animal,
at the end of G 2-phase of mitosis?
a) 2.5pico b) 5pico gram c) 5g d) 20pico
gram gram
186. The term ‘meiosis’ was given by

a) Rusk b) Flemming c) Johannsen d) Former and

Moore
187. After the separation of centromeres during mitosis, the chromatids move towards opposite poles
of the spindle. Name the term used for these chromatids
a) Daughter b) Kinetochores
chromosom
es
c) Half d) Centrosomes
spindles
188. In which phase, proteins for spindle fibre are synthesized?

a) G1-phase b) G2-phase c) S-phase d) Anaphase

189. In meiosis-I, a bivalent is an association of

a) Four chromatids and four centromeres

b) Two chromatids and two centromeres

c) Two chromatids and one centromeres

d) Four chromatids and two centromeres

190. Colchicine arrests spindle at

a) Anaphase b) Prophase c) Telophase d) Metaphase

191. How many chromosomes will the cell the cell have at G 1, after S and after M-phase respectively, if it
has 14 chromosomes at interphase?
a) 14,14,7 b) 14,14,14 c) 7,7,7 d) 7,14,14

192. Chiasmata are formed due to

a) Crossing over of same part between homologous chromosomes

b) Crossing over of same part between non-homologous chromosomes

c) Duplication of homologous and non-homologous chromosomes

d) Loss of some part of chromosomes

193. Which of the following shows diplotene stage of cell cycle?

Page| 23
 a) Separation of synapsed homologous chromosomes except at the site of cross overs

b) Degenecation of nucleolus

c) Chiasmata shift towards cheromosome ends

d) All of the above

194. Given diagram represents the events occurring in cell cycle. Identify A , B ,C and D and select the
correct option

A B C D
a) G0 G1 S b) G1 S G2
G1 G0 S G2c) S G0 G1 G2
d)
G2 G0
195. In the somatic cell cycle

a)
In G 1-phase, DNA content is double the amount of DNA present in the original cell
b) DNA replication takes place in S-phase

c) A short interphase is followed by a long mitotic phase

d) G
2-phase follows mitotic phase
196. Which phase comes in between the G 1and G 2 phases of cell cycle?

a) M-phase b) G0-phase c) S-phase d) Interphase

197. Select the event of cell cycle which shows the importance of synapsis and the formation of
chiasmata
a) An increase b) The DNA on homologous chromosomes mix
in the
variation of
progeny
occurs
c) Reciprocal d) All of the above
exchange of
chromosom
al sections
occurs
198. Mitosis is a process by which eukaryotic cells

a) Grow

b) Get specialized in structure

c) Multiply

d) Expose the genes

Page| 24
199. Phragmoplast is

a) Proplasted in cytoplasm of dividing cells

b) Cell plate formed by vesicles ER and dictyosomes during cytokinesis

c) Cell plate formed by ER, dictyosomes, secretory vesicles and spindle fibre

d) None of the above

200. Mitosis is characterized by

a) Reduction b) Equal division

division
c) Both (a) d) Absence of spindle formation
and (b)
201. Choose the correct sequence of two main events in mitosis

a) Karyokinesis followed by cytokinesis

b) Cytokinesis followed by karyokinesis

c) Karyokinesis followed by separation of the daughter cells

d) Cytokinesis followed by separation of the daughter cells

202. What is the correct sequence of the steps given here?

Also work out the process depicted in the steps?
I. Homologous chromosomes move toward opposite poles of the cell; chromatids do not
separate.
II. Chromosomes gather together at the two poles of the cell and the nuclear membrances reform.
III. Homologous chromosomes pair and exchanges segments.
IV. Homologous chromosomes align on a central plate.
V. The haploid cells separate completely.
a)
The correct sequence is III → IV → I → II → V and the process is meiosis-I
b)
The correct sequence is II → I → V → IV → III and the process is mitosis
c)
The correct sequence is IV → I → III → II → V and the process is meiosis-I
d)
The correct sequence is II →V → IV → I → III and the process is mitosis
203. What is the nature of cells formed at the end of meiosis-II?

a) Haploid b) Diploid c) Tetrad d) None of

these
204. Significance of meiosis lies in

a) Reduction of chromosome number to one half

b) Maintaining consistency of chromosome number during sexual reproduction

c) Production of genetic variability

d) All of the above

205. The major event that occurs during the anaphase of mitosis, which brings about the equal
distribution of chromosomes is
a) Replication of the genetic material

Page| 25
 b) Splitting of the chromatids

c) Splitting of the centromeres

d) Condensation of the chromatin

206. Chiasma shows the sites of

a) Spindle b) Synapsis c) Crossing d) None of

formation over these
207. What is the function of centromere?

a) Cell division

b) Cell plate formation

c) Cell differentiation

d) Cell wall formation

208. The cell cycle of yeast takes about

a) 24 hrs b) 60 min c) 30 min d) 90 min

209. What is not seen during mitosis in somatic cells?

a) Spindle fibre

b) Chromosomes movement

c) Disappearance of nucleolus

d) Synapsis

210. In which phase, DNA content will be doubled?

a) Interphase b) Anaphase c) Prophase d) Telophase

211. At which stage of cell cycle colchicine arrests the spindle?

a) Anaphase b) Prophase c) Telophase d) Interphase

212. Arrange the following events of meiosis in the correct sequence.

I. Terminalization
II. Crossing over
III. Synapsis
IV. Disjunction of genomes
The correct sequence is
a) 4, 3, 2, 1 b) 3, 2, 1, 4 c) 2, 1, 4, 3 d) 1, 4, 3, 2

213. Spindle fibre is made up of

a) Tubulin

b) Humulin

c) Intermediate filament

d) Flagellin

Page| 26
214. Diakinesis is marked by

a) Terminalisa b) Degeneration of nucleolus

tion of
chiasmata
c) Chiasmata d) All of the above
shift
towards
chromosom
e ends
215. Cleavage is a unique form of mitotic cell division in which

a) There is no growth of cells

b) The nucleus does not participate

c) No spindle developers to guide the cells

d) The plasma membranes of daughter cells do not separate

216. In plant cell has 12 chromosomes at the end of mitosis. How many chromosomes would it have in
the G 2-phase of its next cell cycle?
a) 6 b) 8 c) 12 d) 24

217. Meiosis occurs in organism during

a) Vegetative b) Sexual reproduction

reproductio
n
c) Both (a) d) None of these
and (b)
218. Chromosome reaches their respective poles in which of the following stages of mitosis?

a) Cytokinesis b) Interphase c) S-phase d) Telophase

219. Replication of centriole occurs during

a) Interphase b) Prophase c) Late d) Late

prophase telophase
220. Genetic recombination is due to

a) Fertilization and meiosis

b) Mitosis and meiosis

c) Fertilization and mitosis

d) None of these

221. Pick out the correct statements.

I.Mitosis takes place in the somatic cells and meiosis takes place in the germ cells
II.During mitosis, the DNA replicates once for one cell division and in meiosis the DNA replicates
twice for two cell divisions.
III.Mitosis and meiosis occur both in sexually and asexually reproducing organisms.
a) I only b) II only c) III only d) I and II only

222. Chromatid formation takes place in

a) S-phase b) Metaphase c) G1-phase d) G2-phase

Page| 27
223. 56 cells are produced in meiosis where first division is

a) Equal

b) Reduction

c) Mitosis

d) None of these

224. A cell in post reproductive stage remains in

a) G2-phase b) S-phase c) G1-phase d) M-phase

225. Most cytogenic activities occur during

a) Interphase b) Telophase c) Prophase d) Anaphase

226. The term, mitosis was coined by

a) Flemming b) Strasburger c) Remak d) Moore

227. Which of the following character is related with telophase?

a) Formation of nuclear membrane

b) Formation of nucleolus

c) Elongation of chromosome

d) Formation of two daughter nuclei

Page| 28
10.CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION

: ANSWER KEY :

Page| 29
1) c 2) a 3) d 4) d
5) a 6) a 7) b 8) d
9) c 10) d 11) b 12) b
13) a 14) a 15) b 16) d
17) c 18) c 19) d 20) c
21) b 22) b 23) a 24) b
25) b 26) d 27) a 28) a
29) a 30) d 31) b 32) a
33) d 34) b 35) a 36) b
37) d 38) b 39) c 40) d
41) a 42) a 43) d 44) b
45) b 46) b 47) b 48) a
49) a 50) b 51) d 52) c
53) a 54) c 55) a 56) c
57) d 58) c 59) c 60) d
61) c 62) a 63) d 64) a
65) a 66) c 67) a 68) a
69) d 70) d 71) c 72) d
73) c 74) b 75) c 76) a
77) d 78) a 79) d 80) b
81) c 82) b 83) d 84) d
85) c 86) d 87) b 88) a
89) c 90) c 91) a 92) c
93) a 94) a 95) b 96) a
97) d 98) a 99) b 100) c
101) b 102) b 103) b 104) d
105) d 106) d 107) b 108) b
109) b 110) a 111) a 112) a
113) b 114) a 115) d 116) c
117) c 118) c 119) b 120) d
121) b 122) b 123) d 124) c
125) c 126) a 127) a 128) b
129) b 130) b 131) c 132) a
133) a 134) b 135) d 136) b
137) c 138) d 139) c 140) c
141) c 142) b 143) d 144) c
145) a 146) a 147) b 148) a
149) c 150) a 151) c 152) d
153) a 154) b 155) a 156) c
157) d 158) c 159) c 160) a
161) b 162) a 163) a 164) c
165) b 166) a 167) b 168) a
169) c 170) c 171) d 172) b
173) c 174) c 175) c 176) a
177) a 178) b 179) d 180) b
181) a 182) c 183) c 184) d
185) d 186) d 187) a 188) b
189) d 190) d 191) b 192) a
193) d 194) a 195) b 196) c
197) a 198) c 199) b 200) b
201) a 202) a 203) a 204) d
205) c 206) c 207) b 208) d
209) d 210) a 211) a 212) b
213) a 214) d 215) c 216) c
217) b 218) d 219) a 220) a
221) a 222) a 223) b 224) c
225) a 226) a 227) d

Page| 30
 10.CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION

: HINTS AND SOLUTIONS :

Page| 31
1 (c)
Meiosis first is allowed by second meiotic
division, which is essentially a mitotic division
and is referred as mitotic. In anaphase-II of
meiosis-II, the chromosome and centromere
divide. The sister chromatids separate and move
towards opposite pole.

2 (a)
In meiosis (meiotic-I), chromosome number
becomes half to that of parent chromosome.

3 (d)
Plant cytokinesis usually occurs by cell plate
method. The spindle usually pesists during
cytokinesis. Central part of spindle grows in size
and forms an interdigited complex called
phragmoplast. Cell plate grows centrifugally
4 (d)
A-G 1, B-S, C-G 2.
Post reproductive stage of a cell includes cell
growth. The term cell growth is used in the
contexts of cell development and cell division. As
we are concerned about growth (development)
only, it refers to the growth of cell that is to
increase in cytoplasmic and organelle volume that
is in G 1-phase
S-phase is the sub-phase between G 1-phase and
G2-phase, during which DNA synthesis or
replication takes place.
In animal cells, during the S-phase, DNA
replication begins in the nucleus and the centriole
duplication in the cytoplasm. The amount of DNA
per cell doubles in the nucleus. If the initial
amount of DNA is denoted as 2C, then it increases
to 4C. However, there is no increase in the
chromosome number
5 (a)
S or synthetic phase marks the period during
which DNA synthesis or replication takes place.
During this phase, the amount of DNA per cell
doubles.
The second stage of prophase-I is called zygotene.
During this stage, chromosomes start pairing
together and this process of association is called
synapsis. Such paired chromosomes are called
homologous chromosomes. Synapsis is
accompanied by the formation of a complex
structure called synaptonemal complex.

6 (a)
Mitosis is one of the types of cell division, which
helps in regeneration. Because it keeps all the
somatic cells of an organism genetically similar,
so that they are able to regenerate a part or whole
of the organism

Page| 32
7 (b)
During meiosis, four haploid cells are produced by
reductional division from a single diploid cell.
Parent cell contains replicated chromosomes, but
the daughter cells contains unreplicated
chromosomes
8 (d)
The interphase, as called the resting phase, is the
time during which the cell is preparing for
division by undergoing both cell growth and DNA
replication.
It is the phase between two successive M-phases
The interphase is divided into three further
classes
G 1-phase (Gap 1), S-phase (synthesis) and G2-
phase (Gap 2)
9 (c)
Crossing over occurs during pachytene or thick
thread or pachynema substage of prophase-I of
meiosis. During this stage, an exchange of
portions of chromatids between homologous
chromosomes occur. At chiasma, the chromatids
break rejoin in such a way that sections are
exchanged.

10 (d)
Out of two alleles present at the same locus of two
chromosomes of a homologous pair, one is
transmitted to a gamete as the later receive one
chromosome of a homologous pair.

11 (b)
In plant cells, cytokinesis occurs by cell plate
formation. A number of elements called
phragmoplasts are derived from ER and Golgi
body. These elements line up at equator during
anaphase and later fuse to form cell plate.

12 (b)
During metaphase, the nuclear envelope
disintegrates and the chromosomes are spread
through the cytoplasm of the cell. Condensation of
chromosomes is completed and it can be observed
under the microscope. At this stage, the
morphology as well as the number of
chromosomes can be easily studied
13 (a)
Interphase has variable duration. During this
period, the DNA of chromosomes replicates.
Chromosome material is in the form of very
loosely coiled threads called chromatin.
Centrioles already have replicated
14 (a)
During anaphase-I, the number of chromosomes
become half.

Page| 33
15 (b)
G0-phase.
Some cells that do not divide further, exit G 1-
phase and enter an inactive stage called quiescent
stage (G0 ) of the cell cycle. Cells in this stage
remains metabolically active but no longer
proliferate unless called on to do so depending on
the requirement of the organism
16 (d)
The interphase is also called the resting phase. It
is the time during which the cell gets prepared
for division by undergoing both cell and DNA
replication in an orderly manner
17 (c)
The cells, which do not divide further, do not
proceed beyond the G 1-phase and start
undergoing differentiation into specific type are
said to be in G 0-phase.

18 (c)
Division of cyptoplasm is called cytokinesis ( Gr.
kitos =cell; kinesis=movement).

19 (d)
At the end of prophase, several characteristic
events can be observed. Chromosomal material
condenses to form compact mitotic chromosomes.
Two chromatids attach together to form
chromosomes
Assembly of mitotic spindle is initiated by,
microtubules (proteinaceous components) of the
cell cytoplasm. When observed under the
microscope cells at the last stage of prophase, do
not shows cell organelles like, Golgi complexes,
endoplasmic reticulum, nucleolus and the nuclear
envelope
20 (c)

Prophase-I of Prophase of Mitosis

Meiosis

Prophase-I is very Prophase is

long and elaborate, relatively very
comprising 5 sub- short and simple
phases
Prophase Prophase-I
chromosomes chromosome do
appear double not look double in
from the very start the beginning
There is no pairing Homologous
of homologous chromosomes pair
Chromosomes, and often undergo
hence no chance of crossing over in
crossing over prophase-I

21 (b)

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 Mitosis was first observed by Strasburger and
termed by W Flemming. During mitosis,
chromosome number remain same in the
daughter cells. During meiosis (reduction
division), the chromosome number reduced to
half in the daughter cells.

22 (b)
Telophase is the reverse stage of prophase.
During this phase, the cytoplasmic viscosity
decreases and the two chromosome groups
reorganize themselves into nuclei. A nucleae
envelope appears outside the nucleoplasm
collected in the area of chromatin. Spindle fibres
disappear around the poles and Golgi complex
and endoplasmic reticulum are reformed
23 (a)
During S-phase, there is no increase in the
chromosomes number. If the cell has diploid or
2n number of chromosomes at G 1, even after S-
phase the number of chromosomes remains the
same, i.e., 2n
24 (b)
The correct sequence is
Synapsis → crossing over → terminalisation →
disjunction of genomes
25 (b)
The interphase takes approximate 75-95% of the
entire generation time
26 (d)
The paternal and maternal chromosomes of each
homologous pair segregates during anaphase-I.
Although, both (maternal and paternal)
chromosomes of a homologous pair have the
genes for the same traits, either chromosome of a
pair may carry different alleles of the same genes.
Therefore, in anaphase-I, homologous
chromosomes introduces genetic variability
27 (a)
A-Animals; B-Plants
28 (a)
At the onset of anaphase, each chromosome
arranged at the metaphase plate is split
simultaneously and the two daughter chromatids,
now referred to as chromosomes of the future
daughter nuclei, begin their migration towards
the two opposite poles. As each chromosome
moves away from the equatorial plate, the
centromere of each chromosome is towards the
pole and hence at the leading edge, with the arms
of the chromosome trailing behind. Thus,
anaphase stage is chracterised by the following
key events
1. Centromeres split and chromatids
separate
2. Chromatids move to opposite poles
29 (a)

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 After meiosis, the chromosomes get reduce by
half, producing haploid cells. The sperm and the
egg are haploid cells and when they fuse during
fertilization, they produce diploid original
30 (d)
The phase between two successive M-phases is
called interphase.
The M-phase represents the phase when the
actual cell division or mitosis occurs and the
interphase represents the phase between two
successive M-phases. It is significant to note that
in the 24 hour average duration of cell cycle of a
human cell, cell division proper lasts for only
about an hour. The interphase lasts more than
95% of the duration of cell cycle
31 (b)
Meiosis start with one diploid containing copies of
chromosome, one from mother and one from
father. The cell divides twice, producing up to four
haploid cells containing one copy of each
chromosome
32 (a)
Interkinesis is the transition stage between
meiosis-I and meiosis-II.

33 (d)
In zygotene of prophase-I, homologous
chromosomes pair up. This process is called
synapsis. One chromosome of the pair is from the
male parent and other from the female parent.

34 (b)
In metaphase, chromosomes are shortest and
show maximum condensation. Chromosomes are
arranged at equatorial metaphasic plate.
Structure, size and number of chromosomes are
best studied at metaphase.

35 (a)
Microtubules are mainly composed of tubulin
protein. These are found only in eukaryotic
cellular structures like cilia, flagella, centriole,
basal body, spindle fibre, etc.

36 (b)
G 1-phase is called as pre-synthetic phase or post-
mitotic phase. It is the longest phase of cell cycle.
In G 1-phase, a cell has two options:
3. Continues cycle and enters S-phase

4. Stops cell cycle and enters G 0-phase for

undergoing differentiation.

37 (d)
S-phase is the sub-phase between G 1-phase and
G2-phase, during which DNA synthesis or

Page| 36
 replication takes place.
In animal cells, during the S-phase, DNA
replication begins in the nucleus and the centriole
duplication in the cytoplasm. The amount of DNA
per cell doubles in the nucleus. If the initial
amount of DNA is denoted as 2C, then it increases
to 4C. However, there is no increase in the
chromosome number
38 (b)
Colchicine is an antimitotic drug (alkaloid) which
is obtained from Colchicum(family-Liliaceae). It
binds to one tubulin molecule and prevents its
polymerization. The depolymerisation of tubulin
result in disappearance of mitotic spindle
blocking the cell’s mitotic chromosomal division
at metaphase and anaphase.

39 (c)
Non-disjunction occurs when a pair of
homologous chromosomes do not separate in
meiosis but migrate to the same pole of the cell,
resulting in an even number of chromosomes
being present in the daughter cells.

40 (d)
A-G 0; B-M
41 (a)
Homologous chromosomes segregate when a cell
undergoes meiosis.

42 (a)
Meiosis is a reductional division, in which the
chromosome number is reduced to half. It was
proposed by Farmer and Moore. It is found only in
diploid germ cells and is main cause of variations.
During meiosis, four daughter cells are formed
from one cell.

43 (d)
Meiosis is a reductional division, in which
chromosome number is reduced to half, i .e ,
haploid. It is generally observed in sex cells, i .e . ,
male and female gametes. In bryophyte or
pteridophyte, meiosis occurs in generative cells
like spore mother cells.

44 (b)
The process of crossing over takes place in
pachytene stage of prophase-I of meiosis-I. In this
process, some genes of two non-sister chromatids
of a bivalent are exchanged.

45 (b)
Metaphase plate is the plane of alignment of the
chromosomes at metaphase.
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 During metaphase, spindle fibres attach to
kinetochores of chromosomes.
Chromosome are moved to spindle equator and
get aligned along metaphase plate through
spindle fibres to both poles
46 (b)
Cell cycle was described by Howard and Pelc in
1953. The sequence of events by which a cell
duplicates its genome, synthesizes the other
constituents of the cell and eventually divides into
two daughter cells is termed as cell cycle
47 (b)
In animal cells, cytokinesis involves the
contraction of the contractile ring of
microfilaments.

48 (a)
In meiotic division metaphase-I spindle apparatus
starts appearing and bivalents become attached
to spindle through centromeres. Bivalents then
appear in the form of an equatorial plate due to
the movement known as ‘congression’.

49 (a)
Crossing over is a process that produces new
combination of genes by interchanging of
segments between nonl-sister chromatids of
homologous chromosomes. It occur between
homologous chromosomes at four stranded stage
during pachytene of prophase-I of meiosis-I.

50 (b)
The cell cycle is divided into two basic phases
Interphase and M-phase (mitotic phase).
Interphase further divides into three phases:
G 1-phase, S-phase and G2-phase
51 (d)
Colchicine prevents spindle formation, which
occurs during metaphase stage of cell division.

53 (a)
Kinetochores serve as the sites of attachment of
spindle fibres to the chromosomes that are moved
into position at the centre of the cell.

54 (c)
Cell division cannot be stopped in S-phase. The S-
phase is the synthesis phase, in which the cell
synthesises a replica of its genome, i .e . , DNA
replication occurs which ultimately result in the
duplication of chromosomal material.

55 (a)
As a result of meiosis, the gamete of AaBb will be
AB, aB, Ab, ab.

Page| 38
56 (c)
The stage between two meiotic divisions is called
interkinesis. It is generally short lived and is
followed by prophase-II, a much simpler prophase
than prophase-I of meiosis-I.

57 (d)
The number of different haploid cells arise by
meiosis can be calculated by 2n where,
n=number of haploid chromosomes.

58 (c)
The cell cycle is controlled by enzymes like cyclin
dependent kinases (CdKs). CdKs phosphorylate
amino acids like serine and threonine which
initiates or blocks the activities related to cell
cycle. The other check points involved in cell cycle
are
5. G 1check point (Enter S or synthesis) is
controlled by Cd K 4/Cyclin D, Cd K 6
/Cyclin D
6. G2 check point (Enter M or maturation
promoting factor) by is controlled Cd K 2
/cyclin B
7. Metaphase check point is controlled by
cyclin B degradation
59 (c)
During pachytene substage of prophase-I of
meiosis, the chromosomes are tetravalent i .e . ,
contain two chromatids with each chromosome
arms. Crossing over during this substage, which
involves the exchange of segments between the
non-sister chromatid of homologues.

60 (d)
Colchicine treatment doubles the chromosome
number.

61 (c)
In oocytes, a special, extremely prolonged form of
diplotene occurs, called dictyotene. The primary
oocyte undergoes the first three substages of
prophase-I (laptotene, zygotene and pachytene)
during late foetal life.
The process is then, suspended during diplotene
until puberty or thereafter. Therefore, dictyotene,
lasts for months or even years. Diplotene is also
known as diplonema
62 (a)
During mitosis, all the chromosomes behave
independently while during meiosis, homologous
chromosomes pair up through synapsis and form
bivalents in zygotene substage of prophase-I, then
in pachytene substage, crossing over occurs
between homologous chromosomes and during
diplotene substage of prophase-I of meiosis

Page| 39
 chiasma formation takes place.
During anaphase of both mitosis and meiosis,
chromatids are separated and pulled towards
opposite poles.

63 (d)
Microtubules are hollow, cylindrical structure
built from tubulin protein. The mitotic spindle
involved in separation of replicated chromosomes
during mitosis is assembly of microtubules.

65 (a)
A. Metaphase Spindle fibres attaches to
kinetochores of chromosomes
Chromosomes are moved to spindle equator and
get aligned along metaphase plate through
spindle fibres of both poles
B. Telophase Chromosomes cluster at opposite
spindle poles and their identify is lost as discrete
elements
Nuclear envelope assembles around the
chromosome clusters
Nucleolus, Golgi complex and ER reform
C. Interphase It is the duration which is a variable
depending on the function of cell.
Just before nuclear division, the DNA of
chromosome replicates thus, it becomes doubled.
During this phase, chromosome material is in the
form of very loosely coiled threads called
chromatin
66 (c)
During metaphase-I of meiosis, tetrads line up at
the equator.

67 (a)
M cdk cyclin activates anaphase promoting
complex.

68 (a)
During cytokinesis in plant cells spindle fibres do
not degenerate and forms phragmoplast and cell
plate.

69 (d)
During anaphase-I of meiosis, the sister
chromatids begin to move towards the poles.

70 (d)
Small disc-shaped structure at the surface of the
centromeres are called kinetochores. These
structures serve as the sites of attachment of
spindle fibres (formed by the spindle fibres) to
the chromosomes that are moved into position at
the centre of the cell
Hence, the metaphase is characterized by all the
chromosomes coming to lie at the equator with
one chromatid of each chromosome connected by

Page| 40
 its connected by its kinetochore to spindle fibres
from one pole and its sister chromatid connected
by its kinetochore to spindle fibres from the
opposite pole
71 (c)
Meiosis-I
(i) The bivalents become arranged around the
equator of the spindle, attached by their
centromeres
(ii) Each pair of the homologous chromosomes is
called bivalent which pair up in the process of
synapsis
72 (d)
Colchicine serves as mitotic spindle poison.

73 (c)
Chromosomes are visible with chromatids at
metaphase stage of mitosis. It is the best stage to
observe the shape, size and number of
chromosomes.

74 (b)
The main events which take place in G 1-phase
are:
8. Intensive cellular synthesis,

9. Pooling of nucleotides for synthesis of r

RNA.

10. Synthesis of enzymes and ATP storage,

11. Synthesis of NHC protein, carbohydrates,

liquids, etc.

75 (c)
Anaphase-I, anaphase-II.
In anaphase-I chromosome become half in
number. Chromosomes split and move to opposite
ends of the cell, both in anaphase-I and anaphase-
II. The difference is that in anaphase-I,
homologous pairs of chromosomes are split and
in anaphase-II, sister chromatids are split
76 (a)
Initially, homeotypic cell division takes place in
the functional megaspore without cytokinesis.

77 (d)
In multicellular organisms, cell division brings
about embryonic development and growth and
also plays an important role in repair and
maintenance of the body and also in reproduction,
both asexual and sexual
78 (a)
Meiosis involves two sequential cycles of nuclear
and cell division called meiosis-I and meiosis-II
but only a single cycle of DNA replication
79 (d)

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 During pachytene of meiosis-I, the chromosomes
become bivalent (tetrad) in the beginning, i .e ,
each chromosome with two chromatids.

80 (b)
DNA replicates only once in each cell cycle (S-
phase)
81 (c)
The cell cycle is divided into two basic phases
(i) Interphase
(ii) M-phase (mitosis phase)
The interphase is further divided into three
phases
(i) G 1-phase (gap 1)
(ii) S-phase (synthesis)
(iii) G 2-phase (gap 2)
The correct sequence of a cell cycle is
G1 → S →G2 → M

82 (b)
It is mitosis, in which both diploid and haploid
cells undergoes this process.
If a diploid cell undergoes mitosis, it results in two
identical diploid cells. 2 n →n
If a haploid cell undergoes mitosis, the result is
two identical haploid cells (n → n).
In meiosis however, a diploid cell participates that
divides twice to produce four haploid cells
83 (d)
Some cells in the adult animals do not appear to
exhibit division (e . g . , heart cells, and many
other cells divide only occasionally e . g . , when
there is need to replace cells that have been lost
due to injury or cell death. These cells that do not
divide further and exit G 1-phase to enter an
inactive stage called quiescent stage (G 0) of the
cell cycle. Cells in this stage remains metabolically
active but no longer proliferate
84 (d)
A-diploid; B-haploid
85 (c)
The spindle are formed of microtubules
86 (d)
In mitosis, prophase is the longest phase of
karyokinesis. In early prophase, nuclear
membrane and nucleolus start disintegrating. Cell
cytoskeleton, Golgi complex, ER, etc, also
disappear.

87 (b)
The plane of alignment of the chromosomes at
metaphase is referred to as the metaphase plat.
They key features of metaphase are
(i) Spindle fibres attach to kinetochores of
chromosomes
(ii) Chromosomes are moved to spindle equator

Page| 42
 and get aligned along metaphase plate through
spindle fibres to both poles
88 (a)
In meiosis-I, displacement of chiasmata takes
place in diakinesis and homologous chromosomes
segregates during anaphase-I
89 (c)
Colchicine is an alkaloid widely used in plant
breeding for doubling the chromosome number.
Colchicine is extracted from the corms of Autumn
crocus (Colchicum autumnale). The alkaloid does
not allow the formation of spindle. Colchicine
induced polyploidy has been used in raising
several varieties of horticultural and agricultural
plants, e . g . , potato
90 (c)
Crossing over leads to separation of linked genes
and recombination with the genes present on
homologous chromosome to form new
combinations.

91 (a)
The correct sequence of cell cycle phases is
G1 → S →G2 → M .

92 (c)
There are two main ways of cell division i.e.,
mitosis and meiosis. In each case, division of the
nucleus, called karyokinesis, occurs before the
division of the cytoplasm, termed as cytokinesis
93 (a)
Cell would normally proceed to mitosis without
interruption once it had started the S-period.

94 (a)
The two chromatids of a metaphase chromosome
represent replicated chromosomes to be
separated at anaphase.

95 (b)
During interphase, the chromosome material
(DNA of chromosome) replicates and becomes
doubled. Chromosome material in the form of
very loosely coiled threads is called chromatin
96 (a)
G 1-phase is the longest phase of the cell cycle and
is also called as presynthetic or post mitotic
phase. During it, the synthesis of biochemicals like
RNAs, proteins, enzymes (DNA polymerase) for
DNA synthesis, amino acids for histone formation,
nucleotides and ATP, takes place.

97 (d)
Telomeres are the ends of chromosomes. These
are required for the individuality of
chromosomes. Generally, these are present more

Page| 43
 than one and less than five in a chromosome.

98 (a)
Meiosis is division necessary for the formation of
gamates in animals and spores in plants.
Prophase-I is longest phase of meiosis and
composed of leptotene, zygotene, pachytene,
diplotene and diakinesis.

100 (c)
Crossing over is also an enzyme mediated process
and the enzyme involved is called recombinase
101 (b)
Independent Assortment of Chromosomes The
paternal and maternal chromosomes of each
homologous pairs segregates during anaphase-I
independently of the other chromosomes.
Anaphase-I is the cytological event that
corresponds to Mendel’s law of independent
assortment.
Although the paternal and maternal
chromosomes of a homologous pair have the
genes for the same traits, either chromosome of a
pair may carry different alleles of the same genes.
Therefore, independent assortment of
homologous chromosomes in anaphase-I
introduces genetic variability
102 (b)
Cytokinesis is thought to be the final part of
telophase, however, it is a separate process that
begins at the same time as telophase.
In telophase, new membranes forms around the
daughter nuclei, when chromatids arrive at
opposite poles of cell.
The chromosomes disperse and are no longer
visible under the light microscope. The spindle
fibres disperse and cytokinesis or the partitioning
of the cell also begin during their stage
103 (b)
In meiosis, nucleus undergoes two divisions (first
is reductional and second is equational), while
chromosomes divide only once (in anaphase-II).

104 (d)
Amitosis is known as direct division. In this
method, nuclear envelope remains intact. The
steps involved in amitosis are as follows
(i) The nucleus of the cell elongates and develops
a constriction round its middle
(ii) The constriction in nucleus gradually deepens
and finally cuts the nucleus into two daughter
nuclei
(iii) The constriction appears in the cytoplasm
(iv) The cytoplasmic constriction divides the
parent cell into two daughter cells, each with a
nucleus
105 (d)
As a result of mitotic division, the number of
Page| 44
 daughter cells becomes double. Thus, 8 mitotic
divisions are required to produce 256 daughter
cells from a single cell.

106 (d)
The second check point called mitotic cyclin lies
between G 2 and M-phase and causes transition
from G 2 to M-phase
107 (b)
A-Nuclear division; B-Karyokinesis; C-Cytokinesis
108 (b)
In the G 1-phase of interphase, the cell is
metabolically active and continuously grows but
do not replicate its DNA S or synthesis phase
marks the period during which DNA synthesis or
replication takes place. During this time, the
amount of DNA per cell gets double
109 (b)
Replication of DNA takes place during S-phase of
cell cycle. The number of chromosomes reduced
only in meiosis. So, the number remains 14 in G 1-
phase
110 (a)
Chromosomal crossing over is the exchange of
genetic material between homologous
chromosomes that results in the recombinant
chromosomes. It occurs during prophase-I of
meiosis
111 (a)
Lampbrush chromosomes are present in growing
oocytes, during the diplotene stage of meiotic
prophase-I. Chromosomes transform into the
Lampbrush form due to an active transcription of
many genes
112 (a)
Prophase-I is the longest stage in the first division
of meiosis and is divided into a number of
substages. The chronological sequence is
leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene and
diakinesis.
The characteristic phenomenon during pachytene
is the exchange of chromosomal segments, i.e., the
recombination of gene or crossing over
113 (b)
Chiasmata formation is the consequence of
crossing over. Each chiasma possesses the site of
exchange of material between non-sister
chromatids. It is produced by breakage and
reunion between any two of the four strands
present at each site. Chiasmata are most
appropriately observed during diplotene sub-

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 stage of meiosis-I.

114 (a)
Long thin thread-like chromosome lie in unpaired
condition in leptotene of prophase-I.

115 (d)
During meiosis, beads like structures are absent
on chromosomes and separation of two basic sets
of chromosome occurs
116 (c)
Some cells that do not divide further, exit G 1-
phase and enter an inactive stage called quiescent
stage (G0 ) of the cell cycle. Cells in this stage
remains metabolically active but no longer
proliferate unless called on to do so depending on
the requirement of the organism
117 (c)
During anaphase stage of mitosis, centromere of
the chromosome divides and the two chromatids
start repelling each other, separate completely to
become daughter chromosome and move towards
the opposite poles.

118 (c)
The S and G 2-phases of interphase are followed
by prophase. Prophase is marked by the initiation
of condensation of chromosomal material. The
chromosomal material become untangled during
the process of chromatin condensation. Centriole,
now begins to move towards opposite poles of the
cell.
Therefore, when dividing cells are examined
under a light microscope, in prophase only the
chromosomes become visible
119 (b)
Recombination of genes on the same chromosome
is accomplished by crossing over, a process by
which parts of homologous chromosomes are
interchanged. Crossing over takes place between
non-sister chromatids of homologous
chromosomes in pachytene stage of meiosis-I.

120 (d)
G 1-phase corresponds to the interval between
mitosis and initiation of DNA replication. During
G 1-phase, the cell is metabolically active and
continuously grows but do not replicate its DNA
121 (b)
Duration of the cell cycle, i.e., period between two
successive cell divisions is called generation time.
It depends on the type of cell and external factors
such as temperature food and oxygen supplies.
Mammalian (e . g . , human) cell divides once in
approximate every 24 hrs
122 (b)

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 There are two main ways of cell division i.e.,
mitosis and meiosis. In each case, division of the
nucleus, called karyokinesis, occurs before the
division of the cytoplasm, termed as cytokinesis
123 (d)
All the statements are correct
124 (c)
During the G 0-phase, cells are metabolically active
but no longer proliferate in normal condition
125 (c)
In pachytene substage of meiosis-I, the paired
homologous chromosomes divide into sister
chromatids. Thus, each bivalent is composed of
four chromatids and known as tetrad.

126 (a)
The pairing of homologous chromosomes during
zygotene is called synapsis, i .e . , the homologous
chromosomes, which come from mother and
father paired in zygotene.

127 (a)
Mitosis usually results in the production of
diploid daughter cells with identical genetic
complement. The growth of multicellular
organisms is due to mitosis. Cell growth results in
disturbing the ratio between the nucleus and the
cytoplasm. It therefore, becomes essential for the
cell to divide to restore the nucleo-cytoplasmic
ratio. A very significant contribution of mitosis is
cell repair
The cells of the upper layer of the epidermis, cells
of the lining of the gut and blood cells are being
constantly replaced. Mitotic divisions in the
meristematic tissues – the apical and the lateral
cambium, result in a continuous growth of plants
throughout their life
128 (b)
Mitosis divides the parent cell into two identical
daughter cells, each with a nucleus having the
same amount of DNA, the same number and kind
of chromosomes and the same heredity
instructions as the parent cell, that’s why it is
called as the equational division
129 (b)
The complete disintegration of the nuclear
envelope marks the start of the second phase of
mitosis, i.e., metaphase. Hence the chromosomes
are spread through the cytoplasm of the cell. By
this stage, condensation of chromosomes is
completed and they can be observed clearly under
the microscope. This then, is the stage of which
morphology of chromosomes is most easily
studied. At this stage, metaphase chromosomes
are made up of two sister chromatids, which are
held together by the centromere
130 (b)

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 In plant cells, during metaphase chromosomes
line up around the equator of the spindle and
attached by their centromere to the spindle fibres
(microtubules). In animal cells, during metaphase,
smaller chromosomes are usually central in
position with larger ones peripheral in position.

131 (c)
Mitosis lasts on an average from 30 min to 3 hrs
132 (a)
In the S and G 2-phases of interphase, the new
DNA molecules formed are not distinct but
interwined. Prophase, which is the first stage of
mitosis follows the S and G 2-phases of interphase
133 (a)
A-Cyclins; B-CdK; C-Check points; D-Mitotic cyclin
134 (b)
Synapsis is the pairing of homologous
chromosomes during the zygotene stage of
meiosis. Each pair is called bivalent. One
chromosome of the pair comes from the male
parent and other from the female parent. Each
member of the pair is of the same length, their
centromeres are in the same position and they
usually have the same number of genes arranged
in the same order. After zygotene stage, cell
entered in pachytene stage in which the bivalents
become spiralled, shortened and thickened.

135 (d)
Prophase is generally identified by the initiation
of condensation of chromosomal material. The
chromosomal material condenses to form
chromosomes. The nuclear envelope breaks down
and spindles start to assemble at opposite ends of
the cell
136 (b)
Cd K 2/cyclin B.
The cell cycle is controlled by enzymes like cyclin
dependent kinases (CdKs). CdKs phosphorylate
amino acids like serine and threonine which
initiates or blocks the activities related to cell
cycle. The other check points involved in cell cycle
are
12. G 1check point (Enter S or synthesis) is
controlled by Cd K 4/Cyclin D, Cd K 6
/Cyclin D
13. G2 check point (Enter M or maturation
promoting factor) by is controlled Cd K 2
/cyclin B
Metaphase check point is controlled by cyclin B
degradation
137 (c)
Mitosis is divided into four stages
A-Prophase, B-Metaphase, C-Anaphase, D-
Page| 48
 Telophase
138 (d)
Telophase is the reverse stage of prophase.
During this phase, the cytoplasmic viscosity
decreases and the two chromosome groups
reorganize themselves into nuclei. A nucleae
envelope appears outside the nucleoplasm
collected in the area of chromatin. Spindle fibres
disappear around the poles and Golgi complex
and endoplasmic reticulum are reformed
139 (c)
I. Spindle microtubules that extends from the two
poles of a dividing cell are called polar fibres
II. A centromere that connects two identical
copies of single chromosome. These two copies
are called sister chromatids
III. In ‘X’ phase, the paired chromosomes separate
and begin moving to opposite ends of the cell.
This ‘X’ phase is called anaphase
141 (c)
Interphase (L. inter-between, Gk, phasis –
aspects) is a series of changes that takes place in a
newly formed cell and its nucleus before it
becomes capable of dividing again. It is a period of
intense synthesis and growth. The interphase
takes approximately 75-95% of the entire
generation time. It is further divided into three
periods of phases first gap or G 1-phase, synthetic
or S-phase and second gap or G 2-phase
Duration of these phases varies in different
organisms
142 (b)
In anaphase-I chromosome become half in
number. Chromosomes split and move to opposite
ends of the cell, both in anaphase-I and anaphase-
II. The difference is that in anaphase-I,
homologous pairs of chromosomes are split and
in anaphase-II, sister chromatids are split
143 (d)
Colchinine ( C 22 H 25 O 6 N ) is used to induce
polyploidy. Raphanobrassica(4 n=36 ) was
produced by G D Karpechenko (1927) by crossing
radish ( Raphanus sativus 2 n=18 ) and cabbage (
Brassica oleracea 2n=18). It is the first
allotetraploid.

144 (c)
The spindle apparatus formed during cell division
is composed of microtubules radiating in all
directions. The microtubules are chemically
composed of tubulin protein (α -tubulin, β -
tubulin).

145 (a)
Ophioglossum is a gene of about 25-30 species. It
is a plant. It has the highest chromosome count of

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 any known living organism, with 1260
chromosomes. In haploid stage, 631
chromosomes in number
146 (a)
At telophase stage, nuclear membrane vesicles
associate with the surface of individual
chromosome and fuse to reform the nuclear
membranes, which partially enclose cluster of
chromosomes before coalescing to reform the
complete nuclear envelope. During this process,
the nuclear pores reassemble and reassociate to
form the nuclear lamina. One of the lamina
proteins (lamina-B) remains with the nuclear
membrane fragments throughout mitosis and
may help nucleate reassembly. After the nucleus
reforms, the pores pump in nuclear proteins, the
chromosome decondense and RNA synthesis
resumes, causing the nucleolus to reappear.

147 (b)
In zygotene, a filamentous ladder like
nucleoprotein complex called syaptomemal
complex is observed between the homologous
chromosomes. It forms structural basis for pairing
and synapsis of meiotic chromosomes.

148 (a)
After completion of synapsis, the cell enters the
pachytene stage. Here cell remains for four days.
Chromosomes are paired and occurs in
synaptonemal complexes. The paired
chromosomes or bivalent gets shorten and
crossing over takes place
149 (c)
After M-phase, daughter cell may enter G 0-phase,
which is a stage of arrest of cell cycle, stoppage of
cell division and on set of differentiation.

150 (a)
During cell division, chromosomes attaches with
spindle at kinetochore.

151 (c)
In a spindle, negative ends of microtubules are
towards the poles.

152 (d)
Pachytene or thick thread or pachynema substage
is the longest substage of prophase-I of meiosis. It
is characterised by the process of crossing over
during which the non-sister chromatids twist
around and exchange segments with each other
by proper breakage and then fusion of broken

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 ends.

153 (a)
Cell cycle consists of two basic stages. There is a
long undividing stage called I-phase (interphase)
and a short-dividing M-phase
154 (b)
The last substage of interphase is G 2-phase in G 2-
phase, cell organelles increases in number and
both cell and nucleus grows in size
G 1-phase, is the first stage of interphase during
which cell organelles do not increase in number.
Cell grows in size but the growth of nucleus is
little. It synthesizes RNAs, proteins and other
biochemical for cell growth and subsequent
replication of DNA
155 (a)
In meiosis-I displacement of chiasmata takes
place in diakinesis and homologous chromosomes
segregate at anaphase-I.

156 (c)
Synthesis phase or S-phase is the phase in cell
cycle during which DNA is replicated. The
synthesis of histone proteins and RNA also takes
place in this phase in this phase and each
chromosome has two chromatids.

157 (d)
The directed movement of the chromosomes into
position at the metaphase plate is termed as
congression.

158 (c)
Leptotene The chromosomes appear as thin long
threads and have a beaded appearance due to the
presence of chromomeres
Pachytene Dissolution of the synaptonemal
complex takes place in zygotene. The
characteristic phenomenon during pachytene is
the exchange of chromosomal segments, i.e., the
recombination of genes or crossing over
Diplotenes Tetrads formation takes place in
pachytene stage. In diplotene the paired
chromosomes begin to separate but remains
united at the points of interchange of chiasma
159 (c)
The number of DNA strands in chromosome at G 2
-stage of cell cycle is four due to the replication of
DNA during S-phase.

160 (a)
Meiosis reduces chromosome number from
diploid (2n) to haploid (n). It occurs in germ cells
(eggs or sperm)
161 (b)
Prophase-I It is more complicated and prolonged
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 as compared to the similar stage of mitosis. In this
phase, chromosomes are not distinguishable
because they are often seen as heterochromatic
(heteropycnotic) bodies
Anaphase-I The homologous chromosomes break
their connections and separate out. It is called
disjunction
Interphase It is the phase of cell cycle in which the
cell spends the majority of its time in preparing
itself for cell division. It is the time between two
mitotic or meiotic cell cycles
Metaphase-I A chromatic fibrous bipolar spindles
are formed in the areas of dividing nuclei. The
spindles are arranged in isobilateral or
tetrahedral fashion. The chromosomes arrange
themselves at equator
162 (a)
G 1 is the longest period, which involves
preparation for RNA and protein synthesis.

163 (a)
Bivalent A pair of homologous chromosomes lying
together is called a bivalent.
(i) Tetrad In pachytene stage, the chromatids of
each synapsed chromosome slightly separate and
become visible. The two visible chromatids of a
chromosome are referred to as dyad
(ii) A group of four homologous chromatids (two
dyads) is called a tetrad
(iii) Pachytene Stage Crossing over occurs during
pachytene stage
(iv) Non-sister Chromatids The two chromatids of
two homologous chromosomes (bivalent) are
termed non-sister chromatids
(v) Sister Chromatids The two chromatids of the
same chromosome are called sister chromatids
164 (c)
A−G1 ; B−G2

166 (a)
The M-phase represents the phase when the
actual cell division or mitosis occurs and the
interphase represents the phase between two
successive M-phases. It is significant to note that
in the 24 hour average duration of cell cycle of a
human cell, cell division proper lasts for only
about an hour. The interphase lasts more than
95% of the duration of cell cycle
167 (b)
It the initial amount of DNA is denoted as 2C, then
it increases to 4C.
In the G 1-phase of interphase, the cell is
metabolically active and continuously grows but
do not replicate its DNA S or synthesis phase
marks the period during which DNA synthesis or
replication takes place. During this time, the
amount of DNA per cell gets double
168 (a)
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 In meiosis, the daughter cells are not similar to
that of parent genetically because of crossing
over. Crossing over is the mutual exchange of
homologous chromosomal regions between non-
sister chromatids during the first prophase of
meiosis.

169 (c)
Late anaphase is characterised by
(i) Centromeres split and chromatids separate

(ii) Chromatids move to opposite poles.

Prophase is characterised by centriole separation.

170 (c)
G2-phase or second gap phase is the gap between
DNA synthesis and division. This particular phase
is spent in synthesizing molecules other than
DNA, which are required for cell division.

171 (d)
The reciprocal exchange of chromosomal material
between homologous chromosome is termed as
crossing over.

172 (b)
In meiosis-I, division is reductional while II
equational.

173 (c)
G0-phase is the arrest phase or suspended phase
of the cycle. The cells remain inactive or in a non-
dividing resting state during this phase and may
remain such for days to years before resuming
cell division, e . g ., nerve cells remain in G 0-phase.

174 (c)
Cell cycle completes in two steps- Interphase and
M-phase. Interphase is completed in three
successive phases G 1-phase (post-mitotic phase),
S-phase (synthetic phase) and G 2-phase (pre-
mitotic or post-synthetic phase). In the given
figure, D is representing the S-phase (synthesis
phase) of cell cycle.

175 (c)
I. The shortening and thickening of chromosome
fibres occurs due to the two reason
Coming together of axial proteins and coiling or
spiralisation of chromatin fibres. This is assisted
by the proteins, called condensins
II. Sometimes, overlapping is shown by the
elongated chromosome. Their ends are not
visible. Therefore, the chromosomes appears like
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 a ball of wool and this stage is called sprime stage
III. Animal cells generally have two centrosome or
centriole pairs lying close together. These two
centrides begins to move towards the opposite
sides of the microtubules, surrounding each pair
of centrioles (diplosome). It look like a star-
shaped body called aster
IV. Shortening of chromosome during prophase is
must for their equal distribution during anaphase.
Each chromosome appears to have two
longitudinal threads called chromatids or sister
chromatids, attached to each other by means of a
narrow point called centromere
176 (a)
At metaphase, the chromosome are clearly visible
as composed to two closely associated halves
(chromatids) and the chromosomes have
undergone maximum contraction, so these can be
counted conveniently.

177 (a)
Metaphase in both mitosis and meiosis is
characterised by the orientation of chromosomes
themselves on the spindle fibres at the equatorial
plate.

178 (b)
Sporophyte is a diploid generation while
gametophyte is haploid. Meiosis cause the
reduction of chromosome number to half, i .e .,
from diploid to haploid.

179 (d)
The first meiotic division leads to reduction of
chromosome number of half and the second
meiotic division to segregate the replicated
chromosomes.

180 (b)
There are two main ways of cell division i.e.,
mitosis and meiosis. In each case, division of the
nucleus, called karyokinesis, occurs before the
division of the cytoplasm, termed as cytokinesis
181 (a)
In meiotic cell division, homologous
chromosomes pair up during zygotene stage of
prophase-I, this phenomena is called synapsis.
During anaphase-I, homologous chromosomes of
each bivalent start migrating towards opposite
pole of the spindle, ultimately each pole receives a
haploid group of regregated chromosomes.

182 (c)
During pachytene substage of prophase-I of
meiosis, the non-sister chromatids of homologues

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 exchange segments between themselves. This
exchange of chromatid segments is called crossing
over, which involves proper breakage and then
fusion of broken ends oppositely and hence,
results in the recombination.

183 (c)
The zygote is formed by the fusion of male and
female gametes. The male and female gametes are
formed by meiosis in diploid organism. A diploid
living organism develops from zygote by repeated
mitotic divisions.

184 (d)
Synapsis of homologous chromosomes takes place
during zygotene stage of meiosis-I. Division of
centromere takes place during anaphase-II of
meiosis.

185 (d)
Egg is haploid and has 5 pg (pico gram) DNA. Its
animal, which is diploid will be having 10 pg DNA.
In S-phase, DNA doubles and therefore, in G 2
amount of DNA will be 20 pg.

186 (d)
Meiosis occurs in a diploid cell. It is a double
division which gives rise to four haploid cells,
each having half the number of chromosomes as
compared to the parent cell. The term ‘meiosis’
was coined by Farmer and Moore in 1905
187 (a)
Chromosomes that results from the separation of
sister chromatids during cell division are called
daughter chromosomes. During anaphase of
mitosis, paired chromosomes (sister chromatids)
separates to form daughter chromosomes.
Each daughter chromosome migrates to
centromere, toward the opposite ends of the cell.
At the end of cell division, two distinct daughter
cells are formed from a single cell
188 (b)
In G 2-phase of interphase stage of cll cycle, the
proteins required for spindle formation are
synthesized. In G 1-phase, enzymes required for
protein and DNA replication are synthesized.
In S-phase, DNA replication process takes place.
In anaphase, chromosomes split longitudinally at
the centromere.

189 (d)
Meiosis is a double division, which occurs in a
diploid cell (nucleus) and gives rise to four
haploid cells (nuclei), each having half the
number of chromosomes as compared to the

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 parent cell. In meiosis-I, bivalent is an association
of four chromatids and two centromeres.

190 (d)
Drug colchicines is obtained from
Colchicum autumnale . It arrests the
polymerization of microtubules from tubulin
protein, i .e . , arrests spindle formation at
metaphase.

191 (b)
Replication of DNA takes place at S-phase of cell
cycle. The number of chromosomes reduced only
in meiosis. So, the number remain 14, 14, and 14
in G 1 after S and after M-phase.

192 (a)
During diplotene substage of meiotic division, the
force of attraction between homologous
chromosomes reduced and later on they move
apart.

193 (d)
The beginning of diplotene stage is marked by
chiasma formation. The chiasma formation is the
indication of crossing over and the beginning of
separation of chromosomes.
The chiasma formation is associated with the
process of terminalisation
194 (a)

A typical eukaryotic cell in a culture divides once

in approximately 24 hrs. The duration of cell cycle
can vary from organism to organism and also
from cell to cell type
196 (c)
Interphase of cell cycle is divided into three
phases-G 1, S and G 2-phase. The, S-phase comes in
between G 1and G 2phase.

197 (a)
Synapsis is the pairing of homologous
chromosomes during meiosis. While autosomes
undergoes synapsis during meiosis, sex

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 chromosomes often remain unpaired. A
consequence of recombinant synapsis is to
increase genetic variability within both the
offsprings and population
198 (c)
In prokaryotes and unicellular eukaryotic
organisms, cell division is a method of
multiplication but in multicellular eukaryotic
organism, it is a method of growth.

200 (b)
M-phase (mitosis) is the most important period of
cell cycle. It involves a major recognisation of
virtually all components of the cell. Since, the
number of chromosomes in the parent and
progeny cells is the same, it is also called as equal
division
201 (a)
There are two main events in mitosis,
karyokinesis or duplication of the nucleus,
followed by division of the cytoplasm called
cytokinesis. This is followed by the separation of
the daughter cells
202 (a)
III - Prophase
IV - Metaphase
I - Anaphase-I
II - Telophase-I
V - Telophase-II

203 (a)
Reduces by half.
Meiosis start with one diploid containing copies of
chromosome, one from mother and one from
father. The cell divides twice, producing up to four
haploid cells containing one copy of each
chromosome
205 (c)
Anaphase is characterised by splitting of the
centromeres and separation of chromatids.
Chromatids move to opposite poles from the
equatorial plates.

206 (c)
Chiasma is an attachment of two non-sister
chromatids in a bivalent in diplotene stage of
prophase-I of meiosis. Each chiasma results in the
exchange of genetic material between non-sister
chromatids, i .e . , crossing over.

207 (b)
One of the main functions of centromere is the cell
plate formation.

208 (d)
The duration of cell cycle of yeast is 90 min
209 (d)
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 Synapsis is the pairing of homologous
chromosomes during zygotene stage of prophase-
I of meiotic division-I. These homologous
chromosomes come from mother and father.

210 (a)
DNA content becomes double in interphase.
Interphase is divided into G 1, S and G 2 -phase. Out
of which in S-phase, the cell synthesizes a replica
of its genome, i .e . , DNA replication occurs during
this phase, which ultimately results in the
duplication of chromosomal material.

211 (a)
Colchicine is an antimitotic drug (alkaloid) which
is obtained from Colchicum (family-Lilliaceae). It
binds to one tubulin molecule and prevents its
polymerization. The depolymerisation of tubulin
results in disappearance of mitotic spindle,
blocking the cells mitotic chromosomal division of
metaphase and anaphase
212 (b)
The correct sequence is:
Synapsis→Crossing over→Terminalization→
Disjunction of genomes

213 (a)
‘Tubulin’ is a cytoskeletal globular protein that
polymerizes to form microtubules. During cell
division, the microtubules radiate from each end
of the cell and form a basket like arrangement
(the spindle), which helps in the movement of
chromosomes to poles.

214 (d)
Diakinesis is the final stage of the prophase in
meiosis. It is characterized by shortening and
thickening of the paired chromosomes, formation
of the spindle fibres, disappearance of the
nucleolus and degeneration of the nuclear
membrane
215 (c)
In cleavage, there is no spindle develops to guide
the chromosomal movement.

216 (c)
In G 2-phase chromosome number remains same,
so the right answer is 12 chromosomes.

217 (b)
Meiosis occurs in organisms during sexual
reproduction
218 (d)
At the beginning of the final stage of mitosis, i.e.,
telophase, the chromosomes that have reached
their respective poles, decondense and lose their
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 individuality. The individual chromosomes can no
longer be seen and chromatin material tends to
collect in a mass in the two poles (Fig.). This is the
stage which shows the following key events

219 (a)
Interphase has three phases-G 1, S and G 2.
Replication of centriole occurs during G 1-phase of
interphase. DNA replication takes place in S-phase
of interphase.

220 (a)
Genetic recombination occurs due to fertilization
and meiosis crossing over.

221 (a)
During mitosis, DNA replicates once for one cell
division and in meiosis also the DNA replicates
once for two cell divisions so, the chromosome
number becomes half in meiosis.
Mitosis occurs in both sexually and asexually
reproducing organisms, while meiosis occurs only
in sexually reproducing organisms.

222 (a)
Interphase of cell cycle is composed of G 1-phase,
G2-phase and S-phase. During S-phase, DNA
replicates in semi conservative manner so, each
chromosome is formed of two chromatids joined
at centromere.

223 (b)
Meiosis is a special type of division in which the
chromosomes duplicate only once but cell divides
twice. So, one parent cell produces 4 daughter
cells. It is found in diploid germ cells. The first
division in meiosis is reduction or heterotypic.

224 (c)
Post reproductive stage of a cell includes cell
growth. The term cell growth is used in the
contexts of cell development and cell division. As
we are concerned about growth (development)
only, it refers to the growth of cell that is to
increase in cytoplasmic and organelle volume that
is in G 1-phase
225 (a)

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 Interphase is the period between the end of one
cell division to the beginning of next cell division.
During this phase, the cell is metabolically very
active and prepares itself for the next division.

226 (a)
The term ‘mitosis’ was coined by Flemming
227 (d)
During telophase, the chromatids have reached
the poles of the cell, uncoil and lengthen to form
chromatin again. The spindle fibres disintegrate
and centriole replicate. Nucleoli and nuclear
envelope reappear and hence, two daughter
nuclei are formed at each pole.

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