OPERATIONAL
AMPLIFIER
Amplifier
Any device or a circuit which can increase the strength
of input signal is known as amplifier.
Input Output
Amplifier
Types of Amplifier
Depends on Input & Output
Type of Input Type of Output Name of Amplifier
Voltage Voltage Voltage Amplifier
Current Current Current Amplifier
Voltage Current Transconductance
amplifier
Current Voltage Transresistance
Amplifier
Gain of an Amplifier
Gain is a measure of the ability of an amplifier to increase
the strength of a signal.
To increase the strength of input signal it requires the
power supply.
Output Power= Input Power + Power (Converted) from
Supply
Gain = Output/Input
Output = Gain x Input
Operational Amplifier
Made up of Two words: Operational + Amplifier
Amplifier: Because it can increase the strength of a
signal.
Operational: It can also perform several mathematical
operations like Integration, Differentiation, addition,
subtraction etc.
Operational amplifier is a high gain voltage amplifier
which beside amplification can perform several
mathematical operations like addition, subtraction,
integration etc.
Block diagram of Operational
Amplifier
Operational Amplifier: IC 741
Pin Diagram:
Pin Description
Pin No 7 & 4: Power Supply Pins used to provide dc
power
Pin No. 1 & 5: Used to make Offset error zero.
Pin No. 6: Output Pin used to take output.
Pin No. 8: Not connected:
Pin No. 2: Inverting Input
Pin Description
Pin No. 3: Non Inverting I/P
Symbol of Op-Amp
+VCC
2 _
Inverting Input V2 7
6
Vid VOUT
3
Non-Inverting Input V1 +
4
-VEE
Vid = Differential Input Voltage = V1 – V2
A = Open Loop Voltage Gain
Vout = A x Vid Vout = A x (V1 – V2)
O/P = Gain x I/P
Characteristics of Practical Op-amp
Output Offset Voltage: It is the voltage present at the
output terminal when both the inputs are grounded.
In ideal case, it should be 0.
+VCC
2 _ 7
6 VOUT(offset)
3
+
4
-VEE
Characteristics of Practical Op-amp
Input Offset Voltage: It is the voltage that must be
applied between input terminals to null the output.
+VCC
Rs
2 _ 7
Vdc2 Vio 6 VOUT
Rs 3
+
4
Vdc1 -VEE
Vio = Vdc1 – Vdc2
Characteristics of Practical Op-amp
Input Offset Current: The algebraic difference between
the currents flowing into inverting and non-inverting
terminals is called as input offset current.
+VCC
IB2
2 _ 7
6 VOUT
IB1
3
+
4
-VEE
Characteristics of Practical Op-amp
Input Bias Current: It is average of the currents flowing
into the inverting and non – inverting inputs of
operational amplifier.
+VCC
IB2
2 _ 7
6 VOUT
IB1
3
+
4
-VEE
Characteristics of Practical Op-amp
Slew Rate: It is defined as maximum rate of change of
output voltage with respect to the time. It is specified
in Volts/micro-sec. In ideal case, it should be infinite.
Measure of Processing Speed.
Characteristics of Practical Op-amp
Common Mode Rejection Ration (C.M.R.R) : It is
defined as the ratio of differential gain (Ad) to the
common mode gain (Acm).
In ideal case, value of Vocm = 0, so the value of Acm = 0.
So in ideal case, the value of C.M.R.R = ∞.
Characteristics of Ideal Op-amp
Open loop voltage gain = ∞
CMRR= ∞
Slewrate = ∞
Bandwidth = ∞
Input Resistance = ∞
Output Offset Voltage = 0
PSRR = 0
Output Inpedance = 0
Transfer characteristics of Op-amp
Graph Between Vo and Vid(V1-V2)
Equivalent Circuit of Practical Op amp
Equivalent Circuit of Ideal Op amp
Applications of op-amp: Closed Loop Configurations
Inverting Amplifier
RF
R1
Inverting Amplifier
Non-inverting Amplifier
Non-inverting Amplifier
Unity Gain Amplifier/ Voltage Follower
Summing Amplifier
Summing Amplifier
Differentiator:
RF
Differentiator:
Integrator:
Integrator
Difference Amplifier/Differential Amplifier
Difference Amplifier/Differential Amplifier
Problems
Determine the output voltage in following circuit:
Determine the output voltage in following circuit:
• Determine the output voltage in the following circuit.
• Determine the output voltage in the following circuit.
• Determine the output voltage in the following circuit.
•Determine the output voltage in the following circuit.
•Calculate the maximum frequency of the input signal for the below
circuit of fig. A, where SR=0.5V/µsec.
•Design a circuit using operational amplifier which satisfies following
equation: Vout = 4V1 - 5V2.
•Design a non inverting amplifier to provide voltage gain of 10. The
value of resistances should not exceed 10Kilo ohm.
•Design an inverting amplifier to provide voltage gain of 20.
Determine the value of CMRR if differential gain is 105
and Common mode gain is 102 and express the result in
dB.
If the value of CMRR IS 80dB and Common mode gain is
10 dB. Find the value of Differential gain.
Determine the output voltage of an op-amp for the input
voltages of 400 micro volts and 300 micro volts. The
differential gain is 105 and the CMRR is 80 decibels. Also
find the error due to common mode.
Derive the expression of output voltage in following
circuit.
THANK YOU
