Building and Environment 160 (2019) 106165

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Building and Environment

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Assessing the applicability of various climatic zoning methods for building T

construction: Case study from the extreme southern part of Chile
Konstantin Vericheva,b,c, Montserrat Zamoranoa,d, Manuel Carpioc,∗
a
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
b
Institute of Civil Engineering, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
c
Department of Construction Engineering and Management, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
d
PROMA, Proyectos de Ingeniería Ambiental, S.L., Granada, Spain

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: This study presents the results of the assessment of current climatic zoning for building construction in two
Climatic zoning regions in the extreme southern part of Chile. The simulation of heating energy consumption for a detached
Energy consumption single-family dwelling was performed in 680 geographical locations in the study area. The dwelling, which
Chile complied with all the technical energy efficiency policies of the country, exhibited an oscillation of heating
Building
energy consumption in a range of 75–300 kWh/m2/year. The possibility of using bioclimatic zoning and zoning
Cluster
Mapping
based on cluster analysis was assessed to determine the main parameters that might affect climatic zoning for
residential buildings. The study revealed possible optimal parameters for the development of a new zoning
system in the study area, namely: (i) level of heating energy consumption based on simulation in diverse geo-
graphical locations, (ii) climatic values of heating degree-days, and (iii) climatic values of direct solar radiation.

1. Introduction zoning procedure [19]; and (iv) Givoni's building bioclimatic chart,
which is based on temperature and atmospheric humidity but is limited
Due to the concern about climatic zoning suitable for building when it is used under severe climatic conditions [20,21]. Each method
projects [1–4], a clear relationship between climate zones and levels of has shown its limitations, so in order to implement any of these
residential cooling and heating energy consumption has been identified methods to any geographical area of the world, it is advisable to de-
[5–8]. Therefore, building houses with better energy efficiency requires termine how these zoning methods should be applied.
correct definitions of architectural standards, construction standards, In the case of Chile, and with the objective of defining architectural
and appropriate materials for each zone [9–14]. To achieve this ob- characteristics in each part of country, there are three different reg-
jective, different countries commonly develop their own climatic ulatory standards currently in use for climatic zoning for building
zoning systems for buildings [15] taking into account the effects of construction, namely: (i) Manual de Aplicación Reglamentación
individual climatic characteristics, specific characteristics of the Térmica (RT) (Thermal Regulation Application Manual) [22] of the
buildings, levels of housing comfort, and, sometimes, climate change Ordenanza General de Urbanismo y Construcciones (OGUC) (General
projections [16,17]. Ordinance of Urban Planning and Housing) [23] of the Ministry of
Consequently, a high number of zoning methods have been defined Housing and Urban Development (MINVU), which has the main goal of
according to the meteorological variables considered for classification reducing building energy consumption as much as possible and includes
as follows: [15]: (i) degree-day methods, which only take into account seven thermal zones (in this context, the term "thermal zones" is a direct
temperature variables but not the effects of other meteorological translation from the Spanish language of the term "zonas térmicas",
parameters such as atmospheric humidity [3] and should be constantly which is used in the official regulatory document RT OGUC and is
updated [8]; (ii) methods of climatic zoning, which are based on energy analogous to climate zones for building construction) based on intervals
simulation and cannot consider the entire spectrum of architectural and of annual values of heating degree-days with a base temperature of
constructive resolutions that may exist in a given geographical region 15 °C (HDD 15 °C); (ii) Norma Chilena Oficial 1079.Of.2008 (NCh)
[18]; (iii) zoning methods, which are based on cluster analysis and (Official Chilean Standard 1079.Of.2008) of the Ministerio de Obras
depend on the number and quality of the parameters used for the Públicas (Ministry of Public Works) [24]; and (iii) Estándares de

∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Carpio).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106165
Received 14 February 2019; Received in revised form 17 May 2019; Accepted 24 May 2019
Available online 25 May 2019
0360-1323/ © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
K. Verichev, et al. Building and Environment 160 (2019) 106165

Nomenclature GBS Green Building Studio

MM5 Mesoscale Meteorological Model Version 5
RT Thermal Regulation Application Manual ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-
OGUC General Ordinance of Urban Planning and Housing of the Conditioning Engineers
MINVU Bsk Cold semi-arid climate of the Köppen-Geiger classification
MINVU Ministry of Housing and Urban Development Csb Mediterranean climate with warm summer
NCh Official Chilean Standard 1079.Of.2008 of the Ministry of Csc Mediterranean climate with mild summer
Public Works Cfb Marine west coast climate with warm summer
ECS The Sustainable Construction Standards for building in Cfc Marine west coast climate with mild summer
Chile of the MINVU ET Tundra climate
HDD 15 (18)°C heating degree-days with a base temperature of 15 HVAC Heating ventilation and air conditioning
(18)°C U-value Thermal transmittance, [W/m2·K]

Construcción Sustentable (ECS) (The Sustainable Construction Stan- Engineers (ASHRAE) [36]. In New Zealand, three climate zones are
dards for building in Chile) [25] of the MINVU. allocated for building [37]. Ireland has uniform standards for con-
Chile is geographically divided into 16 regions, going from a warm struction which should help to bring newly built dwellings as close as
climate in the north to a colder climate in the south. In consequence, possible to standard of nearly zero-energy buildings [38].
the highest heating energy consumption occurs in the two southern In Chile, according to RT OGUC, the territory of the two regions
regions, "Aysén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo" (Aysén) and assessed (Aysén and Magallanes) is considered thermal zone 7, with an
"Magallanes y de la Antártica Chilena" (Magallanes). As shown in average annual value of more than 2,000 HDD 15 °C (Fig. 1). As a re-
Table 1, due to the severe climatic characteristics, in Aysén, 18% of the sult, RT OGUC proposes the same norms for thermal transmittance
energy is consumed in the residential sector, whereas in Magallanes it values of building elements in the third part of the country [22], which
corresponds to 22%, resulting in higher values than the average per- is characterised by many different climates. Additionally, it is necessary
centage of the country (15%) [26]. Heating energy consumption comes to mention that the RT OGUC presents one type of recommendations for
mainly from biomass (81%) and natural gas (85%) in the Aysén and building elements of all kinds of dwellings. On the contrary, New
Magallanes regions, respectively. Heating energy consumption in Aysén Zealand's building code propose recommendations for two types of
is higher than the average in the European Union, which is 64.6% of residential dwellings: those with areas of less than 300 m2 and those
total energy consumption of the residential sector [27]. over 300 m2 [37]. The climatic zoning method of RT OGUC used in
According to Köppen climate classification, the extreme southern Chile has been subject to criticism in other geographical parts of the
part of Chile exhibits a predominance of Tundra and Temperate cli- country [8,39–41]. The same consideration is observed in the case of
mates with small patches of Patagonian semi-arid climate [28–30]. NCh and ECS regulations that includes both regions under study in the
Analogous Temperate climate zones are found on the south-western same climate zones, called “Extreme South” and “I” respectively [24]
Pacific coast of British Columbia province in Canada (specifically the (Fig. 1).
Vancouver agglomeration), the Pacific coast of the state of Washington Using the same building standard in the whole area of study in the
in the United States, Ireland, the United Kingdom, the Atlantic coasts of process of performing computational energy simulations, the results
France, Belgium and the Netherlands, and the southern part of New will show variations in energy consumption which will depend on the
Zealand. Tundra climate corresponds to the northeast Atlantic coast of diversity of real climatic conditions. It is also necessary to use data of
Canada. Patagonian climate is also present in Argentina. meteorological models with higher spatial resolution in the respective
In Canada, 17% of all energy is consumed by the residential sector. simulations.
The share of natural gas is 45% and electricity 38%, and 58% of the The simulation of energy consumption in buildings could be applied
energy consumed by the residential sector is used for household heating to evaluating the definition of climate zones and implementation of
[31]. Among all households in the province of British Columbia, 49.4% building standards in any geographical area. In the publication of Walsh
use electricity for heating, 45.6% use natural gas, 3.1% use wood, and et al. (2018) [42], the authors note that in Spain [18] and Morocco
1.9% use heating oil. The average value of heating energy consumption [43], the results of a building energy consumption simulation for cli-
for a single detached house in this province is 141 kWh/m2/year. On matic zoning were used. But for these methodologies, there are no
the other hand, in the provinces on the Atlantic coast, this value is scientific publications with a detailed description of the process. Sub-
155 kWh/m2/year [32]. sequently, the authors [42] propose a methodology for verification of
In Europe, the main regions with similar climatic conditions to the climate zones based on the results of a simulation of the total energy
studied area are Ireland and the United Kingdom. The residential sector consumption of three types of dwellings in the tropical climate of Ni-
of Ireland consumes 26% of all energy, and in the United Kingdom, this caragua (328 geographical locations).
percentage is 29%. In 2012, the average value of heating energy con- Recently, a Chinese research team published an article [44], which
sumption per household was 100 kWh/m2/year in Ireland and
120 kWh/m2/year in the United Kingdom [33].
Table 1
In the Southern Hemisphere, only New Zealand has similar climatic Energy consumption in regions of the extreme southern part of Chile.
conditions to the study area. In 2017, the percentage of energy con-
Aysén Magallanes Total - Chile
sumption by the residential sector was 10.8%. The share of electricity
[26,76] [26,77] [26]
was 69% and for natural gas it was 10.6%. Additionally, renewable
energy accounted for 5.2% [34]. Annual energy consumption of 4036 8813 (2.8%) 314750
In the United Kingdom, The Government's Standard Assessment the country [TCal] (1.3%) (100%)
Residential sector 18% 22% 15%
Procedure for Energy Rating of Dwellings [35], which regulates building
Matrix of energy consumption in the residential sector
energy efficiency, defines 21 climate zones. In Canada, an official Biomass 81% 5% 42%
document with similar functions is the National Energy Code of Canada Natural gas 12% 85% 12%
for Buildings, which defines six climate zones based on the methods of Electricity 5% 5% 23%
the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Petroleum products 2% 5% 23%

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K. Verichev, et al. Building and Environment 160 (2019) 106165

Fig. 1. Current thermal/climate zones for building construction at the extreme southern part of Chile.

considers the process of verifying the allocation of climate sub-zones possibility of using these methodologies for buildings has already been
based on a simulation of the heating and cooling energy consumption of considered in several scientific works [19,47,48].
one type of dwelling in 17 principal cities of the studied area in China. Due to the fact that the data from the MM5 have a spatial coverage
The research line of validating climate zones for building con- throughout the planet, it is possible to transmit the obtained results of
struction through energy simulation is fairly new. Therefore, it was the study area to other parts of the world with similar climatic condi-
decided to apply the method of using the results of heating energy si- tions and high levels of heating energy consumption. This provides the
mulation to assess the applicability of climatic zoning in a fairly cold chance to develop universal climatic zoning for buildings in conditions
climate condition in the extreme southern part of Chile. of Temperate and Tundra climates with the idea of minimizing the
Each type of simulation is based on certain initial metrological data. heating energy consumption of dwellings.
Therefore, the main energy simulation tool to be used in the present According to the above considerations, the goal of the present study
study will be Green Building Studio (GBS) [45], an energy simulation on the basis of simulated energy consumption of dwelling is to assess
based on meteorological data from the Mesoscale Meteorological the applicability of existing climatic zoning for buildings and identify
Model, Version 5 (MM5) [46], with a spatial resolution of 12.7 km. This key parameters that could be used to propose a new climatic zoning in
spatial resolution will allow for a more detailed assessment of the the extreme southern part of Chile. The following stages were per-
spatial distribution of simulated heating energy consumption of the formed to achieve that goal: (i) analysis of the current climatic zoning
modulated dwelling, meeting the RT OGUC requirements in the study in the study area; (ii) modelling of heating energy consumption in a
area. single-family house and assessment of the zoning system based on the
Based on the results of simulation of heating energy consumption, simulation of energy consumption of the dwelling; (iii) analysis of the
the possibility of using other climatic zoning methods to improve values of heating energy consumption of the dwelling under study as
zoning for building construction in the studied area will be analysed. well as heating degree-day values in different bioclimatic zones; and
The Köppen bioclimatic zoning method and the cluster zoning method (iv) examination of the use of cluster analyses based on meteorological
based on various meteorological parameters will be considered. The variables for climatic zoning.

Fig. 2. Structure of the study.

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K. Verichev, et al. Building and Environment 160 (2019) 106165

2. Material and methods • 3D modelling of structural and architectural components. The

Building Information Modelling methodology will be used by means
2.1. Working methodology of the Autodesk® Revit software version 2018, with a license from
the Universidad Austral de Chile. Revit allows the user to make a 3D
Fig. 2 illustrates the general scheme of the present study: (1) The model of the house and convert it into a gbXML file for subsequent
official thermal zones of the RT OGUC were compared with the thermal energy analysis using an energy simulation tool.
zones based on MM5 data in 680 geographical locations to detect • Energy simulation. The tool used will be the Green Building Studio
possible inconsistencies in the thermal zones established by the official (GBS) Version 2018.99.46.101 (DOE-2.2-48r) (Autodesk®) asso-
document of the RT OGUC and by the meteorological data used for ciated with the Revit license. GBS energy simulation is based on data
energy simulation in the study area. (2) Cluster zones based on various from the MM5 created in 2006 with a spatial resolution of 12.7 km.
metrological data and values of HDD 15 °C from MM5 were created. (3) [46]. MM5 data contain variables of dry-bulb temperature, dew
Simulation of heating energy consumption in GBS was realized. After point temperature, relative humidity, pressure, wind direction, wind
modelling the energy consumption of a single-family house, a correla- speed, total sky cover, and components of solar radiation. The re-
tion between HDD 15 °C and heating energy consumption in different sults of energy modelling using the GBS have already been com-
zones of bioclimatic zoning (4) and cluster zoning (5) was compared. pared with results obtained with other energy analysis tools, such as
Energy Plus, Ecotec, Energy_10, eQUEST, and IES < VE > [49–54].
On the other hand, more detailed and accurate BIM modelling tools
2.2. Computational tools used can be used in general cases of energy consumption analysis in a
dwelling [55]. However, due to the great extension of our study
The software used in the present study and its main functions are area, the use of GBS was adequate for modelling energy
described below:

Fig. 3. Map of the study area and the 680 geographical locations for energy simulations.

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K. Verichev, et al. Building and Environment 160 (2019) 106165

consumption. 0.95% of the total population of the country, respectively [57]. Fig. 3
• Mapping. ArcGIS 10.5 [56], with a license from the Pontificia shows the general situation of the study area in South America and the
Universidad Católica de Chile. 680 geographical locations (red circles) where the energy simulations
• Statistical analysis and cluster analysis. Performed using the IBM will be performed.
SPSS Statistics Version 22.0 software, with a license from the The main characteristics of the temperature regime of the study area
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. are as follows. According to the climate maps presented on the website
of the Chilean Meteorological Office [58], the coastal zone of the Aysén
2.3. Study area region is characterized by average monthly minimum temperatures
during the cold period from −1 °C to +5 °C and by average monthly
Two southern regions in Chile, "Aysén del General Carlos Ibáñez del maximum temperatures during the warm period from +14 °C to
Campo" (Aysén) and "Magallanes y de la Antártica Chilena" +18 °C. In the most distant part of the region from the ocean, the
(Magallanes) have been included in this study (Fig. 3). They are located monthly average minimum temperatures during the cold period vary
between 43.5°S and 56°S on the Pacific coast and are characterised by a from −6 °C to 0 °C and the monthly average maximum temperatures
complex system of fjords. Additionally, the relief system of the study during the warm period vary from +10 °C (in high mountains areas) to
area is highly complex, characterised by significant differences in ab- +21 °C.
solute altitude and by the presence of perennial ice and snow cover. The In the northern part of the Magallanes region, when moving from
area of Aysén region covers 109,025 km2 and the area of Magallanes the ocean to the high mountainous area, there is a change in the
covers 132,034 km2, which corresponds to 14.4% and 17.5% of the minimum monthly average temperature during the cold period to a
total area of the country, respectively [57]. In addition, the population range from +3 °C to −7 °C. In the warm period of the year, the
of the Aysén region is 103,158 inhabitants and the population of the maximum monthly average temperature varies in the interval of +14
Magallanes region is 166,533 inhabitants, corresponding to 0.59% and to +10 °C. In the southern part of the region, when moving away from

Fig. 4. ASHRAE climatic zoning (GBS).

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K. Verichev, et al. Building and Environment 160 (2019) 106165

the ocean from south to north, the average monthly minimum tem- Table 2
perature in the cold period varies from +1 °C to −2 °C and the average Thermal zones of Chile according to the RT OGUC.
monthly maximum temperature in the warm period varies from +10 °C Zone Value of annual HDD 15 °C
to +15 °C.
In the northern part of the study area, the average daily maximum 1 ≤500
2 > 500 ≤ 750
sunshine duration in December is 15.4 h and in June is 9.0 h, for the
3 > 750 ≤ 1000
southern tip of the study area, these values are 17.3 and 7.2 h, re- 4 > 1000 ≤ 1250
spectively [58]. 5 > 1250 ≤ 1500
6 > 1500 ≤ 2000
7 > 2000

2.4. Methods applied to determine climatic/thermal zones in the studied

area
2.4.1. Thermal zones
The meteorological data provide by GBS for energy simulation is
According to the working methodology, three different methods
based on a combination of meteorological measurement data and
have been applied to the study of climate/thermal zones in the Aysén
modelling data (MM5) [46]. In GBS, climate zones are based on the
and Magallanes regions. Thermal zones from the RT OGUC will be re-
climatic zoning method of the ASHRAE [59]. The ASHRAE climate
stored based on the meteorological data of GBS for energy simulation.
zones map is presented in Fig. 4 and based on the names of ASHRAE
Cluster zones will be defined based on different meteorological data.
climate zones for each of the 680 locations assessed from GBS. There
And the possibility of applicability of cluster and bioclimatic zones for
are eight ASHRAE climate zones in the study area (4A, 4C, 5A, 5C, 6A,
more detailed zoning of the studied area will be assessed on the basis of
6B, 7, and 8). Each zone depends on HDD 18 °C, cooling degree-days
the heating energy consumption simulation results.
with a base temperature of 10 °C, and annual precipitation [59].

Fig. 5. Meteorological stations used to validate MM5 data.

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K. Verichev, et al. Building and Environment 160 (2019) 106165

The calculation of the values of HDD 15 °C was carried out on the Aysén region is characterised by the prevalence of Marine climates on
basis of the ASHRAE method [59]. The values of HDD 15 °C by MM5 the western coasts and the Tundra climate in mountainous regions.
were compared with the values of HDD 15 °C by local meteorological Mediterranean climate occurs to a lesser degree in the border areas with
stations. The map of Fig. 5 shows the geographical location of 14 me- Argentina. The Magallanes region is characterised by the prevalence of
teorological stations used in this comparison, belonging to the Chilean Tundra climate in the southern part of the region and mountainous
Meteorological Office [58] and agrometeorological monitoring network areas in the north of the region. In addition, it is characterised by the
[61]. presence of Cold semi-arid climate in the border areas with Argentina.
To restore thermal zones of RT OGUC with meteorological data The northwest coast of the region is characterised by the mixture of
from the MM5, values of HDD 15 °C are used with the Kriging inter- Marine climate of the western coasts and Tundra climate.
polation method [62]. This procedure is necessary to compare the
thermal zones proposed by the official RT OGUC document with the 2.5. Energy consumption
thermal zones established by GBS for the analysis of energy consump-
tion in the study area. Thermal zones were determined using the in- Finally, to carry out the study of energy consumption, a residential
tervals of annual values of HDD 15 °C presented in Table 2. dwelling with the same parameters in the 680 locations was modelled.
The main goal was to determine the level of heating energy consump-
2.4.2. Climate zones based on cluster analysis tion in the geographical locations due to the parameters that directly
The cluster analysis method has been used for many decades in relate to climatic conditions. This dwelling would therefore have dif-
climatology [63] and in climatic zoning for building construction [19]. ferent energy consumption values under different climatic conditions.
In the present study, five climatic parameters were used, namely: (1) In the present study, it was modelled as a detached, single-family
HDD 15 °C of MM5 for 2006 [46,64]; (2) the average daily value of total one-story house with a total useful surface area of 83 m2. Fig. 8 shows
solar radiation [65]; (3) annual precipitation (2007–2017) [66–68]; (4) the plans of the dwelling, location relative to the north, and a general
relative humidity (2007–2017); and (5) wind speed (2007–2017) view of 3D model. The house for modelled with five dwellers, with a
[69,70]. 24/7 function.
Fig. 6 shows the data processing scheme for cluster analysis. First, For simulation of heating energy consumption, the study used an
by means of the Kriging interpolation method [62,71], the spatial dis- HVAC system called the "Central VAV, Electric Resistance Heat, Chiller
tribution of the climatologic parameters (2–5) was restored and the 5.96 COP" by the standard library of Revit. The heating component of
parameters’ values for the 680 geographical locations assessed using the this system consists of a static pressure-variable air volume duct system
ArcGIS 10.5 software [56]. Therefore, the cluster analysis was based on with electric resistance reheat boxes and an integrated differential dry-
the five meteorological parameters in the 680 geographical locations bulb temperature economizer. This system was chosen because part of
and the k-means algorithm. The goal of the k-means algorithm is to find its heating function is totally electric. Therefore, in simulation 100%
the optimum 'partition' for dividing a number of objects into k clusters. electric heating is the way house is heated there. To demonstrate re-
This procedure will move objects from cluster to cluster with the goal of lative variables in heating energy consumption, any other HVAC system
minimising the within-cluster variance and maximising the between- from the standard library Revit could have been used. Therefore, if
cluster variance [72]. between two geographical locations, the existing difference in heating
Meteorological values from various sources with different spatial energy consumption is twice, this quotient would be conserved using
resolutions were used to perform this analysis. Consequently, it is any other type of HVAC. For heating, the indoor comfort reference
possible to have relatively independent parameters. The use of data temperature of 21 °C was used.
from different sources can provide a climatic zoning system based on a Additional simulation parameters such as sensible heat gains per
more precise cluster analysis. person (73.27 W), latent heat gains per person (45.43 W), lighting load
density (11.95 W/m2), and equipment power load density (5.81 W/m2)
2.4.3. Bioclimatic zoning were taken from the standard Revit library for residential dwellings.
The bioclimatic zoning is based on the results of the study [30]. This Fig. 9 shows the schedule settings of occupancy, equipment used, and
paper presents updated Köppen–Geiger climate classification for con- lighting applied in the energy simulation. The method used to calculate
tinental Chile for 2016. For the first time in 45 years, work on the outdoor airflow to space depends on dwellers and useful surface area.
determination of bioclimatic zones based on data from 200 meteor- Outdoor air per person is 2.36 L/s and outdoor air per area is 0.30 L/
ological stations was realized. The shape file (.shp) format describing s·m2.
bioclimatic zones for Chile is an open-access database. Fig. 7 illustrates Table 3 shows the maximum U-value recommendations for the
the map of bioclimatic zones based on the modified Köppen-Geiger building elements according to RT OGUC for thermal zone 7, as well as
system [28], where BSk represents Cold semi-arid climate, Csb re- the U-values used for the modelled dwelling. The RT OGUC norm
presents Mediterranean climate with warm summer, Csc represents contains recommendations on the maximum allowable U-value of
Mediterranean climate with mild summer, Cfb represents Marine west structural elements of the dwelling for the seven thermal zones defined
coast climate with warm summer, Cfc represents Marine west coast according to the annual value of HDD 15 °C. Structural elements of a
climate with mild summer, and ET represents Tundra climate. The dwelling that are presented in this norm are roofs, walls, floors, and

Fig. 6. Scheme of data processing for cluster analysis.

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K. Verichev, et al. Building and Environment 160 (2019) 106165

Fig. 7. Bioclimatic zones according to Ref. [30].

Fig. 8. Plans of the dwelling, energy simulation, and 3D view of the energy model.

windows. The RT OGUC does not provide information about U-values based on MM5 data. These weather data include hourly data of global
for doors or about infiltration rates. and diffuse horizontal radiation, direct normal radiation, total sky
As can be seen in Table 3, the modelled dwelling meets all RT OGUC cover, dry-bulb temperature, dew-point temperature, relative humidity,
requirements for zone 7 because it is the mandatory norm in Chile. atmospheric pressure, wind direction, and speed [45].
GBS performs the simulation of energy consumption of dwellings

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K. Verichev, et al. Building and Environment 160 (2019) 106165

Fig. 9. Schedule: occupancy settings, and lighting and equipment power settings.

Table 3
RT OGUC dwelling envelope recommendations for thermal zone 7 and envelope
properties of the dwelling model of the study.
RT OGUC maximum Modelling
U-value

Roofing – U [W/m2·K] 0.25 0.10

Walls – U [W/m2·K] 0.60 0.59
Floors – U [W/m2·K] 0.32 0.28
Doors – U [W/m2·K] – 1.06
Hermetically double-glazed 3.6 ≥ U > 2.4 3.16
windows – U [W/m2·K]
Maximum glazed surface with 28% 28%
respect to vertical thermal Double Clear
envelope SHGC = 0.69;
VLT = 0.78
3 – south-faces; 6 –
non-south

3. Result and discussion

Fig. 10. Correlation of annual values of HDD 15 °C from the meteorological
stations and HDD 15 °C from the MM5.
3.1. Thermal zones

The correlation between the data of the HDD 15 °C from the MM5 absolute altitudes. Therefore, the nodes of the model grid of the MM5
and the HDD 15 °C from the meteorological stations was analysed. can be located around the meteorological station in high-mountainous
Table 4 shows the values of HDD 15 °C from the MM5 interpolated to areas. In the process of interpolating HDD 15 °C data between model
the geographic location of meteorological stations. Differences between grid nodes located in high-mountainous areas, it is possible to obtain an
annual values of HDD 15 °C from the MM5 and from the meteorological overestimated value of HDD 15 °C from the MM5 for the geographical
stations in the Aysén region are in the range of 4–24%. In the Ma- location of the meteorological station. For comparison, meteorological
gallanes, these differences range from 1 to 14%. The Aysén region is stations in the Magallanes region are mostly located in lowland areas.
characterized by a heterogeneous relief, with significant differences in The graph in Fig. 10 demonstrates the correlation between HDD 15 °C
from MM5 and HDD 15 °C from all meteorological stations. Considering

Table 4
Data of annual average values of HDD 15 °C from meteorological stations and MM5.
Name of station Lat. Lon. Period Met. Agency HDD 15 °C met. st. HDD 15 °C MM5 Delta

Puerto Aysén Ad. −45.3994444 −72.6772222 12/2015-09/2017 Ch. met. of. 2056 2686 23%
El Claro Coyhaique −45.5812 −72.092267 07/2012-09/2017 Agro. 2484 3042 18%
Tamelaike −45.759114 −72.061843 09/2009-09/2017 Agro. 2911 3031 4%
Vista Hermosa −45.936818 −71.835342 04/2010-09/2017 Agro. 3102 3241 4%
Chile Chico −46.5432423 −71.6992977 09/2009-09/2017 Agro. 1944 2540 23%
Cochrane −47.2417333 −72.5822028 12/2009-09/2017 Agro. 2670 3518 24%
Puerto Natales Ad. −51.6672222 −72.5288889 12/2014-09/2017 Ch. met. of. 3023 3345 10%
Puerto Natales −51.698367 −72.483082 05/2010-09/2017 Agro. 2843 3305 14%
Kampenaike −52.6120484 −70.9432231 09/2012-06/2017 Agro. 3002 3091 3%
Isla Riesco −53.030495 −71.933637 12/2012-04/2017 Agro. 3180 3682 14%
Punta Arenas Un. Aer. −53.1527778 −70.9263889 08/2014-09/2017 Ch. met. of. 2987 3140 5%
Escuela Alberto Hurtado −53.1669444 −70.9452778 08/2015-09/2017 Ch. met. of. 3018 3168 5%
Porvenir Ad. −53.2536111 −70.3261111 12/2014-09/2017 Ch. met. of. 3070 3103 1%
Puerto Williams Ad. −54.9316667 −67.6155556 12/2014-09/2017 Ch. met. of. 3279 3376 3%

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K. Verichev, et al. Building and Environment 160 (2019) 106165

the spatial resolution of the MM5 data, and the fact that the MM5 data Energy consumption of the studied dwelling that complied with the
from 2006, and meteorological stations data from 2010 to 2017, a fairly stricter building recommendations for thermal zone 7, provided by the
good correlation was obtained. It is also noted that in the last decade, RT OGUC, was modelled for the analysis of all zoning methods.
given conditions of global climate warming, HDD 15 °C data from
meteorological stations is slightly less than HDD 15 °C from MM5 data. 3.2. Climate zones based on cluster analysis
RT OGUC defines the entire area of the study as thermal zone 7. The
data obtained with HDD 15 °C of MM5 in the 680 locations were used to Fig. 12 (a–e) shows the maps of the spatial distribution of the five
restore the thermal zones of RT OGUC that GBS uses to make energy input meteorological parameters for the cluster analysis, i.e., HDD
simulations. The results are shown on the map in Fig. 11 indicate that 15 °C, total solar radiation, relative humidity, annual precipitation, and
the northeast region had thermal zones 4, 5, and 6, with annual value of wind speed. These data were used for the cluster analysis and divided
the HDD 15 °C less than 2,000. On the other hand, the rest of the ter- between three and six clusters. However, results with correct clima-
ritory was characterised as thermal zone 7. Therefore, for the process of tology logic were found in the division with four clusters (Fig. 12 f).
energy simulation with RT OGUC standards, the correct use of GBS for Table 5 illustrates the results in the climate zones of four clusters,
energy simulation and proper interpretation of the results is re- with the quantitative characteristics of each meteorological parameter.
commended for the northeast region of the study area. Additionally, in Cluster 2 was characterised by milder climatic conditions and cov-
zone 7, as shown in Fig. 12 a, the HDD 15 °C oscillated between 2,000 ered the entire northeast coast of the study area, with a minimum an-
and 4,500, which caused a low precision on the proper use of the un- nual value of HDD 15 °C, a maximum value of total solar radiation, and
ique building recommendations for this entire thermal zone. As shown moderate annual precipitation. Another coastal cluster 1 was char-
in Table 2, each of the first five thermal zones of RT OGUC is defined by acterised by unfavourable climatic conditions, i.e., maximum annual
a value interval of 250 HHD 15 °C. A value interval in the thermal zone precipitation, maximum wind speed, and minimum total solar radia-
6 is 500 HDD 15 °C. These observations indicated the need for a de- tion.
tailed climatic zoning of the study area. In contrast, clusters 3 and 4 were characterised by continental

Fig. 11. Thermal zoning according to RT OGUC meteorological data from MM5/GBS.

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Building and Environment 160 (2019) 106165

Fig. 12. Spatial distribution of the meteorological parameters used for cluster analysis (a)–(e) and climatic zones of the cluster analysis (4 clusters [f]).
K. Verichev, et al. Building and Environment 160 (2019) 106165

Table 5 area, the results of energy consumption simulation will be considered.

Average values of meteorological parameters (with standard deviation).
Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 3.3. Heating energy consumption

HDD 15 °C 2874 (451) 1811 (453) 3218 (314) 4252 (465) As shown in Fig. 13, the data obtained from the modelling of
Solar radiation [kWh/m2/ 2.4 (0.3) 3.2 (0.4) 3.0 (0.6) 2.8 (0.4)
heating energy consumption in the dwelling of the study were used to
day]
Wind speed [m/s] 8.6 (2.8) 5.3 (1.9) 6.3 (2.3) 4.1 (1.3) create the map of heating energy consumption. As noted above, it is a
Relative Humidity [%] 89 (1) 89 (1) 84 (5) 88 (4) priority for this region to have buildings with minimal heating energy
Annual precipitation 2245 (370) 1018 (210) 563 (273) 769 (354) consumption due to the climatic conditions of the area. The results
[mm]
indicate that the consumption oscillated between 75 and 300 kWh/m2/
year. In this way, it can be affirmed that heating energy consumption in
thermal zone 7 of the RT OGUC can have fluctuations of up to 300%.
climatic conditions. Cluster 4 covered mountainous areas with max-
Given that the studied administrative regions were extensive and
imum HDD 15 °C. Fig. 12 f shows the four detached areas of cluster 4,
included depopulated areas, it can be noted that heating energy con-
which were characterised by thermal effects of altitude. Cluster 3
sumption could vary from 75 to 150 kWh/m2/year where the popula-
covered the largest area and was characterised by a relatively con-
tion is concentrated, thus doubling the demand. This difference in
tinental climate, covering territories far from the Pacific coast in the
heating energy consumption for the same dwelling—with the same
north and in the south of the study area including the southern islands,
architectural, construction, and operation parameters—was significant
which were characterised by another regime of precipitation compared
in the boundaries of the single thermal zone (Fig. 1). Asdrubali et al.
to islands in cluster 1 (Fig. 12 d).
(2008) [14] presented the results of an energy consumption simulation
Before turning to the possibility of applying of bioclimatic zones and
for individual single-family dwellings located in three climate zones of
zones based on cluster analysis for more detailed zoning of the studied
Spain and four climate zones of Italy. The variability of total energy

Fig. 13. Heating energy consumption of the modelled dwelling.

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K. Verichev, et al. Building and Environment 160 (2019) 106165

consumption in Spain was within the range 157–296 kWh/m2/year, Finally, cluster 1 was characterised by maximum energy consump-
whereas in Italy it was 137–254 kWh/m2/year. It is worth noting that in tion for the same value of HDD 15 °C. It can be observed that cluster 1
the present study, the variability of heating energy consumption in one generally repeated the bioclimatic zone Cfc-south. This zone of the
thermal zone far exceeded the total energy consumption in the three study area was characterised by the maximum value of heating energy
zones of Spain and four of Italy. consumption in comparison to the other zones.
The isolines of heating energy consumption resemble the shape of
the HDD isolines (Figs. 13 and 12a). This result indicates the existence
3.6. Discussion of results
of a clear relationship between these two parameters.
Bustamante (2009) [73] calculated the heating demand of a de-
The results indicate a discrepancy between the official thermal
tached one-story dwelling in the city of Punta Arenas (185 kWh/m2/
zones of RT OGUC and the thermal zones derived from MM5 data, upon
year), which technically met the minimum requirements of the RT
which the simulation of energy consumption in the GBS is based. The
OGUC for thermal zone 7. Nevertheless, in Fig. 13, the level of heating
inconsistency of the zones leads to an inadequate interpretation of the
energy consumption in Punta Arenas is 128 kWh/m2/year for a single-
results of the simulation. If in fact, in some geographical areas where
family one-story dwelling, where U-values were less than what is re-
there is a thermal zone 4 or 5, there is no need to use additional
commended by the RT OGUC.
building materials to meet the recommendations for thermal zone 7. On
the other hand, highland areas have rather severe climatic conditions,
3.4. Analysis of bioclimatic zoning
so the use of building recommendations for the thermal zone 7 is not
acceptable in these areas. It was also shown that the MM5 data of HDD
In this phase of our study, the Köppen's bioclimatic zones were as-
15 °C are overestimated in comparison with the data of meteorological
sessed, which were established based on the geographical differences of
stations in some geographic areas. Therefore, a more realistic and de-
thermal regimes and precipitation. With generally homogeneous me-
tailed spatial distribution of thermal zones should be investigated fur-
teorological parameters, any bioclimatic zone should be characterised
ther.
by a relatively linear relationship between HDD values and data from
modelling of heating energy consumption.
Fig. 14 shows the correlation between heating energy consumption
and HDD 15 °C in all bioclimatic zones of the study area. Geographical
points located in the boundaries of the bioclimatic zones were excluded.
The maximum correlation between these two parameters was observed
in bioclimatic zones Cfc and Cfb (R = 0.93, 0.96), and the minimum
correlation was observed in the south of the Csc zone (R = 0.75). Zones
Csc, Cfc, and ET (Fig. 7) were divided into two regions, i.e., northern
(north of longitude 49°S) and southern (south of longitude 49°S), be-
cause only this division allowed for observing the linear correlation
between heating energy consumption and HDD 15 °C.
It can be seen that with 3,000 HDD 15 °C in the north of the Csc zone
(Fig. 14 a), the heating energy consumption of the modelled dwelling
was 115 ± 14 kWh/m2/year, whereas in the south of the Csc zone the
heating energy consumption was 127 ± 19 kWh/m2/year. This dif-
ference was significant in the bioclimatic zone Cfc, where the heating
energy consumption in the north was 119 ± 5 kWh/m2/year and in
the south it was 141 ± 8 kWh/m2/year. The bioclimatic zone Cfc was
characterised by the most humid climate and highest level of annual
precipitation (Fig. 12 d). On the other hand, the southern region of this
zone was characterised by the highest annual precipitation value in the
study area, with a high frequency of cloudy days and the minimum
value of direct solar radiation.

3.5. Analysis of zones based on cluster analysis

The correlation between heating energy consumption in clusters

was assessed (Fig. 15). Geographical points located in the boundaries of
the cluster zones were excluded. It can be observed that, in the same
way as with the bioclimatic zoning, clusters 3 and 4 were divided into
northern and southern. This procedure allowed for obtaining precise
correlations between heating energy consumption and HDD 15 °C. With
the same value of HDD 15 °C, the heating energy consumption in the
southern part was higher than in the northern part for both clusters. As
shown in Table 5, the mean value of the total solar radiation for cluster
3 is 3.0 kWh/m2/day. But considering the map of the spatial distribu-
tion of total solar radiation (Fig. 12 b), it can be noted that in the
northern part of cluster 3 the values of total solar radiation vary in the
interval of 2.0–4.5 kWh/m2/day, whereas for the southern part this
interval is 2.0–3.5 kWh/m2/day. With the same value of HDD 15 °C,
solar heat gains are higher in the northern part of the cluster, which Fig. 14. Correlation between heating energy consumption and HDD 15 °C in
affects the reduction of heating energy consumption. The same situa- bioclimatic zones according to Fig. 7. Slope and intercept of the regression line
tion is typical for cluster 4. with standard errors.

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K. Verichev, et al. Building and Environment 160 (2019) 106165

Therefore, on the basis of homogeneous zones of strict linear de-

pendence (between HDD and heating energy consumption) and climate
zones of direct solar radiation, it is quite possible to perform new de-
tailed climatic zoning similar to climatic zoning for buildings in Spain,
which is based on indices that reflect the relative level of energy con-
sumption of dwellings and depend on HDD, cooling degree-days, and
the sunshine duration [75].
The development of a new detailed climatic zoning for building
construction needs further study and modelling, and the zoning meth-
odology should be published in a scientific journal with the possibility
of further improvement and strengthening.

4. Conclusions

This study has worked on the basis of simulated energy consump-

tion of dwelling to assess the applicability of existing climatic zoning
with the objective of proposing a new climatic zoning for building
construction in the extreme southern part of Chile. The main conclu-
Fig. 15. Correlation between heating energy consumption and HDD 15 °C in sions achieved in the present study are summarized below:
clusters (Fig. 12 f). Slope and intercept of the regression line with standard
errors.
• The meteorological data with high spatial resolution obtained in the
regions assessed by simulations of energy consumption indicated
that the annual HDD 15 °C value ranged from 1,000 to 4,500. This
The importance of using the results of multiple simulations of result casts doubts on the use of official climatic zoning of the RT
heating energy consumption to assess climatic zoning in cold climates OGUC in the study area.
was demonstrated. It was shown that the bioclimatic and cluster zoning • The simulation of heating energy consumption of a single-family
(four cluster divisions) based on five meteorological parameters was not dwelling in 680 different geographical locations allowed for de-
quite suitable for buildings in this region. Of course, this methodology termining that the heating energy consumption values varied from
needs further improvement, such as using more accurate software and 75 kWh/m2/year to 300 kWh/m2/year.
modelling for various types of buildings. • Zoning based on cluster analysis and bioclimatic zoning were ana-
Methodology for climatic zoning validation based on multiple si- lyzed using the results obtained from the modelling of heating en-
mulations of total energy consumption of different types of dwellings ergy consumption. It was found that each bioclimatic or cluster area
was applied for Nicaragua [42]. The methodology for climatic zoning had a good linear correlation between energy consumption values
validation based on simulations of heating and cooling energy con- and HDD 15 °C. However, the oscillation of the annual value of HDD
sumption of dwellings was applied in China [44]. Results of multiple 15 °C in the boundaries of a cluster or a bioclimatic zone could ex-
energy simulations of various types of dwellings can be used to validate ceed 3,000. In addition, it was demonstrated that the two types of
climate zones or can be used in the development of climate zones like zoning did not sufficiently consider the effects of direct solar ra-
those in Spain [18]. diation.
Results of energy simulation can also be used to detail climatic • The possibility of using simulations of heating energy consumption
zoning. Detailed climatic zoning for buildings can be based on homo- for determining the applicability of various types of climatic zoning
geneous zones with a linear relationship between heating energy con- methods was assessed. The example of modelling heating energy
sumption and HDD. In these areas, the dependence of heating energy consumption of a dwelling was a particular case; however, on the
consumption upon other meteorological parameters is reduced. basis of this particular case, some general patterns were observed.
Temperature is the main factor that determines the level of heating For the study area, it will be possible to develop climatic zoning
energy consumption. This idea needs further methodological develop- method based on the relative level of heating energy consumption
ment and analysis. (which depends on HDD 15 °C) and the climatology of direct solar
In addition, an important variable of all energy simulations is solar radiation. It is worth mentioning that this conclusion should be
radiation and its components. Many studies have used total solar ra- confirmed by further studies, development, and simulations.
diation for climatic zoning [19], detailing climatic zoning [44], and • A mapping of the spatial distribution of heating energy consumption
assessing potential renewable energy in various climate zones [74]. of a detached single-family dwelling was also performed. The pos-
Total solar radiation comprises two main parts: direct radiation and sibility of using homogeneous climate zones with a strict linear re-
diffuse radiation. This study only used total solar radiation in the lationship between heating energy consumption and HDD for cli-
analysis of the clusters without dividing it into the two component matic zoning was identified. On the basis of homogeneous zones, it
parts. Therefore, for correlation analysis between HDD 15 °C and will be possible to do interval splitting for values of heating energy
heating energy consumption, the zones of the clusters were artificially consumption and HDD and thereby produce more detailed climate
divided into northern and southern, as was done with bioclimatic zones.
zones.
Changes in a linear correlation between HDD 15 °C and heating Acknowledgements
energy consumption in the southern and northern parts of the clusters
and bioclimatic zones could be related to different levels of total solar This research was supported by the Comisión Nacional de
radiation and changes in the proportion of the components of total solar Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICYT) (National
radiation, which subsequently affects the solar heat gains of dwellings. Commission for Scientific and Technological Research) of Chile,
Also, while maintaining the same value of total solar radiation, dif- through the Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico
ferent percentages of direct and diffuse radiation can change the con- (FONDECYT) (National Fund for Scientific and Technological
tribution of direct solar radiation to the thermal balance of the dwell- Development) with the project CONICYT FONDECYT 11160524 and
ings. research group TEP-968 Tecnologías para la Economía Circular

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(Technologies for Circular Economy) of the University of Granada, Energía., Santiago,Chile, 2018.
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