CHAPTER 4 : NUTRITION OVER THE LIFE
CYCLE
Determine the common nutrients disorder in Malaysia
Construct a special diet menu for the following diseases
a. Obesity/overweight
b. Stunting
c. Gout
d. Cardiovascular disease
e. Diabetes mellitus
f. Anemia
Construct a menu for the following special diet
a. Athlete’s diet
b. Vegetarian diet
c. Therapeutic diet
Nutrients are the chemical substances
present in food, which the body needs to
carry out its functions.
Nutrients is the science that links foods to
health and disease. It includes the process by
which the human organism ingests, digests,
absorbs, transports and excretes food
substances.
There are six major groups of nutrients,
namely proteins, carbohydrates, fats,
vitamins, minerals and water.
Gout is one of the most common forms of
arthritis or inflammation of a joint. It most
commonly affects the big toe joint (first
metatarsophalangeal joint), but can affect any
joint.
Gout usually starts as an acute attack that often
comes on overnight. Within 12-24 hours there is
usually severe pain and swelling in the joint.
Gout mostly affects men and is very rare in
women until after menopause when it is seen
quite often.
Gout is caused by too much uric acid in the
blood. Most of the time, having too much uric
acid is not harmful.
When uric acid levels in the blood are too
high, the uric acid may form hard crystals in
your joints.
These crystals then set up the acute
inflammation causes the gout.
There are many causes of this and include:
* Overweight
* Obesity.
* High alcohol intake .
* High intake of food that contain purines
(purines are broken down into uric acid).
* Some of the drugs used to treat high
blood pressure can precipitate a gouty
attack .
* Those with kidney disease may also
develop high levels of uric acid.
Gout usually only affects one joint at a time
(sometimes two) - most often the feet and
ankles. The joint at the base of the big toe is
the most common site.
The attacks can last a few days or many
weeks before the pain goes away.
Over time these attacks tend to become more
frequent and more severe and eventually may
involve other and more joints
Eat moderate amounts of a healthy mix of
foods to control your weight and get the
nutrients you need.
Avoid foods that have higher levels of purines
such as liver, tripe, sweetbreads and tongue.
Avoid eat large amounts of red meat.
Avoid eat shellfish.
Peas, lentils and beans.
Alcohol intake should be reduced.
Drink plenty of water and other fluids
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder
characterized by immoderate food restriction
and irrational fear of gaining weight, as well
as a distorted body self-perception. It
typically involves excessive weight loss.
Anorexia nervosa usually develops during
adolescence and early adulthood.
Refusal to maintain a normal body mass index
for their age
The absence of three consecutive menstrual
cycles
Fine hair growing on the face and body
Obsession with calories and fat content of food
Depression
May avoid friends and family; becomes
withdrawn and secretive
Hair loss or thinning
Low blood pressure
Fatigue
Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder
characterized by binge eating and purging, or
consuming a large amount of food in a short
amount of time followed by an attempt to rid
oneself of the food consumed (purging),
typically by vomiting, taking a laxative or
diuretic and/or excessive exercise.
Chronic gastric reflux after eating
Dehydration and hypokalemia caused by
frequent vomiting
Condition in which the natural energy
reserve, stored in the fatty tissue of
humans and other mammals, is
increased to a point where it is
associated with certain health
conditions or increased mortality.
EATING HABIT
❑ People tend to choose sweet, salty, oily food
rather than healthy food
❑ Daily habit of fat individual show that they
skip a certain meals but they eat lot of food
at one meal for example, they skip their
breakfast but eat more during lunch. Eating
late night (supper) also contributed to obese
NO EXERCISE
❑ Exercise and heavy activity will help to burn
the calorie, so when you do less exercise it
will increase the risk become an obese
Socioeconomic status
❑ Better economic status giving wider choice
for people to choose luxurious, delicious
and more food
ALCOHOLIC
❑ Alcoholic beverages contain high calorie
whereby 1g of alcohol equal with 7kcal
Genetic
RISK OF HEART ATTACK, STROKE
➢ Heart need to work harder to distribute blood
to the entire body due to large space of the
body. Due to the overload work for the heart,
sooner heart become weaken and heart space
will grow larger
RISK OF HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
➢ Fat that piled up in the blood vessel causing
blood vessel narrow
RISK OF BREATH DIFFICULTY
➢ Fat that piled up in the chest frame, causing
difficult movement to breath
OSTEOARTRITIS / JOINT PAIN
➢ Pressure of heavy body weight causing
inflammation at the knee joint primarily
OTHER PROBLEMS
➢ Exhausted
➢ Infertile
➢ Easy to get injury
➢ Difficult to work
Cardiovascular disease is a general name for
a wide variety of diseases, disorders and
conditions that affect the heart and
sometimes the blood vessels as well.
Cardiovascular disease refers to any disease
that affects the cardiovascular system,
principally cardiac disease, vascular diseases
of the brain and kidney, and peripheral
arterial disease
Hypertension
Diabetes
High cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia,
hyperlipidemia)
Obesity
Drinking excessive amounts of alcohol
Having a lot of long-term stress
Smoking
Having a family history of a heart attack at an
early age.
Artery is a blood vessel that transfer red cell
blood contain oxygen to the entire body
When the fat stick as one layer on the artery
wall it will damage the epithelium of the
blood vena
We named the layer as PLAQUE. The plaque
will become thicker and obstruct the vena
When the blood cannot go through the vena,
it can cause the tissue that suppose to
receive an oxygen and nutrient become
malfunction
Other small particles of plaque that travel
with blood and obstruct the other small artery
also cause the tissue become malfunction
If the situation occur within the heart muscle ,
the individual that have the problem will
result in death, known as sudden death
The disease can occur at any blood vessel.
Pressure in center of chest
Pain in shoulders, neck or arms
Chest discomfort with fainting, sweating or
nausea
Gripping pain at chest, mostly on the left
part. The pain then will go through to the arm
parts, shoulder or neck. The pain will not
become ease simply with a rest.
Body sweating and sometimes feeling
squeamish.
Body feeling cold, even though the
surrounding temperature was hot.
Victim may difficult to breath and fatigue
Victim may become unconscious
Do exercise at least 3 times a week, 20 – 30
minutes each session.
Eat healthy way
Maintain ideal body weight
Quit smoking (if you are the one)
Learn to handle a stress
Regularly check blood pressure
Regularly check blood glucose level
Diabetesis a group of metabolic
diseases in which a person has
high blood sugar, either because
the body does not produce
enough insulin, or because cells
do not respond to the insulin that
is produced.
Loss of weight
Excessive urine production (polyuria)
Excessive thirst (polydipsia)
Increased hunger (polyphagia)
Blurred vision
Overweight
Less physical activity
Eating habit factor
Family history
Other factors such as age, ethnic
Your family member have diabetics
You are 35 years old and having overweight
problem
Going to loo more than before
Thirsty most of the time
Loss body weight even though have a good
appetite
Fatigue
Wounds take long time to recover/heal
Frequent infections and itchy at private
parts
Kidney failure
Vision difficulties
High blood pressure
Heart attack
Injury to the feet nerve, can causing
gangrene
Infertile to male
Stroke
Diabetics may not be cure but in can be
control. To control, sugar level in the blood
must be at the normal level.
❖ Eat healthy way
❖ Maintain ideal body weight
❖ Prevent infection
❖ Take medication accordingly as advised by
the doctor
Blood pressure is a pressure that produced by
the blood flow to the blood artery wall.
The highest blood pressure when the heart
shrink known as SISTOLIC PRESSURE
The lowest blood pressure when the heart in
relaxed situation and blood travel filling the
heart space known as DIASTOLIC PRESSURE
For the HBP patient, their blood vessel will
become narrow and resulting the increase of
blood pressure
When the pressure was too high, artery wall
become weaken and bloating outside (like
balloon) which called ANEURISME
ANEURISME may blow up, and if this occur to
the primer artery for example Aorta, it will
result in serious bleeding in the body
Blood pressure is measure using
SFIGMOMANOMETER
Blood pressure is measure in mm Hg
The reader on the pressure gauge base on
two figures, i.e.: 120/70.The upper figure
show SISTOLIC PRESSURE and below figure
show DIASTOLIK PRESSURE
❖ Smoking
❖ Alcoholic
❖ Stress
❖ Obesity
❖ Excessive salt intake
❖ Family Planning pills intake
Cardiovascular disease
Stroke
Heart failure
Disease also affect other important organs
involving kidney and eye
