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Title: Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, v. 3 of 3
Author: James Tod
Editor: William Crooke
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANNALS AND
ANTIQUITIES OF RAJASTHAN, V. 3 OF 3 ***
Transcriber’s Note:
The text is annotated with numerous footnotes, which
were numbered sequentially on each page. On occasion,
a footnote itself is annotated by a note. In the previous
two volumes, these were referenced using symbols (e.g.
*, † ), which have been converted to an alphabetic
sequence (e.g., A, B). In this volume, however, the
‘subnotes’ appear in one instance as numerals. For the
sake of consistency, the convention used in the previous
volumes has been adopted.
Since there are over 900 notes in this volume, they
have been gathered at each chapter’s end, and
resequenced for each chapter. Links are provided to
navigate from the reference to the note, and back.
The notes are a combination of those of the author,
and of the editor of this edition. The text of the latter are
enclosed in square brackets. The bold-faced phrases that
begin each topic were also added by the editor, and
spelling of Hindi or Sanskrit words may vary between
those phrases and the author’s text.
The pagination of the original edition, published in the
1820's, is preserved for ease of reference by including
those page numbers in the text, also enclosed in square
brackets.
Crooke’s plan for the renovation of the Tod’s original
text, including a discussion of the transliteration of words
other than English, is given in detail in the Preface.
Several tables spanned multiple pages, with sums
totaled before the page break as “Carried forward”, and
repeated on the following page. These have been
removed, given the nature of the current text.
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corrected. Given the history of the text, it was thought
best to leave all orthography as printed.
Please see the transcriber’s note at the end of this text
for details regarding the handling of any textual issues
encountered during its preparation.
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inserted in mid-paragraph spanning pp. 1456 and 1458.
It has been moved to precede that paragraph. The chart
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ANNALS AND ANTIQUITIES
OF RAJASTHAN
COLONEL TOD AND HIS JAIN GURU.
(From a painting said to be the work of the
Author’s native artist, Ghāsi.)
Frontispiece.
ANNALS AND ANTIQUITIES
OF
RAJASTHAN
OR THE CENTRAL AND WESTERN
RAJPUT STATES OF INDIA
BY
Lieut.-Col. JAMES TOD
LATE POLITICAL AGENT TO THE WESTERN RAJPUT STATES
EDITED WITH AN INTRODUCTION AND NOTES BY
WILLIAM CROOKE, C.I.E.
HON. D.SC. OXON., B.A., F.R.A.I.
LATE OF THE INDIAN CIVIL SERVICE
IN THREE VOLUMES
VOL. III.
HUMPHREY MILFORD
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
LONDON EDINBURGH GLASGOW NEW YORK
TORONTO MELBOURNE BOMBAY
1920
CONTENTS
PAGE
BOOK VIII
SKETCH OF THE INDIAN DESERT
CHAPTER 1
General aspect—Boundaries and divisions of the desert—
Probable etymology of the Greek oasis—Absorption of the
Ghaggar river—The Luni, or salt-river—The Rann, or Ran
—Distinction of thal and rui—Thal of the Luni—Jalor—
Siwanchi—Machola and Morsin—Bhinmal and Sanchor—
Bhadrajun—Mewa—Balotra and Tilwara—Indhavati—
Gugadeo-ka-thal—Thal of Tararoi—Thal of Khawar—
Mallinath-ka-thal, or Barmer—Kherdhar—Juna Chhotan—
Nagar Gura 1257
CHAPTER 2
Chauhan Raj—Antiquity and nobility of the Chauhans of the 1275
desert—Dimensions and population of the Raj—Nagar—
Bakhasar—Tharad—Face of the Chauhan Raj—Water—
Productions—Inhabitants—Kolis and Bhils—Pitals—Thals
of Dhat and Umrasumra—Depth of wells—Anecdote—City
of Aror, the ancient capital of Sind—Dynasties of the
Sodha, the Sumra, and the Samma princes—Their
antiquity—Inferred to be the opponents of Alexander the
Great, and Menander—Lieutenant of Walid takes Aror—
Umarkot: its history—Tribes of Sind and the desert—
Diseases—Narua or Guinea-worm—Productions, animal
and vegetable, of the desert—Daudputra—Itinerary
BOOK IX
ANNALS OF AMBER, OR DHUNDHAR
CHAPTER I
Designations given by Europeans to the principalities of 1327
Rajputana—Dhundhar known by the name of its capitals,
Amber or Jaipur—The country of the Kachhwahas an
aggregate of conquests by the race so called—Etymology
of Dhundhar—Origin of the Kachhwahas—Raja Nal founds
Narwar—Dhola Rae expelled, and founds Dhundhar—
Romantic legend of Dhola Rae—His treachery to his
benefactor, the Mina lord of Khoganw—Marries a
daughter of a Bargujar chief, and becomes his heir—
Augments his territories, and transfers his government to
Ramgarh—Marries a daughter of the prince of Ajmer—Is
killed in battle with the Minas—His son Kankhal conquers
Dhundhar—Medal Rae conquers Amber, and other places
—Conquests of Hundeo—Of Kuntal—Accession of Pajun—
Reflections on the aboriginal tribes at this period—The
Mina race—Pajun marries the sister of Prithiraj of Delhi—
His military prowess—Is killed at the rape of the princess
of Kanauj—Malesi succeeds—His successors—Prithiraj
creates the Barah-kothris, or twelve great fiefs of Amber
—He is assassinated—Baharmall—The first to wait on the
Muhammadan power—Bhagwandas the first Rajput to
give a daughter to the imperial house—His daughter
marries Jahangir, and gives birth to Khusru—Accession to
Man Singh—His power, intrigues, and death—Rao Bhao—
Maha—Mirza Raja Jai Singh, brother of Raja Man,
succeeds—Repairs the disgraces of his two predecessors,
and renders immense services to the empire—Is poisoned
by his son—Ram Singh—Bishan Singh
CHAPTER 2
Sawai Jai Singh succeeds—Joins the party of Azam Shah—
Amber sequestrated—Jai Singh expels the imperial
garrison—His character—His astronomical knowledge—His
conduct during the troubles of the empire—Anecdote
illustrative of the evils of polygamy—Limits of the raj of
Amber at the accession of Jai Singh—The new city of
Jaipur—Conquest of Rajor and Deoti—Incidents illustrative
of Rajput character—Jai Singh’s habit of inebriation—The
virtues of his character—Contemplates the rite of
Aswamedha—Dispersion of his valuable manuscripts—His
death—Some of his wives and concubines become Satis
on his pyre 1341
CHAPTER 3
The Rajput league—Aggrandizement of Amber—Isari Singh 1356
succeeds—Intestine troubles produced by polygamy—
Madho Singh—The Jats—Their Rajas—Violation of the
Amber territory by the Jats—Battle—Rise of Macheri—
Decline of the Kachhwaha power after the death of
Madho Singh—Prithi Singh—Partap Singh—Intrigues at his
court—The stratagems of Khushhaliram, and the Macheri
chief—Death of Firoz the Filban, paramour of the Patrani
—Broils with the Mahrattas—Partap attains majority, and
gains the victory of Tonga—His difficulties—Exactions of
the Mahrattas—Jagat Singh—His follies and despicable
character—Makes Raskapur, his concubine, queen of half
Amber—Project to depose him prevented by a timely
sacrifice—Mohan Singh elected his successor
CHAPTER 4
Jaipur the last of the Rajput States to embrace the proffered
alliance of the British—Procrastination habitual to the
Rajputs, as to all Asiatics—Motives and considerations
which influenced the Jaipur court in declining our alliance
—A treaty concluded—Death of Jagat Singh—Effects of
our interference in the intrigues respecting the succession
—Law of primogeniture—The evils attending an ignorance
of Rajput customs—Violation of the law of succession in
the placing of Mohan Singh on the gaddi—Reasons for
departing from the rule of succession—Conduct of the
British authorities—The title of Mohan Singh disputed by
the legal heir-presumptive—Dilemma of the Nazir and his
faction—The threatened disorders prevented by the
unexpected pregnancy of one of the queens of Jagat
Singh—Birth of a posthumous son 1366
SHAIKHAWAT FEDERATION
CHAPTER 5
Origin of the Shaikhavati federation—Its constitution—
Descent of the chiefs from Balaji of Amber—Mokalji—
Miraculous birth of his son—Shaikhji—Aggrandizes his
territory—Raemall—Suja—Raesal—His heroism—Obtains
grants from Akbar—Gets possession of Khandela and
Udaipur—His exploits and character—Girdharji—Is cut off
by assassination—Dwarkadas—His extraordinary feat with
a lion—Falls by Khan Jahan Lodi—Birsinghdeo—His
authority usurped by his son—Bahadur Singh—Aurangzeb
directs the demolition of the temple of Khandela—
Bahadur deserts his capital—Shujawan Singh Raesalot
flies to its defence—He is slain, the temple razed, and the
city garrisoned—Kesari—Partition of the territory between
Kesari and Fateh Singh—Fateh Singh assassinated—Kesari
resists the regal authority—Is deserted in the field and
slain—His son Udai Singh taken to Ajmer—Khandela
retaken, and restored to Udai Singh, who is liberated—He
resolves to punish the Manoharpur chief—Is baffled by
that chief’s intrigues—Is besieged by Jai Singh of Amber—
Khandela becomes tributary to Amber 1378
CHAPTER 6
Bindrabandas adheres to Madho Singh in the civil wars of 1395
Amber—Partition of lands annulled—Self-immolation of
the Brahmans—Consequences to Bindraban, in his contest
with Indar Singh, the other chief of Khandela—Civil war—
Prodigal expiatory sacrifice of Bindraban—He abdicates—
Govind Singh—Is assassinated—Narsinghdas—Rise and
devastations of the Mahrattas—Siege of Khandela—Terms
of redemption—Murder of deputies by the Mahrattas—
Indar Singh perishes in the attempt to avenge them—
Partap Singh—Rise of the Sikar chief—Transactions
between Partap and Narsingh, his co-partner—Partap
obtains the whole of Khandela—Narsingh recovers by
stratagem his share of Khandela—Domestic broils and
feuds—General assembly of the Sadhani and Raesalot
chiefs, to counteract the encroachments of Amber—Treaty
between the Shaikhawats and the court of Amber—
Violated by the latter—The confederacy assault the town
of the Haldia faction—Narsingh refuses tribute to the
court, and Khandela is sequestrated—Narsingh and Partap
treacherously made captive, and conveyed to Jaipur—
Khandela annexed to the fisc
CHAPTER 7
Bagh Singh opposes the faithless court of Amber—He is 1408
joined by the celebrated George Thomas—Desperate
action—Bagh Singh placed in the fortified palace at
Khandela—His garrison, with his brother, slain by
Hanwant Singh, son of Partap—Bagh regains the palace—
The lands of Khandela farmed by Amber to two Brahmans
—They are expelled by the feudatory Barwatias, who
resist the court—They become a banditti—Sangram Singh,
cousin to Partap, their leader—He avoids the treachery of
the court—His death—The confederacy unite in the league
against Jodhpur—New treaty with the Amber court—
Liberation of Partap and Narsingh—Grand union of the
Shaikhawats—Abhai Singh succeeds in Khandela—
Treachery of the court—Hanwant regains Govindgarh,
Khandela, etc.—Restoration of Khushhaliram to the
ministry of Jaipur—New investitures granted to the
feudatories of Khandela—Abhai and Partap inducted into
their ancestral abodes—Incident illustrative of the defects
of the Rajput feudal system—Khandela assailed by
Lachhman Singh, chief of Sikar—Gallant defence of
Hanwant—His death—Surrender of Khandela to
Lachhman Singh—The co-heirs exiled—Power and
influence of Lachhman Singh—Foils the designs of the
Purohit—Present attitude of Lachhman Singh—
Subordinate branches of the Shaikhawats—The Sadhanis
—Their territories wrested from the Kaimkhanis and
Rajputs—The Khetri branch of the family of Sadhu attains
superiority—Bagh Singh of Khetri murders his own son—
The Larkhanis—Revenues of Shaikhavati
CHAPTER 8
Reflections—Statistics of Amber—Boundaries—Extent—
Population—Number of townships—Classification of
inhabitants—Soil—Husbandry—Products—Revenues—
Foreign army—The feudal levies 1428
BOOK X
ANNALS OF HARAVATI
BUNDI
CHAPTER 1
Haravati defined—Fabulous origin of the Agnikula races— 1441
Mount Abu—The Chauhans obtain Mahishmati, Golkonda,
and the Konkan—Found Ajmer—Ajaipal—Manika Rae—
First Islamite invasion—Ajmer taken—Sambhar founded;
its salt lake—Offspring of Manik Rae—Establishments in
Rajputana—Contests with the Muhammadans—Bilandeo
of Ajmer; Guga Chauhan of Mahra; both slain by Mahmud
—Bisaldeo Generalissimo of the Rajput nations; his period
fixed; his column at Delhi; his alliances—Origin of the
Hara tribe—Anuraj obtains Asi—Dispossessed—Ishtpal
obtains Asir—Rao Hamir—Rao Chand slain—Asir, Alau-d-
din—Prince Rainsi escapes to Chitor; settles at Bhainsror,
in Mewar—His son Kolan declared lord of the Pathar
CHAPTER 2
Recapitulation of the Hara princes from the founder Anuraj
to Rae Dewa—He erects Bundi—Massacre of the Usaras—
Dewa abdicates—Ceremony of Yugaraj, or abdication—
Succeeded by Samarsi—Extends his sway east of the
Chambal—Massacre of the Kotia Bhils—Origin of Kotah—
Napuji succeeds—Feud with the Solanki of Toda—
Assassination of Napuji—Singular Sati—Hamu succeeds—
The Rana asserts his right over the Patar—Hamu demurs,
defies, and attacks him—Anecdote—Birsingh—Biru—Rao
Banda—Famine—Anecdote—Banda expelled by his
brothers; converts to Muhammadanism—Narayandas puts
his uncles to death, and recovers his patrimony—
Anecdotes of Narayandas—Aids the Rana of Chitor—Gains
a victory—Espouses the niece of Rana Raemall—His
passion for opium—Death—Rao Surajmall—Marries a
princess of Chitor—Fatal result—Aheria or Spring-hunt—
Assassination of the Rao—His revenge—Two-fold sati—
Rao Surthan—His cruelty, deposal, and banishment—Rao
Arjun elected—Romantic death—Rao Surjan succeeds 1466
CHAPTER 3
Rao Surjan obtains Ranthambhor—Is besieged by Akbar—
The Bundi prince surrenders the castle—Becomes a vassal
of the empire—Magnanimous sacrifice of Sawant Hara—
Akbar bestows the title of Rao Raja on the Hara prince—
He is sent to reduce Gondwana—His success and honours
—Rao Bhoj succeeds—Akbar reduces Gujarat—Gallant
conduct of the Haras at Surat and Ahmadnagar—
Amazonian band—Disgrace of Rao Bhoj—Cause of Akbar’s
death—Rao Ratan—Rebellion against the emperor
Jahangir—The Hara prince defeats the rebels—Partition of
Haraoti—Madho Singh obtains Kotah—Rao Ratan slain—
His heir Gopinath killed—Partition of fiefs in Haraoti—Rao
Chhattarsal succeeds—Appointed governor of Agra—
Services in the Deccan—Escalades Daulatabad—Kalburga
—Damauni—Civil war amongst the sons of Shah Jahan—
Character of Aurangzeb by the Bundi prince—Fidelity of
the Hara princes—Battles of Ujjain and Dholpur—Heroic
valour of Chhattarsal—Is slain, with twelve princes of
Hara blood—Rao Bhao succeeds—Bundi invaded—
Imperialists defeated—Rao Bhao restored to favour—
Appointed to Aurangabad—Succeeded by Rao Aniruddh—
Appointed to Lahore—His death—Rao Budh—Battle of
Jajau—The Hara princes of Kotah and Bundi opposed to
each other—Kotah prince slain—Gallantry of Rao Budh—
Obtains the victory for Bahadur Shah—Fidelity of the
Bundi prince—Compelled to fly—Feud with the prince of
Amber—Its cause—Ambitious views of Amber—Its
political condition—Treachery of Amber—Desperate
conflict—Rao Budh driven from Bundi—Bundi territory
curtailed—Rao Budh dies in exile—His sons 1480
CHAPTER 4
Rao Ummeda defeats the troops of Amber—Conflict at
Dablana—Ummeda defeated and obliged to fly—Death of
Hanja, his steed—Takes refuge amidst the ravines of the
Chambal—Redeems his capital—Is again expelled from it
—Interview with the widow of his father; she solicits aid
from Holkar to reinstate Ummeda—The Amber prince
forced to acknowledge the claims of Ummeda—He
recovers Bundi—Suicide of the Amber prince—First
alienation of land to the Mahrattas—Madho Singh of
Amber asserts supremacy over Haraoti—Origin of
tributary demands thereon—Zalim Singh—Mahratta
encroachments—Ummeda’s revenge on the chief of
Indargarh; its cause and consequences—Ummeda
abdicates—Ceremony of Yugaraj, or abdication—
Installation of Ajit—Ummeda becomes a pilgrim; his
wanderings; cause of their interruption—Ajit assassinates
the Rana of Mewar—Memorable Sati imprecation—Awful
death of Ajit—Fulfilment of ancient prophecy—Rao Bishan
Singh succeeds—Ummeda’s distrust of his grandson; their
reconciliation—Ummeda’s death—British army retreats
through Haraoti, aided by Bundi—Alliance with the English
—Benefits conferred on Bundi—Bishan Singh dies of the
cholera morbus; forbids the rite of Sati—His character;
constitutes the Author guardian of his son, the Rao Raja
Ram Singh 1499
KOTAH
CHAPTER 5
Separation of Kotah from Bundi—The Kotah Bhils—Madho 1521
Singh, first prince of Kotah—Its division into fiefs—The
Madhani—Raja Mukund—Instance of devotion—He is slain
with four brothers—Jagat Singh—Pem Singh—Is deposed
—Kishor Singh—Is slain at Arcot—Law of primogeniture
set aside—Ram Singh—Is slain at Jajau—Bhim Singh—
Chakarsen, king of the Bhils—His power is annihilated by
Raja Bhim—Umat tribe—Origin of the claims of Kotah
thereon—Raja Bhim attacks the Nizamu-l-mulk, and is
slain—Character of Raja Bhim—His enmity to Bundi—
Anecdote—Title of Maharao bestowed on Raja Bhim—Rao
Arjun—Civil contest for succession—Shyam Singh slain—
Maharao Durjansal—First irruption of the Mahrattas—
League against Kotah, which is besieged—Defended by
Himmat Singh Jhala—Zalim Singh born—Siege raised—
Kotah becomes tributary to the Mahrattas—Death of
Durjansal—His character—His hunting expeditions—His
queens—Bravery of the Jhala chief—Order of succession
restored—Maharao Ajit—Rao Chhattarsal—Madho Singh
of Amber claims supremacy over the Hara princes, and
invades Haraoti—Battle of Bhatwara—Zalim Singh Jhala—
The Haras gain a victory—Flight of the Amber army, and
capture of the ‘five-coloured banner’—Tributary claims on
Kotah renounced—Death of Chhattarsal
CHAPTER 6
Maharao Guman Singh—Zalim Singh—His birth, ancestry, 1534
and progress to power—Office of Faujdar becomes
hereditary in his family—His office and estate resumed by
Guman Singh—He abandons Kotah—Proceeds to Mewar—
Performs services to the Rana, and receives the title of
Raj Rana, and estates—Serves against the Mahrattas—Is
wounded and made prisoner—Returns to Kotah—Mahratta
invasion—Storm of Bakhani—Its glorious defence—
Sacrifice of a clan—Garrison of Sohet destroyed—Zalim
Singh employed—His successful negotiation—Restoration
to power—Rao Guman constitutes Zalim guardian of his
son Ummed Singh, who is proclaimed—The Tika-daur, or
‘raid of accession’—Capture of Kelwara—Difficulties of the
Protector’s situation—Cabal against his power—
Destruction of the conspirators—Exile of the nobles—
Sequestration of estates—Conspiracy of Aton—Predatory
bands—Aton surrenders—Exile of the Hara nobles—
Curtailment of the feudal interests—Conspiracy of Mohsen
—Plan for the destruction of the Regent and family—
Mohsen chief takes sanctuary in the temple—Is dragged
forth and slain—Maharao’s brothers implicated in the plot
—Their incarceration and death—Numerous projects
against the life of the regent—Female conspiracy—How
defeated—The Regent’s precautions
CHAPTER 7
Zalim regarded as a legislator—His political views on Mewar
—Kotah sacrificed thereto—His tyranny—His superstition
—Makes a tour of his dominions—Establishes a
permanent camp—Trains an army—Adopts European arms
and discipline—Revises the revenue system of Haraoti—
The Patel system described—Council of four—Extent of
jurisdiction—The Bohras described—Their utility in the old
farming system of India—Patels usurp their influence—
Depression of the peasantry—Patels circumvented,
imprisoned, and fined—Patel system destroyed—Return to
the old system—Moral estimation of the peasant of
Rajputana—Modes of realizing the land revenue described
—Advantages and disadvantages 1547
CHAPTER 8
Farming system of Zalim Singh—Extent to which it has been
carried—Its prosperity, fallacious and transitory—Details
of the system—Soil of Kotah—The Regent introduces
foreign ploughs—Area cultivated—Net produce—Value—
Grain-pits—Prices, in plenty and famine—Zalim sells in
one year grain to the amount of a million sterling—
Monopoly—The tithe, or new tax on exported grain—The
Jagatya, or tax-gatherer—Impolicy of this tax—Gross
revenue of Kotah—Opium monopoly—Tax on widows—On
the mendicant—Gourd-tax—Broom-tax—The Regent
detested by the bards—Province of Kotah at this period,
and at assumption of the government, contrasted—
Question as to the moral result of his improvements 1559
CHAPTER 9
Political system of the Regent—His foreign policy—His pre-
eminent influence in Rajwara—His first connexion with the
English Government—Monson’s retreat—Gallant conduct
and death of the Hara chief of Koila—Aid given by the
Regent involves him with Holkar—Holkar comes to Kotah
—Preparations to attack the capital—Singular interview
with Zalim—Zalim’s agents at foreign courts—Alliance with
Amir Khan, and the Pindari chiefs—Characteristic
anecdotes—Zalim’s offensive policy—His domestic policy—
Character of Maharao Ummed Singh—Zalim’s conduct
towards him—Choice of ministers—Bishan Singh Faujdar
—Dalil Khan Pathan—Circumvallation of Kotah—
Foundation of the city Jhalrapatan—Mihrab Khan,
commander of the forces 1569
CHAPTER 10
The Rajput States invited to an alliance with the British
Government—Zalim Singh the first to accept it—Marquess
of Hastings sends an agent to his court—Confederation
against the Pindaris—The Regent’s conduct during the
war—Approbation and reward of his services—Peace
throughout India—Death of Maharao Ummed Singh—
Treaty and supplemental articles—Sons of Maharao
Ummed Singh—Their characters—Sons of the Regent—
State of parties—The Regent leaves the Chhaoni for Kotah
—He proclaims Kishor Singh as successor of the late
prince—His letter to the British agent, who repairs to
Kotah—Dangerous illness of the Regent—Plots to overturn
the order of succession—The Regent’s ignorance thereof—
Intricate position of the British Government—Arguments
in defence of the supplemental articles—Recognition of all
rulers de facto the basis of our treaties—Kishor Singh
refuses to acknowledge the supplemental articles—
Consequences—The Regent blockades the Prince, and
demands the surrender of his son Gordhandas—The
Maharao breaks through the blockade—The British agent
interposes—Surrender and exile of Gordhandas—
Reconciliation of the Maharao and the Regent—
Coronation of the Maharao—Mutual covenants executed—
The Regent prohibits dand throughout Kotah—Reflections 1577
CHAPTER 11
Banishment of Gordhandas, the natural son of the Regent— 1595
His reappearance in Malwa—Consequent renewal of
dissensions at Kotah—The troops mutiny and join the
Maharao—The Regent assaults the castle—Flight of the
Maharao and party—Reception at Bundi—The Maharao’s
second brother joins the Regent—Gordhandas’ attempt to
join the Maharao frustrated—The Maharao leaves Bundi—
General sympathy for him—He arrives at Brindaban—
Intrigues of Gordhandas and superior native officers of
the British Government, who deceive the Maharao—
Returns to Kotah at the head of a force—Summons the
Haras to his standard—His demands—Supplemental
article of the treaty considered—Embarrassing conduct of
the Regent—The Maharao refuses all mediation—His
ultimatum—British troops march—Junction with the
Regent—Attack the Maharao—His defeat and flight—
Death of his brother Pirthi Singh—Singular combat—
Amnesty proclaimed—The Hara chiefs return to their
families—The Maharao retires to the temple of Krishna in
Mewar—Negotiation for his return—Satisfactory
termination—Reflections on these civil wars—Character
and death of Zalim Singh
BOOK XI
PERSONAL NARRATIVE: UDAIPUR TO KHERODA
CHAPTER 1
Departure from the valley of Udaipur—Lake of Kheroda— 1621
Ancient temple of Mandeswar—Bhartewar—Its Jain
temples—Kheroda—Connected with the history of the
feuds of Mewar—Exploits of Sangram Singh—He obtains
Kheroda—Curious predicament of Jai Singh, the adopted
heir of Sangram—Calmness with which political
negotiations are managed in the East—The agricultural
economy of Kheroda—Precarious nature of sugar-
cultivation—Hinta—Large proportion of land alienated as
religious grants—Hinta and Dundia established on church-
lands—Mandhata Raja—Traditions of him—Performed the
Aswamedha—His grant of Mainar to the Rishis—Grant
inscribed on a pillar—Exploit of Raj Singh against the
Mahrattas—Morwan, boundary of the Mewar territory—
Reflections on that State—The Author’s policy during his
official residence there
CHAPTER 2
The chief of Hinta—Difficulty of arranging the separation of
Hinta from the fisc—Anomalous character of its present
chief, Man Singh Saktawat—His history—Lalji Rawat of
Nethara—Origin of the Dudia family—Adventure of
Sangram Singh, the Rana of Mewar—His son,
Chandrabhan, and Rana Raj—Extraordinary manner in
which he acquired Lawa—Decline of the family—Form of
deed of conveyance of lands from the lord paramount—
Address of Man Singh—Atrocious murder of a Rathor boy
—Its singular sequel 1635
CHAPTER 3
Morwan—The solitude of this fine district—Caused by the 1646
Mahrattas and their mercenaries—Impolicy of our conduct
towards the Mahrattas—Antiquities of Morwan—Tradition
of the foundation and destruction of the ancient city—
Inscriptions—Jain temple—Game—Attack by a tiger—
Sudden change of the weather—Destructive frost—
Legend of a temple of Mama-devi—Important inscription
—Distress of the peasantry—Gratitude of the people to
the author—Nikumbh—Oppression of the peasants—Marla
—Inhabited by Charans—Reception of the Author—
Curious privilege of the Charanis—Its origin—Traditional
account of the settlement of this colony in Mewar—
Imprecation of Satis—The tandas, or caravans—Their
immunity from plunder and extortion—Nimbahera—
Ranikhera—Indignity committed by a scavenger of
Laisrawan—Sentence upon the culprit—Tablet to a Silpi—
Reception at Nimbahera
CHAPTER 4
The Patar or Table-land of Central India—View from thence
—Project of a canal—Its advantages to Mewar—Utility of
further works to the people—Traces of superstition in the
Pathar—Temple of Sukhdeo—The Daitya-ka-har, or 'Giant’s
bone'—The Vira-jhamp, or ‘Warrior’s Leap’—Proprietorship
of the Patar—Its products—The poppy—Pernicious effects
of its increased cultivation—Account of the introduction
and mode of culture of opium—Original spot of its
cultivation—The manufacture of opium kept pace with the
depopulation of Mewar—Process of cultivation, and of
manufacture—Its fluctuation of price—Adulterated opium
of Kanthal—Evil consequences of the use of opium—Duty
of the paramount power to restrict the culture—
Practicability of such a measure—Distribution of crops—
Impolicy of our Government in respect to the opium
monopoly 1660
CHAPTER 5
Dhareswar—Ratangarh Kheri—Colony of Charans—Little 1672
Atoa—Inscription at Paragarh—Dungar Singh—Sheo Singh
—Law of adoption—Kala Megh—Ummedpura and its chief
—Singoli—Temple of Bhavani—Tablet of Rana Mokal—
Traditionary tales of the Haras—Alu Hara of Bumbaoda—
Dangarmau—Singular effects produced by the sun on the
atmosphere of the Patar
CHAPTER 6
Bhainsrorgarh—Cairn of a Rajput—Raghunath Singh of
Bhainsror—Castle of Bhainsror—Passage forced by the
Chambal through the Plateau—Origin and etymology of
Bhainsror—Charans, the carriers of Rajwara—The young
chief of Mewa becomes the champion of Mewar—Avenges
the Rana’s feud with Jaisalmer, and obtains Bhainsror—
Tragical death of his Thakurani, niece of the Rana—He is
banished—The Pramar chiefs of Bhainsror—Cause of their
expulsion—Lal Singh Chondawat obtains Bhainsror—
Assassinates his friend the Rana’s uncle—Man Singh, his
son, succeeds—Is taken prisoner—Singular escape—
Reflections on the policy of the British Government
towards these people—Antiquities and inscriptions at
Bhainsror—Dabhi—View from the pass at Nasera—Rajput
cairns—Tomb of a bard—Sentiments of the people on the
effects of our interference—Their gratitude—Cairn of a
Bhatti chief—Karipur—Depopulated state of the country—
Inscriptions at Sontra—Bhil temple—Ruins—The Holi
festival—Kotah, its appearance 1687
CHAPTER 7
Unhealthiness of the season at Kotah—Eventful character of 1704
the period of the Author’s residence there—The cuckoo—
Description of the encampment—Cenotaphs of the Haras
—Severe tax upon the curiosity of travellers in Kotah—
General insalubrity of Kotah—Wells infected—Productive
of fever—Taking leave of the Maharao and Regent—The
Regent’s sorrow—Cross the Chambal—Restive elephant—
Kanari—Regent’s patrimonial estate—Nanta—Author’s
reception by Madho Singh—Rajput music—The Panjabi
tappa—Scene of the early recreations of Zalim Singh—
Talera—Nawagaon—Approach of the Raja of Bundi—
Splendour of the cortège—Bundi—The castellated palace,
or Bundi ka mahall—Visit to the Raja—Illness of our party
—Quit Bundi—Cenotaphs in the village of Satur—The
tutelary deity, Asapurna—Temple of Bhavani—Banks of
the Mej—Thana—Inscriptions—Jahazpur—Respectable
suite of the Basai chief
CHAPTER 8
Extraordinary attack of illness in the Author—Suspicion of 1716
poison—Journey to Mandalgarh—The Karar—Tranquil
state of the country—The Minas subsiding into peaceful
subjects—Scenery in the route—Sasan, or ecclesiastical
lands—Castle of Amargarh—Kachaura—Its ancient
importance—Our true policy with regard to the
feudatories in these parts—Damnia—Manpura—Signs of
reviving prosperity—Arrival at Mandalgarh—The Dasahra
—Sickness of the party left behind—Assembly of the
Bhumias and Patels—Description of Mandalgarh—Rebuilt
by one of the Takshak race—Legend of Mandalgarh—
Genealogical tablet of stone—Pedigrees of the tribes—
Mandalgarh granted to the Rathors by Aurangzeb—
Recovered by the Rana—Taxes imposed—Lavish grants—
Baghit—The Author rejoins his party—Birslabas—Akola—
Desolation of the country—Inscriptions—Hamirgarh—
Siyana—Superb landscape—Mirage—Testimony of
gratitude from the elders of Pur—Thriving state of Marauli
—Rasmi—Antiquities—Curious law—Jasma—Waste
country—Inscriptions—Copper mines—Sanwar—Tribeni, or
point of junction of three rivers—Temple of Parsvanath—
Deserted state of the country—Karera—Maoli—Barren
country—Hunting seat of Nahra-Magra—Heights of Tus
and Merta—End of second journey
CHAPTER 9
The Author obliged to take a journey to Bundi—Cause of the
journey—Sudden death of the Rao Raja, who left his son
to the Author’s care—The cholera morbus, or mari—Its
ravages—Curious expedient to exclude it from Kotah and
Bundi—Bad weather—Death of the Author’s elephant—
Pahona—Bhilwara—Gratifying reception of the Author—
State of the town contrasted with its former condition—
Projects for its further improvement—Reflections on its
rise—Jahazpur—Difficulties of the road—Arrival at Bundi—
The aspect of the court—Interview with the young Rao
Raja—Attentions paid to the Author 1732
CHAPTER 10
Ceremony of Rajtilak, or inauguration—Personal qualities of
the Rao Raja and his brothers—The installation—The tilak
first made by the Author, as representative of the British
Government—Ceremonies—Message from the queen-
mother—Balwant Rao, of Gotra—The Bohra, or chief
minister—Power and disposition of these two officers—
Arrangements made by the Author—Interview and
conversation with the Rani—Literary and historical
researches of the Author—Revenues of Bundi—Its
prospects—Departure for Kotah—Condition of the junior
branches of the Haras—Rauta—Grand hunts in Haraoti 1740
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