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Understanding Our Universe 1st Edition Stacy Palen
Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Stacy Palen, Laura Kay, Bradford Smith, George Blumenthal
ISBN(s): 9780393912104, 0393912108
Edition: 1st
File Details: PDF, 26.89 MB
Year: 2011
Language: english
 UNDERSTANDING
OUR UNIVERSE

Stacy Palen, Laura Kay, Bradford Smith, and George Blumenthal

✧ Understanding
Our Universe
✧ Understanding
Our Universe

Stacy Palen
Weber State University

Laura Kay
Barnard College

Brad Smith
Santa Fe, New Mexico

George Blumenthal
University of California—Santa Cruz

B
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
New York • London
W. W. NORTON & COMPANY has been independent since its founding in 1923, when William
Warder Norton and Mary D. Herter Norton first published lectures delivered at the People’s Insti-
tute, the adult education division of New York City’s Cooper Union. The firm soon expanded its
program beyond the Institute, publishing books by celebrated academics from America and abroad.
By mid-century, the two major pillars of Norton’s publishing program—trade books and college
texts—were firmly established. In the 1950s, the Norton family transferred control of the company
to its employees, and today—with a staff of four hundred and a comparable number of trade, col-
lege, and professional titles published each year—W. W. Norton & Company stands as the largest
and oldest publishing house owned wholly by its employees.

Copyright © 2012 by W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America.
First Edition

Editor: Erik Fahlgren

Project Editor: Christine D’A ntonio
Editorial Assistant: Mina Shaghaghi
Developmental Editor: Andrew Sobel
Director of Production, College: Jane Searle
Marketing Manager: Stacy Loyal
Managing Editor, College: Marian Johnson
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Manufacturing: Quad/Graphics, Versailles

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Understanding our universe / Stacy Palen . . . [et al.]. — 1st ed.

p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-393-91210-4 (pbk.)
1. Astronomy—Textbooks. I. Palen, Stacy E. II. Smith, Brad, 1931– III. Kay, Laura.
QB43.3.U565 2012
520—dc22
ISBN 9780393918373 (pdf ebook) 2010051752

W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10110-0017
www.wwnorton.com
W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., Castle House, 75/76 Wells Street, London W1T 3QT
1234567890
Stacy Palen thanks the wonderful colleagues in her Department and the
crowd at Bellwether Farm, all of whom made room for this project in their
lives, even though it wasn’t their project.

Laura Kay thanks her partner, M.P.M.

Brad Smith dedicates this book to his patient and understanding wife, Diane
McGregor.

George Blumenthal gratefully thanks his wife, Kelly Weisberg, and his
children, Aaron and Sarah Blumenthal, for their support during this project.
He also wants to thank Professor Robert Greenler for stimulating his
interest in all things related to physics.
 ✧ BR I E F TABLE O F C O NTE NTS

Part I Introduction to Astronomy

Chapter 1 Our Place in the Universe 2

Chapter 2 Patterns in the Sky—Motions of Earth 22

Chapter 3 Laws of Motion 52

Chapter 4 Light and Telescopes 72

Part II The Solar System

Chapter 5 The Formation of Stars and Planets 94

Chapter 6 Terrestrial Worlds in the Inner Solar System 122

Chapter 7 Atmospheres of Venus, Earth, and Mars 156

Chapter 8 The Giant Planets 182

Chapter 9 Small Bodies of the Solar System 214

Part III Stars and Stellar Evolution

Chapter 10 Measuring the Stars 244

Chapter 11 Our Star: The Sun 274

Chapter 12 Evolution of Low-Mass Stars 300

Chapter 13 Evolution of High-Mass Stars 326

Part IV Galaxies, the Universe, and Cosmology

Chapter 14 The Expansion of Space 356

Chapter 15 The Realm of the Galaxies 382

Chapter 16 Our Galaxy: The Milky Way 408

Chapter 17 Modern Cosmology and the Origin of Structure 434

Chapter 18 Life in the Universe 462

vii
 ✧ C O NTE NTS

Preface xv
AstroTours xxv
Visual Analogies xxvii
About the Authors xxix

Part I Introduction to Astronomy

CHAPTER 1 Our Place in the Universe 2

1.1 Getting a Feel for the Neighborhood 4
1.2 Science Is a Way of Viewing the World 8
1.3 Patterns Make Our Lives and Science Possible 12
Working It Out 1.1 Units and Scientific Notation 14
1.4 Thinking Like an Astronomer 15
Reading Astronomy News
“Pluto Is Demoted to ‘Dwarf Planet’” 17
Summary 18
Questions and Problems 19
Exploration: Logical Fallacies 21

CHAPTER 2 Patterns in the Sky—Motions of Earth 22

2.1 Earth Spins on Its Axis 24
2.2 Revolution About the Sun Leads to Changes during the Year 30
Working It Out 2.1 Manipulating Equations 32
2.3 The Motions and Phases of the Moon 36
2.4 Eclipses: Passing through a Shadow 39
2.5 The Motions of the Planets in the Sky 41
Working It Out 2.2 Kepler’s Third Law 45
Reading Astronomy News
“Chilean Quake Likely Shifted Earth’s Axis, NASA Scientist Says” 46
Summary 47
Questions and Problems 47
Exploration: Kepler’s Laws 51

CHAPTER 3 Laws of Motion 52

3.1 Galileo: The First Modern Scientist 54
3.2 The Rise of Scientific Theory: Newton’s Laws Govern the Motion of All
Objects 55
Working It Out 3.1 Finding the Acceleration 57
3.3 Gravity Is a Force between Any Two Objects Due to Their Masses 59

ix
xCO N T E N TS

3.4 Orbits Are One Body “Falling Around” Another 62

Working It Out 3.2 Newton’s Law of Gravity: Playing with Proportionality 63
Reading Astronomy News
“Reminder: Clear Your Car of Snow” 67
Summary 68
Questions and Problems 68
Exploration: Newtonian Features 71

CHAPTER 4 Light and Telescopes 72

4.1 The Speed of Light 74
4.2 What Is Light? 75
Working It Out 4.1 Wavelength and Frequency 77
4.3 How Do We Collect Light? 79
4.4 How Do We Detect Light? 80
4.5 Resolution and the Atmosphere 84
Working It Out 4.2 Diffraction Limit 85
4.6 Observing in Wavelengths beyond the Visible 87
Reading Astronomy News
“New Space Telescope Relies on Never-Before-Manufactured Material; No Problem,
Says NASA” 90
Summary 91
Questions and Problems 91
Exploration: Light as a Wave 93

Part II The Solar System

CHAPTER 5 The Formation of Stars and Planets 94

5.1 Molecular Clouds Are the Cradles of Star Formation 96
5.2 The Protostar Becomes a Star 98
5.3 Planets Are Born 101
Working It Out 5.1 Angular Momentum 104
5.4 The Inner and Outer Disk Have Different Compositions 106
5.5 A Tale of Eight Planets 108
5.6 Planetary Systems Are Common 110
Working It Out 5.2 Making Use of the Doppler Shift 112
Reading Astronomy News
“Orbiting Telescope Spots Possible Planets” 117
Summary 118
Questions and Problems 118
Exploration: Doppler Shift 121

CHAPTER 6 Terrestrial Worlds in the Inner Solar System 122

6.1 Four Main Processes Shape Our Planet 124
6.2 Impacts Help Shape the Evolution of the Planets 126
Working It Out 6.1 How to Read Cosmic Clocks 130
6.3 The Interiors of the Terrestrial Planets Tell Their Own Tales 130
 CO N TEN TS xi

6.4 The Evolution of Planetary Interiors Depends on Heating and Cooling 134
Working It Out 6.2 The Stefan-Boltzmann Law 136
Working It Out 6.3 Wien’s Law 137
6.5 Tectonism: How Planetary Surfaces Evolve 139
6.6 Volcanism: A Sign of a Geologically Active Planet 144
6.7 Erosion: Wearing Down the High Spots and Filling In the Low 147
Reading Astronomy News
“Moon Is Wetter, Chemically More Complex Than Thought, NASA Says” 150
Summary 151
Questions and Problems 151
Exploration: Earth’s Tides 155

CHAPTER 7 Atmospheres of Venus, Earth, and Mars 156

7.1 Atmospheres Are Oceans of Air 158
7.2 A Tale of Three Planets—The Evolution of Secondary Atmospheres 159
Working It Out 7.1 How Can We Find the Temperature of a Planet? 161
7.3 Earth’s Atmosphere—The One We Know Best 165
7.4 Venus Has a Hot, Dense Atmosphere 172
7.5 Mars Has a Cold, Thin Atmosphere 173
7.6 Climate Change: Is Earth Getting Warmer? 175
Reading Astronomy News
“Climate Change Skeptics Are Less ‘Credible’ Scientists, Finds Study” 177
Summary 178
Questions and Problems 178
Exploration: Climate Change 181

CHAPTER 8 The Giant Planets 182

8.1 Giant Planets Are Large, Cold, and Massive 184
Working It Out 8.1 Finding the Diameter of a Giant Planet 185
8.2 A View of the Cloud Tops 188
8.3 A Journey into the Clouds 191
8.4 Winds and Storms—Violent Weather on the Giant Planets 193
Working It Out 8.2 How Do Astronomers Measure Wind Speeds on Distant Planets? 194
Working It Out 8.3 Internal Thermal Energy Heats the Giant Planets 196
8.5 The Interiors of the Giant Planets Are Hot and Dense 196
8.6 The Giant Planets Are Magnetic Powerhouses 198
8.7 Rings Surround the Giant Planets 203
Reading Astronomy News
“Giant Propeller Structures Seen in Saturn’s Rings” 208
Summary 209
Questions and Problems 210
Exploration: Estimating Rotation Periods of Giant Planets 212

CHAPTER 9 Small Bodies of the Solar System 214

9.1 Dwarf Planets—Pluto and Others 216
9.2 Moons as Small Worlds 217
9.3 Asteroids—Pieces of the Past 223
xiiCO N T E N TS

9.4 Comets—Clumps of Ice 226

9.5 Collisions Still Happen Today 232
9.6 Solar System Debris 235
Reading Astronomy News
“Small Asteroid 2010 AL30 Will Fly Past the Earth” 239
Summary 240
Questions and Problems 240
Exploration: Asteroid Discovery 243

Part III Stars and Stellar Evolution

CHAPTER 10 Measuring the Stars 244

10.1 The First Step: Measuring the Brightness, Distance, and Luminosity
of Stars 246
Working It Out 10.1 Parallax and Distance 249
10.2 Radiation Tells Us the Temperature, Size, and Composition of Stars 252
10.3 Measuring Stellar Masses 261
Working It Out 10.2 Measuring the Masses of an Eclipsing Binary Pair 264
10.4 The H-R Diagram Is the Key to Understanding Stars 265
Reading Astronomy News
“Unraveling the Mystery of Massive Star Birth: Scientists’ Observations Show That
Formation Works the Same for All Stars, Regardless of Mass" 269
Summary 270
Questions and Problems 270
Exploration: The H-R Diagram 273

CHAPTER 11 Our Star: The Sun 274

11.1 The Structure of the Sun Is a Matter of Balance 276
Working It Out 11.1 How Much Longer Will the Sun “Live”? 278
11.2 The Interior of the Sun 282
11.3 The Atmosphere of the Sun 284
Working It Out 11.2 Sunspots and Temperature 289
Reading Astronomy News
“Sun Eruption May Have Spawned Zombie Satellite” 294
Summary 295
Questions and Problems 295
Exploration: The Proton-Proton Chain 299

CHAPTER 12 Evolution of Low-Mass Stars 300

12.1 The Life and Times of a Main-Sequence Star 302
Working It Out 12.1 Estimating Main-Sequence Lifetimes 302
12.2 A Star Runs Out of Hydrogen and Leaves the Main Sequence 304
12.3 Helium Begins to Burn in Degenerate Core 308
12.4 The Low-Mass Star Enters the Last Stages of Its Evolution 310
12.5 Star Clusters Are Snapshots of Stellar Evolution 315
12.6 Binary Stars Sometimes Share Mass 318
Reading Astronomy News
“Scientists May Be Missing Many Star Explosions” 321
 CO N TEN TS xiii

Summary 322
Questions and Problems 322
Exploration: Evolution of Low-Mass Stars 325

CHAPTER 13 Evolution of High-Mass Stars 326

13.1 High-Mass Stars Follow Their Own Path 328
13.2 High-Mass Stars Go Out with a Bang 331
13.3 The Spectacle and Legacy of Supernovae 334
13.4 Beyond Newtonian Physics 338
Working It Out 13.1 The Boxcar Experiment 342
13.5 Gravity Is a Distortion of Spacetime 343
13.6 Back to Black Holes 348
Reading Astronomy News
“What a Scorcher —Hotter, Heavier and Millions of Times Brighter Than the
Sun” 350
Summary 351
Questions and Problems 352
Exploration: The CNO Cycle 355

Part IV Galaxies, the Universe, and Cosmology

CHAPTER 14 The Expansion of Space 356

14.1 The Cosmological Principle Shapes Our View of the Universe 358
14.2 We Live in an Expanding Universe 359
Working It Out 14.1 Redshift: Calculating the Recession Velocity and Distance
of Galaxies 361
14.3 The Universe Began in the Big Bang 365
Working It Out 14.2 Expansion and the Age of the Universe 366
14.4 The Major Predictions of the Big Bang Theory Are Resoundingly
Confirmed 370
Reading Astronomy News
“A Snapshot of the Sky from Billions of Years Ago” 376
Summary 377
Questions and Problems 377
Exploration: Hubble’s Law for Balloons 380

CHAPTER 15 The Realm of the Galaxies 382

15.1 Galaxies Come in Many Types 384
15.2 Stars Form in the Spiral Arms of a Galaxy’s Disk 388
15.3 Galaxies Are Mostly Dark Matter 390
Working It Out 15.1 Finding the Mass of a Galaxy 390
15.4 There Is a Supermassive Black Hole at the Heart of Most Galaxies 394
15.5 Galaxies Form Groups, Clusters, and Larger Structures 400
Reading Astronomy News
“Colliding Galaxies Swirl in Dazzling New Photo” 403
Summary 404
Questions and Problems 404
Exploration: Galaxy Classification 407
xivCO N T E N TS

CHAPTER 16 Our Galaxy: The Milky Way 408

16.1 Space Is Not Empty 410
Working It Out 16.1 Finding the Temperature of Dust 412
16.2 Measuring the Milky Way 419
16.3 Stars in the Milky Way 421
16.4 The Milky Way Hosts a Supermassive Black Hole 425
16.5 The Milky Way Offers Clues about How Galaxies Form 426
Reading Astronomy News
“Hyperfast Star Kicked Out of Milky Way” 428
Summary 429
Questions and Problems 429
Exploration: The Center of the Milky Way 432

CHAPTER 17 Modern Cosmology and the Origin of Structure 434

17.1 The Universe Has a Destiny and a Shape 436
17.2 Inflation 438
17.3 The Earliest Moments 441
Working It Out 17.1 What Type of Photons Result from Pair Annihilation? 443
17.4 Gravity Forms Large-Scale Structure 446
17.5 Large-Scale Structure Forms through Mergers 450
17.6 Thinking More Broadly about Our Universe 453
Reading Astronomy News
“New Galaxy Maps to Help Find Dark Energy Proof?” 457
Summary 458
Questions and Problems 458
Exploration: The Story of a Proton 461

CHAPTER 18 Life in the Universe 462

18.1 Life on Earth 464
18.2 Life beyond Earth 469
18.3 The Search for Signs of Intelligent Life 474
18.4 The Fate of Life on Earth 479
Reading Astronomy News
“Scientist: SETI Should Switch ‘Channels’” 482
Summary 482
Questions and Problems 483
Exploration: Fermi Problems and the Drake Equation 485

Appendix 1 Periodic Table of the Elements A-1

Appendix 2 Properties of Planets, Dwarf Planets, and Moons A-2
Appendix 3 Nearest and Brightest Stars A-5
Appendix 4 Star Maps A-8
Glossary G-1
Selected Answers SA-1
Credits C-1
Index I-1
 ✧ PREFAC E

Dear Student,
You may reasonably wonder why it is a good idea to take a general education
science course. Throughout your education, you have been exposed to different
ways of thinking—different approaches to solving problems, different definitions
of understanding, and different meanings of the verb to know. Astronomy offers
one example of the scientific viewpoint. Astronomers, and all scientists, have a
specific approach to problem solving (sometimes called the scientific method,
although the common understanding of this term only skims the surface of the
process). Astronomers “understand” something when they can make correct pre-
dictions about what will happen next. Astronomers “know” something when it
has been tested dozens or even hundreds of times, and the idea stands the test of
time. Your instructor likely has two basic goals in mind for you as you take this
course. The first is to understand some basic physical concepts and be familiar
with the night sky. The second is to think like a scientist
and learn to use the scientific method not only to answer
questions in this course but also to make decisions in
your life. We have written Understanding Our Universe
with these two goals in mind.
Throughout this book, we emphasize not only the
content of astronomy (the masses of the planets, the
compositions of stellar atmospheres) but also the process
of arriving at that knowledge—how and why we know
what we know. We believe that an understanding of the
scientific method is a valuable tool that you can carry
with you for the rest of your life.
Astronomy is one of the purest expressions of one of
the more distinctive impulses of humanity—curiosity.
Astronomy does not capture the public interest because
it is profitable, will cure cancer, or build better bridges.
People choose to learn about astronomy because they are
curious about the universe in which we live. The most
effective way to learn something is to “do” it. Whether
it’s playing an instrument, a sport, or becoming a good
cook, reading “how” can take you only so far. The same
is true of learning about astronomy. We have developed
a number of tools in this book to facilitate “doing” as
you learn. We start with the figures at the beginning of
each chapter. These chapter-opening figures demonstrate
the types of activities you might engage in to fulfill that
curiosity. They are presented from the viewpoint of a
student who is wondering about the universe, asking
questions, and keeping a journal of experiments that
investigate the answers. Your instructor may ask you to

xv
xviP R E FAC E

keep such a journal. Or you may choose to do it on your own, as a useful way of
investigating the world around you.
As you learn any new subject, one of the stumbling blocks is often the lan-
guage of the subject itself. This can be jargon—the specialized words unique to
that study—supernova, say, or Cepheid variable. But it can also be ordinary words
that are used in a special way. As an example, the common word inflation usually
applies to balloons or tires in everyday life, but economists use it very differently,
and astronomers use it differently still. Throughout the book, we have included
Vocabulary Alerts that point out the astronomical uses of common words to help
you recognize how that term is used by astronomers.
In learning science, there’s another language issue. The language of science
is mathematics, and it can be as challenging to learn as any other language.
The choice to use mathematics as the language of science is not arbitrary; nature
“speaks” math. To learn about nature, you will also need to speak this language.
We don’t want the language of math to obscure the concepts, so we have placed
this book’s mathematics in Working It Out boxes to make it clear when we are
beginning and ending a mathematical argument.

This way you can spend time with the concepts in the chapter text and then
revisit the mathematics to study the formal language of the argument. Our sug-
gestion is to read through a Working It Out box once; then cover the worked
example with a piece of paper, and try to work through the example on your own.
When you can do this, you will have learned a bit of the language of science;
 P R EFAC E xvii

and even if you are not fluent in it today, you can work with data and identify
when someone else’s data isn’t quite right. We want you to be comfortable read-
ing, hearing, and speaking the language, and we will provide you with tools to
make it easier. Be patient.
As a citizen of the world, you make judgments about science, determining what
is good science and what is pseudoscience. You use these judgments to make
decisions in the grocery store, pharmacy, car dealership, and voting booth. You
base these decisions on the presentation of information you receive through the
media, which is very different from the presentation you get in class. You must
learn to judge what is credible and what is not. To help you hone this skill, we
have provided Reading Astronomy News boxes in every chapter. These boxes
include a news article with questions to help you make sense of how science is
presented to you. It is important that you learn to be critical of the information
you receive. We hope that these boxes help you refine your critical thinking skills.
At the end of each chapter, we have provided several types of questions, prob-
lems, and activities for you to practice your skills. Summary Self-Test questions
may be used to check your understanding. If you can answer these multiple-
choice, true/false, and fill-in-the-blank questions correctly, you have a basic
grasp of the information in the chapter. Next, a separate group of true/false and
multiple-choice questions focuses on more detailed facts and concepts from the
chapter. Conceptual questions ask you to synthesize information and explain
xviiiP R E FAC E

the “how” or “why” of a situation. Problems give you a chance to practice the
quantitative skills you learned in the chapter and to work through a situation
mathematically. Finally, the Exploration is an activity that asks you to use the
concepts and skills you learned in an interactive way. About half of the book’s
Explorations ask you to use animations and simulations on StudySpace, while
the others are hands-on, paper-and-pencil activities that use everyday objects
such as ice cubes or balloons.
If you think of human knowledge as an island, each scientific experiment
makes the island a little bigger by adding a pebble or a grain of sand to the shore-
line. But each of those pebbles also increases our exposure to the ocean of the
unknown: the bigger the island of knowledge, the longer the shoreline of ignorance.
Throughout this book, we have tried to show clearly which pebbles of knowledge
are on the shore, which we are just catching a glimpse of under the water, and
which are only thought to be there because of the way the water smoothes out
as it passes over them. Sometimes the most speculative ideas are the most inter-
esting, because they show how astronomers approach unsolved problems and
explore the unknown. As astronomers, we authors know that one of the greatest
feelings in the world is to forge a pebble yourself, and place it on the shoreline.
Astronomy gives you a sense of perspective that no other field of study offers.
The universe is vast, fascinating, and beautiful, filled with a wealth of objects
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SCENE III.] A MIDSUMMER NIGHrS DREAM. '75 Where is

Demetrius ? O, how fit a word Is that vile name to perish on my
sword ! Hel. Do not say so, Lysander ; say not so : What though he
love your Hermia? Lord, what though ? Yet Hermia still loves you :
then be content. Lys. Content with Hermia? No : I do repent The
tedious minutes I with her have spent. Not Hermia but Helena I love
: Who will not change a raven for a dove ? The will of man is by his
reason sway'd ; And reason says you are the worthier maid. Things
growing are not ripe until their season ; So I, being young, till now
ripe not to reason ; And touching now the point of human skill,
Reason becomes the marshal to my will, And leads me to your eyes,
where I o'erlook Love's stories, written in love's richest book. Hel.
Wherefore was I to this keen mockery born ? When at your hands
did I deserve this scorn ? Is 't not enough, is 't not enough, young
man, That I did never, no, nor never can Deserve a sweet look from
Demetrius' eye, But you must flout my insufficiency ? Good troth,
you do me wrong, — good sooth, you do — In such disdainful
manner me to woo. But fare you well : perforce I must confess, I
thought you lord of more true gentleness. O, that a lady of one man
refus'd, Should of another therefore be abus'd ! [Exit. Lys. She sees
not Hermia : — Hermia, sleep thou there ; And never mayst thou
come Lysander near ! For, as a surfeit of the sweetest things The
deepest loathing to the stomach brings ; Or, as the heresies that
men do leave Are hated most of those they did deceive ; So thou,
my surfeit and my heresy, Of all be hated, but the most of me ! And,
all my powers, address your love and might To honour Helen, and to
be her knight ! [Exit. Her. [Starting.'} Help me, Lysander, help me!
do thy best To pluck this crawling serpent from my breast ! Ah me,
for pity ! — what a dream was here ! Lysander, look how I do quake
with fear ! Methought a serpent eat my heart away, And you sat
smiling at his cruel prey. — Lysander ! what, removed ? Lysander !
lord ! What, out of hearing? gone? no sound, no word? Alack, where
are you? speak, an if you hear ; Speak, of all loves ! I swoon almost
with fear. No ?— then I well perceive you are not nigh : Either death
or you 1 311 find immediately. [Exit. ACT III. SCENE I. — The Wood.
The Queen of Fairies lying asleep. Enter QUINCE, SNUG, BOTTOM,
FLUTE, SNOUT, and STARVELING. Bot. Are we all met ? Qttin. Pat,
pat ; and here s a marvellous convenient place for our rehearsal.
This green plot shall be our stage, this hawthorn brake our tiring-
house ; and we will do it in action, as we will do it before the duke.
Bot. Peter Quince, — Quin. What say'st thou, bully Bottom ? Bot.
There are things in this comedy of Pyra* mus and Thisby that will
never please. First, Pyramus must draw a sword to kill himself;
which the ladies cannot abide. How answer you that? Snout. By'r
lakin, a parlous fear. Star. I believe you must leave the killing out,
when all is done. Bot. Not a whit : I have a device to make all well.
Write me a prologue ; and let the prologue seem to say, we will do
no harm with our swords, and that Pyramus is not killed indeed :
and for the more better assurance, tell them that I Pyramus am not
Pyramus, but Bottom the weaver : this will put them out of fear.
Quin. Well, we will have such a prologue ; and it shall be written in
eight and six. Bot. No, make it two more ; let it be written in eight
and eight. Snozit. Will not the ladies be afeard of the lion? Star. I
fear it, I promise you. Bot. Masters, you ought to consider with
yourselves : to bring in, God shield us ! a lion among ladies is a most
dreadful thing : for there is not a more fearful wild-fowl than your
lion living ; and we ought to look to it. Snout. Therefore another
prologue must tell he is not a lion. Bot. Nay, you must name his
name, and half his face must be seen through the lion's neck ; and
he himself must speak through, saying thus, or to the same defect,
— "Ladies," or " Fair Ladies ! I would wish you, or, I would request
you, or, I would entreat you, not to fear, not to tremble : my life for
yours. If you think I come hither as a lion, it were pity of my life. No,
I am no such thing ; I am a man as other men are : " — and there,
indeed, let him name his name, and tell them plainly he is Snug the
joiner. Quin. Well, it shall be so. But there is two
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176 A MIDSUMMER NIGHT'S DREAM. [ACT in. hard things ;

that is, to bring the moonlight into a chamber: for, you know,
Pyramus and Thisby meet by moonlight. Snug. Doth the moon shine
that night we play our play ? Bot. A calendar, a calendar ! look in the
almanack ; find out moonshine, find out moonshine. Quin. Yes, it
doth shine that night Bot. Why, then you may leave a casement of
the great chamber-window, where we play, open ; and the moon
may shine in at the casement. Quin. Ay ; or else one must come in
with a bush of thorns and a lantern, and say he comes to disfigure
or to present the person of moonshine. Then there is another thing :
we must have a wall in the great chamber ; for Pyramus and Thisby,
says the story, did talk through the chink of a wall. Snug. You never
can bring in a wall. — What say you, Bottom ? Bot. Some man or
other must present wall : and let him have some plaster, or some
loam, or some rough-cast about him, to signify wall ; or let him hold
his fingers thus, and through that cranny shall Pyramus and Thisby
whisper. Quin. If that may be, then all is well. Come, sit down, every
mother's son, and rehearse your parts, Pyramus, you begin : when
you have spoken your speech, enter into that brake ; and so every
one according to his cue. Ji rJ, ;.^>'W , r . , .cVt Enter PUCK behind.
Puck. What hempenhomespunshave we swaggering here, So near
the cradle of the fairy queen ? What, a play toward ! I '11 be an
auditor j An actor too, perhaps, if I see cause. Quin. Speak,
Pyramus. — Thisby, stand forth. Pyr* Thisby) the flowers of odious
savours sweety Quin. Odours, odours. Pyr. odours savours sweet :
So doth thy breathy my dearest Thisby dear. — Bttt harky a voice /
stay thou but here awhile^ And by and by I will to thee appear.
[Exit. Puck. A stranger Pyramus than e'er played here ! [Aside.—
Exit. This. Must I speak now ? Quin. Ay, marry, must you : for you
must understand he goes but to see a noise that he heard, and is to
come again. This. Most radiant Pyramus ', most lily white of hue, Of
colour like the red rose on triumphant brier, Most brisky Juvenal^
and eke most lovely Jew, As true as truest horsey that yet would
never tire, /'// meet 1heet Pyramus , at Ninny 's tomb. Quin. Ninus3
tomb, man : why, you must not speak that yet : that you answer to
Pyramus. You speak all your part at once, cues and all. — Pyramus
enter : your cue is past ; it is, never tire. J?e-
enterP\JCK,atid'BoTTOM. with anass'shead. This. O, — As true as
truest horse, that yet would never tire. Pyr. If I were fairy Thisby , /
were only thine : — Quin. O monstrous ! O strange ! we are
haunted. Pray, masters ! fly, masters !— Help ! [Exeunt Clowns.
Puck. I '11 follow you ; I '11 lead you about a round, [through brier ;
Through bog, through bush, through brake, Sometime a horse I '11
be, sometime a hound, A hog, a headless bear, sometime a fire ;
And neigh, and bark, and grunt, and roar, and burn, Like horse,
hound, hog, bear, fire, at every turn. [Exit. Bot. Why do they run
away? this is a knavery of them to make me afeard. „ 0 -lyff uov Re-
enter SNOUT,,: . Snout. O Bottom, thou art changed ! what do I see
on thee ? Bot. What do you see ? you see an ass-head of your own,
do you ? t ..£. , •jjjytfj fo-l/i Re-enter QUINCE. Quin. Bless thee,
Bottom ! bless thee! thou art translated. [Exit. Bot. I see their
knavery; this is to make an ass of me ; to fright me, if they could.
But I will not stir from this place, do what they can : I will walk up
and down here, and I will sing, that they shall hear I am not afraid.
[Singst The ousel-cock, so black of hue, With orange-tawny bill, The
throstle with bis note so true, The wren with Httle quilt Tita. What
angel wakes me from my flowery bed? [Waking* Bot. The finch, the
sparrow, and the lark, The plain-song cuckoo gray, Whose note full
many a man doth mark. And dares not answer nay ; — for, indeed,
who would set his wit to so foolish a bird? who would give a bird the
lie, though he cry cuckoo never so ?
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SCENE I.] A MIDSUMMER NIGHT'S DREAM. 177 Tito. I pray

thee, gentle mortal, sing again : Mine ear is much enamour'd of thy
note. So is mine eye enthralled to thy shape ; [me, And thy fair
virtue's force perforce doth move On the first view, to say, to swear,
I love thee. Bot. Methinks, mistress, you should have little reason for
that : and yet, to say the truth, reason and love keep little company
together now-a-days : the more the pity that some honest
neighbours will not make them friends. Nay, I can gleek upon
occasion. Tito. Thou art as wise as thou art beautiful. Bot. Not so,
neither : but if I had wit enough to get out of this wood, I have
enough to serve mine own turn. Tito,. Out of this wood do not
desire to go ; Thou shalt remain here whether thou wilt or no. I am
a spirit of no common rate, — The summer still doth tend upon my
state ; And I do love thee : therefore, go with me, I '11 give thee
fairies to attend on thee ; And they shall fetch thee jewels from the
deep, And sing, while thou on pressed flowers dost sleep : And I will
purge thy mortal grossneos so That thou shalt like an airy spirit go.
— Peasblossom ! Cobweb ! Moth ! and Mustardseed ! Enter Four
Fairies. 1 Fai. Ready. 2 Fai. And I. 3 Fai. And I. 4 Fai. Where shah we
go? Tito. Be kind and courteous to this gentleman ; Hop in his walks
and gambol in his eyes ; Feed him with apricocks and dewberries,
With purple grapes, green figs, and mulberries ; The honey bags
steal from the humble-bees, And, for night-tapers, crop their waxen
thighs, And light them at the fiery glow-worm's eyes, To have my
love to bed and to arise ; And pluck the wings from painted
butterflies, To fan the moonbeams from his sleeping eyes : Nod to
him, elves, and do him courtesies. 1 Fai. Hail, mortal ! 2 Fai. Hail ! 3
Fai. Hail ! 4 Fai. Hail ! Bot. I cry your worship's mercy heartily. — I
beseech your worship's name. Cob. Cobweb. Bot. I shall desire you
of more acquaintance, good Master Cobweb. If I cut my finger I
shall make bold with you. — Your name, honest gentleman ? Peas.
Peasblossom. Bot. 1 pray you, commend me to Mistress Squash,
your mother, and to Master Peascod, your father. Good Master
Peasblossom, I shall desire you of more acquaintance too. — Your
name, I beseech you, sir ? Mus. Mustardseed. Bot. Good Master
Mustardseed, I know your patience well : that same cowardly giant-
like ox-beef hath devoured many a gentleman of your house : I
promise you, your kindred hath made my eyes water ere now. I
desire you more acquaintance, good Master Mustardseed. Tita.
Come, wait upon him ; lead him to my bower. The moon, methinks,
looks with a watery eye ; And when she weeps, weeps every little
flower, Lamenting some enforced chastity. Tie up my love's tongue,
bring him silently. {Exeunt. SCENE II.— Another part of 'the Wood.
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A MIDSUMMER NIGHT'S DREAM. [ACT in. Some sleeves,

some hats : from yielders all things catch. I led them on in this
distracted fear, And left sweet Pyramus translated there : When in
that moment, — so it came to pass, — Titania wak'd, and
straightway lov'd an ass. Obe. This fails out better than I could
devise. But hast thou yet latch'd the Athenian's eyes With the love-
juice, as I did bid thee do ? Puck. I took him sleeping, — that is
finish'd too,— And the Athenian woman by his side ; That, when he
wak'd, of force she must be ey'd. Enter DEMETRIUS and HERMIA.
Obe. Stand close ; this is the same Athenian. Puck. This is the
woman, but not this the man. [so ? Dem. O, why rebuke you him
that loves you Lay breath so bitter on your bitter foe. Her. Now I but
chide, but I should use thee worse; For thou, I fear, hast given me
cause to curse. If thou hast slain Lysander in his sleep, Being o'er
shoes in blood, plunge in the deep, And kill me too. The sun was not
so true unto the day As he to me : would he have stol'n away From
sleeping Hermia ? I '11 believe as soon This whole earth may be
bor'd ; and that the moon May through the centre creep, and so
displease Her brother's noontide with the antipodes. It cannot be but
thou hast murder'd him ; So should a murderer look ; so dead, so
grim. Dem. So should the murder'd look ; and so should I, Pierc'd
through the heart with your stern cruelty : Yet you, the murderer,
look as bright, as clear, As yonder Venus in her glimmering sphere.
Her. What 's this to my Lysander ? where is he? Ah, good Demetrius,
wilt thou give him me ? Dem. I had rather give his carcass to my
hounds. Her. Out, dog ! out, cur ! thou driv'st me past the bounds
[then? Of maiden's patience. Hast thou slain him, Henceforth be
never number'd among men ! Oh ! once tell true, tell true, even for
my sake ; Durst thou have look'd upon him, being awake, And hast
thou kill'd him sleeping ? O brave touch ! Could not a worm, an
adder, do so much ? An adder did it ; for with doubler tongue Than
thine, thou serpent, never adder stung. Dem. You spend your
passion on a mispris'd mood : I am not guilty of Lysander's blood ;
Nor is he dead, for aught that I can tell. Her. I pray thee, tell me,
then, that he is well. Dem. An if I could, what should I get therefore
? Her. A privilege never to see me more. — And from thy hated
presence part I so : See me no more whether he be dead or no.
[Exit. Dem. There is no following her in this fierce vein : Here,
therefore, for awhile I will remain. So sorrow's heaviness doth
heavier grow For debt that bankrupt sleep doth sorrow owe ; Which
now in some light measure it will pay, If for his tender here I make
some stay. [Lies down. Obe. What hast thou done ? thou hast
mistaken quite, [sight : And laid the love- juice on some true-love's
Of thy misprision must perforce ensue Some true-love turn'd, and
not a false turn'd true. [holding troth, Puck. Then fate o'er-rules,
that, one man A million fail, confounding oath on oath. Obe. About
the wood go, swifter than the wind, And Helena of Athens look thou
find : All fancy-sick she is, and pale of cheer, With sighs of love, that
cost the fresh blood dear. By some illusion see thou bring her here ;
I '11 charm his eyes against she do appear. Puck. I go, I go ; look
how I go, — Swifter than arrow from the Tartar's bow. [Exit. Obe.
Flower of this purple dye, Hit with Cupid's archery, Sink in apple of
his eye ! When his love he doth espy, Let her shine as gloriously As
the Venus of the sky. — When thou wak'st, if she be by, Beg of her
for remedy. _ rn.JisH .«ft. l Re-enter PUCK. Puck. Captain of our fairy
band, Helena is here at hand, And the youth mistook by me Pleading
for a lover's fee ; Shall we their fond pageant see ? Lord, what fools
these mortals be .' Obe. Stand aside : the noise they make Will
cause Demetrius to awake. Puck. Then will two at once woo one, —
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SCENE II. j A MIDSUMMER NIGHT'S DREAM. 179 That must

needs be sport alone ; And those things do best please me That
befall preposterously. Enter LYSANDER and HELENA. Lys. Why
should you think that I should woo in scorn ? Scorn and derision
never come in tears. Look, when I vow, I weep ; and vows so born,
In their nativity all truth appears. How can these things in me seem
scorn to you, Bearing the badge of faith, to prove them true? Hel.
You do advance your cunning more and more. When truth kills truth,
O devilish-holy fray ! These vows are Hermia's : will you give her
o'er? Weigh oath with oath and you will nothing weigh : Your vows
to her and me, put in two scales, Will even weigh ; and both as light
as tales. Lys. I had no judgment when to her I swore. HeL Nor none,
in my mind, now you give her o'er. [you. Lys. Demetrius loves her,
and he loves not Dem. [Awaking.] O Helen, goddess, nymph,
perfect, divine ! To what, my love, shall I compare thine eyne?
Crystal is muddy. O, how ripe in show Thy lips, those kissing
cherries, tempting grow ! That pure congealed white, high Taurus'
snow, Fann'd with the eastern wind, turns to a crow When thou
hold'st up thy hand : O let me kiss This princess of pure white, this
seal of bliss ! HeL O spite ! O hell ! I see you all are bent To set
against me for your merriment. If you were civil, and knew courtesy,
You would not do me thus much injury. Can you not hate me, as I
know you do, But you must join in souls to mock me too ? If you
were men, as men you are in show, You would not use a gentle lady
so; To vow, and swear, and superpraise my parts, When I am sure
you hate me with your hearts. You both are rivals, and love Hermia ;
And now both rivals, to mock Helena : A trim exploit, a manly
enterprise, To conjure tears up in a poor maid's eyes With your
derision ! None of noble sort Would so offend a virgin, and extort A
poor soul's patience, all to make you sport. Lys. You are unkind,
Demetrius ; be not so ; For you love Hermia : this you know I know
: And here, with all good will, with all my heart, In Hermia's love I
yield you up my part ; And yours of Helena to me bequeath, Whom I
do love, and will do to my death. Hel. Never did mockers waste
more idle breath. [none : Dem. Lysander, keep thy Hermia ; I will If
e'er I lov'd her, all that love is gone. My heart with her but as guest-
wise sojourn'd ; And now to Helen is it home return'd, There to
remain. Lys. Helen, it is not so. Dem. Disparage not the faith thou
dost not know, Lest, to thy peril, thou aby it dear. — Look where thy
love comes ; yonder is thy dear. Enter HERMIA. Her. Dark night, that
from the eye his function takes, The ear more quick of apprehension
makes ; Wherein it doth impair the seeing sense, It pays the hearing
double recompense : — Thou art not by mine eye, Lysander, found ;
Mine ear, I thank it, brought me to thy sound. But why unkindly
didst thou leave me so ? Lys. Why should he stay whom love doth
press to go ? Her. What love could press Lysander from my side ?
[bide, — Lys. Lysander's love, that would not let him Fair Helena, —
who more engilds the night Than all yon fiery oes and eyes of light.
Why seek'st thou me? could not this make thee know The hate I
bare thee made me leave thee so? Her. You speak not as you think ;
it cannot be. Hel. Lo, she is one of this confederacy ! Now I perceive
they have conjoin'd all three To fashion this false sport in spite of
me. Injurious Hermia ! most ungrateful maid ! Have you conspir'd,
have you with these contriv'd To bait me with this foul derision ? Is
all the counsel that we two have shar'd, The sisters' vows, the hours
that we have spent, When we have chid the hasty-footed time For
parting us, — O, is all forgot ? All school -days' friendship, childhood
innocence? We, Hermia, like two artificial gods, Have with our neelds
created both one flower, Both on one sampler, sitting on one
cushion, Both warbling of one song, both in one key ; As if our
hands, our sides, voices, and minds Had been incorporate. So we
grew together, Like to a double cherry, seeming parted ; But yet a
union in partition, Two lovely berries moulded on one stem : So, with
two seeming bodies, but one heart, Two of the first, like coats in
heraldry,
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i8o A MIDSUMMER NIGHT'S DREAM. [ACT in. Due but to

one, and crowned with one crest. And will you rent our ancient love
asunder, To join with men in scorning your poor friend? It is not
friendly, 'tis not maidenly : Our sex, as well as I, may chide you for
it, Though I alone do feel the injury. Her. I am amazed at your
passionate words : I scorn you not ; it seems that you scorn me.
Hel. Have you not sent Lysander, as in scorn, To follow me, and
praise my eyes and face ? And made your other love, Demetrius,—
Who even but now did spurn me with his foot, — To call me
goddess, nymph, divine, and rare, Precious, celestial ? Wherefore
speaks he this To her he hates ? and wherefore doth Lysander Deny
your love, so rich within his soul, And tender me, forsooth, affection,
But by your setting on, by your consent ? What though I be not so in
grace as you, So hung upon with love, so fortunate ; But miserable
most, to love unlov'd ? This you should pity, rather than despise.
Her. I understand not what you mean by this. Hel. Ay, do persever,
counterfeit sad looks, Make mows upon me when I turn my back ;
Wink at each other ; hold the sweet jest up : This sport, well carried,
shall be chronicled. If you have any pity, grace, or manners, You
would not make me such an argument. But, fare ye well : 'tis partly
mine own fault ; Which death, or absence, soon shall remedy. Lys.
Stay, gentle Helena ; hear my excuse ; My love, my life, my soul, fair
Helena ! Hel. O excellent ! Her. Sweet, do not scorn her so. Dem. If
she cannot entreat, I can compel. Lys. Thou canst compel no more
than she entreat ; Thy threats have no more strength than her weak
prayers. — Helen, I love thee ; by my life I do ; I swear by that
which I will lose for thee To prove him false that says I love thee
not. Dem. I say I love thee more than he can do. Lys. If thou say so,
withdraw, and prove it too. Dem. Quick, come, — Her. Lysander,
whereto tends all this ? Lys. Away, you Ethiope ! Dem. No, no, sir :
— he will Seem to break loose ; take on as you would follow : But
yet come not. You are a tame man ; go ! Lys. Hang off, thou cat,
thou burr: vile thing, let loose, Or I will shake thee from me like a
serpent. Her. Why are you grown so rude? what change is this,
Sweet love? Lys. Thy love ? out, tawny Tartar, out ! Out, loath'd
medicine ! hated potion, hence ! Her. Do you not jest? Hel. Yes,
'sooth ; and so do you. Lys. Demetrius, I will keep my word with
thee. Dem. I would I had your bond ; for I perceive A weak bond
holds you ; I '11 not trust your word. [kill her dead? Lys. What !
should I hurt her, strike her, Although I hate her I '11 not harm her
so. Her. What ! can you do me greater harm than hate ? [love ? Hate
me ! wherefore ? O me ! what news, my Am not I Hermia ? Are not
you Lysander ? I am as fair now as I was ere while, [left me : Since
night you lov'd me ; yet since night you Why, then, you left me, —
O, the gods forbid ! — In earnest, shall I say ? Lys. Ay, by my life ;
And never did desire to see thee more. Therefore be out of hope, of
question, doubt, Be certain, nothing truer ; 'tis no jest That I do hate
thee and love Helena. Her. O me ! you juggler ! you cankerblossom !
[night, You thief of love ! What ! have you come by And stol'n my
love's heart from him ? Hel. Fine, i' faith J Have you no modesty, no
maiden shame, No touch of bashfulness? What ! will you tear
Impatient answers from my gentle tongue ? Fie, fie ! you
counterfeit, you puppet, you ! Her. Puppet ! why so ? Ay, that way
goes the game. Now I perceive that she hath made compare
Between our statures ; she hath urg'd her height j And with her
personage, her tall personage, Her height, forsooth, she hath
prevail'd with him. — And are you grown so high in his esteem
Because I am so dwarfish and so low ? How low am I, thou painted
maypole ? speak ; How low am I ? I am not yet so low But that my
nails can reach unto thine eyes. Hel. I pray you, though you mock
me, gentlemen, Let her not hurt me. I was never curst ; I have no
gift at all in shrewishness ; I am a right maid for my cowardice ; Let
her not strike me. You perhaps may think Because she 's something
lower than myself, That I can match her. Her. Lower 1 hark, again.
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SCENE II.] A MIDSUMMER NIGHTS DREAM. 181 Bel. Good

Hermia, do not be so bitter with me. I evermore did love you,
Hermia ; Did ever keep your counsels ; never wrong' d you; Save
that, in love unto Demetrius, I told him of your stealth unto this
wood : He follow'd you ; for love I follow'd him ; But he hath chid
me hence, and threaten'd me To strike me, spurn me, nay, to kill me
too : And now, so you will let me quiet go, To Athens will I bear my
folly back, And follow you no farther. Let me go-. You see how
simple and how fond I am. Her. Why, get you gone : who is 't that
hinders you ? Hel. A foolish heart that I leave here behind. Her.
What ! with Lysander ? Hel. With Demetrius. Lys. Be not afraid : she
shall not harm thee, Helena. Dem. No, sir, she shall not, though you
take her part. Hel. O, when she 's angry, she is keen and shrewd :
She was a vixen when she went to school ; And, though she be but
little, she is fierce. Her. Little again! nothing but low and little! —
Why will you suffer her to flout me thus ? Let me come to her. Lys.
Get you gone, you dwarf ; You minimus, of hind'ring knot-grass
made ; You bead, you acorn. Dem. You are too officious In her
behalf that scorns your services. Let her alone : speak not of Helena
; Take not her part ; for if thou dost intend Never so little show of
love to her, Thou shalt aby it. Lys. Now she holds me not ; Now
follow, if thou dar'st, to try whose right, Or thine or mine, is most in
Helena. Dem. Follow 1 nay, I '11 go with thee, cheek by jole.
{Exeunt LYS. and DEM. Her. You, mistress, all this coil is 'long of you:
Nay, go not back. Hel. I will not trust you, I ; Nor longer stay in your
curst company. Your hands than mine are quicker for a fray ; My legs
are longer though, to run away. {Exit. Her. I am amaz'd, and know
not what to say. [Exit, pursuing HELENA. Obe. This is thy negligence
: still thou mistak'st, Or else commit'st thy knaveries wilfully. Puck.
Believe me, king of shadows, I mistook. Did not you tell me I should
know the man By the Athenian garments he had on ? And so far
blameless proves my enterprise, That I have 'nointed an Athenian's
eyes : And so far am I glad it so did sort, As this their jangling I
esteem a sport. Obe. Thou seest these lovers seek a place to fight:
Hie therefore, Robin, overcast the night ; The starry welkin cover
thou anon With drooping fog, as black as Acheron • And lead these
testy rivals so astray, As one come not within another's way. Like to
Lysander sometime frame thy tongue, Then stir Demetrius up with
bitter wrong ; And sometime rail thou like Demetrius ; And from
each other look thou lead them thus, Till o'er their brows death -
counterfeiting sleep With leaden legs and batty wings doth creep :
Then crush this herb into Lysandei's eye ; Whose liquor hath this
virtuous property, To take from thence all error with his might, And
make his eyeballs roll with wonted sight When they next wake, all
this derision Shall seem a dream and fruitless vision ; And back to
Athens shall the lovers wend, With league whose date till death shall
never end. Whiles I in this affair do thee employ, I '11 to my queen,
and beg her Indian boy ; And then I will her charmed eye release
From monster's view, and all things shall be peace. Puck. My fairy
lord, this must be done with haste, For night's swift dragons cut the
clouds full fast; And yonder shines Aurora's harbinger, At whose
approach ghosts, wandering here and there, Troop home to
churchyards : damned spirits all, That in cross- ways and floods have
burial, Already to their wormy beds are gone ; For fear lest day
should look their shames upofc They wilfully exile themselves from
light, And must for aye consort with black-brow'd night. Obe. But we
are spirits of another sort ? I with the morning's love have oft made
sport ; And, like a forester, the groves may tread Even till the
eastern gate, all fiery-red, Opening on Neptune with fair blessed
beams, Turns into yellow gold his salt-green streams. But,
notwithstanding, haste ; make no delay : We may effect this
business yet ere day. [Exit OBE. Puck. Up and down, up and down ;
I will lead them up and down : I am fear'd in field and town ; Goblin,
lead them up and down. Here comes one.
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1 82 A MIDSUMMER NIGHT'S DREAM. [ACT IV. Enter

LYSANDER. Lys. Where art thou, proud Demetrius? speak thou now.
[art thou? Puck. Here, villain ; drawn and ready. Where Lys. I will be
with thee straight. Puck. Follow me, then, To plainer ground. [Exit
LYS. as following the voice. Enter DEMETRIUS. Dem. Lysander !
speak again. Thou runaway, thou coward, art thou fled ? Speak. In
some bush ? where dost thou hide thy head ? [stars, Puck. Thou
coward, art thou bragging to the Telling the bushes that thou look'st
for wars, And wilt not come ? Come, recreant ; come, thou child ; I
'11 whip thee with a rod : he is defiled That draws a sword on thee.
Dem. Yea, art thou there ? Puck. Follow my voice ; we '11 try no
manhood here. [Exeunt, Re-enter LYSANDER. Lys. He goes before
me, and still dares me on; When I come where he calls, then he is
gone. The villain is much lighter heeled than I : I follow'd fast, but
faster he did fly ; That fallen am I in dark uneven way, And here will
rest me. Come, thou gentle day! [Lies down. For if but once thou
show me thy gray light, I '11 find Demetrius, and revenge this spite.
[Sleeps. Re-enter PUCK and DEMETRIUS. Puck. Ho, ho ! ho, ho !
Coward, why com'st thou not ? Dem. Abide me if thou dar'st ; for
well I wot Thou runn'st before me, shifting every place ; And dar'st
not stand, nor look me in the face. Where art thou ? Pttck. Come
hither ; I am here. Dem. Nay, then, thou mock'st me. Thou shalt buy
this dear, If ever I thy face by daylight see : Now, go thy way.
Faintness constraineth me To measure out my length on this cold
bed. — By day's approach look to be visited. [Lies down and sleeps.
Enter HELENA. Hel. O weary night, O long and tedious night, Abate
thy hours ! Shine comforts from the east, That I may back to Athens
by daylight, From these that my poor company detest : — And sleep,
that sometimes shuts up sorrow's eye, Steal me awhile from mine
own company. [Sleeps. Puck. Yet but three ? Come one more ; Two
of both kinds makes up four. Here she comes, curst and sad :—
Cupid is a knavish lad, Thus to make poor females mad. Enter
HERMIA. Her. Never so weary, never so in woe, Bedabbled with the
dew, and torn with briers ; I can no farther crawl, no farther go ; My
legs can keep no pace with my desires. Here will I rest me till the
break of day. Heaven shield Lysander, if they mean a fray ! [Lies
down. Puck. On the ground Sleep sound : I '11 apply To your eye,
Gentle lover, remedy. [Squeezing the juice on LYSANDER'S eye.
When thou wak'st, Thou tak'st True delight In the sight Of thy
former lady's eye : And the country proverb known, That every man
should take his own, In your waking shall be shown : Jack shall have
Jill; Nought shall go ill ; [be well. The man shall have his mare again,
and all shall [Exit PUCK.— DEM., HEL., &-V, sleep. ACT IV. SCENE I.—
The Wood. Enter TITANIA and BOTTOM, Fairies attending ; OBERON
behind, unseen. Tita. Come, sit thee down upon this flowery bed,
While I thy amiable cheeks do coy, And stick musk-roses in thy sleek
smooth head, And kiss thy fair large ears, my gentle joy. Bot. Where
's Peasblossom ? Peas. Ready. Bot. Scratch my head, Peasblossom.
— Where 's Monsieur Cobweb ? Cob. Ready. Bot. Monsieur Cobweb ;
good monsieur, get your weapons in your hand and kill me a red-
hipped humble-bee on the top of a thistle; and, good
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SCENE I.] A MIDSUMMER NIGHT'S DREAM. monsieur, bring

me the honey- bag. Do not fret yourself too much in the action,
monsieur ; and, good monsieur, have a care the honey-bag break
not ; I would be loath to have you over-flown with a honey-bag,
signior. — Where's Monsieur Mustardseed ? Must. Ready. [seed. Bot.
Give me your neif, Monsieur MustardPray you, leave your courtesy,
good monsieur. Must. What 's your will ? Bot. Nothing, good
monsieur, but to help Cavalero Cobweb to scratch. I must to the
barber's, monsieur ; for methinks I am marvellous hairy about the
face : and I am such a tender ass, if my hair do but tickle me I must
scratch. Tito. What, wilt thou hear some music, my sweet love ? Bot.
I have a reasonable good ear in music ; let us have the tongs and
the bones. [eat. Tit a. Or say, sweet love, what thou desir'st to Bot.
Truly, a peck of provender ; I could munch your good dry oats.
Methinks I have a great desire to a bottle of hay : good hay, sweet
hay, hath no fellow. Tita. I have a venturous fairy that shall seek The
squirrel's hoard, and fetch thee new nuts. Bot. I had rather have a
handful or two of dried peas. But, I pray you, let none of your
people stir me ; I have an exposition of sleep come upon me. [arms.
Tita. Sleep thou, and I will wind thee in my Fairies, be gone, and be
all ways away. So doth the woodbine the sweet honeysuckle Gently
en twist, — the female ivy so Enrings the barky fingers of the elm.
O, how I love thee ! how I dote on thee ! [They sleep. OBERON
advances. Enter PUCK. Obe. Welcome, good Robin. Seest thou this
sweet sight ? Her dotage now I do begin to pity. For, meeting her of
late behind the wood, Seeking sweet savours for this hateful fool, I
did upbraid her, and fall out with her : For she his hairy temples then
had rounded With coronet of fresh and fragrant flowers ; And that
same dew, which sometime on the buds Was wont to swell like
round and orient pearls, Stood now within the pretty fiow'rets' eyes,
Like tears that did their own disgrace bewail. When I had, at my
pleasure, taunted her, And she, in mild terms, begg'd my patience, I
then did ask of her her changeling child ; Which straight she gave
me, and her fairy sent To bear him to my bower in fairy-land. And
now I have the boy, I will undo This hateful imperfection of her eyes.
And, gentle Puck, take this transformed scalp From off the head of
this Athenian swain ; That he awaking when the other do, May all to
Athens back again repair, And think no more of this night's accidents
But as the fierce vexation of a dream. But first I will release the fairy
queen. Be as thou wast wont to be ; [ Touching her eyes -with an
herb. See as thou wast wont to see : Dian's bud o'er Cupid's flower
Hath such force and blessed power. Now, my Titania ; wake you, my
sweet queen. Tita. My Oberon ! what visions have I seen !
Methought I was enamour'd of an ass. Obe. There lies your love.
Tita. How came these things to pass ? O, how mine eyes do loathe
his visage now ! Obe. Silence awhile. — Robin, take off this head.
Titania, music call ; and strike more dead Than common sleep, of all
these five, the sense. Tita. Music, ho ! music ; such as charmeth
sleep. Puck. Now, when thou wak'st, with thine own fool's eyes
peep. Obe. ound, music. [Still untsic.} Come, my queen, take hands
with me, And rock the ground whereon these sleepers be. Now thou
and I are new in amity, And will to-morrow midnight solemnly Dance
in Duke Theseus' house triumphantly, And bless it to all fair posterity
: There shall the pairs of faithful lovers be Wedded, with Theseus, all
in jollity. Puck. Fairy king, attend and mark ; I do hear the morning
lark. Obe. Then, my queen, in silence sad, Trip we after the night's
shade : We the globe can compass soon, Swifter than the wand'ring
moon. Tita. Come, my lord ; and in our flight, Tell me how it came
this night That I sleeping here was found, With these mortals on the
ground. [Exeunt. [Horns sound within. Enter THESEUS, HIPPOLYTA,
EGEUS, and Train. The. Go, one of you, find out the forester ; — For
now our observation is perform'd ; And since we have the vaward of
the day, My love shall hear the music of my hounds, — Uncouple in
the western valley ; . go : — Despatch, I say, and find the forester.—
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184 A MIDSUMMER NIGHT'S DREAM. [ACT iv. We will, fair

queen, up to the mountain's top, And mark the musical confusion Of
hounds and echo in conjunction. Hip. I was with Hercules and
Cadmus once, When in a wood of Crete they bay'd the bear With
hounds of Sparta : never did I hear Such gallant chiding ; for,
besides the groves, The skies, the fountains, every region near
Seem'd all one mutual cry : I never heard So musical a discord, such
sweet thunder. The. My hounds are bred out of the Spartan kind, So
flew'd, so sanded ; and their heads are hung With ears that sweep
away the morning dew ; Crook-kneed and dew-lap'd like Thessalian
bulls ; Slow in pursuit, but match'd in mouth like bells, Each under
each. A cry more tuneable Was never holla'd to, nor cheer'd with
horn, In Crete, in Sparta, nor in Thessaly : Judge when you hear. —
But, soft, what nymphs are these ? [asleep ; Ege. My lord, this is my
daughter here And this Lysander ; this Demetrius is ; This Helena,
old Nedar's Helena : I wonder of their being here together. The. No
doubt, they rose up early to observe The rite of May ; and, hearing
our intent, Came here in grace of our solemnity. — But speak, Egeus
; is not this the day That Hermia should give answer of her choice?
Ege. It is, my lord. The. Go, bid the huntsmen wake them with their
horns. \Horns, and shout within. DEM., LYS., HER., and HEL., awake
and start tip. The. Good-morrow, friends. Saint Valentine is past ;
Begin these wood-birds but to couple now ? Lys. Pardon, my lord.
\He and the rest kneel to THESEUS. The. I pray you all, stand up. I
know you two are rival enemies ; How comes this gentle concord in
the world, That hatred is so far from jealousy To sleep by hate, and
fear no enmity ? Lys. My lord, I shall reply amazedly, Half 'sleep, half
waking: but as yet, I swear, I cannot truly say how I came here :
But, as I think, — for truly would I speak—And now I do bethink me,
so it is, — I came with Hermia hither : our intent [be Was to be
gone from Athens, where we might Without the peril of the Athenian
law. Ege. Enough, enough, my lord; you have enough ; I beg the
law", the law upon his head. — They would have stol'n away, they
would, Demetrius, Thereby to have defeated you and me : You of
your wife, and me of my consent, — Of my consent that she should
be your wife. Dem. My lord, fair Helen told me of their stealth, Of
this their purpose hither to this wood ; And I in fury hither follow'd
them, Fair Helena in fancy following me. But, my good lord, I wot
not by what power, — But by some power it is,' — my love to
Hermia Melted as doth the snow — seems to me now As the
remembrance of an idle gawd Which in my childhood I did dote
upon : And all the faith, the virtue of my heart, The object and the
pleasure of mine eye, Is only Helena. To her, my lord, Was I
betroth'd ere I saw Hermia : But, like in sickness, did I loathe this
food ; But, as in health, come to my natural taste, Now do I wish it,
love it, long for it, And will for evermore be tiue to it. ,.;/,;> • The.
Fair lovers, you arc fortunately met : Of this discourse we more will
hear anon. — Egeus, I will overbear your will ; For in the temple, by
and by with us, These couples shall eternally be knit. And, for the
morning now is something worn, Our purpos'd hunting shall be set
aside. — Away with us to Athens three and three, We '11 hold a
feast in great solemnity. — Come, Hippolyta. [Exeunt THE., HIP.,
EGE., and Train. Dem. These things seem small and
undistinguishable, Like far-off mountains turned into clouds. Her.
Methinks I see these things with parted eye, When everything seems
double. Hel. So methinks : And I have found Demetrius like a jewel.
Mine own, and not mine own. Dem. It seems to me That yet we
sleep, we dream. — Do you not think The duke was here, and bid us
follow him ? Her. Yea, and my father. Hel. And Hippolyta. Lys. And he
did bid us follow to the temple. Dem. Why, then, we are awake : let
's follow him; And by the way let us recount our dreams. [Exeunt. As
they go out, BOTTOM awa&es. Bot. When my cue comes, call me,
and I will
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SCENE 1 1. J A MIDSUMMER NIGHT'S DREAM. 185 answer

: — my next is, Most fair Pyramus. Heigh-ho ! — Peter Quince !
Flute, the bellowsmender! Snout, the tinker ! Starveling! God's my
life, stolen hence, and left me asleep ! I have had a most rare vision.
I have had a dream — past the wit of man to say what dream it
was. — Man is but an ass if he go about to expound this dream.
Methought 1 was — there is no man can tell what. Methought I was,
and methought I had, — But man is but a patched fool, if he will
offer to say what methought I had. The eye of man hath not heard,
the ear of man hath not seen ; man's nand is not able to taste, his
tongue to conceive, nor his heart to report what my dream was. I
will get Peter Quince to write a ballad of this dream : it shall be
called Bottom's Dream, because it hath no bottom ; and I will sing it
in the latter end of a play, before the duke : peradventure, to make
it the more gracious, I shall sing it at her death. {Exit. SCENE II. —
ATHENS. A Room in QUINCE'S House. Enter QUINCE, FLUTE,
SNOUT, and STARVELING. Quin. Have you sent to Bottom's house ?
is he come home yet ? Star. He cannot be heard of. Out of doubt, he
is transported. Flu. If he come not, then the play is marred ; it goes
not forward, doth it ? Quin. It is not possible : you have not a man
in all Athens able to discharge Pyramus but he. Flu. No ; he hath
simply the best wit of any handicraft man in Athens. Quin. Yea, and
the best person too : and he is a very paramour for a sweet voice.
Flu. You must say paragon : a paramour is, God bless us, a thing of
naught. Enter SNUG. Snug. Masters, the duke is coming from the
temple ; and there is two or three lords and ladies more married : if
our sport had gone forward we had all been made men. Flu. O
sweet bully Bottom ! Thus hath he lost sixpence a-day during his life
; he could not have 'scaped sixpence a-day : an the duke had not
given him sixpence a-day for playing Pyramus, I'll be hanged; he
would have deserved it : sixpence a-day in Pyramus, or nothing.
Enter BOTTOM. Bot. Where are these lads ? where are these hearts?
Quin. Bottom !— O most courageous day ! O most happy hour 1
Bot. Masters, I am to discourse wonders: but ask me not what ; for
if I tell , ou, I am no true Athenian. I will tell you everything, right as
it fell out. Quin. Let us hear, sweet Bottom. Bot. Not a word of me.
All that I will tell you is, that the duke hath dined. Get your apparel
together ; good strings to your beards, new ribbons to your pumps ;
meet presently at the palace ; every man look over his part ; for, the
short and the long is, our play is preferred. In any case, let Thisby
have clean linen ; and let not him that plays the lion pare his nails,
for they shall hang out for the lion's claws. And, most dear actors,
eat no onions nor garlick ; for we are to utter sweet breath; and I do
not doubt but to hear them say it is a sweet comedy. No more words
: away ! go ; away ! \Exetmi. navj ACT V SCENE I. — ATHENS. An
Apartment in the Palace of THESEUS. Entet THESEUS, HIPPOLYTA,
PHILOSTRATE, Lords and Attendants. Hip. 'Tis strange, my Theseus,
that these lovers speak of. The. More strange than true. I never may
believe These antique fables, nor these fairy toys. Lovers and
madmen have such seething brains, Such shaping fantasies, that
apprehend More than cool reason ever comprehends. The lunatic,
the lover, and the poet Are of imagination all compact : One sees
more devils than vast hell can hold ; That is the madman : the lover,
all as frantic^ Sees Helen's beauty in a brow of Egypt : The poet's
eye, in a fine frenzy rolling, Doth glance from heaven to earth, from
earth to heaven, And, as imagination bodies forth The forms of
things unknown, the poet's pen Turns them to shapes, and gives to
airy nothing A local habitation and a name. Such tricks hath strong
imagination, That, if it would but apprehend some joy, It
comprehends some bringer of that joy ; Or in the night, imagining
some fear, How easy is a bush supposed a bear ? Hip. But all the
story of the night told over. And all their minds transfigur'd so
together, More witnessed! than fancy's images, And grows to
something of great constancy % But, howsoever, Strange and
admirable.
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1 86 A MIDSUMMER NIGHT'S DREAM. [ACT v. Enter

LYSANDER, DEMETRIUS, HERMIA, and HELENA. - - 3t;iJ The. Here
comfc the lovers, full of joy and mirth. — Joy, gentle friends ! joy
and fresh days of love Accompany your hearts ! LyS, More than to us
Wait on your royal walks, your board, your bed ! The. Come now ;
what masques, what dances shall we have, To wear away this long
age of three hours Between our after-supper and bed-time ? Where
is our usual manager of mirth ? What revels are in hand ? Is there
no play, To ease the anguish of a torturing hour ? Call Philostrate.
Philost. Here, mighty Theseus. The. Say, what abridgment have you
for this evening ? What masque? what music? How shall we beguile
The lazy time, if not with some delight ? Philost. There is a brief how
many sports are ripe ; Make choice of which your highness will see
first. [Giving a paper. The. [reads.'} The battle with the Centaurs, to
be siing By an Athenian eunuch to the harp. We '11 none of that :
that I have told my love, In glory of my kinsman Hercules. The riot
of the tipsy Bacchanals, Tearing the Thracian singer in their rage.
That is an old device, and it was play'd When I from Thebes came
last a conqueror. The thrice-three Muses mourning for the death Of
learning, late deceased in beggary * That is some satire, keen and
critical, Not sorting with a nuptial ceremony. A tedious brief scene of
young Pyramus, And his love Thisbe ; very tragical mirth. Merry and
tragical ! tedious and brief ! That is, hot ice and wondrous strange
snow. How shall we find the concord of this discord ? Philost. A play
there is, my lord, some ten words long, Which is as brief as I have
known a play ; But by ten words, my lord, it is too long, Which
makes it tedious : for in all the play There is not one word apt, one
player fitted : And tragical, my noble lord, it is ; For Pyramus therein
doth kill himself: Which when I saw rehears'd, I must confess, Made
mine eyes water ; but more merry tears The passion of loud
laughter never shed. The. What are they that do play it ? Philost.
Hard-handed men that work in Athens here, Which never labour'd in
their minds till now ; And now have toil'd their unbreath'd memories
With this same play against your nuptial. The. And we will hear it.
Philost. No, my noble lord, It is not for you : I have heard it over,
And it is nothing, nothing in the world ; Unless you can find sport in
their intents, Extremely stretch'd, and conn'd with cruel pain, To do
you service. The. I will hear that play ; For never anything can be
amiss When simpleness and duty tender it. Go, bring them in : and
take your places, ladies. [Exit PHILOSTRATE. Hip. I love not to see
wretchedness o'ercharged, And duty in his service perishing. [thing.
The. Why, gentle sweet, you shall see no such Hip. He says they can
do nothing in this kind. The. The kinder we, to give them thanks for
nothing. Our sport shall be to take what they mistake : And what
poor duty cannot do, Noble respect takes it in might, not merit.
Where I have come, great clerks have purposed To greet me with
premeditated welcomes ; Where I have seen them shiver and look
pale, Make periods in the midst of sentences, Throttle their practis'd
accent in their fears, And, in conclusion, dumbly have broke off, Not
paying me a welcome. Trust me, sweet, Out of this silence yet I
pick'd a welcome And in the modesty of fearful duty I read as much
as from the rattling tongue Of saucy and audacious eloquence. Love,
therefore, and tongue-tied simplicity In least speak most to my
capacity. Enter PHILOSTRATE. Philost. So please your grace, the
prologue is address'd. The. Let him approach. [Flourish of Trumpets.
Enter Prologue. Prol. If we offend, it is with our good will. That you
should think we come not tc offend But with good will. To shyw our
simple skill^ That is the true beginning of our end. Consider, then,
we come but in despite. We do not me as minding to content you.
Our true intent is. All for your delight We are not here. That you
should here re pentyou.
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SCENE I.] A MIDSUMMER NIGHT'S DREAM. i87 The actors

are at hand: and, by their show, You shall know all that you are like
to know. The. This fellow doth not stand upon points. Lys. He hath
rid hL prologue like a rough c»lt ; he knows not the stop. A good
moral, my lord : it is not enough to speak, but to speak true. Hip.
Indeed he hath played on this prologue like a child on a recorder ; a
sound, but not in government. The. His speech was like a tangled
chain ; nothing impaired, but all disordered. Who is next? Enter
PYRAMUS and THISBE, WALL, MOONSHINE, and LlON, as in dumb
show. Prol. Gentles, perchance you wonder at this show ; [plain. But
wonder on, till truth make all things This man is Pyramus, if you
would know ; This beauteous lady Thisby is, certain. This man, with
lime and rough-cast, doth persent [sunder : Wall, that vile Wall
which did these lovers And through Wall's chink, poor souls, they are
content To whisper, at the which let no man wonder. This man, with
lantern, dog, and bush of thorn, Presenteth Moonshine : for, if you
will know, By moonshine did these lovers think no scorn To meet at
Ninus' tomb, there, there to woo. This grisly beast, which by name
Lion hight, The trusty Thisby, coming first by night, Did scare away,
or rather did affright : And as she fled, her mantle she did fall ;
Which Lion vile with bloody mouth did stain : Anon comes Pyramus,
sweet youth, and tall, And finds his trusty Thisby's mantle slain ;
Whereat with blade, with bloody blameful blade, He bravely broach'd
his boiling bloody breast ; And Thisby, tarrying in mulberry shade,
His dagger drew, and died. For all the rest, Let Lion, Moonshine,
Wall, and lovers twain At large discourse while here they do remain.
{Exeunt Prol., THIS., LION, and MOON. The. I wonder if the lion be
to speak, Dem. No wonder, my lord : one lion may, when many
asses do. Wall. In this same interlude it doth befall That I, one Snout
by name, present a wall : And such a wall as I would have you think
That had in it a crannied hole or chink, Through which the lovers,
Pyramus and Thisby, Did whisper often very secretly. [show This
loam, this rough-cast, and this stone doth That I am that same wall
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