INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON THE PATTERN OF NEWS

CONSUMPTION IN ADDO OTTA SANGO

OGUN STATE

BY

OLUKOKUN IFEOLUWA ISMAIL GWU/BSC/94765

A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

MEDIA AND MASS COMMUNICATION

GLOBAL WEALTH UNIVERSITY. LOME, TOGO

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

AWARD OF BSC IN

MEDIA AND MASS COMMUNICATION

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 MAY 2025.
CERTIFICATION

This Is To Certify That Research Work ”Influence Of Social Media On The

Pattern Of News Consumption In Addo Otta Sango Ogun State” Is The
Original Work Of Olukokun Ifeoluwa Ismail. This Work Has Been Approved
As Meeting Requirement For The Award Of Bachelor Of Science (B.Sc.) In
Media and Mass Communication.

………………………………………. ……..…………………………

PROJECT SUPERVISOR DATE/SIGN

………………………………………… ……………………………….

CENTER COORDINATOR’S NAME DATE/SIGN

……………………………………….. ……………………………….

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EXTERNAL INVIGILATOR DATE/SIGN

DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to God Almighty, the source of all knowledge, the
Author and Finisher of my faith, and also my parents.

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I extend my sincere gratitude to my Supervisor, Mr Azuka innocent, for his

guidance, valuable suggestions, constructive criticism, and unwavering
motivation. I am also deeply thankful to Prof. Christopher Irene Imumolen for
providing me with the invaluable opportunity to study at this esteemed
institution (Joint Professional Training and Support International). This
experience has significantly aided my research and broadened my
understanding. Finally, I wish to express my appreciation to my parents and
friends, whose support was instrumental in the completion of this project
within the given timeframe.

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 ABSTRACT

This study was carried out to examine the influence of social media on the
pattern of news consumption in Oddo Otta Sango, Ogun State. The study
specifically was aimed to identify the perception of Ogun State residents on
social media as a pattern of news consumption, identify the level of usability of
social media as tools for news consumption by Ogun State residents, access
available information on social media as a pattern of news consumption among
residents of Ogun State, identify the benefits achieved by the deployment of
social media as tools for news consumption by Ogun State residents, and
identify the challenges confronting the effective use of social media news
platforms by residents of Ogun State. The survey design was adopted and the
simple random sampling techniques were employed in this study. The
population size comprised of residents of Oddo Otta, Ogun State. In
determining the sample size, the researcher conveniently selected 147
respondents and 141 were validated. Self-constructed and validated
questionnaire was used for data collection. The collected and validated
questionnaires were analyzed using frequency tables, while the hypotheses
were tested using Chi-square statistical tool. The result of the findings reveals
that to Ogun State residents has a positive perception of social media as a
pattern of news consumption. The study also revealed that the challenges
confronting the effective use of social media news platforms by residents of
Ogun State includes: misinformation and fake news, access and connectivity
issues, privacy and security concerns, algorithmic bias and filter bubbles.
Therefore, it is recommended that media platforms and journalists should

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uphold ethical standards in reporting news on social media. They should
prioritize accuracy, objectivity, and transparency to maintain trust and
credibility among their audience. To mention but a few.

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES

Title page ……………………………………………………………..………i

Clarification .…………………………………………………………………ii

Dedication …………………………………………………………………….iii

Acknowledgment ..…………………………………………………………..iv
Abstract ..……………………………………………………………………..v

Table of contents ……………………………………………………………vi

PART B

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study 9

1.2 Statement of the Problem 10

1.3 Objective of the Study 11

1.4 Research Questions 12

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1.5 Research Hypothesis 12

1.6 Significance of the Study 12

1.7 Scope of the Study 13

1.8 Limitation of the Study 13

1.9 Definition of Terms 13

1.10 Organizations of the Study 14

CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Conceptual Framework 15

2.1.1 Concept of Social Media 15

2.1.2 History of Social Media 18

2.1.3 Features of Social Media 20

2.1.5 Emergence of the Information Society 21

2.1.6 Social Media Use in Nigeria 22

2.1.7 Concept of News 24

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2.1.8 Concept of News Consumption 25

2.1.9 Social Media on The Pattern Of News Consumption 26

2.1.10 Social Media And Convergence 29

2.1.11 The Influence Social Media On The Pattern Of News Consumption 30

2.2 Theoretical Framework 33

2.2.1 Agenda-Setting Theory 33

2.2.2 Uses And Gratifications Theory 35

2.3 Empirical Review 36

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design 47

3.2 Population of the Study 47

3.3 Sample Size Determination 48

3.4 Sample Size Selection Technique and Procedure 48

3.5 Research Instrument and Administration 48

3.6 Method of Data Collection 49

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3.7 Method of Data Analysis 49

3.8 Validity of the Study 49

3.9 Reliability of the Study 50

3.10 Ethical Consideration 50

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Data Presentation 51

4.4 Analysis of Data 52

4.3 Answering Research Questions 53

4.4 Test Of Hypothesis 56

4.5 Discussion of Findings 57

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Introduction 59

5.2 Summary 59

5.3 Conclusion 60

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5.4 Recommendation 60

References 62

APPENDIX 68

QUESTIONNAIRE 68

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Of The Study
Before the advent of social media, individuals, organizations,
households, etc., depended on traditional media for news updates, breaking
news, follow-up stories, etc. Hence, news consumption was basically via the
traditional media (radio, television, magazine, and newspaper). According to
Tayo, Adebola,&Yahya (2019), social media has also facilitated
communication and connection among people in various social and
educational contexts. It has created an open and global platform for
interaction and collaboration. Social media has influenced young adults,
instructors, and other academic stakeholders to engage in knowledge creation
and sharing in higher education. However, since the saturation of the world
with modern technologies of communication, the channels of news
dissemination and consequently, consumption have become diversified. It
became more diversified with the evolution of myriads of social media
platforms incorporated into those technologies. Therefore, news consumption
habits of individuals, corporate organizations, and society at large drifted
drastically toward the accessibility and feasibility of social media. In recent
times, almost, if not all, traditional news outlets, broadcast and print

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inclusive, have integrated news dissemination via social media into their daily
reportage. This affirms that social media influences news generation,
dissemination, and consumption of both the source and receiver. The
landscape of news and information consumption has undergone a
significant metamorphosis due to the influence of social media. It provides a
diverse range of news sources, enables real-time updates and perspectives,
and fosters social interactions and participation. Social media has become a
vital part of news consumption, especially for young people who are avid users
of these platforms. To this end, Urban and Bodoky (2023) submit that social
media, particularly Facebook, has reshaped media consumption
habits.Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the impact of social media on
the news consumption patterns and preferences of users, with a particular
focus on young adults who predominantly depend on these platforms for
accessing news content. Hence, the study explored how social media
usage influences news consumption habits, such as the frequency,
duration, sources, topics, and formats of news they consume. It also
investigated their attitudes and perceptions towards news consumption on
social media platforms, such as their trust, satisfaction, engagement, and
critical thinking.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Social media has become a ubiquitous aspect of modern communication,
with profound implications for news consumption among young adults.
This is very applicable to residents of Ogun State. Nevertheless, there is a
lack of comprehensive investigation into the impact of social media usage on
news consumption among Ogun State people. Social media platforms have
become increasingly popular as sources of news among young adults in
Nigeria.

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 With the proliferation of social networking sites such as Facebook,
Twitter, Instagram, and WhatsApp, students now have easy access to a wide
range of news content. However, the reliance on social media for news
consumption raises several concerns regarding the credibility, accuracy, and
impact of the information shared.
Inline with the above, the issue of misinformation and fake news is
prevalent on social media platforms. As a result, false information spreads
rapidly on platforms like Twitter, Facebook, etc. which often leads to
misconceptions and misunderstandings among users (Allcott & Gentzkow,
2017).
Previous research has predominantly focused on exploring the effects of
social media usage on political participation, socialization, and academic
performance. Consequently, there exists an unexplored gap in scholarly
literature regarding the extent of social media utilization for news consumption
and its subsequent implications among Ogun State residents. The focal issue
investigated in this research pertains to comprehending the impact of social
media utilization on the news consumption habits of people. This problem
gains significance as underscored by Rithika and Sara (2023), given that
news consumption significantly contributes to shaping public opinion and
influencing decision-making, particularly among young adults. This
examination becomes imperative for the development of strategies aimed at
enhancing media literacy education and ensuring the dissemination of
credible news.

1.3 Objectives of The Study

The overall aim of this study is to examine influence of social media on the
pattern of news consumption in Ogun State.
This study is anchored on the following objectives:

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 i. To identify the perception of Addo Otta Sango residents on social media
as a pattern of news consumption.
ii. To identify the level of usability of social media as tools for news
consumption by Addo Otta Sango residents
iii. To access available information on social media as a pattern of news
consumption among Addo Otta Sango residents.
iv. To identify the benefits achieved by the deployment of social media as
tools for news consumption of Addo Otta Sango residents.
v. To identify the challenges confronting the effective use of social media
news platforms by residents of Addo Otta Sango.

1.4 Research Questions

To guide this study, the following research questions were raised:
i. What is the perception of Addo Otta Sango residents on social media as
a pattern of news consumption?
ii. What is the level of usability of social media as tools for news
consumption by Addo Otta Sango residents?
iii. What is available information on social media as a pattern of news
consumption among Addo Otta Sango residents?
iv. What are the benefits achieved by the deployment of social media as
tools for news consumption of Addo Otta Sango residents?
v. What are the challenges confronting the effective use of social media
news platforms by residents of Addo Otta Sango?

1.5 Research Hypothesis

Ho: Social media has not influenced the pattern of news consumption among
Addo Otta Sango residents
Ha: Social media has influenced the pattern of news consumption among Addo
Otta Sango residents

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1.6 Significance of The Study
The findings will help media organizations and policymakers understand
the preferences and habits of young audiences towards news consumption,
enabling them to tailor content and policies to better meet their needs. The
study will also contribute to efforts to improve media literacy among young
people, helping them critically evaluate the credibility and reliability of online
news sources.
The study will contribute to the body of academic literature on media
consumption patterns among young people, serving as a basis for further
research and exploration in the field of media studies and communication.
1.7 Scope of the Study.
The focus of this study is on influence of social media on the pattern of
news consumption in Addo Otta Sango. Hence, the study will be delimited to
residents of Addo Otta Sango.

1.8 Limitation of the Study

Like in every human endeavour, the researcher encountered slight
constraints while carrying out the study. Insufficient funds tend to impede the
efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature, or
information and in the process of data collection, which is why the researcher
resorted to a limited choice of sample size. More so, the researcher
simultaneously engaged in this study with other academic work. As a result, the
amount of time spent on research will be reduced.
Moreover, the case study method utilized in the study posed some
challenges to the investigator including the possibility of biases and poor
judgment of issues. However, the investigator relied on respect for the general
principles of procedures, justice, fairness, objectivity in observation and
recording, and weighing of evidence to overcome the challenges.

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1.9 Definition of Terms
Social Media: Social networking sites are ‘web-based services that allow
individuals to construct a public or semi-public profile within a bounded
system; articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection; and
view and traverse their list of connections and those made by others within the
system.
News: This refers to information about recent events or developments,
including but not limited to politics, economics, sports, entertainment, health,
and technology. It may encompass both local and international news stories.
Sources of news: This refers to the specific social media platforms, websites,
or applications from which young adults in Nigeria obtain information about
current events, developments, and news stories. This may include posts from
friends, news organizations, blogs, or other online sources.

1.10 Organization of the Study

The study is categorized into five chapters. The first chapter presents the
background of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study,
research questions and hypothesis, the significance of the study,
scope/limitations of the study, and definition of terms. The chapter two covers
the review of literature with emphasis on conceptual framework, theoretical
framework, and empirical review. Likewise, the chapter three which is the
research methodology, specifically covers the research design, population of
the study, sample size determination, sample size, abnd selection technique
and procedure, research instrument and administration, method of data
collection, method of data analysis, validity and reliability of the study, and
ethical consideration. The second to last chapter being the chapter four presents
the data presentation and analysis, while the last chapter(chapter five) contains
the summary, conclusion and recommendation.

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 CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.0 Introduction
Our focus in this chapter is to critically examine relevant literature that
would assist in explaining the research problem and furthermore recognize the
efforts of scholars who had previously contributed immensely to similar
research. The chapter intends to deepen the understanding of the study and
close the perceived gaps.
Precisely, the chapter will be considered in three sub-headings:
Conceptual Framework
Theoretical Framework
Empirical Review

2.1 Conceptual Framework

2.1.1 Concept of Social Media
Social media are software tools that allow people to create and share
information, ideas, career interests, and other kinds of expression through
virtual communities and networks. According to Pate (2016) users often access
social media services using web-based technologies on desktop computers and

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laptops, or through mobile apps that provide social media capabilities (e.g.,
smartphones and tablet computers). When using these technologies, users may
build highly interactive platforms that allow people, groups, and organizations
to exchange, co-create, discuss, and alter user-generated or pre-made
information that has been placed online. They bring about significant and
extensive changes in corporate, organization, community, and individual
communication. Individuals and major businesses are changing their
communication methods as a result of social media (Curran, O'Hara, &
O'Brien, 2015).
According to Kaplan and Haenlein (2013), social media is a collection of
web-based tools that enable the production and sharing of usergenerated
content while building on the theoretical and technological underpinnings of
Web 2.0. This demonstrates how social media is interactive and participatory,
allowing users to create and consume content simultaneously. It highlights
even more how social media is usercentric and has revolutionized how people
interact with one another and with information. In a similar vein, social media
was described by Boyd and Ellison (2007) as a networked communication
platform where users share and access user-generated content. This emphasizes
the networked communication structure of social media, which enables
participants to create, share, and consume content that is generated by users.
Kaplan and Haenlein's definition highlights the participatory and
collaborative nature of social media platforms, where users play an active role
in shaping the available content. Additionally, the definition suggests that
social media platforms facilitate real-time connections and communication
among users, creating a sense of community that is often absent in traditional
media formats. Moreover, social media was defined by Kietzmann, Hermkens,
McCarthy, and Silvestre (2011) as a collection of web-based tools that facilitate
the production and sharing of usergenerated content. In this instance,
Kietzmann et al. emphasize the value of the Internet as a tool for information

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sharing and the development of online communities. Qualman (2013) defines
social media as a collection of online tools and platforms that people use to
share media, viewpoints, experiences, insights, and other types of content.
Mobile devices and software enable this exchange. Thus, it appears from all
these definitions that social media are web-based services that let people work
together, connect, engage, and create communities by letting them easily
access, create, co-create, modify, share, and interact with user-generated
content. Furthermore, social media is a platform that depends on internet usage
to generate, consume, and distribute various types of content among its users.
In contrast to conventional media which uses a mono-logic transmission
paradigm (one source to many receivers), such as a paper newspaper
distributed to numerous subscribers or a radio station broadcasting the same
programming to a whole city.Social media platforms use a dia-logic
transmission method (many sources to many receivers). Social media are
computer-mediated technologies that facilitate the creation and sharing of
information, ideas, career interests and other forms of expression via virtual
communities and networks. Users typically access social media services via
web-based technologies on desktop computers and laptops, or download
services that offer social media functionality to their mobile devices
(e.g.smartphones and tablet computers). When engaging with these services,
users can create highly interactive platforms through which individuals,
communities and organizations can share, co-create, discuss, and modify user-
generated content or pre-made content posted online. They introduce
substantial and pervasive changes to communication between businesses,
organizations, communities and individuals. Social media changes the way
individuals and large organizations communicate (Curran, O'Hara, & O'Brien,
2015). These changes are the focus of the emerging field of technological
studies. Social media differs from paper-based media (e.g., magazines and
newspapers) or traditional electronic media such as TV broadcasting in many

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ways, including quality, reach, frequency, interactivity, usability, immediacy,
and permanence. Social media operate in a dia-logic transmission system
(many sources to many receivers). This is in contrast to traditional media which
operates under a mono-logic transmission model (one source to many
receivers), such as a paper newspaper which is delivered to many subscribers
or a radio station which broadcasts the same programs to an entire city. Some
of the most popular social media websites are Instagram, Facebook, LinkedIn,
Pinterest, Reddit, Snapchat, Tumblr, Viber, VK, WeChat, Weibo, WhatsApp,
Wikia, and YouTube.
2.1.2 History of Social Media
The roots of social media stretch far deeper than we might imagine.
Although it seems like a new trend, sites like Facebook are the natural outcome
of many centuries of social media development (Drew, 2014). There are
ongoing debates on whether e-mail could be considered a part of social media.
The predominant reasons why e-mail is not considered a social medium are
because (i) Email is a distribution mechanism whereas social media is a
collective mechanism and (ii) Mass communication is different from mass
collaboration. But e-mail certainly qualifies if we go by the simple definition
that “social media is conversations that happen online”. Though the debate
goes on, we cannot ignore the fact that the introduction of e-mail marked the
beginning to the much more collaborative social media years later. (Sajithra &
Patil, 2014).
In the 1990s, the world was evolving rapidly to the connected forefront.
Personal computers had evolved in popularity in developed nations, and people
started realising the potential that a connected world may have. Hence rose the
Internet Relay Chats (IRCs) in 1988 which became popular in 1990. This was a
rudimentary form of text messaging and instant communication, and not until
1997 did we see the first full-blown social medium come into being (digit.in,
2019). Six Degrees was an online platform that allowed users to create their

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own profiles and ‘friend’ others on it. This was, in the true sense, a precursor of
greater days for social media, and the fact that Six Degrees also allowed users
to add unregistered people as friends too showed the global impact that social
media would eventually have all across the world. The platform was named
after the ‘Six Degrees of Separation’ theory.
Originally proposed back in 1929 by Frigyes Karinthy in light of a
shrinking world, the theory suggested that everyone in this world is connected
and interconnected by no more than six degrees, or individuals, in between.
With the advent of social media, the theory took even more profound a
meaning, and the world shrunk further (digit.in, 2019). After the success of
IRC, many personal websites, discussion groups and chat groups also became
popular. At the beginning of the 90s, internet access was not completely
accessible to the public. This situation changed when private Internet service
Providers (ISPs) began to start operations in the United States around 1994 or
1995. This gave millions of home users the chance to experience it. The other
reason for the initial euphoria was the fact that the content was absolutely free
other than the data usage paid to the internet companies. Early internet users
were extremely outspoken and opinionated by today’s standards. People were
thrilled at the possibility of sharing their opinions and often went overboard in
their expressions. The first online social media etiquette standards were
proposed, and called netiquette, as a control mechanism. Internet forums grew
in popularity by the late 90s and as the primary platform for topical discussions
(Sajithra & Patil, 2014). The modern blog evolved from the online diary. Justin
Hall, who began personal blogging in 1994 is generally recognized as one of
the earliest bloggers. The other popular blogs are Dave Winer's Scripting News
and Wearable Wireless Webcam.
Wearable Wireless Webcam was unique in terms of how it combined
text, video, and pictures transmitted live from a wearable computer and EyeTap
device to a web site in 1994. This practice of semi-automated blogging with

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live video together with text was referred to as surveillance. Such entries were
considered as legal evidence as well. Early blogs were simply updates in
common websites. However, the evolution of tools to facilitate the production
and maintenance of web articles posted in reverse chronological order made the
publishing process feasible to a much larger, less technical, population.
Ultimately, this resulted in the distinct class of online publishing that produces
blogs we recognize today. For instance, the use of some sort of browser-based
software is now a typical aspect of "blogging". Blogs can be hosted by
dedicated blog hosting services, or they can be run using blog software, or on
regular web hosting services. Blogs are recognized as a separate medium in
itself (Sajithra & Patil, 2014).
After the invention of blogging, social media began to explode in
popularity. Sites like MySpace and LinkedIn gained prominence in the early
2000s, and sites like Photobucket and Flickr facilitated online photo sharing.
YouTube came out in 2005, creating an entirely new way for people to
communicate and share with each other across great distances. By 2006,
Facebook and Twitter both became available to users throughout the world.
These sites remain some of the most popular social networks on the Internet.
Other sites like Tumblr, Spotify, Foursquare and Pinterest began popping up to
fill specific social networking niches (Drew, 2014).
Today, there is a tremendous variety of social networking sites, and many
of them can be linked to allow cross-posting. This creates an environment
where users can reach the maximum number of people without sacrificing the
intimacy of person-to-person communication (Drew, 2014).
2.1.3 Features of Social Media
● Profile creation: individual user is required to create unique or distinct
digital identity that represents their personality in their interaction or
communication with other users or personalities.

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 ● Connection to other users: this feature involves connecting or
networking to other digital natives since one cannot exist in isolation in
virtual world just like the real world.
● Share ability: all social media platforms have this quality that enables
users to share messages or information with other users on the same
platform (e.g.Facebook to Facebook) or on different platforms
(e.g.Facebook to Twitter).
● Grouping: this gives users or individuals the opportunity to have a
common bond or virtual community based on shared characteristics.
● Interactivity: this means the ability of users to interact with each other
by sending and receiving content via the social media space.
● Instantaneity: the social media users have the liberty to interact on an
instantaneous basis.
● Confidentiality/privacy: social media platforms provide setting where
users can have certain degree of confidentiality to users.
2.1.5 Emergence of the Information Society
Social media represent the new variant of web-based platforms that
promote interactivity and connectivity among users. They are essentially based
on the web 2.0 technology and depend on computer-mediated tools that are
capable of facilitating expressions, building online community of users,
creating or co-creating social values known as Users Generated Content
(UGC), and engendering discussions among people who may be spatially
dispersed (Akpoghiran & Erubami, 2019). These tools, according to Kaplan &
Haelin (2020), are broadly categorised into social networking sites (as in
Facebook), blogs and micro blogs (as in Twitter), collaborative projects (as in
Wikipedia), content communities (as in YouTube), virtual game world (as in
World of Craft) and virtual social world (such as Second life).
In Nigeria, the social media ranks among the commonest platforms for
interaction and exchange of ideas among people, hence they have been

xxx
described as the newest platforms for experiencing the products of journalism
(Ajayi & Adesote, 2015). About 30.9 million Nigerians are estimated to be
active users of various social media platforms and this figure is projected to
rise to 36.8 million in 2023 (Clement,2019). The pervasiveness and popularity
of the social media could be linked to their unwritten principle of ‘share it and
share in it’. Users do not only receive and consume contents on the social
media, but are also empowered to produce and disseminate information they
deem fit, making them ‘prosumers’ in the process. Similarly, the increasing
number of Nigerians with access to the internet is another reason for the
geometric growth in the number of active social media users in Nigeria. For
example, about 126,078,999 Nigerians used the internet for various purposes in
2019 (Internet World Stats, 2020).
2.1.6 Social Media Use in Nigeria
The day to day use of social media in Nigeria is demonstrated mostly by
online chatting and the transmission of personal messages by diverse users on
various social media platforms. Chatting is a type of online interpersonal
communication. It is a very known way of teenage communication or dialogue
in which people exchange thoughts, sentiments, experiences, and information
with others who are linked to one of the social media platforms such as
Twitter, Whatsapp, Facebook and so on.
As a result, the talking feature in social media is more similar to the usual
online chat rooms, which Ogbuoshi (2016) defines as "internet users may
engage in on-line discourse with other users from all over the globe by typing
messages back and forth within private rooms." Scholars argue that in order to
counteract false news, conspicuous disparities in how freedom of expression is
practiced physically (outside) and digitally (online) should be implemented
(Ohaja, 2017). The potentially universal accessibility of the Internet as a
publisher by anyone; and its ability to support new, democratic public spaces
for debate (the so-called virtual public square value of the Internet), where

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social media handlers explore platforms for mobilization and incorporation of
citizens in protest schemes regardless of distance and geographical barriers; a
concerning trend that must be closely monitored.
Odo (2019) claimed that in modern Nigeria, social media is mostly used
in three categories by the audience. There are three types of communication:
mass communication, organizational or institutional communication, and
interpersonal communication. Each of these social media usage categories must
be explained in detail. Odo (2019) highlighted that, another method to use
social media is to send messages, mostly from one person to another who may
be friends, acquaintances, or family members. Such communications, for
example, might be delivered to the user's personal mailbox, which no one else
has access to. In another light, when such a message is put on the wall, the
public members of the medium, which include all of his friends and their
friends, may watch and comment to it. The use of new or social media creates a
platform for better and simpler generation, sharing, and interaction of ideas by
individuals. Users develop and discuss material of public interest in this
manner. According to Odo (2019), social media accomplish nearly the same
thing as traditional mass media. He argues that "the media frequently provides
topics for debate and so helps to lubricate social life in homes, workplaces, and
even among strangers." In the same subject, people raise hot topics for public
debate on social media platforms, and users reflect on them extensively.
Furthermore, institutional or academic use of social media refers to the use
of social media by various private and public institutions as a means of
reaching their 'public.' For example, institutions such as the Independent
National Electoral Commission (INEC), educational institutions, and banks,
among others, use social media to connect with the people. State governments
in Nigeria, for example, have continued to develop a multi-media digital
channel, including better social media platforms. This provided a significant
incentive to the modern usage of social media.

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 Indeed, the usage of social media in Nigeria, in particular, has brought the
most populous black nation into what Nwammuo (2017) refers to as a
"Electronic Republic" democratic system in which media technologies are
utilized to boost people's power and influence over official choices. This was
clearly reflected in the subsequent usage of social media during the 2011 North
African political uprisings, as Okezie (2018) observed that "social
networks...circulated knowledge about the regimes and how...to face
governmental repression."
There is no question that the usage of social media in the political
atmosphere on the African continent caused what Okezie (2018) refers to as
"moral panic," that is, arousal of social concern; by creating new political and
social traditions among the people. This is what the mainstream media has been
renowned for throughout the years.
2.1.7 Concept of News
News serves as a vital component of modern society, providing
information, analysis, and interpretation of events that shape our world
(Fenton, 2018). It encompasses a wide range of topics, including politics,
economics, social issues, culture, sports, and more, aiming to inform, educate,
and engage the public (Allan, 2014). In today's digital age, news is accessible
through various platforms, including television, radio, newspapers, websites,
and social media, allowing people to stay informed in real-time
(Kalogeropoulos et al., 2019).
The significance of news lies in its role as a watchdog of democracy,
holding those in power accountable and providing citizens with the information
they need to make informed decisions (Golding & Harris, 2019). Journalists
play a crucial role in gathering and disseminating news, adhering to principles
of accuracy, fairness, and objectivity (Deuze, 2019). Through investigative
reporting and in-depth analysis, journalists uncover stories that might otherwise

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remain hidden, shedding light on issues of public interest and exposing
wrongdoing (Powers & Fico, 2014).
Moreover, news serves as a forum for debate and discussion, allowing
different viewpoints to be heard and challenging prevailing narratives (Tiffen,
2018). It provides a platform for voices that may be marginalized or
underrepresented in mainstream discourse, fostering diversity and inclusivity in
public discourse (Chadwick, 2017). Additionally, news helps to shape public
opinion and influence policy debates, serving as a catalyst for social change
and progress (Baum & Groeling, 2018).
However, the landscape of news has undergone significant
transformation in recent years, driven by technological advancements and
changes in consumer behavior (Pavlik, 2013). The rise of digital media has led
to the proliferation of online news sources, giving rise to concerns about the
spread of misinformation, fake news, and sensationalism (Wardle &
Derakhshan, 2017). Social media platforms, in particular, have become key
channels for news distribution, but they also pose challenges in terms of
accuracy, credibility, and the echo chamber effect (Boczkowski &
Papacharissi, 2018).
Finally, news plays a vital role in informing, educating, and empowering
individuals in society (McNair, 2019). It serves as a cornerstone of democracy,
providing a platform for accountability, debate, and diversity of opinion
(Curran & Seaton, 2017). While the digital age has brought about changes and
challenges in the way news is produced and consumed, its fundamental
importance in shaping public discourse and driving social change remains
unchanged (Dahlgren, 2018). As such, ensuring the integrity and reliability of
news sources is essential to preserving its role as a cornerstone of democracy
(Patterson, 2014).
2.1.8 Concept of News Consumption

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 News consumption is conceptualized as the process by which
individuals actively seek out and receive news and information through various
channels. According to McCombs and Shaw (2013), it is the process by which
people choose which news items to view and understand depending on their
needs, interests, and preexisting beliefs. Adding credence to their submission,
Lippmann (2005) suggests that news consumption is a means by which
individuals construct their understanding of the world around them. In their
study, Flanagin and Metzger (2000) further conceptualized news consumption
as the process by which individuals acquire, attend to, and comprehend news
content.
Similarly, Delli & Keeter (1996) describe news consumption as a
complex process that involves not only exposure to news content but also
attention, comprehension, and retention. According to Verstraete, Derek &
Jane (2017), the act of disseminating news on social media has become a
standard practice, embraced not only by users and readers but also by various
journalistic organizations aiming to drive traffic to their websites through
content sharing on platforms such as Facebook or Twitter. In sum, news
consumption could be said to mean listening, reading, or watching the news or
attending to news media. To this end, Urban and Bodoky (2013) submit that
social media, particularly Facebook, has reshaped media consumption habits.
2.1.9 Social Media on The Pattern Of News Consumption
News consumption among young adults in Nigeria reflects a dynamic
interplay between traditional and digital media platforms, influenced by various
factors such as accessibility, preferences, and socio-economic backgrounds.
Traditionally, young adults relied on newspapers, television, and radio as
primary sources of news, but with the advent of digital technology, online news
sources and social media platforms have become increasingly popular among
this demographic. According to a study by Onuoha (2017), young adults in
Nigeria often use smartphones and other digital devices to access news content,

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with social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp being
prominent sources.
One of the key reasons for the popularity of digital news among young
adults is the convenience and immediacy it offers. With smartphones and
internet connectivity, students can access news anytime and anywhere,
allowing them to stay updated on current events without being tied to
traditional media schedules. Additionally, social media platforms provide a
space for real-time news updates, user-generated content, and interactive
discussions, catering to the preferences of young, digitally-savvy audiences
(Onabajo & Popoola, 2019).
However, while digital media offer convenience and interactivity, they
also present challenges in terms of credibility and reliability. Studies have
shown that young adults often encounter fake news, misinformation, and
sensationalism on social media platforms, leading to concerns about the erosion
of trust in news sources (Ojo & Popoola, 2018). Moreover, the echo chamber
effect, where individuals are exposed to information that aligns with their
existing beliefs, can limit the diversity of perspectives and hinder critical
thinking among young adults (Adelabu, 2016).
Furthermore, the socio-economic background of young adults can
influence their access to news and media literacy. Students from privileged
backgrounds may have better access to digital devices and internet
connectivity, allowing them to consume a wider range of news sources and
engage more actively in online discussions. On the other hand, students from
lower socio-economic backgrounds may face barriers to accessing digital news
content, relying more on traditional media sources that may have limited
coverage and quality (Ogbo et al., 2020).
In summary, news consumption among young adults in Nigeria is
characterized by a shift towards digital media platforms, driven by factors such
as convenience, accessibility, and technological advancements. While digital

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news offers benefits in terms of immediacy and interactivity, it also poses
challenges in terms of credibility, reliability, and media literacy. As such,
efforts to promote critical thinking, media literacy, and responsible news
consumption are essential to ensure that young adults are equipped to navigate
the complex media landscape and make informed decisions about the news
they consume.
News preference of Nigerians
News preference among young adults in Nigeria is a complex phenomenon
shaped by various factors including accessibility, content relevance, and media
consumption habits. With the proliferation of media platforms and the
increasing digitization of news content, young adults have a wide array of
options to choose from. According to Ogunleye and Folaranmi (2019), young
adults in Nigeria show a preference for news that is accessible, concise, and
tailored to their interests and needs.
In terms of platform preference, studies have shown that while traditional
media such as television and newspapers still play a significant role, digital
platforms including social media, news websites, and mobile apps are
becoming increasingly popular among young adults (Ogunleye & Folaranmi,
2019). The convenience and immediacy offered by digital platforms make
them particularly appealing to this demographic, allowing them to access news
on-the-go and engage with content in real-time.
Moreover, content relevance is a key factor influencing undergraduates'
news preferences. Research by Ojo and Popoola (2018) suggests that young
adults tend to gravitate towards news that is relevant to their immediate
concerns and interests, such as education, career prospects, and social issues.
They also show a preference for news that is presented in an engaging and
interactive format, with multimedia elements such as videos, infographics, and
interactive quizzes.

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 Additionally, the credibility and trustworthiness of news sources play a
significant role in shaping undergraduates' preferences. Studies have found that
young adults are more likely to trust news sources that are perceived to be
reliable, impartial, and free from bias (Ogunleye & Folaranmi, 2019). This
underscores the importance of media literacy and critical thinking skills in
evaluating the credibility of news sources, particularly in the era of fake news
and misinformation.
Furthermore, the socio-economic background and educational level of
young adults can influence their news preferences. Students from urban areas
and higher socio-economic backgrounds may have greater access to a variety
of news sources and digital devices, enabling them to engage with a broader
range of content (Ogunleye & Folaranmi, 2019). On the other hand, students
from rural or less privileged backgrounds may rely more on traditional media
sources with limited access to digital platforms.
However, news preference among young adults in Nigeria is shaped by a
combination of factors including platform accessibility, content relevance,
credibility, and socio-economic background. As digital technology continues to
reshape the media landscape, it is essential for news organizations to adapt
their strategies to meet the evolving preferences and needs of this demographic.
Moreover, efforts to promote media literacy and critical thinking skills are
crucial to empower young adults to make informed decisions about the news
they consume.
2.1.10 Social Media And Convergence
The architecture of the technology that belies these networked platforms of
interaction rests upon principles of convergence, which enable multiple and
overlapping connections between varieties of distinct spheres of sociability.
The social platforms or spaces sustained by convergent technologies accentuate
confluence, flexibility, and reflexibility of media content. Jenkins (2016) has
broadly defined convergence as “a word that describes technological,

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industrial, cultural and social changes in the ways media circulates within our
culture…a situation in which multiple media systems coexist and where media
content flows fluidly across them” Jenkins emphasizes that convergence
references several common ideas, including the flow of content across media
platforms, overlap between media industries, financing that serves the interest
of combined processes of media production, migratory behavior on the part of
audiences that virally follow content as both consumers and producers.
“Convergence represents a cultural shift as consumers are encouraged to seek
out new information and make connections about media content. Convergence
occurs within the brains of individual consumers and through their social
interactions with others” (Burgess and Greens 2019). Deuze (2017) suggests
that convergence “is not just a technological process and must therefore be
recognized as having a cultural logic of its own, blurring the lines between
production and consumption, between making media and using media, and
between active or passive spectatorship of mediated culture”.
2.1.11 The Influence Social Media On The Pattern Of News Consumption
News sourcing on social media among undergraduates in Nigeria is a
prevalent practice that has become increasingly influential in shaping their
information consumption habits. Social media platforms such as Facebook,
Twitter, Instagram, and WhatsApp have emerged as significant sources of news
for this demographic, providing them with instant access to a wide range of
information and perspectives. According to Ojo and Popoola (2018),
undergraduates in Nigeria rely heavily on social media for news, drawn to its
real-time updates, interactive features, and diverse content offerings. These
platforms serve as convenient one-stop shops for news, allowing students to
access news articles, videos, images, and user-generated content all in one
place.
The allure of social media for news sourcing among young adults lies in its
accessibility and convenience. With the widespread use of smartphones and

xxxix
internet connectivity, students can easily scroll through their social media feeds
anytime and anywhere to stay informed about current events (Ogunleye &
Folaranmi, 2019). Additionally, the interactive nature of social media platforms
encourages engagement and discussion around news topics, providing young
adults with opportunities to share their opinions, ask questions, and interact
with others who have similar interests.
Furthermore, the algorithm-driven nature of social media feeds plays a
significant role in shaping the news consumption patterns of young adults .
Platforms like Facebook and Twitter use algorithms to curate content based on
users' past behavior, preferences, and interactions, effectively creating
personalized news feeds tailored to individual interests (Ojo & Popoola, 2018).
This means that young adults may be exposed to news stories and information
that align with their existing beliefs and biases, potentially leading to the
formation of echo chambers and filter bubbles.
Despite the convenience and accessibility of social media for news
sourcing, there are also concerns about the reliability and credibility of
information shared on these platforms. Fake news, misinformation, and rumors
are rampant on social media, and young adults may struggle to discern fact
from fiction amidst the deluge of content (Ogunleye & Folaranmi, 2019).
Additionally, the viral nature of social media can amplify the spread of
inaccurate information, potentially leading to the dissemination of false
narratives and misconceptions among young adults.
Lastly, news sourcing on social media among young adults in Nigeria is
characterized by its convenience, accessibility, and interactive features. While
social media platforms offer students instant access to a wealth of information,
there are also concerns about the reliability and credibility of the content
shared. As such, it is essential for young adults to develop critical thinking
skills and media literacy competencies to navigate the complexities of social
media news consumption effectively. Additionally, efforts to promote digital

xl
literacy and fact-checking initiatives can help mitigate the spread of
misinformation and ensure that young adults have access to accurate and
reliable news sources.
The Challenges Associated With Social Media On The Pattern Of News
Consumption
News sourcing on social media among young adults in Nigeria is
accompanied by various challenges that impact the reliability, credibility, and
overall quality of information consumed. One significant challenge is the
prevalence of fake news and misinformation on social media platforms.
According to Ojo and Popoola (2018), the unchecked spread of false
information has become a common occurrence, leading to confusion,
misinformation, and the distortion of facts among young adults. The viral
nature of social media exacerbates this problem, as fake news stories can
quickly gain traction and spread rapidly, often without adequate fact-checking
or verification processes in place.
Another challenge is the echo chamber effect, where young adults are
exposed primarily to information that aligns with their existing beliefs and
biases. This phenomenon occurs due to the algorithm-driven nature of social
media feeds, which prioritize content based on users' past behavior and
interactions (Ogunleye & Folaranmi, 2019). As a result, young adults may be
inadvertently insulated from diverse perspectives and alternative viewpoints,
limiting their exposure to balanced and objective news coverage.
Additionally, the sheer volume of information available on social media
can overwhelm young adults and make it challenging to discern credible
sources from unreliable ones. With the proliferation of user-generated content,
memes, and sensational headlines, young adults may struggle to differentiate
between trustworthy news sources and clickbait or propaganda (Ojo &
Popoola, 2018). This can lead to information overload and cognitive fatigue,

xli
making it difficult for students to critically evaluate the content they encounter
on social media.
Furthermore, the lack of digital literacy and media literacy skills among
young adults exacerbates the challenges associated with news sourcing on
social media. Many young adults may lack the critical thinking skills and fact-
checking abilities necessary to navigate the complexities of online information
effectively (Ogunleye & Folaranmi, 2019). Without proper guidance and
education on how to evaluate sources, verify information, and identify
misinformation, undergraduates are more susceptible to falling prey to false
narratives and misleading content on social media platforms.
However, news sourcing on social media among undergraduates in Nigeria
is fraught with challenges that undermine the quality and reliability of
information consumed. From the proliferation of fake news and misinformation
to the echo chamber effect and lack of digital literacy skills, young adults face
numerous obstacles in accessing accurate and credible news sources online.
Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach that includes
media literacy education, fact-checking initiatives, and efforts to promote
critical thinking skills among students. By equipping young adults with the
tools and knowledge needed to navigate social media responsibly, educators
and policymakers can help mitigate the negative effects of news sourcing on
social media and foster a more informed and discerning citizenry.

2.2 Theoretical Framework

2.2.1 Agenda-Setting Theory
The Agenda-Setting Theory, proposed by Thompson and Roberts in 1972,
posits that the media doesn't tell us what to think, but rather what to think
about. This theory suggests that the media plays a crucial role in shaping public
perceptions and priorities by selecting and emphasizing certain topics, issues,

xlii
and events over others, thus influencing the public agenda (Thompson &
Roberts, 1972).
Through repeated coverage and emphasis, the media can set the agenda for
public discourse and guide individuals' perceptions of what is important. In the
context of social media as sources of news to undergraduates in Novena
University, the Agenda-Setting Theory is highly relevant. Social media
platforms, with their vast reach and rapid dissemination of information, have
become significant sources of news for today's youth (Anderson, 2021).
Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram shape the news agenda by
highlighting specific stories, events, and topics, thereby influencing what
undergraduate students perceive as important in their daily lives (Harris &
Johnson, 2019). Social media platforms often prioritize trending topics, viral
content, and user engagement, which can influence what news stories gain
traction and capture the attention of users (Davis & Wilson, 2018).
This selective exposure to news content on social media aligns with the
agenda-setting process, as the media's emphasis on particular topics can shape
students' perceptions of what is relevant and newsworthy (Thompson &
Roberts, 1972). Moreover, the Agenda-Setting Theory suggests that the media's
framing of news stories can influence how individuals interpret and understand
events.
On social media, the framing of news stories is often influenced by user-
generated content, comments, and shares (Davis & Wilson, 2018). This can
lead to the amplification of certain perspectives or narratives, affecting how
undergraduates in Novena University perceive and engage with news content.
Additionally, the Agenda-Setting Theory highlights the role of gatekeepers
in the media who determine which news stories are prioritized and
disseminated to the public (Thompson & Roberts, 1972). On social media
platforms, these gatekeepers may include algorithms, content moderators, and
influential users who curate and amplify news content (Davis & Wilson, 2018).

xliii
 As a result, the agenda-setting process on social media is not purely
organic but influenced by various factors, including algorithms that prioritize
engagement metrics and user preferences (Davis & Wilson, 2018). In applying
the Agenda-Setting Theory to the topic of social media as sources of news to
undergraduates in Novena University, it is essential to consider how the
media's agenda influences students' perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors
(Thompson & Roberts, 1972).
By understanding the agenda-setting process on social media, educators
and policymakers can better support students in critically evaluating and
navigating the news landscape, promoting media literacy skills, and
encouraging diverse perspectives and sources of information (Harris &
Johnson, 2019).

2.2.2 Uses And Gratifications Theory

The Uses and Gratifications Theory (UGT) is a communication theory that
focuses on why people use media and how they are gratified by it. Instead of
looking at media as something that influences individuals, UGT emphasizes
that individuals actively choose media to fulfill certain needs and desires. It
suggests that people are not just passive receivers of media messages, but
active participants who select media content to satisfy specific needs, such as
information, entertainment, social interaction, or personal identity (Katz,
Blumler, & Gurevitch, 1973).
In the context of social media as sources of news to undergraduates in
Novena University, the Uses and Gratifications Theory can provide insights
into why students choose to obtain news from social media platforms. Firstly,
one of the key gratifications sought from social media news consumption is
information. Novena University students may use social media to access news
because it provides them with a convenient and easily accessible source of

xliv
information. Social media platforms offer a variety of news articles, updates,
and discussions, allowing students to stay informed about current events and
developments (LaRose & Eastin, 2004).
Secondly, social media offers gratification in terms of entertainment.
Students may find news consumption on social media more engaging and
entertaining than traditional news sources. The use of multimedia formats, such
as videos, memes, and interactive content, makes news updates on social media
more visually appealing and enjoyable (Papacharissi & Mendelson, 2011). This
entertainment value enhances students' engagement with news content and
encourages them to spend more time on social media platforms.
Moreover, social media satisfies the need for social interaction and
connection. According to UGT, individuals use media to connect with others,
share information, and engage in social interactions (Katz et al., 1973). In the
case of undergraduates at Novena University, social media platforms enable
them to discuss news stories, share opinions, and interact with peers, creating a
sense of community around news consumption. By engaging in conversations
and debates about news topics, students can fulfill their social needs while
staying informed about current events (Boukes et al., 2015).
Additionally, UGT suggests that individuals use media to enhance their
personal identity and self-esteem. Social media allows students to curate their
online persona by sharing and engaging with news content that reflects their
interests, values, and beliefs (Papacharissi & Mendelson, 2011). By sharing
news stories that align with their identity and expressing their opinions on
social media, undergraduates in Novena University can reinforce their sense of
self and establish their digital presence within their social network.
In a nutshell, the Uses and Gratifications Theory offers valuable insights
into the motivations behind undergraduates' use of social media as sources of
news in Novena University. By recognizing that individuals actively select
media to fulfill their needs and desires, this theory helps to understand why

xlv
students prefer social media for news consumption. Whether it's seeking
information, entertainment, social interaction, or personal identity, social media
provides gratifications that meet the diverse needs of undergraduates in their
quest for news.

2.3 Empirical Review

One notable study by Okonkwo (2017) investigated the changing patterns
of news consumption among residents of Ogun State, focusing on the role of
social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp. Okonkwo's
research revealed a significant shift towards digital sources for news,
particularly among younger demographics. The study highlighted that social
media not only provided immediate access to news updates but also facilitated
user engagement through comments, shares, and likes. However, Okonkwo
noted concerns about the reliability and credibility of news shared on social
media, pointing to the challenges of misinformation and fake news in the
digital age.
Similarly, Okafor (2018) explored the impact of social media on news
consumption habits in Ogun State, focusing on how online platforms influence
audience preferences and behaviors. Through surveys and focus groups, Okafor
found that social media users in Ogun State increasingly rely on platforms like
Instagram and YouTube for news content, drawn to their visual appeal and ease
of access. The study underscored the diversification of news sources enabled
by social media, but also highlighted issues related to filter bubbles and echo
chambers, where users may be exposed to biased or limited perspectives based
on their social media interactions.
Furthermore, Obioma and Uche (2019) conducted a comparative analysis
of news consumption patterns before and after the advent of social media in
Ogun State. Their study employed longitudinal surveys and content analysis of
news trends. The findings indicated a decline in traditional media consumption,

xlvi
such as newspapers and television, with a corresponding rise in online news
consumption via social media platforms. Obioma and Uche attributed this shift
to the convenience and real-time updates offered by social media, as well as the
interactive nature of digital content that allows users to participate in news
dissemination and discussion.
Moreover, a study by Nwosu and Ikechukwu (2020) explored the
implications of social media on journalism practices and media ethics in Ogun
State. Through interviews with journalists and media professionals, the
research examined how digital platforms have influenced reporting standards,
audience engagement strategies, and the business models of media
organizations. Nwosu and Ikechukwu highlighted the challenges faced by
journalists in verifying information sourced from social media, as well as the
pressure to prioritize click-worthy content over journalistic integrity. The study
emphasized the need for media literacy initiatives and ethical guidelines to
mitigate the negative impacts of social media on news consumption and media
credibility.
Many English and Arabic studies discussed news consumption and
revealed that it has been undergoing massive changes due to advances of
digitization. In the same context and through applying the uses and gratification
theory, Olympio (2020) examined the news consumption preferences of
University of Ghana students, including their preferred news types, patterns of
news engagement, and the gratifications they derive from consuming news.
The study used a quantitative, descriptive survey approach. Findings showed
that entertainment, sports and political news were the top most preferred news
types. The main use of news to students was to get information. Findings
showed that the preferred channel for news consumption by the sampled
students was online news but this did not exclude the use of traditional news.
For years traditional and digital media have played an essential role of
disseminating news and information to keep their target audience always

xlvii
updated about what is happening nationally and internationally. In this context,
a study in 2019 conducted by Maphiri, examined news consumption patterns
among the rural youth in South Africa. The study used a self-administered
questionnaire and semistructured personal interview to collect data from youth
aged between 18-34 years. Youth participants were randomly selected using
convenience non-probability sampling. The researcher applied the uses and
gratification and the media system dependency theories.
The study results agreed with Olympio (2020) as it revealed that most
youth highly preferred to access and consume news through online media more
than television and newspapers because digital media are cheap, easily
accessible and affordable. The findings further indicated that most youth highly
preferred to consume news through television channels because it is a credible
and reliable source of news. It is also highlighted that most youth preferred to
consume entertainment news more than business, political and sport news
because they find the former interesting and relaxing. Also, most youth did
prefer to discuss entertainment news with family members and friends and that
there are positive relationships between media credibility and news
consumption which tend to influence family and friends‘ news discussions.
Prior to that, Thom (2016) explored how young Canadians are making
decisions about what news to consume and what news to believe. Through a
series of focus groups, interviews, and diaries, the participants in this study
reported that they use factors like interest, source, and experience to decide if
they will read or follow a story. Participants determined news believability by
trusting the source, finding the story logically plausible, and seeing
corroboration from other sources. This study resolved that though many young
people identify social media as a source of news, it acts more as a gateway to
mainstream news that is considered more trustworthy and believable. Today‘s
high-choice media environment enables some individuals to consume large
quantities of news, while others can seemingly avoid news all together. In a

xlviii
recent study entitled, “how attitudes about the news media relate to levels of
news consumption”,
Edgerly (2021) sought to identify the factors related to extremely low
levels of news consumption. Survey data from a nationally representative
sample of U.S. adults was used to test different explanations for news
avoidance. Results pointed out to several factors that explain lower overall
levels of news consumption, including; a disinterest in politics, perceptions of
news lacking relevance, low news self-efficacy and a lack of knowledge about
the news system. Social media platforms/sites (SNS) have gained considerable
attention among scholars who studied them in different contexts, focusing on
its effect on knowledge acquisition, dependency on SNS as a news medium in
addition to the consumption patterns.
For example, Boukes (2019) investigated how the use of Twitter and
Facebook affects citizens‘ knowledge acquisition, and whether this effect is
conditional upon people‘s political interest. By using a panel survey design,
this study demonstrated that more frequent usage of Twitter positively affects
the acquisition of current affairs knowledge while the opposite is found for
Facebook. This negative effect of Facebook usage occurred particularly for
citizens with less political interest, thereby, amplifying the existing knowledge
gap between politically interested and uninterested citizens. Various studies
sought to investigate the Egyptian youth reliance on social media platforms as
news sources for current events and for political knowledge acquisition
(Alsagheer, 2019; Magdy, 2018 & Ibrahim, 2016).
In his study, Magdy sought to identify the role of web pages on social
media in providing young people with political information, and the extent of
their dependence on them to obtain information about current events, in
addition to identifying the levels of interactivity in these pages and their impact
on young people's attitudes and opinions on various issues. The study found
that the majority of Egyptian youth follows the news and topics on social

xlix
networking sites. The study confirmed that the most distinguishing features of
news pages on social media, which are increasingly relied upon in times of
crises, are the immediate coverage of events, the high degree of its credibility,
diversity and objectivity in presenting news. Shedding light over how social
media sites have widely changed the manner in which news is consumed,
Ahmed, et al. (2018) sought to identify the factors determining students‘ news
consumption patterns. Using a stratified random sampling procedure, the study
compiles a sample from higher education institutions in a Sub-Saharan African
country. The findings suggested that students' attitude towards news
consumption via SNS platforms is influenced directly by perceived usefulness,
perceived enjoyment and subjective norms.
Under the framework of media system dependency (MSD) and the
microeconomic consumption (MEC) theories, Ha, et al. (2013) investigated
social network sites (SNS) users‘ time allocation behavior among various
traditional and new media. Specifically, it examines the difference in degree of
dependency on SNS between the young generation and the general population
as a new form of news medium. The results revealed that SNS, along with
other online media are the preferred news sources for young people and they
are more likely to be interested in soft news than hard news. Besides, females
were also likely to indulge in SNS use than males were. In the same context,
but under the framework of uses and gratifications, Freeman (2013) reached
out to the same findings of Ha, et al. (2013) which revealed that the majority of
the young adults in Malaysia prefer online news over traditional news media
with a particular interest in entertainment news and disinterest in business and
finance news. Findings also highlighted that news media consumption appears
significantly higher among older youth and males compared to younger youth
and females. The study used a quantitative survey approach with a sample of
500 college students aged 18-24 from two universities in Malaysia. The survey
questionnaire had four main sections; interest level in reading news, types of

l
news that young adults look for, which media young adults get most news
from, and where they get most news from.
Besides, Omar, et al. (2018) examined the role of demographic
variables, mobile and social media use for news, perceived news credibility and
users‘ motivations for news in explaining online consumption of public affairs
news in the setting which is known for its tight media control. An online survey
was employed to collect data from Malaysian Internet users, aged between 18
and 64, who regularly read news online. The findings of the study suggest that
digital immigrants, or older news users, are more likely to consume public
affairs news than Egyptian Journal of Mass Communication Research
(No.90)Vol:2 January/Mars2025 36 young ones. Malaysians read public affairs
news which they perceive to be highly credible to fulfill their information and
social needs. Having a mobile device continuously within an arm‘s reach has
changed everyday life and patterns of news consumption. Both Galal (2019)
and Saad, et al. (2021) sought to study smartphone usage as news sources.
Galal‘s research has built its theoretical framework on the Uses and
Gratifications Theory, as well as The Media Richness Theory to identify the
motives of the Egyptians for using the news Apps on smartphones to access
news, as well as their reading habits and their preferred types of news. The
findings showed that the Egyptians use the "Social Media Apps" the most
(92.2%), while the news Apps were ranked the 5th (45.4%) among the
preferred App categories. The ease of use and the ability to follow the news
anywhere were the main reasons among the respondents for using their
smartphones in following the news through the news Apps.
By adopting the uses and gratifications and media displacement theories,
Saad, et al. (2021) examined Emirati university students' usage of smart phones
as a news source. In addition to the motivations, patterns, and relationships
between hard news and soft news consumption and the different gratifications
sought. Results revealed that students were interested in both hard and soft

li
news, but there was 7% more soft news consumption by students. Additionally,
results revealed that smart phones have become students' main source of news
as they allow them to find information easily. When assessing the relationships
and dynamics between mobile news and the gratifications sought, results
revealed that the convenience gratification was the only predictor of both
mobile soft news and hard news out of all the gratifications offered.
In the same context, Damme, et al. (2015) aimed to understand in what
circumstances mobile news is consumed within these news media repertoires,
and how mobile device owners position their mobile news consumption in
relation to other types of news media outlets. This study revealed that the
majority of news consumers dominantly relies on traditional media outlets to
stay informed, only to supplement with online mobile services in specific
circumstances. Egyptian Journal of Mass Communication Research
(No.90)Vol:2 January/Mars2025 37 Mobile news outlets/products do seem to
increasingly infiltrate the daily lives of mobile audiences who were previously
disengaged with news. Research indicated that users often encounter news
incidentally while using social media platforms via smartphones. This
incidental exposure is particularly prevalent among younger users and those
with lower interest in news. For example, Mitchelstein, et al. (2017) found out
that most young users get the news on their mobile devices as part of their
constant connection to media platforms; they encounter the news all the time,
rather than looking for it; but click on them only sporadically and spend little
time engaging with the content. Thus, the news becomes undifferentiated from
the rest of the social and entertainment information. There are several reasons
to look at the impact of trust following the recent changes brought about by the
growth of online news consumption, therefore Fletcher and Park (2016)
explored the impact of individual trust in the news media on source preferences
and online news participation behavior, in particular sharing and commenting,
across 11 countries. The results showed that those with low levels of trust tend

lii
to prefer non-mainstream news sources like social media, blogs, and
digitalborn providers, and are more likely to engage in various forms of online
news participation. Seeking alternative views and attempting to validate the
credibility of news may be among the motivations behind these associations.
The previous result supports what Lancaster, et. al. (2012) reached out
to in their study as they mentioned that youth regard mainstream news as
lacking credibility and their attitudes toward news media is dependent on
individual's characteristics, the relevant of formats, content to their needs and
their perceptions of trustworthiness of news media as source of information. B.
The second dimension: News preferences to Generation Z. Understanding
generational differences in news media use and political engagement is
fundamental for democracy. Research suggests that age is the most important
socio-demographic factor behind news consumption in today‘s high-choice
media environments. Egyptian Journal of Mass Communication Research
(No.90)Vol:2 January/Mars2025 38 In this context, a recent study conducted
by Boulianne and Shehata (2022) highlighted that younger and older
generations are differently motivated in relation to news consumption and
online political expression. To test the differential role of political interest in
news consumption and online political expression, the researchers used a
survey of people (18-75 years) from the United States, the United Kingdom,
and France. The findings suggested that young citizens are more frequent users
of online news overall. The frequency of online political expression is
negatively related to age, with older people less likely to post online. Age
moderates the relationship between political interest and news consumption as
well as news consumption and online political expression. The correlations of
these sets of variables are stronger for younger respondents compared to older
respondents. In addition, while younger citizens may be motivated by political
interest, older people may be more tied to a duty—duty to be informed and

liii
duty to participate— and this participation is in more institutionalized activities
rather than the expressive activities enabled by social media platforms.
Another recent study conducted in 2023 mentioned that Gen Z or
younger news audiences are believed to contribute to declining news
consumption as a result of decreased news interest and reduced trust,
particularly in political news. It can have adverse consequences for democratic
processes. This study offers a more nuanced perspective by qualifying the role
of context, and generational differences and similarities in online political news
consumption patterns before and after the 2020 US presidential election. The
findings revealed that while Gen Z are indeed consuming considerably less
news, contrary to assumptions, there was significantly increased engagement
with news websites following the election. Additionally, media audiences
across generations are likely to reduce social media use during such events
(Ray, 2023). As the digital media landscape continues to evolve,
comprehending the unique preferences of Gen Z and Millennials is
indispensable for news organizations seeking effective audience engagement.
Similarly, another study by Antunovic, et al. (2018) emphasized the
importance of understanding generational changes in news consumption
patterns, as it explored the stages of news consumption among young adults,
focusing on college students. The three-stage process identified includes
routine surveillance, incidental consumption, and directed consumption,
influenced by new media use. The study highlighted the shift towards online
news consumption among younger individuals and the implications for news
engagement. Focus group interviews with college students provided insights
into their news consumption habits, shedding light on the evolving media
ecology and its impact on news consumption. They reported checking news on
their computers or phones, stating that they ‗mostly go online‘ to find
information. In addition, college students‘ daily routine consisted of more than
just online news; it incorporated some print and televised news as well. The

liv
students named parental habits as structural forces in shaping their news
consumption, but also noted, to varying degrees, a move away from these
habits as they adjusted to the campus life. The study‘s findings also agreed with
Poindexter (2013) in that news for this generation tends to ‗pop up‘, frequently
via social media, as more than half of the participants (56.8%) reported that
they got most of their news from other people on social media. Besides,
incidental news exposure most commonly occurred during mobile phone use,
though students reported getting news also when visiting their email browser.
Moreover,
Both Vázquez-Herrero, et al. (2022) and Collins (2019) pointed out to
the power of social media as the main gateway to information for young
people, specially Gen Z, helping to determine and shape the young‘s visions of
the present, which is also conditioned by news sharing among users. Vázquez-
Herrero, et al. (2022) aimed to analyze social media news consumption of
young Spanish, French, and British people aged 18–25, through identifying
their social media use, consumption routines, platform preferences, their
attitudes towards news content, in addition to studying news media presence
and strategies on social networking sites. Results confirmed the pre-eminence
of social media as channels of information and as alternatives to traditional
media, with news consumption occurring incidentally throughout the day and
this is consistent with the findings of Antunovic, et al. (2018).

lv
 CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
In this chapter, we described the research procedure for this study. A
research methodology is a research process adopted or employed to
systematically and scientifically present the results of a study to the research
audience viz. a vis, the study beneficiaries.

3.1 Research Design

Research designs are perceived to be an overall strategy adopted by the
researcher whereby different components of the study are integrated in a
logical manner to effectively address a research problem. In this study, the
researcher employed the survey research design. This is due to the nature of the
study whereby the opinion and views of people are sampled. According to
Singleton & Straits, (2009), Survey research can use quantitative research

lvi
strategies (e.g., using questionnaires with numerically rated items), qualitative
research strategies (e.g., using open-ended questions), or both strategies (i.e.
mixed methods). As it is often used to describe and explore human behaviour,
surveys are therefore frequently used in social and psychological research.

3.2 Population of the Study

According to Udoyen (2019), a study population is a group of elements or
individuals, as the case may be, who share similar characteristics. These similar
features can include location, gender, age, sex or specific interest. The
emphasis on study population is that it constitutes individuals or elements that
are homogeneous in description.
This study was carried out to examine the influence of social media on the
pattern of news consumption in Addo Otta sango, Ogun State. Hence, residents
in Addo Otta, Sango, Ogun State form the population of the study.
3.3 Sample Size Determination
A study sample is simply a systematic selected part of a population that
infers its result on the population. In essence, it is that part of a whole that
represents the whole and its members share characteristics in like similitude
(Udoyen, 2019). In this study, the researcher adopted the convenient sampling
method to determine the sample size.

3.4 Sample Size Selection Technique And Procedure

According to Nwana (2005), sampling techniques are procedures adopted
to systematically select the chosen sample in a specified away under controls.
This research work adopted the convenience sampling technique in selecting
the respondents from the total population.
In this study, the researcher adopted the convenient sampling method to
determine the sample size. Out of the entire residents in Oddo Otta, Ogun State,
the researcher conveniently selected 147 respondents as the sample size for this

lvii
study. According to Torty (2021), a sample of convenience is the terminology
used to describe a sample in which elements have been selected from the hi
target population on the basis of their accessibility or convenience to the
researcher.

3.5 Research Instrument and Administration

The research instrument used in this study is the questionnaire. A survey
containing series of questions were administered to the enrolled participants.
The questionnaire was divided into two sections, the first section enquired
about the responses demographic or personal data while the second sections
were in line with the study objectives, aimed at providing answers to the
research questions. Participants were required to respond by placing a tick at
the appropriate column. The questionnaire was personally administered by the
researcher.
3.6 Method of Data Collection
Two methods of data collection which are primary source and secondary
source were used to collect data. The primary sources was the use of
questionnaires, while the secondary sources include textbooks, internet,
journals, published and unpublished articles and government publications.

3.7 Method of Data Analysis

The responses were analyzed using frequency tables, and mean and
standard deviation, which provided answers to the research questions.
In using the mean score, the four points rating scale will be given values as
follows:
SA = Strongly Agree 4
A = Agree 3
D = Disagree 2
SD = Strongly Disagree 1

lviii
 Decision Rule:
To ascertain the decision rule; this formula was used
4+3+2+1 =10
= 2.5
4 4
Any score that was 2.5 and above was accepted, while any score that was
below 2.5 was rejected. Therefore, 2.5 was the cut-off mean score for decision
taken. While the hypotheses will be tested using Chi-square statistical tool.

3.8 Validity of the Study

Validity referred here is the degree or extent to which an instrument
actually measures what is intended to measure. An instrument is valid to the
extent that is tailored to achieve the research objectives. The researcher
constructed the questionnaire for the study and submitted to the project
supervisor who used his intellectual knowledge to critically, analytically and
logically examine the instruments relevance of the contents and statements and
then made the instrument valid for the study.

3.9 Reliability of the Study

The reliability of the research instrument was determined. The Pearson
Correlation Coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the instrument.
A co-efficient value of 0.68 indicated that the research instrument was
relatively reliable. According to (Taber, 2017) the range of a reasonable
reliability is between 0.67 and 0.87.

3.10 Ethical Consideration

The study was approved by the Project Committee of the Department.
Informed consent was obtained from all study participants before they were
enrolled in the study. Permission was sought from the relevant authorities to

lix
carry out the study. Date to visit the place of study for questionnaire
distribution was put in place in advance.

lx
 CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the analysis of data derived through the
questionnaire and key informant interview administered on the respondents in
the study area. The analysis and interpretation were derived from the findings
of the study. The data analysis depicts the simple frequency and percentage of
the respondents as well as interpretation of the information gathered. A total of
one hundred and forty-seven (147) questionnaires were administered to
respondents of which only one hundred and forty-one (141) were returned and
validated. This was due to irregular, incomplete and inappropriate responses to
some questionnaire. For this study a total of 141 was validated for the analysis.

4.2 Data Presentation

The table below shows the summary of the survey. A sample of 147 was
calculated for this study. A total of 141 responses were received and validated.
For this study a total of 141 was used for the analysis.
Table 4.1: Distribution of Questionnaire
Questionnaire Frequency Percentage
Sample size 147 100
Received 141 96
Validated 141 96
Source: Field Survey, 2024

lxi
Table 4.2: Demographic data of respondents
Demographic Frequency percent
information
Gender
Male 87 61%
Female 54 39%
Age
20-24 17 12.1%
25-30 33 23.4%
31-35 35 24.8%
36+ 56 39.7%
Religion
Muslim 56 40%
Christian 85 60%
Education
Dropout 30 28.3%
Basic Education 10 7.0%
Secondary Education 39 27.6%
Tertiary Education 62 44.0%
Marital Status
Single 30 21%
Married 59 42%
Separated 10 7%
Divorced 19 13%
Widowed 23 16%
Source: Field Survey, 2024

4.3 Answering Research Questions

lxii
Question 1: What is the perception of Addo Otta Sango residents of social
media as a pattern of news consumption?
Table 4.3: Respondent on question 1
Options Frequency Percentages
Positive 71 50
Negative 20 14
Undecided 50 36
Total 141 100
Source: Field Survey, 2024
From table 4.4 above, 50% of the respondents said positive, 14% of the
respondents said negative, while the remaining 36% of the respondents were
undecided.

Question 2: What is the level of usability of social media platforms as tools for
news consumption by Addo Otta Sango residents?
Table 4.4: Respondent on question 2
Options Frequency Percentages
High 84 60
Low 16 11
Undecided 41 29
Total 141 100
Source: Field Survey, 2024
From table 4.4 above, 60% of the respondents said high, 11% of the
respondents said low, while the remaining 29% of the respondents were
undecided.

Question 3: What are the available information on social media as a pattern of

news consumption among residents of Addo Otta Sango?

lxiii
Table 4.4: Respondents on the available information on social media as a
pattern of news consumption among residents of Addo Otta Sango.
S/N ITEM SA 4 A 3 D2 SD 1 X S.D DECISION
STATEMENT

1 Academic 90 17 18 16 3.4 4.5 Accepted

Research and
Reports,
2 Local Surveys 83 38 15 05 3.4 4.4 Accepted
and Studies
3 Focus Groups 87 27 14 13 3.2 4.3 Accepted
and Interviews
4 Media 95 22 13 08 3.5 4.5 Accepted
Monitoring and
Analysis

Source: Field Survey, 2024

In table 4.5 above, on the available information on social media as a pattern of
news consumption among residents of Ogun State, the table shows that all the
items (item1-item4) are accepted. This is proven as the respective items (item1-
item4) have mean scores above 2.50.

Question 4: What are the benefits achieved by the deployment of social media
as tools for news consumption by Ogun State residents
Table 4.6: Respondents on the benefits achieved by the deployment of
social media as tools for news consumption by Addo Otta Sango residents.
S/N ITEM STATEMENT SA 4 A D 2 D1 X S. DECISION
3 D
1 Accessibility and 84 6 15 03 3.4 4.4 Accepted
Convenience
2 Customization and 79 2 12 08 3.4 4.4 Accepted
Personalization,
3 Timeliness and Real-Time 88 9 24 10 3.2 .3 Accepted

lxiv
 Updates
4 Cost-Effective News 92 8 13 10 3.5 .5 Accepted
Distribution
Source: Field Survey, 2024
In table 4.6 above, on the benefits achieved by the deployment of social media
as tools for news consumption by Ogun State residents, the table shows that all
the items (item1-item4) are accepted. This is proven as the respective items
(item1-item4) have mean scores above 2.50.

Question 5: What are the challenges confronting the effective use of social
media news platforms by residents of Addo Otta Sango?
Table 4.7: Respondents on the challenges confronting the effective use of
social media news platforms by residents of Addo Otta Sango.
S/N ITEM STATEMENT SA 4 A D SD X S.D DECISION
3 2 1
1 Misinformation and Fake 94 19 14 14 3.4 .5 Accepted
News,
2 Access and Connectivity 81 40 18 02 3.4 4.4 Accepted
Issues
3 Privacy and Security Concerns 86 5 6 4 .2 4.3 Accepted
44 Algorithmic Bias and Filter 99 1 2 9 .5 4.5 Accepted
Bubbles
Source: Field Survey, 2024
In table 4.7 above, on the challenges confronting the effective use of social
media news platforms by residents of Ogun State, the table shows that all the
items (item1-item4) are accepted. This is proven as the respective items (item1-
item4) have mean scores above 2.50.

TEST OF HYPOTHESES

lxv
Ho: Social media has not influenced the pattern of news consumption among
Ogun State residents.
Table 4.7: Social media has not influenced the pattern of news
consumption among Ogun State residents
Options Fo Fe Fo - Fe (Fo - (Fo˗-Fe)2/
Fe)2 Fe
Yes 70 47 23 529 11.3
No 36 47 -11 121 2.6
Undecided 35 47 -12 144 3.1
Total 141 141 17.0
Source: Extract from Contingency Table
Degree of freedom = (r-1) (c-1)
(3-1) (2-1)
(2) (1)
=2
At 0.05 significant level and at a calculated degree of freedom, the critical table
value is 5.991.
Findings
The calculated X2 = 17.0 and is greater than the table value of X 2 at 0.05
significant level which is 5.991.
Decision
Since the X2 calculated value is greater than the critical table value that is 17.0
is greater than 5.991, the Null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative
hypothesis which states that social media has influenced the pattern of news
consumption among Ogun State residents is accepted.

4.4 Discussion of Findings

lxvi
 Sequel to the descriptive analysis conducted in the previous section, this
sections presents an abstract discussion of the findings made above. The
findings are discussed in relation to existing research, focusing on Ogun State
residents' perceptions, usability, available information sources, benefits, and
challenges associated with social media as a news consumption platform.
The study reveals that Ogun State residents have a positive perception of
social media as a pattern of news consumption. This finding is consistent with
broader trends observed in similar studies across different regions, where social
media platforms are increasingly favored for accessing news due to their
accessibility and convenience (Newman et al., 2020).
Moreover, the level of usability of social media tools for news
consumption among Ogun State residents is reported to be high. This aligns
with research indicating that social media offers customizable and personalized
news feeds, providing users with real-time updates and cost-effective news
distribution channels (Fletcher 2018).
Furthermore, the study shows the various sources of information on social
media contribute to news consumption patterns among residents of Ogun State.
These include: Academic Research and Reports, Local Surveys and Studies,
Focus Groups and Interviews, Media Monitoring and Analysis. These
information sources underscore the diversity and accessibility of news content
available through social media, catering to the specific interests and
informational needs of Ogun State residents as opined by (Nelson 2016).
Moreso, the study deduced that the deployment of social media as tools
for news consumption among Ogun State residents yields several benefits such
as accessibility and convenience, customization and personalization, timeliness
and real-time updates,cost-effective news distribution. These findings are
consistent with those of Crosson-Tower (2022), who categorized similar
benefits.

lxvii
 Despite its advantages, the effective use of social media for news
consumption in Ogun State faces several challenges which includes:
misinformation and fake news, access and connectivity issues, privacy and
security concerns, algorithmic bias and filter bubbles. This align with(Pariser,
2021) study who assert that personalized news algorithms may create filter
bubbles, limiting exposure to diverse viewpoints and exacerbating echo
chambers also The proliferation of misinformation and fake news on social
media platforms undermines the reliability of news sources and threatens
public trust.

lxviii
 CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS:
5.1 Introduction
This chapter summarizes the findings on the influence of social media on
the pattern of news consumption in Ethiope East local government in Ogun
State. The chapter consists of summary of the study, conclusions, and
recommendations.

5.2 Summary of the Study

In this study, our focus was to examine the influence of social media on
the pattern of news consumption in Addo Otta Sango. The study specifically
was aimed to identify the perception of Ogun State residents on social media as
a pattern of news consumption, identify the level of usability of social media as
tools for news consumption by Addo Otta Sango residents, access available
information on social media as a pattern of news consumption among residents
of Ogun State, identify the benefits achieved by the deployment of social media
as tools for news consumption by Ogun State residents, and identify the
challenges confronting the effective use of social media news platforms by
residents of Addo Otta Sango.
The study adopted the survey research design and randomly enrolled
participants in the study. A total of 141 responses were validated from the
enrolled participants where all respondents are residents of Ethiope East local
government in Ogun State.
The study highlights the following key findings:
⮚ Ogun State residents has a positive perception of social media as a
pattern of news consumption.
⮚ The level of usability of social media as tools for news consumption by
Ogun State residents is high.

lxix
⮚ The available information on social media as a pattern of news
consumption among residents of Ogun State includes: Academic Research and
Reports, Local Surveys and Studies, Focus Groups and Interviews, Media
Monitoring and Analysis
⮚ The benefits achieved by the deployment of social media as tools for
news consumption by Ogun State residents includes: accessibility and
convenience, customization and personalization, timeliness and real-time
updates,cost-effective news distribution.
⮚ The challenges confronting the effective use of social media news
platforms by residents of Ogun State includes: misinformation and fake news,
access and connectivity issues, privacy and security concerns, algorithmic bias
and filter bubbles

5.3 Conclusions
Conclusively, the findings suggest that social media plays a significant
role in shaping the pattern of news consumption among residents of Addo Otta
Sango. While it offers accessibility, customization, and real-time updates,
challenges such as misinformation, access disparities, privacy concerns, and
algorithmic biases persist. Addressing these challenges is crucial for
maximizing the benefits of social media as a reliable and inclusive platform for
news consumption in Addo Otta Sango and beyond.

5.4 Recommendations
Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations are
proffered.
● Educational institutions and media organizations should collaborate to
promote media literacy programs. These programs should educate the
public, especially youth, on how to critically evaluate information and

lxx
 distinguish credible news sources from misinformation on social media
platforms.
● Media platforms and journalists should uphold ethical standards in
reporting news on social media. They should prioritize accuracy,
objectivity, and transparency to maintain trust and credibility among
their audience.
● Governments should implement regulations and guidelines to ensure
responsible use of social media for news dissemination. This includes
combating fake news, hate speech, and misinformation through
appropriate legislation and enforcement measures.
● Policies should be enacted to support independent media outlets that
uphold journalistic integrity and provide diverse perspectives in news
reporting on social media.
● Social media algorithms should be designed to promote diverse
viewpoints and prevent echo chambers where users only encounter
information that aligns with their beliefs. Platforms should prioritize
balanced news coverage and avoid reinforcing biases.

lxxi
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APPENDIXE
QUESTIONNAIRE

SECTION A PERSONAL INFORMATION

1. Gender

Male [ ]

Female []

Age

20-24 [ ]

25-30 [ ]

31-35 [ ]

36+ []

lxxx
Education

Dropout []

HND/BSC []

MASTERS [ ]

PHD [ ]

Marital Status

Single [ ]

Married []

Separated []

Divorced []

Widowed []

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SECTION B

Please tick [√] your most preferred choice and avoid ticking twice on a
question.

Question 1: What is the perception of Ogun State residents of social media as a

pattern of news consumption?

Options Please Tick

Positive

Negative

Undecided

Question 2: What is the level of usability of social media platforms as tools for
news consumption by Ogun State residents?

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Options Please Tick

High

Low

Undecided

Question 3: What are the available information on social media as a pattern of

news consumption among residents of Ogun State?

S/N ITEM STATEMENT SA A D SD

1 Academic Research and Reports,

2
3 Local Surveys and Studies
4
3 Focus Groups and Interviews

5 Media Monitoring and Analysis

6
Question 4: What are the benefits achieved by the deployment of social media
as tools for news consumption by Ogun State residents?

S/N ITEM STATEMENT SA A D SD

1 Misinformation and Fake News,

2

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 3 Access and Connectivity Issues
4
3 Privacy and Security Concerns

5 Algorithmic Bias and Filter Bubbles

6
Question 5: What are the challenges confronting the effective use of social
media news platforms by residents of Ogun State?

S/N ITEM STATEMENT SA A D SD

1 Spreads of false or inaccurate news

2
3 Overwhelming Content
4
3 Sensationalism

5 Lack of news authenticity

6

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