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Tales and Teachings
of the
Buddha

T he Jataka Stories in relation

to the Pali Canon

Revised Edition
X- •

John G arrett Jones

Cybereditions
 C ybereditionj Corp.
www.cyberedidons.com
2001

Copyright © 2001 John Garrett Jones

The author asserts his moral right.

Purchasers of this electronic book may make one and

only one paper copy of it for their own personal use.
Permission must be sought from Cybereditions
to make any additional copy of the book
or of any part of it in any medium.

ISBN 1-877275-22-0

Thefirst edition o f this book was published by

George Allen & Unwin in 1979
 Contents

Preface for Cybereditiions 7

Foreword 8
Introduction 9
Acknowledgements 11
Abbreviations 11
P a rt I: T h e Sources
1: T he Jitaka Stories 15
2: T he Four Nikayas 33
P a rt IL T h em es
3: Karma and Rebirth 39
4: Ethical leaching: Non-Injury 50
5: Sex and Marriage: Love and Friendship 66
6: Social leaching 99
7: Doctrinal leaching 120
8: Mythological Elements 137
Appendix: English translation o f JS 273 155
Bibliography 157
General Index 160
Index to the JStaka Stories 166
 Preface for Cybereditions

W ith a book o f this nature, there is little need for revision but I have welcomed
the opportunity to correct one or two minor errors in the original, to do a
little judicious pruning and to incorporate some material occasioned by reviews
and by personal letters to the author from scholars of Theravada Buddhism.
T h e Acknowledgements, Foreword and Introduction which appeared in the
original edition are reproduced below as they first appeared, except that the
Introduction has been revised here and there. T he Indexes have been revised
for the new edition, but I would remind readers of the electronic version that,
by using the F ind facility from the Edit menu, it is very easy to locate all the
passages where a particular word or reference occurs. T he narrower the search,
the more comprehensive the find. For instance, if I search for JS 5 4 7 ,1 get 6
references; if I simplify the search to 5 4 7 ,1 get 16 references. If I want to
locate a tale in which the bodhisatta was a golden peacock, and I search for
golden peacock, I get only a single reference; if I search for peacock, I get 4.
It is easier to exclude irrelevant references than to have to go on searching for
ones that have been missed. Another change necessitated by the electronic
format is that footnotes, instead o f being relegated to the end o f the book,
now occur in square brackets at the relevant point in the text.

J.G.J.

7
 Foreword

It gives me much pleasure to present to the English speaking and English

reading world both a new book in the field of Pali Buddhist studies and a new
author who obviously is in perfect command o f his subject H e writes in a
fluent and relaxed style, eschews all padding, and is never pretentious, tedious,
confused o r confusing. All is plain sailing for the reader.
T he 547Jataka Stories form ‘the oldest, most complete and most important
collection of folk-lore extant’, as T.W. Rhys Davids had said. Vast in extent,
with the verses regarded as canonical and the narratives connected with them
as commentarial, they have aroused the attention, often the enthusiasm, of
listeners and learners down the centuries. M r Jones compares the doctrinal
and ethical content of these stories with that of the Four NikSyas - the principal
doctrinal source for canonical Psli Buddhism, but he also makes occasional
reference to the Vinaya, or book o f monastic discipline.
In this book, The Tales and Teachings o f the Buddha, very interesting and
balanced comparisons, principally between the standpoint taken by the Psli
Jataka Stories and the Four NikSyas on the aspects o f Buddhist teaching of
most relevance and concern to the layman, are here made for the first time.
M r Jones is well-versed in both JStaka and Canon, and is thus able to draw on
both not only with apparent ease but also with aptness and accuracy and
dependable documentation.
T he results of M r Jones^ findings on the discrepant attitudes that may be
taken by the J5taka and the NikSyas are always revealing and sometimes
surprising. For example, the difference between the canonical teaching and
the JStaka view regarding an enduring atta, or 'self*, and its rebirth is here
fully examined for the first time and squarely faced with no difficulties shirked.
This alone is a most valuable and original contribution.
O r again, though the disparaging sentiments to be found in some o f the
JStakas on ‘the wickedness o f women’ are fairly common knowledge, this
wickedness has never been pinpointed before, any more that there has been
collected the complete number o f examples of it contained in the Jatakas.
Here each is investigated and assessed on its own merits with astringency or
compassion as the case may be.
M r Jones has found new facets to present both of the ancient JStaka tales
where, in his former births, Gotama was still the Bodhisam striving for his
final enlightenment, and also of the ancient PSli Nikayas. I much hope that
this book will find the place it deserves in contemporary Jitaka literature
where it should act as a stimulus, an adornment and a delight.
I. B. H o r n e r
President of the Pali Text Society

8
 Introduction

A great deal o f interest has, in recent years, centred upon various attempts to
investigate the actual practice o f Thera v5da Buddhists in relation to their
theoretical beliefs (see R. Gombrich, Precept and Practur, M E . Spiro, Buddhism
and Society; S. Tambiah, Buddhism end the Spirit Cults m North-East Thailand).
T h e Therav3da attracts particular attention because its theory is so
uncompromisingly otherworldly. Inevitably the question arises: How is it
possible for people to adopt views so inhospitable to ordinary worldly
standards, yet continue to live so comfortably in the world? T he question
obviously has more force when applied to the lay Buddhist since the monk is
expected to have renounced worldly pleasures.
W hat the present work attempts is similar to the field studies cited in that
it too investigates the relationship between the outlook of the stricter minority
and that o f the laxer majority within the Thera vida community. But instead
o f comparing scriptural precept with a lay practice still much influenced by
local animistic beliefs, it compares the core scriptural teaching found in the
Four NikSyas of the S u m Pitaka with the teaching conveyed through the
medium of the popular Jdtaka stories.
There are many reasons for attempting this. T he most pressing is the need
to gain a more realistic perspective on the Theravada world. Too often it has
been assumed that a careful study of the Pali Canon would give an accurate
indication of the beliefs, values and aims o f the average Southern Buddhist.
This is as likely to be reliable as the assumption that reading the New Testament
gives one a fair idea of die oudook and lifestyle of the average churchgoer! It
has also to be remembered that many lay Buddhists are semi-literate at best
and have almost no direct access to their scriptures. They may have heard monks
chanting passages from the scriptures and may have received some instruction
based on scripture at home or school or occasional visits to a monastery. The
fact remains that the lay Buddhist is most unlikely even to have seen his
voluminous scriptures except in the form of brief anthologies.
Thus, although the scriptures are highly venerated as imparting the true
Dbamma, the very words o f Lord Gotama himself, they remain closed books
to the average lay person. Only monks can be expected to have the refinement
of mind and the long hours of leisure required for their study.
It is the Jataka stories which, over the centuries, have provided lay Buddhists
with their main source of guidance and instruction. These stories are close
enough to the Canon to enjoy something o f its awe and veneration, but
sufficiently different in their style and content to enjoy enormous popularity.
These are tales that can be passed on orally from parent to child, can be used
in school for practice in reading, can be acted out at village festivals, can

9
10 T ales a n d T ea c h in g s o f t h e B uddha

become subjects for murals and paintings, can live in a people's imagination.
In the day-to-day life o f the village, these stones are a constant reminder
o f the price to be paid for succumbing to greed or passion on the one hand
and of the rewards attaching to the path o f virtue on the other.
In view of the influence they have had at grass-roots level, it may seem
strange that the non-Buddhist world has heard so little about the JStaka stories.
One reason for this reticence is what W inston King has described as “export
Buddhism" (King, 1964, pp.42ff.) Asian Buddhists writing for an English-
speaking readership have wanted to emphasise the cool rationality and the
intellectual candour of their founder. They could be forgiven for thinking
that to direct much attention to die content and influence o f the JStakas would
be to seriously dent that impression.
Western scholars, on the other hand, have primarily been concerned to
track Buddhism down as nearly as possible to its source in die life and teaching
o f the historical Gotama. A nodding acquaintance with the Jatakas has
convinced them that these can throw little light on their quest, so they have
largely passed them by.
Another problem is that, in its written form, the Jataka corpus is extremely
unwieldy, running to six volumes in its original Pili Text Society edition (1877-
1896) and to three bulky double volumes in the current form o f its English
translation (1973). If one is on an historical rather than a sociological or
phenomenological quest, its more than a million closely-printed words is not
very inviting. In spite of this, the veteran Buddhist scholar, T.W. Rhys Davids,
did translate the Nidanakatba, the very popular introduction to the Jataka,
together with a scholarly introductory essay, under the tide BiuUbist Birtb
Stories (originally published in London in 1880 and re-issued in Varanasi,
India, in 1973).
T he aim of the present work is to look closely and analytically at the Jataka
stories, paying special attention to the ethical and doctrinal message they
usually convey and comparing this with the ethic and doctrine found in the
Four NikSyas o f the Sutta Pitaka themselves. As we shall see, the majority of
the stories are simply folk tales which have been cleverly adapted by Buddhists
in order to purvey a kind of Buddhist teaching suitable for lay men and women.
We shall also see that, in the process of popularizing, there has also been a
considerable shift in emphasis and even at some points in doctrine.
After a preliminary section dealing with the primary sources, the main
body of the work examines the canonical and Jataka material, grouped
according to theme.
T he notes in the text usually refer to other sources simply by author and
date of first publication; further details are available from the Bibliography
found at the end of the book. References to the Pali Canon and the JStakas
are to the English translations published by the Pali Text Society unless
otherwise indicated (see the abbreviations used in the references listed below).
 Acknowledgements
T he author is heavily indebted to those self-efiacing scholars who have, over
the years, made available to us the Pali texts in English translation. He would
also like to thank the Rev. Y. Dhammapala of the University of Sri Lanka
(Peradeniya) for helpful conversation and for access to his draft thesis; Dr
Marrison, Curator of Oriental Books at the British Library, for his helpfulness;
Miss LB. Homer, President of the Pali Text Society, for her encouragement at
the inception of this work, much help during its writing and a very generous
Foreword on its completion, D r Robin Bond, a colleague at the University of
Canterbury, for assistance with translation, M r John Hardy, the publisher’s
editor, for his great care and patience in steering a difficult manuscript through
the press whilst its author was on the other side of the globe. H e is also indebted
to the Council of the University of Canterbury for granting the study leave
which made the final research for this work and its actual writing possible.
T he author also wishes to thank Schocken Books Inc. for permission to
quote from A n Understanding ofthe Buddha by Oscar Shaftel; E J. Brill, Leiden
for permission to quote from Tht Paccekabuddha by Ria Kloppenborg; and
theUaiversity of Hawaii Press for permission to quote from Causality: The
Central Philosophy ofBuddhism by D.J.Kalapahana.

Abbreviations
References to primary sources use the following abbreviations. Full details of
these sources are given in the Bibliography.
A: Anguttara NikOya (Pali text; for English translation, see GS)
D: Digba Nikaya (Pali text; for English translation, see DB)
DB: Dialogues o f the Buddha (English translation o f D)
GS: Gradual Sayings (English translation o f A)
J: Jataka (Pali text; for English translation, see JS(S))
JS(S): Jataka Story (Stories) (English translation o f J)
KS: Kmdrtd Sayings (English translation o f S)
M: Majjbhna Nikaya (Pali text; for English translation, see MLS)
MLS: Middle Length Sayings (English translation of M)
S: Samyutta Nikaya (Pali text; for English translation, see K)

11
 P a rti

T H E SOURCES
 1

H ie Jataka Stories

ORIGIN
T here are many uncertainties about the origin o f the Jataka Stories. T he
verses which accompany the stories proper were eventually admitted into the
Canon as the tenth o f the fifteen ‘minor* discourses which constitute die
Kbuddaka-NikSya, which is in turn the fifth and final part of the Sutta PHaka
(‘Sermon' or ‘Dialogue’ collection). This is generally agreed to be a later and
less reliable compilation than the preceding Four NikSyas, which form the
subject of the next chapter. [An exception has to be made o f the section o f the
Kbuddaka-Nikdya known as the Sutta Ntp&ta, which shows many signs of being
genuinely early.]
At a number o f points in the Ahgvttara-Nibfya, the JStaka is included as
one o f the nine ahgas (divisions) of the Buddha’s teachings, but these passages
are o f later provenance than most of the material in the earlier NikSyas and in
any case leave open the question of which material was included under the
heading of ‘JStaka’. (See, for example, GS I I 6 ,1 1 0 ,193ft HI 71, 133,257; IV
75.)
W hatever their canonical status, a number o f JStaka stories date back to at
least the third century BC since they are the subject-matter o f some o f the
bas-reliefs at Sanchi, AmarSvati and Bharhut. Fa Hsien, visiting Sri Lanka in
the fifth century AD, reported that, between AnurSdhapura and Mahintale,
both sides of the road were lined with pictures depicting the five hundred
different births of the Buddha. These were in colour and ‘executed with such
care as to make them appear living’. [Malalasekera, 1928, p.l 19, quotingGiles]
From this period onwards, the JStaka collection, much as we know it now,

15
16 T ales a n d T ea ch in g s o f t h e B uddha

became a strong influence in Ceylonese a n and literature, particularly so after

a Singhalese version of the stories became available in the fourteenth century
a d . [See Wickramasinghe, 1864, pp.90f, 96, 101, 112, 122, 178, 182, 198-
200; cf. comment by M rs C.A.F. Rhys Davids in KS III x]. Much the same is
true of other Theravada countries. W riting about Burma, M.E. Spiro quotes
Professor G. Luce as saying: ‘it would scarcely be an exaggeration to say that
they [the JStaka] have formed the basis o f half our art and literature1. [Spiro,
1971, p. 19; see also Khaing, 1962, pp. 151 ff.]
We shall never know how the Jataka stories emerged in their present form
or how much, if anything, Gotama himself had to do with the first telling of
them. A pious Buddhist who has been bred on these stories would like to
believe that they, or at least some of them, originated with the Buddha, but
may concede 'that the present collection contains some fables, fairy-tales,
“Joe Millers”, and records o f everyday experiences, such as are in no way
peculiar to Buddhism, but are the common property of the world, floating
down the ages’. [Malalasekera, 1928, pp.l20f.]
Supporting the case for Gotama's being the first teller o f at least some of
the Jatakas is the presence within the Four NikSyas o f other passages which
clearly have the form of Jatakas although they are not found in the official
collection. [See D B I 175-181, H 199ff. (cf J S 95, also KS IE 122-124), 259ff.t
364-6 (cf. JS 1), 368 (cf. JS 91), ID 21f. (cf. JS 335), 60 (cf. JS 168 and KS V
1250; MLS 1388ff. (cf. JS 405 and KS 1179ff.), D 243-250 (which is alluded
to in Nidanakatba at J i 43; for E T see T.W. Rhys Davids, 1880, p. 138), 268ff.
(cf. JSS 9,541); KS 1 194-196; GS 195-97, IV 54f.t 262-265. This last passage
- GS IV 262-265 - is, incidentally, almost certainly the Vetamaka Sutta alluded
to in the Introduction to JS 40, where a footnote on p.234 tells us that it is
<unknown to European scholars*. Still more Jataka-type material is found in
the Vmaya: see T.W. Rhys Davids, 1903, pp.l95f.]
This material, even though in the Four NikSyas, often seems too far-fetched
and unlikely to be authentic. This is hardly surprising in view of the long and
chequered history which even this material has had before arriving at its present
written form.
T he nature of this material has prompted some scholars to see the whole
o f it as a manifestation of the general tendency to heighten the supernormal
attributes o f Gotama as, over the centuries, he was increasingly revered by
his followers. F.L.Woodward, for example, wrote:
As to the Jita ka verses, which progress in num ber like the
Anguttara or Gradual Sayings, it is doubtful whether they are
genuine utterances, with the exception o f the very brief ones,
while the stories applied to them, with their commentary, are
romances, and in some cases folk-lore, common to most nations.
(Woodward, 1935, p.v)
A typical instance o f this tendency is the attribution of the ‘thirty-two marks
 T he Jataka Stories 17

o f the Buddhas' to Gotama in his final birth. These included the imprint of a
thousand-spoked wheel on the soles of his feet, a sheath-encased penis and a
set o f forty teeth! [DB 1 131; 0 14ft; III 137ff.;M LSII 318ff.]
T he position adopted by Professor K.N. Jayatilleke is more flexible.
Although he argues strongly for the rationality o f the Buddha, noting that, in
his determination not to be misled by linguistic forms and conventions, he
even anticipated modern linguistic and analytical philosophy, he continues:
...but there was one difference. For perception, according to
Buddhism, included extra-sensory forms as well, such as telepathy
and clairvoyance. Science cannot ignore such phenomena and
today there are Soviet as well as Western scientists, who have
admitted the validity of extra-sensory perception in the light of
experimental evidence. (Jayatilleke, 1975, p.33 cf. Jayatilleke,
1963, pp. 331,431f.,437ff.)
A problem about this is that, even if Gotama claimed extra-sensory recall
o f previous lives, he also frequently expressed aversion to any display of
supernormal powers. [DB I 278ff; HI 106f.; KS II 84-92. If a monk falsely
claimed possession of supernormal powers, the Vmaya made it d ear that he
had committed one o f the four unforgivable sins and had automatically
excluded himself from the Order.]
T he Jayatilleke position, although persuasively argued, overlooks the fact
that the modern philosophical criterion for the acceptability o f empirical
evidence is that it be publicly accessible, i.e. accessible through the physical
senses. This does not necessarily deny that other forms of experience may be
subjectively valid, but it does deny that they can be regarded as ‘empirical’. It
therefore follows that, if Gotama did refer to his recall o f previous lives,
particularly if he did so in order to substantiate his teaching, he cannot at this
point be regarded as the herald of modem empricism. One cannot have it
both ways.
A third, Buddhistic objection is a particularly difficult nut to crack. As we
shall argue in more detail later, if one is to maintain the non-existence of an
a tti, a psychic centre capable o f surviving the break-up o f the kbandb2y it
becomes extremely difficult to see how one can plausibly lay claim to recall of
previous lives.
As we shall also be arguing later, Gotama himself seems to have been unclear
about how precisely the twin pillars of his teaching - the absence of an enduring
attS and the need to escape an endless cycle o f rebirths - are to be reconciled.
It therefore seems highly probable, in our view, that Gotama did claim some
memory of previous lives, perhaps some of them in non-human form, and
that this claim provided the historical peg on which could be hung a growing
wealth of extraneous legend in succeeding centuries.
There seems little doubt that the Jataka as we know it gained entry to the
canonical literature some tim e after the death o f G otam a, although
18 T ales a n d T ea ch in g s o f t h e Buddha

archaeological evidence suggests that at least some o f the stories had begun
to circulate about a century later. W. Geiger expressed the view that the
jBtakagbavannB (the actual prose stories, which were regarded as commentary
on the canonical verses) were compiled by a Ceylonese priest who, if not
Buddhaghosa himself, lived around the same time. It was very much a
compilation rather than a composition since the stories had all enjoyed a
long oral history. W hilst the verses were regarded as fixed and unalterable,
the stories associated with them could be varied and elaborated until they
sometimes even seemed to contradict the verses. [Geiger, 2nd ed., 1968, p.31]
Malalasekera enters into a much fuller discussion o f the m ethod o f
transmission but agrees with Geiger in attributing the compilation to a
Ceylonese monk - not Buddhaghosa himself, but possibly a lesser namesake
who lived soon afterwards. If these judgements are accepted, and if the tradition
that Buddhaghosa flourished in the early fifth century AD can be relied upon,
we can date the emergence of the completed Ceylonese Jataka collection to
around the latter half of the fifth century AD [Malalasekera, 1928, pp.102-
127; see also Burlinghame, 1921, p.60].
T he prose stories undoubtedly belong to the commentarial period in the
history of the formation o f the T hera vada canon and share the typical
commentarial haphazardness. In the Pettavattbu, one o f the other fifteen books
forming the Kbuddaka NikSyayfor example, no fewer than three Jataka stories
are thrown in, none of them apparendy relevant. [See Gehman, 1974, pp. 15f.,
24, 38ff..] The dominant theme at this period is that the law o f karma is
relendessly at work, causing the rewards and punishments of a beingfe deeds
to mature as he o r she proceeds from birth to birth, the doctrine o f anattM (no
soul) being stricdy ignored.

FO RM
In spite of the haphazardness of so much of the content, the Jitaka stories
have been organized in an orderly fashion.

Number
Each tale is numbered according to the number of verses with which it is
connected, as follows:

Book/Pali Nipata JS Numbers Num ber o f verses

1 Eka 1-150 1
2 Duka 151-250 2
3 Tika 251-300 3
4 Catukka 301-350 4
5 Pafica 351-375 5
6 Cha 376-395 6
 T he JStaka Stones 19

Book/P3ll Nipata JS Numbers N um ber o f verses

7 Satta 396-416 7
8 Aftha 417-426 8
9 Nava 427-438 9
10 Dasa 439-454 10
11 Ekadasa 455-463 11
12 DvSdasa 464-473 12
13 Terasa 474-483 13
14 Palripnalca 484-496 15
15 Vlsati 497-510 20
16 Xtrhsa 511-520 30
17 Cattallsa 521-525 40
18 P a ^ a sa 526-528 50
19 Safthi 529-530 60
20 Sattati 531-532 70
21 Asld 533-537 80
22 Maha 538-547 'great*

T he actual situation is a good deal more complicated than this table would
suggest. For one thing, very nearly the same story may recur a number of
times. For another, there are occasions when the story is omitted, with a note
to say that it is recorded ‘at another place'. Here are the main instances:
(1) JS 8, where it is noted that the Introduction and Jataka are the same
as JS 462, although ‘the stanzas are different*. Only the stanza and an ending
(samodbana) are given at this place.
(2) JS 52, where we are told that 'all the incidents that are to be related
here, will be given in the Maha-janaka-Jataka’ QS 5 39). Only the stanza occurs
here.
(3) At this point, the situation becomes extraordinarily complicated. AIL.
Feer notes that JSS 82,104,362 and 439 are ‘only four versions or variants of
the same text'. [Feer, 1875, E T 1963, p.5]. A mistake has crept in here;JS 362
should read JS 369. A tJS 82, we are told that T h e incidents of this B irth ...
will be related in the ...Maha-Mittavindaka Jataka', which the translator^
footnote identifies as JS 439. This note also refers us to JS 41, which is not in
the Feer Group and is not the same story as JS 439, although both feature a
Mittakavindaka, in 41 the son of a beggar and in 439 the son o f a wealthy
merchant. AtJS 104, we are told that 'T he incidents are the same as those in
the previous story of Mittavindaka’, but this time the translator's note refers
us back to JS 41, not forward to JS 439. At JS 369 we are told that T h e
incident that led to the story will be found in the Mahamittavinda Birth’ and
the footnote now refers toJSS 41,82,104. T here actually is no story entitled
the ‘Mahamittavinda', but JS 439 (which is called the ‘Catu-D vira’) is clearly
20 T ales a n d T ea c h in g s o f t h e B uddha

the one intended.

If this is not confusing enough, the introduction to JS 439 states that ‘the
circumstances have been already set forth in the first Birth of the Ninth Book*
- which is JS 427, not one of the Mittavindaka group but a virtual replay o f JS
381, yet another story. N either JS 427 nor JS 381 bear any obvious connection
toJS 439.
There is, however, a striking connection between JSS 41 and 439 in that, in
each of them, a Jonah-like character named Mittavindaka brings bad luck to
his fellow sailors when the ship in which he is a hired hand (41), or which he
owns (439), is becalmed. T he sailors cast lots to discover which of them has
brought this disaster on them. T he lot fells seven times (41) or three times
(439) on Mittavindaka, who is accordingly put adrift on a raft and the boat
promptly begins to move again. In both cases the castaway comes to an island
where four goddesses inhabit a crystal palace, then discovers eight goddesses in
a silver palace, sixteen in a jewel palace and, finally, thirty-two in a palace of
gold. In view of the other JStakas involved in the Mittavindaka cycle, this sea
story and the name of die character involved in it, has achieved great popularity.
Yet the Mittavindaka of JS 41 has been a monk in a previous birth. Because
he stole a brother monk’s food, he goes to hell for thousands o f years, then to
500 births as a ravenous ogre, followed by 500 births as a hungry dog. H e is
then bom as Mittavindaka in a village beggar^ home. H e brings such bad
luck to his parents that he is driven from home, tries being apprentice to the
bodhisatta (who in this birth is a world-renowned teacher) but proves nothing
but trouble. He marries and has two children but demons kill and eat his
family. T hen follows the seafaring incident, after which he arrives in a city of
ogres. Here he catches a goat by the leg thinking he will now at last get a
square meal, but the goat turns out to be an ogress, who hurls him back to
Benares. Here he catches another goat, hoping that the same thing will happen
in reverse (for he enjoyed being with the goddesses, if not the ogres) - instead
o f which he is arrested as a goat thief and, whilst being dragged off to face his
punishment, is saved by the intervention o f his erstwhile teacher (the
bodhisatta), whose slave he becomes.
T he Mittavindaka ofJS 439 has pious, wealthy parents but is himselfwicked
and unbelieving. H e decides to go to sea to earn his fortune by trading and
strikes his m other when she tries to prevent him. After the seafaring episode,
he comes to the city o f four gates (which gives this story the title catu-dv3ra)
which turns out to be the Ussada Hell. H e thinks he sees a man with a lotus
on his head and snatches it, puts it on his own head, and finds it has become
a razor-sharp wheel which grinds him agonisingly and unendingly to pulp.
T he bodhisatta, in this birth the king of the gods, 'making a round through
the Ussada H ell’, sees him and explains the workings of karma to its
unfortunate victim.
(4) JS 88 and JS 28 are the same except that in 88 the bodhisatta is an ox
 T he JStaka Stories 21

and in 28, a bull.

(5) JSS 101 and 99 are almost identical, even in their verses.
(6) N o story and no verses are given for JSS 110, 111, 112, 170, 350,
364,452,471,500,508,517, onJy a forward reference to the Ummagga Jataka,
which is JS 546.
As if to compensate for these earlier deficits, JS 546 turns out to be the
longest and most convoluted story in the collection, running to 90 pages in
the ET. T he next longest, JS 547, has a mere 59 pages.
(7) JS 132 is unique in that it continues where another story left off. T he
Pali editor refers to the Takkaslla Jataka, but the translator’s note points out
that this should be the Telapatta Jataka OS 96).
(8) JS 341 gives no verse but refers forward to the Kupala Jataka OS 536,
not 523 as the translator^ footnote would have it).
(9) JS 363 has no story but refers back to JS 90.
(10) JS 441 (Catu-Posathika) has no verses but tells us that ‘this birth will
be described in the Pupiiaka Birth’. T here is no story in the collection with
this title but, since catu-posathika means 4the four who kept the fast (or
observed uposatha)’ and since JS 545 tells o f four friends who independently
decided to keep the fast on the same day, and since a yakkba named Puppaka
also features in this story, this is clearly the one intended.
(11) JS 464 has no verses but again refers forward toJS 536, the Ku*ala.
(12) JS 470 has no verses but refers forward to JS 535.
(13) JS 224 is unique in having only verses without either a story or a
reference to another Jataka.
In summary, o f the original 547 Jataka Stories, only 523 actually tell a
story, whilst 15 have no verses. Two o f the stories QSS 96,132) are consecutive
instalments relating to the same birth.

T itle
It will already be clear that this was the cause of considerable confusion because
no consistent principle governed the naming of a story. As Feer noted, the title
could indicate the subject of the tale or the name of one its characters or one of
its first words. [Feer, 1875; E T 1963, pp.l2ff..] AJataka could have a number of
different titles whilst a number of tales could each have the same tide.

Q uotation
Probably because of the erratic nature o f the titles, this third means of
identifying a tale was introduced.
Immediately after the tide, the first words of the stanza(s) which follow the
story are quoted. T he problem here is that ten ‘stories’ (JSS 101,170, 341,
350,364,441,470,471,508,517) have neither story nor verse and therefore
no quotation.
22 T ales a n d T ea c h in g s o p t h e Buddha

In some cases, the first stanza is given in the Introduction rather than the
story proper (JSS 4,25,40,67,70,78,132,269,321,400,408,466,512,533).
In all these cases the introductory verses are ignored and the quote is from
the first of the later stanza(s).
In a few cases, the quotation is not from the first verse but from the verse
numbered in square brackets after the number o f the Jataka: JSS 31 [2], 35 [3],
211 [3], 259[2], 276[2], 482[2], 483(3], 545[11], 547[3].
T here are a few clusters in which the words quoted are identical which
presumably accounts for the stories being grouped together. These dusters
o f stories are indicated by hyphens: JSS 41-42-43; 44—45; 46-47; 51-52; 57-
58.
In JS 536, the KupSla, which has many unique features, the quotation is
not from any of its 80 stanzas but from the beginning o f the prose story.

Introduction
This places the story which follows in its supposed context in die life of Gotama
by supplying the location at which the story was told and the circumstances
which occasioned it. T he latter are usually elaborated in the main body o f the
introduction and constitute ‘the tale of the present' (paccvppannavattbu).
A lthough usually brief, the introduction occasionally grows to such
proportions that it quite overshadows the story it introduces.
There are occasions when introduction and story are so closely matched
that only the briefest summary o f the story is given, with a note to indicate
that the detail can be supplied by the corresponding introductory episode
(see JSS 45,47,53,67,77,78,79,83,86,87,90,102,166,171,200,256,271,
280,314,332,343,409,417,426,453,493).
Even when this has not happened, there are other stories which do in fact
repeat, sometimes word for word, much of the introductory material (see JSS
49,64,76,84,103,109,167,195,205,217,225,232,235,245,246,268,278,
287,293, 312,320, 324,333, 344,413,473).
Four of the above stories deserve special mention:
(1) In JS 109, there are close parallels between introduction and story but
interesting variations at some points. In the story, a poor man worships the
castor-oil tree by offering husk-cakes and is told by the tree-spirit (the
bodhisatta) that he will find pots of treasure buried round the tree. In the
introduction, the poor man offers husk-cake directly to the Buddha, thereby
attracting such fame that he himself becomes the recipient of lavish offerings
on condition that he gives the merit he has earned to the donors. Gotama
tells him t o 4take what they offer and impute your righteousness to all living
creatures.* Thus the introductory story, although it avoids tree-spirits and
buried treasure, does give dominical sanction to the rather uncanonical
practice o f merit-sharing.
 T h e JStaka Stories 23

(2) JS 217 has it the other way round, the introduction only giving a
summary o f the closely parallel story, with a reference back to JS 102, which
is virtually the same story*
(3) T here is a similar reference back in JS 333 to JS 330 - and JS 223 is
substantially the same story.
(4) JS 268, about the gardeners who pulled up trees they were watering to
measure their roots, is virtually the same story as JS 46.
Although it has been said that ‘not even the most critical scholar will deny
...that some o f the narratives o f the Paccuppannavattbu contain genuine
fragments o f the life of the Buddha’ (Malalasekera, 1928, p. 121), it needs also
to be said that dbte Introductions, like the Stories, are regarded as commentary
rather than canon. W hilst some o f the incidents held to have prompted the
telling of a birth story may have some basis in history, there are many occasions
when one suspects that the Introduction has arisen out of the Story, rather
than the other way about. Also, as our final chapter will make clear, there is
much mythological, clearly unhistorical, material in many of the Introductions.
T h e typical introductory story ends with some conversation among the
monks which the Buddha happens to overhear and enquire about. Sometimes
monks come to the Buddha to enquire about an incident. Either way, Gotama
replies that this is not the first time that this has happened... - and the scene
is set for the telling of a Jataka.

Jataka p ro p er
T he ‘story o f the present’ (paccuppannavattbu) paves the way for the ‘story of
the past5(atitruattbu), which is, of course, an incident from one of the Buddha’s
previous births. Since he is not yet fully enlightened, he is always in these
tales designated the bodbisatta> the being w ho has the character o f
enlightenment because, aeons ago, in the time of the Buddha Dlpankara, he
formed the resolution to become the Buddha [this was when the bodhisatta
was incarnate as the ascetic Sumedha, as we are informed in the Nidanakatba
- see Rhys Davids, 1880, pp.95ff.] and, throughout a long succession of
subsequent lives, never flagged in his determination to attain supreme
enlightenment eventually.
T he narrator o f the tales is always the Buddha. Having now attained the
supreme goal he is supposedly able to review all his experiences as bodhisatta,
or ‘Buddha in the making’. H e is sometimes a key character in the tale,
sometimes a silent witness, a sort of ‘fly on the wall’ - which is, of course, a
convenient device for transforming a secular folk tale into a Jataka with a
minimum o f effort.
The table which follows shows the various roles played by the bodhisatta
in the course of these tales. I have grouped these for convenience and have
noted the total number of appearances in a given form in each case. [One
24 T ales and T eachings o f t h e B uddha

reviewer of this book and more than one correspondent observed that this
table affords a useful means of locating a JStaka provided one knows the form
the bodhisatta took in the tale one is searching for.]:

FORM OF BIRTH No. o f appearances JATAKA REFERENCES

NOTE: AJStaka reference in brackets indicates that the story is only referred
to, not narrated, under this number.
King/Ascetic 8 9(52)406459 525 529
539 541
King Brahmadatta/Ascetic 2 511519
Prince/Bra hmadatta/Ascetic 1 378
Prince/Ascetic 7 181 460472 505 507 510
538
Kingfe Chaplain/Ascetic 5 86 290 330 362 423
Kin g%Chaplain^ son/Ascetic 5 310411 509 522 530
Brahmin/Ascetic 4 10 77453 477
Teacher/Ascetic 1 41
Rich Man/Ascetic 10 43 66 390425 431440444
480488 532
Gardener/Ascetic 1 70
Householder/Ascetic 2 328 348
Ascetic 62 17 63 81 87 99(101)106
117 124 134135 144154
161 165 166167 169173
180 197 203 207 234235
244 246 250 251 253 271
273 284285 293 299 301
312 313 314319323 334
337(341) 346 376 380 392
403 414418 426 433 435
436443 467 496 523 526
528
Naked Ascetic 1 94
Ascetic^ Son 1 540
Outcast/Ascetic/Deer/
Osprey/Ascetic 1 498
King 18 95 160 229230233 240 260
276 302 303 343 351 424
428 456 494 504 547
Rlma 461
King Brahmadatta 1467 225 248
 The Jataka Stories

FORM OF BERTH No. o f appearances JATAKA REFERENCES

Prince/King 9 193 257 258454468499

527 531 542
Prince/King Brahmadatta 20 6 7 5 0 5 1 5562 100126
151 191 262 269282 289
327 347 349 355416420
Householder/King 4 194309415421
Kingfc Adviser/King 1 247
(Yakkha)/C©urtier/King 1 432
Brahmin Ascetic/King 1 73
Tree Spirit/King 1 445
Prince 11 3196132 156(192)263
358 371 446513 537
Prince/King/Sakka 1 458
Merchant/Sakka 2 291 450
Sakka 21 (82)(104)202 228 264 300
344(369)372 374 386 391
393 410417 439469(470)
489 512 535
A Divine Being 3 326449457
Brahma Narada 1 544
Kingb Chaplain 10 34120 163 216241 377
413 422 479487
King^s Chaplain's Brother 1 515
Chaplain/fudge 1 220
Lord Justice 2 218 332
King% Minister/Adviser 30 25 26 27 92 149158176
183 184186195 214215
223 226 306 320 331 333
336 345 396401 402 409
441462 473 495 545
Courtier 3 8 107 108
Treasurer 10 4 4045 47 53 83 84125
127131
Valuer 1 5
Brahmin/King's Favourite 1 211
ChiefForester 1 265
Trader/Merchant 31 12 344 54 79 85 8990
93 98 103 155 171 232
238 242 249254256261
288315 317 324 340(363)
365 366 382 493
26 T ales and T eachings o f t h e B uddha

FORM OF BIRTH No. ofappearances jATAKA REFERENCES

Brahmin 11 61 68 76 80162 174(237)

(3010) 259 367 368,442
Wise Man 5 4649268 281490
Teacher (often Brahmin) 18 64 65 7197 119 123 130
150 175 185 200 213 245
252 287 338 353 373
Brahmin^ Pupil 7 48 305 356405 447 478
481
Squire 1 39
Householder 2 199280
Brahmin Field Labourer 2 354 389
Landowner’s Son 1 352
Musician 1 243
Wonder Man 12 (110) (111)(112) (170)
(350) (364) (452) (471)
(500) (508) (517) 546
Acrobat 2 116212
Fanner 2 56189
Drummer 1 59
Conch-blower 1 60
Doctor 1 69
Treasurer’s Barber 1 78
Gambler 1 91
Stone-cutter 1 137
Elephant Trainer 2 182 231
Potter 2 178408
Mariner 1 463
Carpenter 1 466
Smith 1 387
Poor Man 2 201 398
Low-caste Man 3 179474497
Robber Chief 1 279
Robber 1 318
Tree Fairy 29 18 19 38 74 102 105 109
113 139187 205 209(217)
227 272 283 294295 298
307 311 361400412 437
465 475 492 520
Kusa-grass Sprite 1 121
Fairy 2 13 485
Air Sprite 2 147 297
 The JStaka Stories

FORM OF BIRTH No. ofeppteranccs JATAKA REFERENCES

Sea Sprite 3 146190 296

Mountain Deity 1 419
Ganuja King 2 360 518
Golden Goose S 270 370 379 434 502
Goose 4 451476 533 534
SingilaBird I 321
Golden Mallard 1 32
Brahmin/Mallard 1 136
Quail 5 33 35 118 168 394
Pigeon 6 42 274 (275) 277 375 395
Partridge 2 37 438
Peacock 3 159 339491
Parrot 9 145 198 255 329429430
484503 521
Crow 3 140 204 292
Vulture 4 164381 399427
Woodpecker 2 210308
Cock 1 383
Fowl 1 448
Bird 6 36115 133 384(464)536
Winged Horse 1 196
Stag S 11 16 359483 501
Deer 4 12 15 385 482
Antelope 2 21206
Bull 3 28 29 (88)
Ox 2 30286
Buffalo 1 278
Lion 10 143 152 153 157 172 188
322 335 397 486
Elephant 7 72 122 221 267 357 455 514
Monkey 11 20 57 58 177 208219
222 342 404407 516
Horse 3 23 24266
Dog 1 22
Jackal 2 142 148
Hare 1 316
Pig 1 388
Rat 2 128129
Iguana 1 141
Lizard 2 138 325
NSga 3 304506 543
28 T ales a n d T ea ch in g s o f t h e Buddha

FORM O F BIRTH No. ofapptararues JATAKA REFERENCES

Prince/Ascetic/NSga King 2 524
Frog 1 239
Fish 3 75 114 236

This list accounts for all 547 Jatakas with the sole exception o f JS 224, for
which, as already noted, we have only the verse with no clue as to the birth
involved.
This does not, however, leave us with 546 stones about alleged previous
lives o f Gotama. T he stones bracketed in the above list simply allude to other
stories. It occasionally happens that one story involves m ore than one
incarnation (e.g. JS 498) or that one incarnation spreads over two stories (e.g.
JSS 367, 368). There is one story, JS 68, which refers to no fewer that three
thousand previous births in the space o f just a few lines! This is the kind of
extravagance one associates with the MahiySna, but the seeds o f it can be
found occasionally, as here, in TheravSda.
A study of the above list yields some important information about the
assumptions o f those who collated the stories:
(1) T he most striking single fact is that, amidst this tremendous diversity
o f births, the bodhisatta never once appears as a woman, o r even as a female
animal. Even when he appears as a tree-spirit or a fairy, the Pali word used is
masculine. This is no accident Hindu sacred animals like the elephant and
the monkey are well represented in the list, but the most sacred of all, the
cow, is conspicuously absent, T he bodhisatta can appear thrice as a bull, twice
as an ox, once as a buffalo, but never as a cow. As chapter five will make clear,
this gender bias is entirely typical of the tales themselves.
(2) In view of Gotama’s own biography, we might have expected the
theme o f royal renunciation to figure more prominently than it does in the
Jatakas. O f the 100 stories in which the bodhisatta becomes an ascetic, only
in 18 has be previously been a king or a prince. This becomes less strange
when it is noted that 13 o f the 18 relevant tales occur in the more popular,
lengthier stories in Book Ten and later.
(3) There are eight stories in which the bodhisatta makes the opposite
transition - from commoner to king. T hree are especially interesting since,
although they show chat virtue can transcend social obstacles, they also indicate
that this is unlikely to happen in one lifespan. Bom as a pariah 0S 309) o r in
a poor family (JSS 415,421), the bodhisatta^ virtue enables him to be reborn
as a prince in JSS 415 and 421 and to ascend the throne in his present life in
JS 309 - but only to rule by night. T he reigning monarch tells him, ‘had you
been ofa high caste family, I would have made you sole king’. This retains the
Hindu belief that, whilst virtue can earn merit, it cannot annul former demerit
T he length of time it will take for virtue to triumph will depend on the degree
 The Jataka Stones 29

of virtue on the one hand and the amount of bad karma to be paid off on the
other.
(4) When the bodhisatta appears in the same form in a group of stories,
are the stories in the group merely variations on a theme? Sometimes the
answer is yes. In JSS 86,290,330 and 362, the bodhisatta always appears as a
king’s chaplain who becomes an ascetic. In each story, whibt still a chaplain,
he indulges in a little mock-thieving in order to convince himself that it is
virtue, not high office, which earns respect; he then goes off to become an
ascetic. Even the verses accompanying these stories are similar.
If we look at the four stories in the vulture group, however, only two of
them 0SS 381,427) are similar. There are five stories in the quail group, but
no two of them resemble each other.
(5) The bodhisatta appears 357 times in human form, 66 times as a god
and 123 times as an animal. This is overlooking the 3,000 human births referred
to in JS 68 and only counting the final birth in those stories where the bodhisatta
goes through more than one birth in the one story. The bodhisatta never appears
in any of the hells, although JS 538 does refer to his eighty thousand years in
hell in his previous birth. He never appears as a ‘hungry ghost* (pcta) nor as an
asura. [This is hardly a ‘demon’since classed with gods and humans as belonging
to the higher planes of existence. Although they are often depicted as at war
with the gods in the NikSyas - see KS1283-286, IV 133f., V 377f.; G SIV 290
- asura are not yet classed as a separate order of existence, as they frequendy
were at a later date; see Gehman, 1974, p.l 05. The Four Nikayas speak of only
five bourns: (1) hell (2) animal life (3) peta realm (4) human life and (5) heaven -
e.g., MLS 198; GS IV 301f.; DB HI 225.]
JS 432 is curious indeed since here zyakkba gives birth to the bodhisatta.
In her previous birth, the mother had protested her innocence with the oath:
‘if I have sinned... I shall become a femaleyakkba with a face like a horse’. She
had sinned and that is precisely what she became. She had an insadable appetite
for human flesh but, having carried off a brahmin who had strayed into her
domain, she became infatuated with him. Instead of devouring him, she had
the bodhisatta by him. When he has grown old enough to notice the striking
difference between his parents' faces, especially their mouths, he asks his father
why this is. The brahmin replies, ‘your mother is a yakkba and lives on man^
flesh, but you and I are men*. It seems that the law of karma is quite indifferent
to the laws of heredity and the bodhisatta is quite uncontaminated by his
mother’sjtffchfo-nature.
It is difficult to place such manifestation as ‘tree-fairy* or ‘sea-sprite’within
the canonical ‘five bourns’ since they clearly reflect animistic ideas which
pre-date Gotama’s world-view. As already mentioned, these stories simply
make the bodhisatta the silent, unseen observer of the story he narrates.
If one analyses the human and animal forms adopted by the bodhisatta, there
is a preference for the upper end of the scale (kings and ascetics dominating the
30 T ales a n d T ea c h in g s o f t h e B uddha

human realm, lions and monkeys the animal). Even so, the other end (outcastes
and robbers, rats and pigs) is not entirely despised and rejected. It is only the
realm of the feminine which is completely passed over in silence.
(6) T he bodhisatta even makes an appearance as R5ma in JS 461, a story
which has many similarities to the much longer Hindu epic, RlmSyana. This
looks like a clever ploy on the part o f Buddhism to take Hinduism under its
wing, but at a lower level of enlightenment. T he tables were turned later on
when Vaishnavite Hinduism adopted Gotama as one o f the avat3r8 ofVishnu!
(7) N o fewer than 395 Jitakas are set in the time ‘when Brahmadatta was
reigning in Benares* and there are twenty seven occasions when the bodhisatta
actually was Brahmadatta. Even allowing for the probable fact that there was
a long dynastic line of Brahmadattas reigning in Benares in the remote past,
it is clear from many of these tales - in some of which animals are the only
spokesmen - that they have no concern with history at alL In such cases, the
formula relating them to Brahmadatta is simply an equivalent for ‘once upon
a time’. There are incidents in JSS 77,336,462,468 and 489which may have
some basis in history as popularly remembered.

Verses
Since only the gatba (verses) are regarded as canonical, the arrangement of
the Jataka corpus into twenty-two Books is based entirely on the number of
verses associated with a given story.
W hen there is only a single verse, it usually comes at the end of the ‘story
of the past* and is spoken by the bodhisatta. As the number of verses increases,
so also does the tendency for them to be interspersed throughout the ‘story
o f the past', sometimes also encroaching on the Introduction. Many of the
early verses are moralistic or aphoristic and give no hint of the story with
which they became associated. In one or two of the longer tales at the end of
the collection, the verses are numerous and often take the form of a dialogue
between the bodhisatta and his protagonists. W hen this happens, the prose
‘story* becomes merely a link between, or a commentary on, the verses.

Identification
T he final formal characteristic o f the Jataka is a brief note at the end o f the
‘story of the past' to identify the main characters in the tale with people living
in the present Termed the samodhana, it was invariably spoken by Gotama,
presumably because he alone had the psychic penetration needed to identify
the characters.
Sometimes the only character identified is the bodhisatta himself. This is
done with total disregard for the doctrine of anattS since the formula employed
is always abam eva abosi (‘and I myself was...').
T he identification is often not precise, as when a group of characters is
 The Jataka Stories 31

identified’ as currently ‘disciples’ or ‘followers’ of the Buddha (e.g., JSS 50,

54). On the other hand, characters closely associated with the bodhisatta in
the tale, usually turn out to be now amongst the inner circle of Gotama’s
monks, but manifesting much the same traits then as now.
Devadatta is a kind of Judas-character, depicted in the canon as a would-
be schismatic (KS II 162ff; GS m 96ff.), as a lover o f‘gain, favour and flatter/
(GS I I 83; I V 109, cf. IV 271), as a man declared by the Buddha himself to be
unpardonable and destined for hell (GS DI 286fF.).
Needless to say, whenever he is identified as one of the characters in a tale,
Devadatta manifests the same hostile nature. In JS 11, after being depicted as
schismatic in the Introduction, he is identified as the ambitious son of the
bodhisatta (a stag) who, unlike his brother (identified as SSriputta, one of the
most revered of Gotama’s disciples), proves totally inept when his craving for
leadership is put to the test. Ambition and ineptness are the chief traits of the
characters with which he is identified in JSS 143, 160, 231, 243, 278, 329,
335,367,404,466.
Sometimes it is his selfishness 0SS 12,139), his heretical views (JS 457),
his dishonesty and lack of scruple (JSS 221,277,3 36,438,505), his lechery or
treachery (JSS 51, 194) or his tyrannical lust for power (JS 58) which are
stigmatised. JS 58 is unique in that here the bodhisatta enters die world as
Devadatta’s son, proving once again that it is onefc karma which shapes one’s
disposition, not one’s parents. An interesting feature of this story is that
Devadatta, fearing that he will be usurped by his son, tries to get him devoured
by a water-ogre, whilst in JS 20 Devadatta is bom as a man-eating water-ogre
himself.
The theme of murderous jealousy returns in JSS 122,220, 313, 358,407,
as in the Introduction to JSS 533,542.
Devadatta makes such a good villain that he keeps turning up. In JS 72, he
is a hunter who, although he owes his life to the intervention of a white elephant
(the bodhisatta), still returns to hunt this elephant for his tusks (cf. JS 221) -
and is consigned to hell for his monstrous ingratitude, as in JSS 73,131,174,
308, 482 and 516. From a Buddhistic viewpoint perhaps his most heinous
offence was that, in the ‘first age’, when he was King Upacara, he invented
the lie, and stubbornly persisted in it even though warned that ‘a lie is a grievous
destruction of good qualities... [causing] rebirth in the four evil states’ (JS
422, cf. JSS 445,474,518).
There are other stories where Devadatta is identified with a generally
unpleasant or crafty character in the tale, a jackal (JS 113), a mutilated criminal
(JS 193), a cruel hunter QSS 222,514), a wicked IringQS 240), a snake charmer
(JS 506) - or simply the ringleader of fools (JS 117).
More lurid are the Introductions to JSS 150, 530 where it is Devadatta
who incites Prince AjStasattu to kill his father, King BimbisSra - and is then
swallowed up by a huge chasm in the earth. InJS 353, Devadatta, although a
32 T ales a n d T ea c h in g s o f t h e Buddha

priest, incites a cruel king to new depths o f wickedness.

JS 503 is interesting in that it does show some regard for heredity. H ere,
Devadatta and the bodhisatta, as parrots, are born in the same nest. But an ill
wind blows Devadatta to a robber village, where he acquires his customary
bad character.
A rather different but recurring theme is the friendship between Ananda
and Gotama, a friendship which has coloured many former births. This theme
will be explored in detail in chapter five.
T he other canonical characters most often idend6ed in the tales are
Siriputta and MoggallSna. T he latter is, in the NikSyas, said to be a master of
tddbi (supernormal powers) - see MLS 1306ff., 395AF.; KS V 261-268,287f.,
319; GS III 233, IV 140f£. In theJStaka, he displays die same powers in the
Introductions to JS 78 (a gloriously funny satire at the expense o f a miserly
Treasurer) and JS 168, where UpSli is also singled out for his knowledge of
sacred law and Ssriputta for his wisdom.
 2

T h e Four Nikayas

T he scriptures which constitute the Therav5da canon are voluminous and

what follows is only the most cursory introduction to them.
They fall into three groups, the tiptptka, o f which one, the Abbtdbamma
(supplement to the dhamma), is generally regarded as of later origin than the
other two.
O f these others, the Vmaya (discipline) is concerned with monastic rules
for the Buddhist order. T h e remaining pitaka is known as the Sutta P it aka
(Collection of Discourses), which is the 'chief source of our knowledge o f the
dhamma. It is therefore often directly called the dhamma as opposed to vmaya'
(Geiger, 1968, p. 17).
Although the Sutta Pitaka is made up o f five nikSyS (collections), the first
four of these have always been given pre-eminence. The reason is partly that
the fifth, kbuddaka (short), nikaya is fragmentary, comprising fifteen distinct
works, few o f which even claim to contain words of the Buddha. Another
factor is that ‘among the Buddhists of Ceylon, Burma and Siam there is no
complete agreement as to the pieces belonging to it* (Gehman, 1968, p.19). It
is to this fifth nikSya that the Jataka verses belong.
T he traditional date for the compilation of the canon is 483 BC when, shortly
after the death o f Gotama, the work was accomplished at the Council of
Rijagaha. Whilst the process of compilation doubdess began at an early date, it
would not have been completed until much later. King Asoka is reputed to
have convened a third council, which completed the canon, in the late third
century BC, well over two hundred years after Gotama’s death. The Ceylonese
canon is said to have been fixed only in the last decades BC by King Vettagaraani.
For nearly four centuries the canon existed only in oral form, handed down
from one generation o f monks to another, each responsible for a particular
section. The text had to be carefully memorised, each recital being prefaced

33
34 T ales and T eachings o f t h e B uddha

by the formula, evam me sutam (‘thus have I heard*). It was the responsibility
of larger gatherings of monks, especially at the Councils, to hear and sift and,
in satisfactory cases, to give their corporate approval to these recitals.
As is usual with oral traditions, a good part of what was remembered came
to have a liturgical, formulaic or catechetical shape. This ensured that those
elements considered to be of central importance would easily become
embedded in the memory of all monks and nuns and a few pious laymen and
laywomen.
Because of this history, the canon presents critical problems which Geiger
believes may 'never be solved satisfactorily* (Geiger, 1968, p.12.) T he Four
Nikayas, although enjoying such exalted status, are of unequal date and uneven
value, ranging from ‘the actual reminiscences of the last days of the Master*
to what seems to be ‘purely monastic fiction’ (Geiger, 1968, p.12.)
The four NikSyas, also termed the FourAgamS, are written mainly in prose,
whilst the fifth is mainly in verse. They comprise:

(1) The Dtgba NikSya (The Long Collection)

This, as its name suggests, contains most of the longer discourses, especially
if repeated material is included in extewo, not merely summarised, as usually
happens in the ET. T here are 34 sutta in all, divided into (a) the
Stlakkbandavagga (1-13), (b) the Mabavagga (14-23) and (c) the Patikavagga
(24-34).

(2) The Majjbrma Nikaya (The Middle Collection)

A collection of suttas considered to be of moderate length and, therefore,

more numerous that in the first nikaya. There are 152 sutta arranged in (a)
the MulapaifnSsa (1-50), (b) the Majjbimapannasa (51-100) and (c) the
Uparipaififisa (101-152).

(3) The Sarpyutta NikSya (Grouped Collection)

Geiger considers that ‘the third and fourth Nikayas are more pronouncedly
later and supplementary collections* (Geiger, 1968, p. 18). This certainly applies
to their form, which is largely catechetical, but not necessarily to their content,
since much of this material appears, in substance, in the first two NikSyas.
The grouping is according to content and comprises 56 sections which
comprise no fewer than 2,889 suttS arranged in five parts.

(4) The Ahguttara NikSya (The iOne-lrmb-morei Collection)

This NikSya reflects the monks* delight in ordering the teaching into numbered
 T h e Four Nikayas 35

lists. Occasionally these lists are in chains, each link depending on and providing
support for its neighbouring link; more often they are simple lists o f attributes
of or requisites for a given phenomenon. There are ‘at least 2,308’ (Geiger,
1968, p. 19) svtta arranged in groups o f ten or more (very rarely less). The lists
go in ascending order from just one item to eleven items, though the latter are
often highly contrived, being simply combinations o f previous shorter lists (e.g.
6+5 or 3+3+3+2 to give a composite list of 11 items).
 P a rtll

THEMES
 3
Karma and Rebirth

T H E FO U R NIKAYAS
Karma and Rebirth are the obvious starting point for a thematic study of the
material since they are the twin ideas without which the very concept of a
Jataka would be impossible.
In the context of canonical doctrine, however, there is something
extraordinarily puzzling about the doctrine of rebirth. The Hindu position is
relatively straightforward. Each individual has an inner core, an Stman (soul)
which, according to the karma generated in the course of one lifetime, can
transmigrate to another life-form at the moment of death.
Gotama firmly rejected this doctrine. There is no Stman, only a ceaselessly
changing complex of five 'aggregates’ which combine to give the illusion of
an enduring selfhood. These five are r&pa (form), vedanB (feeling), saHnS
(perception), sankbSrS (volitions/habits) and vimutya (consciousness). [See DB
I I 28, m 224,2S5; MLS ID 82; KS HI passim, V48f.]
In spite of this seemingly hard-headed demolition of the concept of an
eternal soul, it is still maintained that there is a one-to-one correlation between
a given *1* living now and a whole series of T s - not necessarily all or any of
them human - stretching back into an indefinite past or forward into the
remote future. On Buddhist premisses, how is this possible?
K.N. Jayatilleke dtes a passage in M m 19, which he translates 4a certain

39
40 T ales and T eachings o f t h e B uddha

monk entertained the thought that since body, feelings, ideas, dispositions
and consciousness is without self, what self, can deeds not done by a self,
affect*. His comment is that, although this monk is faithfully rehearsing the
Buddha’s teaching of anatta (no soul - attS is simply the Pali for 3tman), he is
going beyond the Buddha’s teaching in the consequences he draws from i t
The Buddha, says Jayatilleke, expressed joy after his enlightenment precisely
because he had been delivered from an endless succession of future births.
The idea of rebirth is therefore ‘an integral part of Early Buddhist belief and
much of Buddhism would be unintelligible without it’ (Jayatilleke, 1963,
pp. 371 ff.; cf. Jayatilleke, 1975, p.75.)
Whilst one may readily agree that the Buddha believed in rebirth and this
belief is crucial for an understanding of his teaching, it is by no means clear -
and Jayatilleke makes it no clearer - what it is that is reborn. On another
occasion the same author writes:
The belief that the Buddhist doctrine of anatta implies a denial
of any kind of survival after death rests on a misunderstanding of
this doctrine. The doctrine denies a permanent entity or soul
which runs through different existences without change of
identity but does not deny the continuity of an evolving
consciousness. (Jayatilleke, 1975, p.82; cf. pp.l28ff., 152ff.).
Instead of a ‘continuing soul’, we now have an ‘evolving consciousness*.
How does this help? Consciousness (vmftftp?) is one of the five kbandbi which
are dissolved at death: deprived of its physical correlates, how could it survive?
In MLS I 313, 320f., Gotama does in fact vigorously refute the ‘heresy* of a
persisting consciousness. If it is argued that Gotama is here referring only to
the crude egocentric consciousness but asserting that there is another, subder,
ego-free consciousness which can survive, two questions clamour for an
answer
(1) What is the basis for this idea of ego-less consciousness in the doctrine
of the kband3f which looms so large in the NikSyas?
(2) How could the existence of this ego-less consciousness be consistent
with the doctrine of anatta ?
There is no way that such questions could be answered without indulging
in the metaphysical theorizing which Gotama was determined to avoid (DBI
254-257,257ff., Ill 128ff.;MLS II 97ff., 164ff., 230,237; KS H 150f., HI 101,
138,157,160, 302, V 354,370, 378; G SIV 39f„ V 127fF.).
Gotama did, with ruthless analytical rigour, debunk the Hindu belief in an
enduring atman capable of hopping from life to life. This debunking recurs
so often and is so inhospitable to popular beliefs that it is highly likely to be
authentic. At the same time, Gotama seems to reject the logical consequences
of his radical analysis.
When he is faced with the proposition that, since there is no enduring
atman to reap the consequences of our deeds, it matters litde How we live, he
 Karma and Rebirth 41

immediately recoiled. [The passage at MLS IQ 19, referred to by Jayatilleke

and quoted above, is a case in point At MLS I I 70%, the ‘heresy* that there is
no world beyond is vehemently rejected, but without any supporting
argument]
Instead o f indulging in outlawed metaphysical theory, Gotama seems to
have appealed to the pamiS (intuitive wisdom) arising from his enlightenment
in support o f his adherence to the idea that the consequences of present deeds
carry over into future lives. H e possibly saw the doctrine o f karma, which he
does not seem to have exposed to the same critical scrutiny as the Stman
theory, as requiring some kind o f future reward o r punishm ent
Jayatilleke himself puts the karmic theory into modem dress: ‘Man is
conditioned by his psychological past, going back into prior lives, by heredity
and by the impact o f his environment’ (Jayatilleke, 1975, p. 35).
It is widely acknowledged that the kind o f person we become has a great
deal to do with a genetic inheritance stretching back, probably, into the remote
past; it also seems highly probable that the way we live now will have some
bearing on the genetic profile we hand on to future generations. But we should
be wary o f such phrases as a ‘psychological past* since they seem to imply
some Idnd o f psychological continuity underlying the genetic process. This is a
metaphysical theory and would, in any case, fail entirely to account for ‘my*
recalling a previous birth as, say, a dog. Transitions from one life-fbrm to
another, of the kind that proliferate in the JStaka, cannot even appeal to a
genetic link, let alone a ‘psychological past’.
There is one passage in the Nikayas which is o f particular interest because
here Gotama does seriously entertain the possibility o f there being ‘no world
beyond’. H e goes on to argue that, even if there is ‘no fruit and ripening of
deeds done well or ill’ in future lives, virtuous living can still ensure freedom
from enmity, oppression and sorrow here and now (GS 1 175).
T his seems to have been a ‘last ditch’ stand but it does, nevertheless, lend
support to Oscar Shaftelfc view that ‘Some assumptions of the day he [Gotama]
too assumed, such as karma and rebirth, presumably because they bespoke a
system of active personal responsibility’ (Shaftel, 1974, p.47).
Come what may, Gotama seems to have recoiled whenever there was any
suggestion that there is no moral law shaping our destiny, even if we think in
terms only o f our present lifespan. W hen one considers the innumerable cases
where persons have prospered or been penalised quite regardless of moral
entidement, even this modest belief makes a big metaphysical supposition.
Shaftel seems to be on firm ground when he claims that Gotama^ retention
of the idea o f karma and rebirth was ethically, not rationally, motivated. Even
if these ideas seem to contradict the rigorous rationality o f much o f his
teaching, he was wedded to the concept o f sila (morality) as the necessary
foundation for a life o f samadb\ (meditation) and parmZ (intuitive wisdom). At
this point, the rigour o f his analytical thinking gives place to the primacy of
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Commonwealth Av (2nd fir) (2) 732-6441 CARNEVALE Lisa secy rec
Manpower 55 Balboa Dr 783-1126 CARNEVALE Mark R prgmr Milton
Bradley 55 Balboa Dr 783-1126 CARNEVALE Nicholas (Anna J tailor
Blakes) retired 135 Oakland St ® (4) . . . 733-8465 CARNEVALE Paul
R (Elizabeth ofc coord MA Tchrs Assn) foreman Hamilton Standard
Dlv 55 Balboa Dr ® (2) 783-1126 CARNEVALE Randy machst
Hamilton Standard 55 Balboa Dr 783-1126 CARNEVALE Randy mech
self emp 40 Edgemont 737-1536 CARNEVALE ROBERT H
Insurance2077 Roosevelt Av (#2000) 781-5940 CARNEVALE
Zampaolo J (Matilda M retired) retired 125 Garfield St ® (2) . . .
732-8067 CARNEY Anna retired 200 Kendall CARNEY C E retd 363
White (1st fir) . . . 733-9271 CARNEY C P retd 33 Strong St® 736-
6006 CARNEY Catherine H retired 115 Dwight St (#807) 733-9123
CARNEY Ceal B retired 15 Cleveland St ® 737-7136 CARNEY Dawn
M ofc wkr 44 Tyrone . . . 788-7621 CARNEY Doris retired 470
Hancock St . . 737-5587 CARNEY Eugene Francis (Theresa Margaret
eshr Bradless) elk Falls Provision 63 Bither St ® (2) 782-6983
CARNEY Frederick J (Violet R credit elk Albert Steiger Co) retired 273
Harkness Av ® (2) 782-6923 CARNEY George (Marilyn A opr New
England Tel Co) salesmn Prudential Ins Co 44 Tyrone St ® (2) 732-
6431 CARNEY Jay 193 Worthington (193-195) 732-3475 CARNEY
John Mrs retd 69 Woodside Terr (#16) 737-0050 CARNEY Kevin
(Ann) emp City of Springfield 282 Bolton St ® (4) 782-0037 CARNEY
M A 44 Tyrone St ® (2) 788-7621 CARNEY Margaret L retd 45
Bonnyview St ® 783-1794 CARNEY Margaret R retd 45 Bonnyview
® 783-1794 CARNEY Mary retd 27 Santa Maria St . . 736-6838
CARNEY Michael J (Maureen P retd) elk Hall of Justice 174 Middle St
® (2) ... . 737-5825 CARNEY Michael P 174 Middle St 737-5825
CARNEY Patricia 19 Keith St CARNEY Paul F emp Northeast Utilities
44 Tyrone St 788-7621 CARNEY R 87 Sunapee ® (3\ 739-8094
CARNEY Robert J (Gertrude M secy City of Springfield Parks Dept)
interviewer Vet's Services 42 Daytona St ® (2) 732-3376 CARNEY
Robert J Jr (Maureen Sullivan courier MA State Lottery) store keeper
City of Springfield 85 Sunridge Dr ® (2) 783-9278 CAROGLANING
Nancy staff coord Bay State Medl Cntr 28 Deepfield Rd ® . . . . 783-
0562 CAROL CARS INC Frederick La Guercia, pres, -used cars1650
Bay St 783-1261 CAROL & COMPANY Carol Fuller -beauty salon- 450
Plum Tree Rd 783-0465 CAROL'S SALON SEVENTEEN Mrs Carol
Franck beauty salons 17 Michigan St Indian Orchard 543-4162
CAROL'S SCHOOL OF DANCE Carol Ann Boardway- 1196 Parker St. .
. 782-0366 CARON Al N retd 61 Dartmouth (2nd fir) . 785-5766
CARON Albert J (Marie A) self emp 322 Allen ® (4) CARON Alfred R
(Irene C retired) retired 61 Whittier St ® (2) 733-9625 CARON
Beatrice A retired Indian Orchard ® 543-3536 CARON Christopher D
mgr Food Mart 525 Parker St 782-4620 CARON Flora retd 51 Walt St
734-3408 CARON Florence C retd 69 Corey Rd 783-2776 CARON
Henry J (Frances M) genl mdser dir All NE Safety Equipt 525 Parker
St ® (5) 782-4620 CARON Herbert (Ida R) mail handler Springfield
PO 248 Plumtree Rd ® (2) . . 782-3897 CARON Jean (Norma
interpreter Baystate Medl Cntr) elk Springfield PO 93 Francis St ®
(2) 734-6944 CARON Joan A elk USPS 270 Pearl St. . 737-1753
CARON Laurette I smstrs self emp 17 Harmon Av® 782-4897
CARON Lester T (Marguerite L retd) retd 97 Arcadia Blvd ® (2) 734-
9067 CARON Linda 729 Sumner Av (3) 736-6097 CARON Lynn
student STCC 126 Marengo Pk 736-2049 CARON Marcel (Laura)
machst Longview Fiber Co 799 Beacon Cir (4) 782-9313 CARON
Marcel N (Sylvia N bkpr Pride Gas Station) pres B&C Janitorial Serv
126 Marengo Pk ® (4) 736-2049 CARON Mary E 35 Cambridge 737-
6078 CARON PAUL 740 Boston Rd 783-6915 CARON Paul R (Paula)
state rep Comm of MA 8 Rhlnebeck Av ® (4) 782-4118 CARON
Rosario retired 1039 Berkshire Av Indian Orchard ® 543-3585
CAROSELLA A retd 229 Walnut St 736-0828 CAROSELLO L retired 64
Myrtle Indian Orchard 543-1508 CAROSELLO P (Nicholas emp City of
Springfield) emp Landry Lyons & Whyte 94 Bartels ® (5) 782-3291
CAROSELLO R J (C M) heavy equipt opr Springfield Park Dept 22
Horace St (4) . 734-1437 CAROSELLO Richard (Faith L elk City of
Springfield City Collectors Dept) campus police Commonwealth of
MA 63 California Av ® (2) 732-7216 CAROSI Alfred C Jr 24 Yorktown
Dr CAROTTY Thomas J (Henrietta F) costodian Town Hall E Long 423
Allen Park Rd CAROUSEL CONSULTANTS INC 605 State 732-8722
CAROWICK W 645 Belmont Av 739-7916 CARPANELLI Alfred W
(Shirley M retd) retired 166 Drexel St® (2) 732-9458 CARPENTER
Bredine tchr City of Springfield-Sch Dept 220 White St ® (2) .. 732-
3391 CARPENTER Christy L ramp agt American Airline 81 Fairview Av
737-7623 CARPENTER Donald E (Madelyne) fire fighter Springfield
FD 218 Osborne Terr ® (5) 736-8535 CARPENTER Emma Mrs retd
59 Margaret St 734-7400 CARPENTER Florence L retired 1383 Page
Blvd ® 732-0652 CARPENTER George retired 1190 Liberty
CARPENTER H J retd 96 East St ® 737-7808 CARPENTER Helen retd
125 Catherine . . 739-6885 CARPENTER Keith J mech Mutual Ford
218 White 732-8181 CARPENTER Kenneth R elk Shawmut Bank 248
Canon Cir 782-7497 CARPENTER Lawrence R (Irene P retd) retd 65
Redlands St ® (2) 737-7701 CARPENTER Madelyn B retd 41 Grand
St 734-2679 CARPENTER P 141 Farglade Av 788-9805 CARPENTER
Pearl retired 17 Aster St . . 785-5474 CARPENTER R J JR MD 130
Maple St (#110 ofc) 785-1292 CARPENTER Stella P sr elk Springfield
Water Dept 72 Belmont Av ® 736-8162 CARPENTER Willie R carp 35
Pendleton Av 739-4165 CARPENTERS UNION LOCAL #108 David
Bergeron, bus. mgr. Simon James, organizer -carpenters union29
Oakland St 736-2878 CARPENTERS WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS
HEALTH & BENEFIT FUND Carol DeShaies- 29 Oakland .... 736-0486
CARPENTIERI Glenn (Mary Anne) emp Andre's Concrete 14 Maryland
® (4) ... 733-3453 CARPET BINDING SERVICE carpet binding Joe
Cunningham 77 Mill (77D) 739-0706
 “What wouldn’t you give for a I AMERICAN Please help by
contributing to world without cancer?” y CANCER SOCIETY The
American Cancer Society. CARPET FACTORY OUTLETS Stephen
Roeder, mgr. -carpet sis. & flooring1760 Boston Rd 543-6813
CARPET PRODUCTS INC Pauline Waldron, mgr. -carpet cleaning
supplies- 280 Brookdale Dr 788-7393 CARPIN Alan emp Spfld Auto
Elec 184 Nottingham St ® 788-9845 CARPINO Vincent retired 190
Kendall CARR Daniel J retd 353 Evergreen Rd CARR David W 104
Brunswick 739-6587 CARR Douglas D (Jane D) claims analyst Aetna
Life & Casualty Ins Co 49 Harkness Av ® (3) 782-6683 CARR
Edward A (Florence D retd) retired 63 Haskin ® (2). 734-4304 CARR
H B Mrs retired 135 Ashland Av . . 783-5491 CARR H Theodore
retired 353 Evergreen Rd ® CARR JERRY REV JR Gates Of Heaven
Church in Christ64 Monmouth 732-0889 CARR Joseph sis mgr New
York Life Insurance Co (ofc) 739-6931 CARR Joseph P (Josephine R
retd) retd 21 Clydesdale Ln ® (2) 783-3247 CARR Louis F (Barbara E
supvr Marshall's) retired 91 Mohawk Dr ® (2) 783-5904 CARR M
retd 1325 Allen ® 782-9210 CARR Mary A retd 116 Wheeler Av 782-
5364 CARR Michael E 58 Bamforth Rd 782-6715 CARR Michael F 91
Mohawk Dr 783-5904 CARR Michael L student 111 St James Av
CARR Norman I (Helen P retired) retired 38 Grandview St ® (2) 782-
5465 CARR P D student Holy Cross Coll 49 Harkness Av 782-4274
CARR Raymond A (Dorothy emp M G Klensler Coat Co) machst
Springfield Newspapers 37 Thornton St ® (2) 788-6817 CARR
Richard J retd 30 Fleldston St ® . . 782-2530 CARR Robert E
(Delores) 10 Texel Dr ® (2) 734-8667 CARR Robert J art instructor S
Hadley Schools 183 Woodslde Terr 733-6245 CARR Sister Mary ofc
sec 34 Nye CARR Steven (Marcelle wtrs Abdow's) formn Hamilton
Standard 75 Redlands ® (4) . . 733-6760 CARR Taylor (Mary) tree
surg self emp 118 Kensington Av (2) 788-7099 CARR William plbr
apprentice Steve's Plbg & Htg 91 Mohawk Dr 783-5904 CARRA
Anthony (Mafalda retd) retd 277 El Paso St ® (2) 739-6509 CARRA
Donald R (Elaine M) quality control Windsor Mfg 85 Windemere St ®
(3) . . . 733-6913 CARRA George V (Elaine M) supt Guild Carbide
Products Corp E Long 124 Firglade Av ® CARRA Jane M assembly
Carvelle 47 Zephyr Ln 782-7913 CARRA John student Brandeis Univ
51 Mayher . . ; 788-7194 CARRA Paul V (Mary A homemmaker Kelly
Girls) tool mkr Smith & Wesson 79 Oklahoma St ® (2) 739-2779
CARRA Primo (Margaret retd) retd 51 Mayher St ® (2) 788-7194
CARRA Victor A (Ellen M retd) retd 47 Zephyr Ln ® (2) 782-7913
CARRANZA Marian L retd 116 Piedmont St ® 732-7257
CARRASQUILLO Alejandro foundry wkr H B Smith Co 41 Colchester
CARRASQUILLO Carmen 47 Montmorenci CARRASQUILLO Juan
(Maria) 9 Massasoit PI CARRASQUILLO Myra E 633 Chestnut (2)
788-0035 CARRAZZA FRANK A JR Paine Webber -investment- 1500
Main (ofc) 736-3671 CARREAU David R (Janine M) 26 Portulaca Dr
® (4) 782-2049 CARREGAN'S LOUNGE John Regan, ownr.-mgr. -
restr. lounge155 Maple St 734-0474 CARREIRA Antonio C (Maria)
mach opr Spalding Co 68 Sterling St® (4) 734-1979 CARREIRA
Domingas retd 133 Parker St Indian Orchard ® 543-1030 CARREIRA
Joaqulm G (Maria L mach opr Spalding) machst Spalding 208 Centre
St Indian Orchard (4) 543-3194 CARREIRA Manuel (Ermelinda
retired) retired 35 Wrenwood St ® (2) 783-3075 CARREIRA Manuel
A asst cash dept head Stop N Shop 77 Sterling St 736-8299
CARREIRA Ralmundo (Teresa M mach opr Chicopee Undergarment)
machst Eastco Hand Tool Co 77 Sterling St ® (2) 736-8299 CARRIE
James S (Bernice C tchr's aide Springfield Bd of Educ) retired 119
Clement St ® (2) 782-4004 CARRIE William S (Elaine L) slsmn White
& Bagley 74 Ellsworth Av ® (2) 782-6552 CARRIE William S Jr
claims rep US Government 70 Harrison Av (#708). . . . 739-0073
CARRIER Robert J (Lyda retd) retd 38 Hlllcrest St ® (2) 783-0931
CARRIER Roger A (Carol A comm system consultant Data
Processing) mgr of techn Data Processing 205 Mount Holly Dr ® (4)
783-8351 CARRIERE Edward J retired 14 Carew Terr ® 737-7415
CARRIGAN Grace G retired 254 Union . . 736-0917 CARRINGTON
Charles Edwin (Lilian retd) retd 114 Ambrose ® (2) 783-3958
CARRINGTON Charles L (Mary Lee retd) retd 83 Catalina Dr ® (2)
782-7766 CARRINGTON Deborah J elk MA Mutual Life Ins Co 47
Mobllehome Way ® 783-8918 CARRINGTON Janet 64 Myrtle Indian
Orchard 543-5873 CARRINGTON N D RN Bay State Medl Cntr 215
Rosemary Dr ® 782-0349 CARRINO M J grad student Springfield
College 10 Chestnut 737-9817 •CARRION Alicea 131 Riverside Rd
CARRION Carmen 172 Plainfield CARRION Luz student 131 Riverside
Rd CARROLL Eugene (Elizabeth) 179 Westminister CARROLL Francis
A (Edith M retd) retired 115 Wilton (2) 783-1687 CARROLL Hugh
retired 370 Pine CARROLL James A Jr retd 18 Wellington 736-6555
CARROLL James L (Gloria D tchr aide Springfield Bd of Educ) semi-
retd 18 Truman Cir ® (2) 783-7525 CARROLL James W retd 121
Osborne Terr 739-3684 CARROLL Kevin F 414 Chestnut 732-6585
CARROLL Leonard F (Claire 0 retired) tchr Springfield Bd of Educ 59
Intervale Rd ® (2) CARROLL Margaret A retired 121 Osborne Terr ®
739-3684 CARROLL Mary 37 Lowell CARROLL Rankle drywall self
employed 109 Farnham Av Indian Orchard 543-1932 CARROLL
Riccardo human relations speclst Bilingual 298 Ambrose 783-2626
CARROLL Robert W 2 Lamplighter Ln. . . 783-0340 CARROLL Ronald
retired 81 Gresham Av CARROLL Shirley M retd 18 Wellington . 736-
6555 CARROLL Shirley M MRW-1 Monson Developmental Center 40
Cloran (4) ... 739-5063 CARROLL Theodore W Jr (Valerie R) wat-
ranty admr Diesel Sys Div UTC 221 Rosewell Av ® (2) 783-6032
CARROLL Thomas G auditor Defense Dept 59 Intervale Rd 783-7050
CARROLL TRAVEL BUREAU Kathryn Broman, travel agent- 1383 Main
732-2371 CARROLL TRAVEL BUREAU INC Catherine Broman, pres, -
travel agt.1383 Main St 739-7391 CARROLL Vivian S social wkr City
of Springfield 298 Ambrose ® 783-2626 CARRON Gerald (Susan J)
55 Crown St® (4) 739-9403 CARROW Sophie retd 161 Jasper 736-
3468 CARRUCINI Emma retd 33 Genesse 737-8402 CARRUCINI
Sonia 31 Adams (3) 737-3859 CARS R US Jerry 8ourcier, ownr. -used
cars1174 State St 737-7124 CARPET - CARTER 63 Springfield City
Directory © 1988 U S WEST Marketing Resources Co CARSANO
Marie hsekpr Dr Alex Russell 201 Porter Lake Dr 739-8718 CARSON
Helen L retd 101 Jeffrey Rd®. . 782-9205 CARSON Linda J student
Western New England 667 Bradley Rd 782-7378 CARSON M 0 retd
67 Oak St ® 734-5206 CARSON Mark student Western New England
Coll 11 Gateway Dr 782-0676 CARSON Steven elk 53 Howes 734-
3531 CARTELLI Dominick A semi retd 191 Porter Lake Dr ® 732-
9933 CARTER A M retd 5 Temple St 732-0179 CARTER Albert S Dr
tchr Western New England Coll 45 Willow (#609) 788-0479 CARTER
ALFRED H MD psychlatrlst125 Liberty (#402 ofc) 739-7371 CARTER
Annette 153 Allen (3) 788-6234 CARTER Annie M emp Monson State
Hosp 28 Brown 734-2619 CARTER Bertha M retd 464 Hancock St®
732-8506 CARTER Bethany student Springfield Coll 232 Middlesex
739-1801 CARTER Carolee (3) 737-8859 CARTER Clarence M 15
Hlllmont 732-5564 CARTER D sr elk typist City of Springfield 231
Pine Acre Rd ® (6) CARTER Deborah J 16 Roosevelt Terr . . . 739-
5487 CARTER Delano (Sharon A) emp 248 Ft Pleasant Av (3) 734-
5401 CARTER Desmond L (Rita emp Shawmut First Bank) emp
Monson Dvlpmt Cntr 216 College (4) 733-2449 CARTER Dianne
florist Root Seller 29 Kenwood Pk 736-3681 CARTER Donna M secy
Castonguay Constn 45 Berkshire Indian Orchard 543-2899 CARTER
Dorothy L home health aide VNA 15 Hlllmont® 732-5564 CARTER
Douglas T (Susan) drvr John A McLean 49 Humbert (2) CARTER Earl
A Jr foreman Hamilton Standard Div 136 College 736-1979 CARTER
Edward C (Judith A can washer Friendly Ice Cream) mach opr Milton
Bradley Co 60 Jeanne Marie St (3) CARTER Evelyn E cutter Rexnord
136 College® 736-1979 CARTER Felix (Sherlyn) emp MB Co 110
Lincoln (#2) CARTER Frank H (Jeanette retd) retired 20 Montgomery
St Indian Orchard (2) . . . 543-1849 CARTER Hayden S retired 238
Merrimac Av ® 739-2773 CARTER Helen A retired 115 Dwight
(#514) 734-0187 CARTER Henry L (Katina A) mtcemn supvr self
emp 270 White ® (3). 788-8333 CARTER Josephine Mrs bten self
emp 252 Sunrise Terr ® 782-0757 CARTER Leroy A 15 Hillmont 732-
5564 CARTER Leslie (Betty retd) retired 97 Layzon Brothers Rd
Indian Orchard . . 543-1866 CARTER Linda RN Ludlow Hosp 514
Grayson Dr 782-7730 CARTER Mabel V 16 Roosevelt Terr ® . . . 739-
5487 CARTER Maria G retired 414 Chestnut (#1103) 739-4803
CARTER Mattie E retd 17 Edgewood ® . . 788-8080 CARTER Michael
J slsmn Hoover Co 45 Berkshire Indian Orchard 543-2899 CARTER
Michael S (Margaret) 68 Vail (5) 782-8280 CARTER Pearl 313 St
James Av CARTER Ralph K (Marilyn nurses asst Jewish Nursing
Home) mach opr City of Spfld 19 Lafayette 734-9002 CARTER Ralph
K III student 19 Lafayette 734-9002 CARTER Rene bkpr 19 Lafayette
734-9002 CARTER RICE William Duggan, mgr. -paper mfg66
Industry Av PO Box 2529 (66D) 788-0901
 64 CARTER - CASSETTA Springfield City Directory © 1988 U
S WEST Marketing Resources Co CARTER Richard M (Nancy M
telemarketing Coca-Cola Co) data prcocessing mgr American Pad &
Paper 221 Edendale ® (2) 739-7754 CARTER Rita M serv Spaldings
79 Wait. 734-1387 CARTER Robert ownr J R Painters & Rest 22
Broad St 732-3395 CARTER Robert (Wendy laundry Cresent Hill
Nursing) trk drvr Air Freight Corp 370 Pine (3) 736-7849 CARTER
Robert J 67 Northampton Av CARTER Rose retd 13 Ringgold 733-
3840 CARTER Roy J (Melanie A medl records Baystate Medl Cntr)
police ofcr Springfield PD 16 Merritt St® (3) 783-8942 CARTER
Willey Hayden Av (4) 732-7134 CARTER Winnon ofc wkr Pratt &
Whitney Aircraft Div 136 College 736-1979 CARTHA John (Isebell
retd) retd 15 Bucholz (2) 783-4580 CARTHON Willie retd 500
Hancock 737-1931 CARTIER George E (Janet P RN Shriners Hosp)
chemist Monsanto Chem 167 Hartford Terr ® (2) 782-5958 CARTIER
Michael intern economist 167 Hartford Terr 782-5958 CARTIER
Michelle T student Georgetown Dental Sch 167 Hartford Terr 782-
5958 CARTIER Steven F student 167 Hartford Terr 782-5958
CARTMILL Gertrude K retired 65 Clement ® 783-2756 CARTWRIGHT
Owen 151 Quincy CARTWRIGHT VAN LINES Lorraine St Jean vice
presLeon StJean, mgr. -agent for Cartwright Van Lines531
Worthington 736-8347 CARTY Charles retired 370 Pine CARTY James
A (Helen J) yard elk ConRail 386 Plumtree Rd ® (3) 783-7687
CARTY Myrtle E retired 24 Blella 737-6243 CARUSO Dawn M cashier
Channel Home Cntr 22 Eloise 782-6521 CARUSO Denise C cutter
Frank Paper Co 22 Eloise St (2) 782-7982 CARUSO Francis clerk
Balise Motor Sales 283 Belmont Av 739-8458 CARUSO Frank A
(Janet M school conslr Belchertown Pub School) atty 127 Mulberry
(res) ® (3) 734-5568 CARUSO FRANK A atty.- 101 State (ofc)
CARUSO Frank J retd 22 Eloise 782-7982 CARUSO Frank Jr plumber
self emp 22 Eloise St 782-6521 CARUSO Frank R (Lorraine E bindery
wkr F A Bassette Co) stripper F A Bassette Co 22 Eloise ® (2) 782-
6521 CARUSO Salvatore H (Elbie C retd) retired 290 Oakland (2)
739-0457 CARUSO Thomas J (Mary E data entry opr Finast) printer
3M Dynacolor 29 Clydesdale Ln ® (3) 783-8958 CARUZ Salvatore 34
Lowell 733-1275 CARVAL ENTERPRISES INC Sheldon B Brooks, pres,
of board of directors Donald Kozera, dir. -program for
developmental^ disabled adults- 70 Leete St 739-5666 CARVALHO
Joao (Fernanda asmbly Milton Bradley Co) retired 27 Frontenac
Indian Orchard (2) 543-2132 CARVALHO Jose F (Lourdes) instr
Hampden Cty Jail 112 C reswell Dr ® (5) 783-4721 CARVEL ICE
CREAM STORE 2279 Eugene Orzechowski- 1343 Carew 737-3791
CARVEL ICE CREAM STORE NO 1964 Robert Cirillo, ownr. -ice
cream477 Breckwood Blvd 783-2400 CARVELL Leroy W (Amelia F
retd) retd 85 Woodside Terr (#2) (2) 788-0060 CARVER Gladys
retired 310 Stafford (#308) 732-1948 CARVER Shirley 310 Stafford
(#308) . . . 732-1948 CARVER Varnar 11 Oak CASA de NANA-A
MEXICAN CANTINA Angela Bruton, pres.-mgr. Anthony Gallo, vice
pres.; Delores Gentile, treas. -Luncheons, Dinners, Party Packs, Take
Out The Same Quality Food & A New Menu995 Boston Rd 783-1549
CASABLANCAS JOHN MODELING PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT &
CAREER CENTER Valerie Paul- 260 Worthington 781-6343
CASAGRANDA Mario J (Doris L bkpr Holiday Inn) constn wkr
Casagranda Bldrs 207 Euclid Av ® (4) 737-2479 CASAGRANDE Kim
A medl technologist Providence Hosp 110 Commonwealth Av 739-
8761 CASAGRANDE Ruth secy Springfield Bd of Educ 110
Commonwealth Av ® 739-8761 CASAL J 712 Sumner Av 739-3828
CASAL JANICE antiques- 712 Sumner Av 734-6100 CASANOVA
Anthony J student Rochester Inst of Technology 114 Fenway Dr 783-
8160 CASANOVA Antonio C (Mary P) retired 114 Fenway Dr ® (2)
783-8160 CASANOVA L V retired 85 William .... 732-5838
CASARTELLO Charles Roy (Joan Patricia tchr City of Springfield) tchr
Town of East Longmeadow 180 Whittum Av ® (2) . . . 782-5625
CASARTELLO Thomas E (Mary C RN BMC) atty Dimauro 35 Clement
(res) ® (4). . . . 782-3400 CASARTELLO THOMAS E atty 1350 Main
St Bank Of Boston Bldg (14th fir) (ofc) 781-1000 CASARTELLO
THOMAS E 1500 Main St PO Box 15629 (ofc) (#2500) 739-6971
CASCI Joseph V retd 1309 Saint James Av 739-2730 CASE
Christopher C (Debra J outpatient dept Wesson Meml Out Patient)
technl sis engr Byk Chemie 130 Chapin Terr ® (4) 732-5530 CASE
Elizabeth typist Aetna Life 51 Clough St 782-6358 CASE Hazel E
retired 41 Audubon ® . . . . 733-0881 CASE Ian W police ofcr Spfld
Police 125 Balboa Dr 782-4468 CASE J 56 Gold 737-7828 CASE
Justin 101 Arcadia Blvd 101 Mulberry 732-5242 CASE Kenneth H law
elk Carter Convoy Case Blackmore 50 Dexter 737-2188 CASE Robert
D (Mary T) techn AT&T 51 Clough ® (2) 782-6358 CASE Roydell C
(Elaine RN Municipal Hosp) engr Monsanto Co 125 Balboa Dr ® (4) .
782-4468 CASE William M (Marion E retired) retired 245 Plumtree Rd
® (2) CASELLA C 625 White 734-0109 CASELLA Donald A contr self
emp 130 Powell Av ® 783-6515 CASEMENT Michael (Loretta) slsmn
Nadco 80 Cornell ® (3) 737-3810 CASERIO Anthony M retired 29
Leete. . . 734-0968 CASERIO Hazel M retd 12 Jean Dr 737-4368
CASEY A M (Barbara nurse) emp City of Springfield 36 Crestwood ®
(5) 732-8672 CASEY Beverly A 33 Nokomis CASEY Blanche Mary retd
210 Pearl (#2C) 732-6424 CASEY CHEVROLET INC Royce Cort, sales
mgr. -New Cars & Trucks Sales, Used Cars & Trucks Sales, Long Term
Leasing & Daily Rentals505 Memorial Dr PO Box 346 -Chicopee 592-
4641 CASEY Diane copy writer American Saw 66 Ft Pleasant Av 734-
3274 CASEY E B retired 200 Groveland ® . . . . 785-1012 CASEY E J
unit secy BMC 37 Contessa Dr® 783-0276 CASEY Edward (Kathleen)
park dept City of Springfield 26 Thames ® (4) 739-9231 CASEY
Edward T tchr Holyoke Schools 189 Massasoit ® 739-6066 CASEY
Eileen Y retd 22 Roosevelt Av ®. . 782-7256 CASEY ELECTRIC CO
INC Frederick Mamicki pres 198 Chestnut . . . 734-2185 CASEY
GLASS SERVICE Gordon Casey, mgr. -auto glass serv.1592 State St
734-5277 or 734-2830 CASEY James M bulk mail USPS 19 Blodgett
(2) 737-7375 CASEY John W USN 104 Wilber St ... . 733-6241
CASEY Joseph E Jr (Lorraine R) tool & die mkr Milton Bradley Co 131
N Branch Pkwy ® (4) CASEY Judith A cashier Big Y Stores 94
Moulton St 782-6151 CASEY Kathleen L emp Buxton's 274 East St
737-8629 CASEY M E retd 414 Chestnut St 734-3804 CASEY Mary A
retired 307 Chestnut (#308) 739-3540 CASEY Mary E retired 21
Hartford Terr . 782-5984 CASEY Norman M (Marie J secy Widner
Travel) retd 274 East® (2) 737-8629 CASEY Patricia E probation ofcr
District . Court of Springfield 22 Roosevelt A v . . . 782-7256 CASEY
Richard J III (Elaine emp Family Care Medical Center) emp Bay State
Boiler 56 Whittier (3) 736-8041 CASEY Ruth A retired 34 Canon Cir .
. . . 783-4013 CASEY Sean C student Univ of MA 189 Massasoit 739-
6066 CASEY Thomas J (Catherine T) ownr Caseys Barber Shop 104
Wilber ® (2) 733-6241 CASEY'S BARBER SHOP Thomas J Casey
ownr 881 Liberty 732-8415 CASH Patrina student STCC 90 Newhall .
734-3277 CASH MAN Jean C Mrs homemaker MA Paramedical 56
High St 736-7924 CASILLA Richard dishwasher Friendly's 90 High
733-4545 CASILLAS Aristides E clerk Shawmut Bank 41 Washburn
732-8287 CASILLAS Rosita 2972 Main CASIMIRO Jose M (Zeferina
mach opr Ludlow Textile) mach opr Ludlow Textile 128 Hampden St
Indian Orchard ® (4) . . 543-1116 CASINEAU Charles E (Marilyn A
elk Sears Roebuck & Co) firefighter Springfield FD 1574 S Branch
Pkwy ® (3) 783-3440 CASINI Elio P (Tina M tchrs aide Springfield
Bd of Educ) prod design engr Spalding Div Questor Corp 96 Winding
Ln ® (2) 783-0693 CASINI Ovidio R retd 67 Boyer 782-0794 CASINO
Harold W retired 1122 Saint James Av (#8) 736-3259 CASINO
Solomon retired 1190 Liberty CASONI Catherine retired 945
Worthington 737-8324 CASONI Louise retd 10 Chestnut 737-6253
CASPER Susan 82 Putnam Cir (2) 739-0715 CASS Edward F
(Margaret M Ibrn East Long Pub Lbry) second v-pres Phoenix Mutual
48 Mandalay Rd ® (4) 737-3645 CASS James E (Mary A retired)
retired 193 Middlesex ® (2) 734-0037 CASS Michael J 193 Middlesex
734-0037 CASS William J mgr SIS Bank 64 Lawton 783-8139 CASS
WILLIAM R CPA 1500 Main St PO Box 59 (ofc) (#2300) . 781-7200
CASSADA Francis R (Shirley T teller Comm Savings Bank) asst mgr A
D A P 24 Westbrook Dr ® (2) 783-2231 CASSADY Alan M (Marsha A)
self emp Best Transmission 49 Ionia St® (3) 736-7375 CASSADY
Hugh E retired 15 Girard Av . 736-8073 CASSADY Uzell M retired 15
Girard Av . 736-8073 CASSALLI Robert 52 Pearl 732-4032
CASSAMASSE Suzanne L 199 Allen Park Rd (3) 783-8368
CASSANELLI Ernest G Jr (Gloria E retd) retired 50 Bartels ® (2) 782-
4148 CASSANELLI Gary G (Marybeth asst mgr Springfield Inst For
Savings) firefighter City of Springfield 90 Packard Av ® (2). 783-
1964 CASSANELLI Gene M fire fighter Springfield Fire Dept 427
Orange St . . . 734-1959 CASSANELLI Henry B (Freida S retd) retired
62 Bartels ® (2) 782-2405 CASSANELLI I G retd 210 Marmon St®
783-6902 CASSANELLI Louis F (Dorothy L retd) retd 160 Mildred Av
® (2) 788-0179 CASSANELLI Neil tchr Western MA Computer Cntr
62 Bartels St 782-2405 CASSANELLI Victoria A retired 281 Allen ®
739-4188 CASSANI Carol A elk MA Mutual Life Ins Co 14 Gilman ®
782-6228 CASSANI Clara retired 14 Gilman ® 782-6228 CASSANI
Zenaida retd 21 Oswego St (#2B) 737-7268 CASSESSE Eleanor N
retd 153 Dickinson St 734-8976 CASSESSE Gerald Peter Sr (Andrea
emp Sears) trimmer's hlpr Strathmore Paper Co 149 Euclid Av® (5 )
732-9086 CASSESSE Mark (Janet E supvr Aetna Life & Casualty)
polisher Smith & Wesson 34 Rest Way ® (2) 782-3977 CASSESSE
Michael B (Martha supvr Food Serv) landscaper 60 Rochelle St (2) ...
. 734-8407 CASSETTA Barbara A nurse Sisters Of The Cross 112
Rhinebeck Av ® (2) 782-9552
 Your local Library is a Great Place to have an Adventure. It
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CASSETTA Justin P constn wkr 112 Rhinebeck Av 782-9552
CASSETTA Mary Katherine data computer opr Investment Group 112
Rhinebeck Av CASSETTE DUPLICATING Lyle Chadwick ownr 28 Silver
St 732-0493 CASSIDY C R retd 1557 Allen 782-5602 CASSIDY
Joseph F (Patty A secy HEC) mach opr James River Graphics 127
Melville® (3) 734-2275 CASSIDY Virginia child care State of CT 132
Washington Rd 733-8580 CASSIN KATHLEEN MD OB-Gyn 120 Maple
(ofc) 734-6428 or 736-1807 CASTA Rafael (Laura M retd) retd 19
Merrill Rd ® (3) 783-9083 CASTA Yvelisse bkpr Jo-Mar Distributors
19 Merrill Rd 783-9083 CASTADNARO Mary 213 SUames Blvd ® (2)
736-5892 CASTELL Lawrence retired 190 Kendall CASTELLANI Lisa A
student WNEC 1206 Wilbraham Rd (#R) 782-4295 CASTELLANO
Jorge (Lucy emp Gandara Mental Health) emp Springfield Chamber
of Commerce 24 Sunridge Dr ® (4) .... 783-9568 CASTELLI Sharon
res counselor Chryssalais Cntr 161 Sumner Av 736-4413
CASTELVETRI Alice E retired 30 Cleveland. 734-2033 CASTELVETRI
Peter P (Frances A retd) retired 188 Wachusett® (2) 783-8064
CASTEN Henry (Nancy customer serv rep Bay Bank Valley) recruiter
Positions Inc 93 Draper St ® (4 ) 737-7852 CASTEN James (Munsey
F retired) retired 258 E Allen Ridoe Rd ® (2) 783-6353 CASTILIAN
BARBERS Elias Perez 360 Worthington 737-0320 CASTILLO C 98
Division St (2) 734-7515 CASTILLO Ileana 170 Nursery St (#9A) (3)
CASTILLO Maria 53 Hebron (4) 734-6062 CASTLE D M retired 33
Converse ® 733-3404 CASTLEBERRY Donna J emp 109 Yale St 788-
0123 CASTLEBERRY Gail recpt 109 Yale .... 788-0123 CASTLEBERRY
Nancy A Mrs tchr City of Springfield 109 Yale St ® 788-0123
CASTLEMAN Joel (Wendy riding stable instr King Oak Farms) atty
self emp 1082 Sumner Av (res) (2) 783-7578 CASTLEMAN JOEL
atty.- 1341 Main (ofc) 739-7543 CASTLEMAN PHILIP atty 1341 Main
(ofc) 739-7543 CASTOLDI Raymond P (Charlotte E retd) retired 49
Crystal Av (2) 736-8906 CASTONGUAY A retd 56 High St 737-9327
CASTONGUAY Alan warehouse Combustion Engrng 216 Greenaway
Dr 782-9214 CASTONGUAY Amy student 48 Donbray Rd 782-4772
CASTONGUAY Christine A student Univ of MA 48 Donbray Rd 782-
4772 CASTONGUAY Lucy retired 50 Arthur ® . 736-0840
CASTONGUAY Paul brtndr Black Forest 226 Fort Pleasant Av 733-
5374 CASTONGUAY Philip A (Florence M retd) retd 216 Greenaway
Dr ® (2) 782-9214 CASTONGUAY Raymond 7 Atwater Rd ®. 734-
6824 CASTONGUAY Raymond A (Ann Marie elk Baystate Medl Cntr)
self emp 7 Atwater Rd ® (2) 733-4906 CASTONGUAY Robert J
(Catherine E X-ray techn Family Care Medical Cntr Allen St) supt
Smith & Wesson 48 Donbray Rd ® (3) 782-4772 CASTONGUAY
Robert P student STCC 48 Donbray Rd 782-4772 CASTONGUAY
Stephen P (Sandra A elk Bay Bank Valley) drvr Hood Ice Cream 209
Connecticut Av ® (4) 739-5771 CASTONGUAY Vaughn (Lynne dental
hygienist Dr Morgan) carpenter self emp 330 Sumner Av (3) 733-
7509 CASTONGUAY Vincent L (Georgette packer H P Hood) welding
self emp 63 Upland St® (3) 737-1388 CASTONGUAY Warren K
(Donna L asst cash dept head Stop & Shop) mech Smith & Wesson
Inc 125 Miller ® (4) 732-8491 CASTOR John W (Frances elk Milton
Bradley) chef Foster House Inc 30 Rachel ® (2) 782-9196 CASTOR
Michael student Springfield Techl Comm Coll 30 Rachel St 782-9196
CASTOR Olive retired 365 Abbott ® 783-5263 CASTOR Robert US Air
Force Reserve 30 Rachel 782-9196 CASTOUNGUAY Henry J (Tilda G
retd) retired 90 Strong St ® (2) 734-5756 CASTRO Anna mach opr
Milton Bradley 16 Rogers Av Indian Orchard 543-2894 CASTRO
Gilberto inspector 2375 Main CASTRO Jose A (Maria T packer Milton
Bradley Co) inspr Jahn Foundry 16 Rogers Av Indian Orchard ® (3)
543-2894 CASTRO Josefa tchr Van Sickle Jr High 546 Chestnut St ®
(4) 734-1965 CASTRO Maria D 11 Indian Leap Indian Orchard (3)
543-1702 CASTRO Nereida 1028 Dwight (2) 733-2703 CASTRO
Patricia ofc mgr 0 R Cotey 82 Corona St ® 737-9846 CASUAL
CORNER INC Barbara O'Brien, mgr. -women's clothing1655 Boston
Rd 543-6677 CASUAL MALE THE Kathy Starozak -men's clothing1655
Boston Rd Eastfield Mall 543-5343 CASWELL Edith E tchr Arthur T
Talmadge School 45 Glen Oak Dr ® 782-2207 CASWELL Howard A
cost acct Milton Bradley Co 43 Ridgewood Terr ® 737-8092
CASWELL Marion T retd 43 Ridgewood Terr 737-8092 CATALDO
Dorothy May retd 162 Mayflower Rd ® 782-5146 CATALDO Nancy K
retd 10 Chestnut St (#407) 736-2608 CATALLOZZI D A tchr MCDI
321 Dorset 739-9427 CATALLOZZI Edmund John (Florence Theresa
retd) sheet metal self emp 121 Parkerview St ® (2) 782-2698
CATALLOZZI Joseph US Navy US Navy 121 Parkerview St 782-2698
CATELLIER Arthur E (Cecile A) correctional tchr Somers State
Correctional Instn 44 Wayne ® (3) 739-8790 CATELLIER Diane
student 44 Wayne . . . 739-8700 CATELLIER Edmour Mrs retd 838
Chestnut ® 733-1046 CATELLIER Michael (Nancy nurses aide
Baystate Medl Cntr) mgr Shop Rite 1471 Plumtree Rd ® (3) 783-
5501 CATERINA Thomas A printer Holyoke Lithograph 34 Michael St
783-0066 CATERINA Thomas N rprmn New England Tel Co 34
Michael ® 783-0066 CATES Charles (Belma F) retired 30 Better Way
® (2) 783-3813 CATHEDRAL HIGH SCHOOL Sr Patricia James
SSJ260 Surrey Rd 782-5285 Lunch Room . . ... 782-5108
CATHEDRAL HIGH SISTERS OF ST JOSEPH CONVENT Sister Rose
Bernard, coord.- 90 Wendover Rd 782-3147 or 782-5057 CATHOLIC
MARRIAGE COUNSELING OFFICE Father John Johnson, dir. -
marriage counselor- 121 Chestnut 732-2909 CATHOLIC OBSERVER
INC THE Mr Mark Lombard, exec, editor -newspaper biweekly- 1355
Liberty St PO Box 1570 . 737-4744 CATJAKIS Athan C (Helen K rl est
broker Catjakis Realty) state rep 127 Melha Av ® (2) 732-0522
CATJAKIS Charles emp Catjakis Real Estate investigator Atty Genls
Ofc 127 Melha Av 732-0522 CATJAKIS Eva 41 Parkside St®
CATJAKIS REAL ESTATE Chris Catjakis & Sacco Catjakis1355 Liberty
788-8100 CASSETTA - CAVA 65 Springfield City Directory © 1988 U
S WEST Marketing Resources Co CATLIN John B broker inv self emp
351 King ® 739-6929 CATLIN PIONEER REALTORS 540 Main St -
Wilbraham 596-6741 CATO Charles student 9 William Sands Jr Rd
CATO Dean 9 William Sands Jr Rd CATO Donna M elk MML Ins Co 9
William Sands Jr Rd CATO Edith 9 William Sands Jr Rd CATO Ronald
9 William Sands Jr Rd CATO Van A retd 215 King St 733-9698 CATO
William J (U B retd) retd 925 Worthington (2) 788-0287 CATRON
Erna G retired 328 Forest Park Av ® 732-5739 CATRON JAMES G DR
dentist 155 Maple (#209 ofc) 739-2531 CAT'S PAW ANTIQUES C
Robillard -antiques- 10 Parker Indian Orchard 543-5254 CATTALINIC
Margherita retd 147 Bristol St 783-4066 CATTER Abrahan T (Victoria
G retd) retired 93 Burghardt ® (2) 739-5483 CATTER Evelyn T
retired 31 Copley Terr . 737-3124 CATUOGNO COURT REPORTING
SERVICES INC Ray Catuogno, pres.1365 Main St 732-8100
CATUOGNO E retd 89 El Paso St® 737-7218 CATUOGNO George
(Irene N retd) retd 28 Crest St (2) 783-8614 CATVALIER PAULA
social worker915 Sumner Av 732-0677 CAUDLE Albert (Wadie B emp
USPS) retired 318 Eastern Av ® 788-8188 CAUDLE Elton B emp
Covenant Ins Group 49 School (#3) 732-9130 CAUDLE Ernestine
retired 41 Beacon St ® 732-2244 CAUDLE James (RoseMary nurse
VNA) emp Western MA Elec 48 Berbay Cir ® (4) . . 785-1018
CAUDLE Robert appraiser John Tehan Jr 41 Beacon 733-6242
CAUDLE Velmer N Jr (Gloria elk Bay Bank) emp Diesel Sys Div UTC
482 Hancock St (3) 734-2297 CAUDLE Willie 67 Albemarle 788-4415
CAULDWELL Georgianna nurse Enfield Nursing Home 20 Lester 736-
6497 CAULEY Maura C cleaner C&W Realty 121 Nassau Dr 782-0254
CAULTON Adrienne A social worker Dept of Public Welfare 52 Navajo
Rd ® 782-9274 CAULTON Anthony G lab asst Jahn Foundry 188 Flint
783-1319 CAULTON Carol J nurse Springfield Health Dept 63 Navajo
Rd ® (2) 783-6576 CAULTON Danny student Commerce HS 63
Navajo Rd 783-6576 CAULTON Daryl student Stetson Univ 63 Navajo
Rd 783-6576 CAULTON Elizabeth H kitchen wkr Monson State Hosp
126 Marsden ® 736-4745 CAULTON Florence E food serv wkr Univ
of MA 136 Suffolk St ® 782-3574 '• CAULTON George W (Barbara E)
prof Western New England Coll 188 Flint ® (3) 783-1319 CAULTON
Kevin M student Hartford Sch of Welding 52 Navajo Rd 782-9274
CAULTON Lawrence E 24 Truman Cir . . . 782-2545 CAULTON Robin
E clerk Aetna Life 126 Marsden St (2) 736-4745 CAULTON Ronald J
mailroom Western New England 52 Navajo Rd 782-9274 CAULTON
Sonny Sr (Dorothy B retired) retired 18 Amore Rd ® (2) 733-1862
CAUPER Barbara C mgr Center Human Dvlpmt 136 Woodside Terr
733-7002 CAUTHEN 0 E retd 140 Chestnut St 734-0814 CAVA
Carolyn M wtrs Pizza Pub 540 Grayson Dr 783-2954 CAVA
CONSTRUCTION & REMODELING Frank Cava -constn.,
remodeling175 Sunrise Terr 783-8350
 66 CAVA - CENTRAL Springfield City Directory 0 1988 U S
WEST Marketing Resources Co CAVA Frank D (Angelina M)
policeman Springfield 175 Sunrise Terr ® (2) 783-0734 CAVA FRANK
ELECTRICAL CO Frank Cava- 175 Sunrise Terr 783-8350 CAVA K 923
Liberty 788-4614 CAVA Laurie wtrs Abdows 175 Sunrise Terr 783-
0734 CAVA Sam (Maria) firefighter Springfield FD 61 Manitoba St ®
(4) CAVA Theodore E (Carmela C) retired 91 Grenada Terr ® (2)
737-1631 CAVALIER CAFE 322 Orange St 736-9750 CAVALIERO
Brooke student WNEC Law Sch 151 Allen 734-3612 CAVALLINI Ann
Marie student 79 Vermont CAVALLINI E 129 Prentice (2) 736-7359
CAVALLINI Lawrence (Elaine) emp S Co 79 Vermont CAVALLINI
Louis J (Adele retired) retired 178 Leopold ® (2) 782-0128
CAVALLINI Raymond C (Virginia Y emp Lift The Latch) ownr Lift The
Latch 56 Tallyho Dr ® (2) 783-7028 CAVALLINI Raymond J (Virginia
M ownr Lift The Latch Restr) retired 56 Tallyho Dr ® (2) 783-6603
CAVALLON Americo 95 Bronson Terr . . . 732-6658 CAVALLON Guy R
student Porter & Chester Inst 95 Bronson Terr 732-6658 CAVALLON
Robert J (Valerie V cust serv rep Chem Lawn) slsman Anderson
Raymond Sup 95 Bronson Terr ® (2) . . . 732-6658 CAVANAGH
FRITZ & COMPANY INC John M Foley, mgr. -rl. est. commercial1350
Main 736-5295 CAVANAUGH Agnes retired 909 Berkshire Av Indian
Orchard 543-3410 CAVANAUGH B 58 Governor St ® 736-3937
CAVANAUGH Bernadette Mary elk Koffee Kup Bakery 405 Hermitage
Dr ® CAVANAUGH Claire M retired 7 Kimberly Av ® CAVANAUGH
Edward V retired 11 Tacoma ® 732-9428 CAVANAUGH Eleanor M
retd 215 Ft Pleasant Av (#2F) 739-2410 CAVANAUGH Franklin E
(Elsie retired) retired 659 Sumner Av ® (2) 737-1718 CAVANAUGH J
M secy Milton Bradley 238 Maple 737-3904 CAVANAUGH J N (Estelle
retd) retd 87 Francis ® (2) 737-0051 CAVANAUGH John F (Eleanor
M retired) retired 42 Kenway Dr ® (2) 736-0889 CAVANAUGH John F
Jr (Ann S asst mgr Sears Roebuck & Co) retd 65 Gary Rd ® (2) 782-
4795 CAVANAUGH Lawrence retired 187 Boston Rd (#4) -782-3018
CAVANAUGH Linda M secy Metropolitan Life 51 Vinton St 737-1503
CAVANAUGH M B retd 310 Stafford St . 788-7481 CAVANAUGH
Marion retd 108 Connecticut Av ® 732-3685 CAVANAUGH Mark
(Kathleen L) 8 E Laramee Green Indian Orchard ® (3). 543-4978
CAVANAUGH Mary Rita retd 82 E Canton Cir 733-9333 CAVANAUGH
Maurice J (Eileen M tchr Spfld Sch Dept) wine supvr Williams
Distributing 64 Oak Hollow Rd ® (5) . . . 783-5197 CAVANAUGH
Michael B mental retardation spedst MA Dept of Mental Health 104
Spring 788-7910 CAVANAUGH Michael J (Marjorie) bookbinder
Registry of Deeds 169 Wachusett St ® (3) 782-9098 CAVANAUGH
Michael P Jr (Ann L) acct Southworth Paper Co 78 Huron St ® (3)
788-7952 CAVANAUGH Patrick R (Beth McGinnis) police ofer
Springfield PD 103 Gilman (2) 782-7919 CAVANAUGH R A claims
supvr St Paul Insurance 59 Pennsylvania A v ® 782-2756
CAVANAUGH Richard A retd 98 Berard Cir 783-3881 CAVANAUGH
Thomas (Georgia) retired 28 Merrill Rd ® (2) 783-0507 CAVANAUGH
William J 7 Kimberly Av CAVANAUGH William T (Marie T retired)
retired 111 Creswell Dr ® (2) 782-2589 CAVE WELDING CO
Alphonse Salvon 380 Bay 733-1427 CAVER Pauline M domestic wkr
self emp 156 Northampton Av 788-8732 CAVERS John David
(Katherine E aide East Long Meadow Nrsng Home) engr Combustion
Engrng 210 Talmadge Dr ® (4) 783-2636 CAVERS John W student
Springfield Techl Comm Coll 210 Talmadge Dr 783-2636 CAVERS
Mary E retd 401 Gillette Av ®. . 782-5569 CAVERS R Scott emp
Dreikorns Bakery 136 Washington Rd 739-5280 CAVERS Willard T
(Nan H secy Greenwood Pk Cntr) architect Henry Tessier 81
Clearbrook Dr ® (2) 783-6482 CAVICCHIOLI N supvr Trl Co Vendors
31 Shaine Cir 733-7206 CAVICCHIOLI Robert T (Lois A ofc wkr
Custom Cabinet Making Inc) tool mkr Custom Cabinet Making Inc 93
Strong ® (4) 736-1951 CAVICCHIOLI Thomas V (Edith M retd)
retired 79 Strong ® (2) 788-6733 CAVROS Katherine retired 31
Parkside ®. 739-1428 CAWLEY Bernard C (Suzanne E retd) retired
81 Upton ® (2) 739-9327 CAWLEY Edward M Jr trk drvr City of
Springfield 254 Oak Hollow Rd 782-7574 CAWLEY Edward M Sr
(Dorothy W retired) retired 254 Oak Hollow Rd ® (2) 782-7574
CAWLEY Jeffrey (Ann) 21 Porter ® (2) . . 732-4609 CAWLEY John R
counselor Briteside 81 Upton 739-9327 CAWLEY Katherine retired
1118 Saint James Av (#15D) 737-4403 CAWLEY Mary underwriter
Monarch Resources 81 Upton 739-9327 CAWLEY Mary E 85 Belvidere
736-8688 CAWLEY Mary S Mrs retired 85 Belvidere ® 736-8688
CAYER Albert A (Roberta A) folder Milton Bradley Co 716 Alden ®
(4) 783-3370 CAYODE Cornello (Mabel ofc aide DeBerry Sch) emp
Holyoke Water Power NE Utilities 32 Greenacre Sq ® (6) 734-2502
CAYODE Donald sider 32 Greenacre Sq . . 734-2502 CAYODE
Reymundo (Asuncion wtrs Sheraton Tara Hotel) hwy transp spedst
USPS 5 Druid Hill Rd ® (3) 782-3418 CAYON Andrew A student Univ
of MA 65 Embury St 782-0559 CAYON Virginia A secy Schaross Smith
& Murry Attys 65 Embury ® 782-0559 CAZAVILAN Mildred R title elk
Mercy Hosp 35 Bennington ® 733-4657 CAZAVILAN REAL ESTATE
Bob Cazavilan, pres. -rl. est.- 1238 Parker 782-7113 CAZAVILAN
Steven C emp Graphic Design 40 Avon PI 732-3382 CEBU LA J wtrs
Falcon Lounge 55 Allen Park Rd 782-7791 CEBULA Joseph A
(Kathleen retd) mtee mech Springfield Housing Authority 45
Worcester Av ® (2) 739-6386 CEBULA L E retd 1475 Roosevelt Av . .
. 785-5505 CEBULA Thaddeus F (Beatrice G retired) retired 43
Spence ® (2) 736-5627 CECCHETELLI Diane M recruiter Physicians
Inc 109 Oklahoma 736-5863 CECCHETELLI Rudolph P (Eleanor G
traffic supvr Springfield PD) group leader Rexnord Inc 109 Oklahoma
® (2) 736-5863 CECCHINATO T A 11 Hollywood St ® . . . 737-3182
CECCHINI A C personnel Leybold Herhaus 96 Maple St CECCHINI
Frances M 58 Edwards 733-4489 CECCHINI M M 310 Stafford St
(#906) . 736-5160 CECCHINI Rocci M retired 49 Darling St Indian
Orchard ® 543-3598 CECERE Michael (Lori Metz supvr Hampden Cty
Assn for the Retarded) realtor 191 Thompson ® (3) 736-2951
CEDAR John 222 Canon Cir CEDENA Amelia retd 310 Stafford 739-
6351 CEDENO Marisol 49 Dearborn (3) CEE Rose M 101 Lowell 739-
1550 CELETTI Gerald J 137 Oakland CELETTI James A siding
installer Beaulieu Co 104 Shady Brook Ln ® 782-0439 CELETTI
Joseph E (Jennie) retired 24 Norfolk ® CELETTI Pearl retd 16 Signal
Hill Cir. . . 782-4247 CELETTI Steven x ray techn Baystate Medl
Center 109 Whittier 736-1939 CELLA Alice retired 10 Chestnut
(#2707) (2) 732-3895 CELLILLI Anthony A (Emma K retd) retired 47
Old Brook Rd ® (2) 782-5039 CELLITE ENGINEERS INC Jess Hill
pres & treas wholesale heating & air conditioning 109 Mill St PO Box
45 781-1721 CELORIA Gianni (Ludana tchr Univ of MA) resident
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