Madeleine Leininger’s health-illness caring practices, beliefs, and

Transcultural Nursing Theory values to provide meaningful and

efficacious nursing care services to
people’s cultural values health-illness
context.
✓ It focuses on the fact that different cultures
have different caring behaviors and
different health and illness values, beliefs,
and patterns of behaviors.
✓ Attempts to provide culturally congruent
HISTORY AND BACKGROUND nursing care through “cognitively based
✓ Madeleine Leininger (July 13, 1925 – August assistive, supportive, facilitative, or
10, 2012) was an internationally known enabling acts or decisions that are mostly
educator, author, theorist, administrator, tailor-made to fit with the individual,
researcher, consultant, public speaker, and group’s, or institution’s cultural values,
the developer of the concept beliefs, and lifeways.”
of transcultural nursing that has a great ✓ Main focus is for nursing care to fit with or
impact on how to deal with patients have beneficial meaning and health
of different culture and cultural outcomes for people of different or similar
background. cultural backgrounds.
✓ She is a Certified Transcultural Nurse 4 REASONS WHY NURSES SHOULD STUDY THE CULTURE
✓ Fellow of the Royal College of Nursing in CARE THEORY
Australia, and a Fellow of the American 1. Care or caring is critical to human growth,
Academy of Nursing. development, and survival of human
beings.
✓ Her theory is now a nursing discipline that
2. Full of knowledge of cultures, roles of
is an integral part of how nurses practice in
caregivers and care recipients in different
the healthcare field today.
cultures enables nurses to provide
TRANSCULUTURAL NURSING THEORY ABOUT:
culturally appropriate care.
3. Care knowledge is discovered and used as
essential to promote healing and well being
of clients, to face death, or to ensure
survival of human culture through time.
4. The nursing profession needs to study
systematic care from a broad and holistic
cultural perspective to discover the
expressions and meanings of care, health,
illness, and well-being as part of nursing
✓ Involves knowing and understanding knowledge.
different cultures concerning nursing and
THE SUNRISE MODEL COCEPTS THAT ARE CENTRAL TO CULTURAL CARE
▪ The model symbolizes the rising of the sun DIVERSITY AND UNIVERSALITY THEORY
(care) 1. EMIC KNOWLEDGE
▪ The upper half of the circle depicts ▪ People centered or knowledge gained from
components of the social structure and direct experience or directly from those
worldwide factors that influence care and who have experienced something.
health through language, ethnohistory, and 2. ETIC KNOWLEDGE
environmental factors. ▪ Describes the professional knowledge.
▪ These factors also influence the folks, 3. CULTURE
professional, and nursing system. ▪ Earned, shared, and transmitted values,
▪ The two halves together from a full sun, beliefs, norms, and lifeways of a particular
which represents the universe that nurses group that guides their thinking, decisions,
must consider to appreciate human care and actions in patterned ways.
and health. 4. Subculture
▪ Leininger explained that nursing acts as a ▪ Closely related to culture and refers to a
bridge between the folk and the group that deviates in certain areas from
professional system. the dominant culture in values, norms,
▪ The sunrise model depicts human beings as moral codes, and ways of living with some
inseparable from their cultural background distinctive features of its own.
and social structure, worldview, history and 5. Culture Care Diversity
environment context. ▪ Indicates the variabilities and/or
differences in meanings, patterns, values,
lifeways, or symbols of care within or
between collectives related to assistive,
supportive, or enabling human care
expressions.
6. Culture Care Universality
▪ Indicates the common, similar, or
dominant uniform care meanings,
patterns, values, lifeways, or symbols
manifest among many cultures and reflect
assistive, supportive, facilitative, or
enabling ways to help people. (Leininger,
1991)
7. Culture Care
▪ Defined as the subjectively and objectively
learned and transmitted values, beliefs,
and patterned lifeways that assist, support,
facilitate, or enable another individual or
group to maintain their well-being, health,
 improve their human condition lifeway, or they can maintain their well-being, recover from
deal with illness, handicaps or death. illness, or face handicaps and/or death.
8. Care 2. Cultural care accommodation orNegotiation
▪ Are those ‘’abstract and concrete Includes those assistive, supportive, facilitative,
experiences phenomena related to or enabling creative professional actions and
assisting, supporting, or enabling
decisions that help people of a designated
experiences or behaviors toward or for
culture to adapt to or negotiate with others for a
others with evident or anticipated needs to
beneficial or satisfying health outcome with
ameliorate or improve human condition or
professional care providers
lifeways’’.
9. Culture Shock 3. Culture care repatterning or Restructuring
▪ May result when an outsider attempts to Includes those assistive, supporting, facilitative,
comprehend or adapt effectively to a or enabling professional actions and decisions
different cultural group. that help clients reorder, change, or greatly
▪ The outsider is likely to experience feelings modify their lifeways for new, different, and
of discomfort and helplessness and some beneficial health care pattern while respecting
degree of disorientation because of the the clients’ cultural values and beliefs and still
differences in cultural values, beliefs, and providing a beneficial or healthier lifeway than
practices. before the changes were established with the
▪ Culture shock may lead to anger and can
clients. (Leininger, 1991)
be reduced by seeking knowledge of the
METAPARADIGM
culture before encountering that culture.
NURSING
5 PHASES OF CULTURALOGIC ASSESSMENT GUIDE
✓ Nursing is defined as a learned humanistic
and scientific profession and discipline
which is focused on human care
phenomena and activities to assist, support,
facilitate, or enable individuals or groups to
maintain or regain their well-being (or
health) in culturally meaningful and
beneficial ways, or to help people face
handicaps or death.
HEALTH
THREE MODE OF NURSING CARE DECISIONS AND ACTIONS ✓ It is a state of well-being that is culturally
1. Cultural care preservation or Maintenance defined, valued, and practiced. It reflects
Includes those assistive, supporting, facilitative, individuals’ (or groups) ‘ ability to perform
or enabling professional actions and decisions their daily role activities in culturally
that help people of a particular culture to retain expressed, beneficial, and patterned
and/or preserve relevant care values so that lifeways.
✓ While the concept of health or being healthy understand and respect the diversity that is
exists across cultures, and universal, each often present in a nurse’s patient load. It
culture has their beliefs, values and also helps strengthen a nurse’s
practices diversity. commitment to nursing based on nurse-
PERSON patient relationships and emphasizing the
✓ Humans are caring individuals either on whole person rather than viewing the
their own or as a group. Each one cares for patient as simply a set of symptoms or
the growth and development of one illness. Finally, using cultural knowledge to
another. treat a patient also helps a nurse be open-
✓ Human care happens in all cultures that is minded to treatments that can be
universal. considered non-traditional, such as
✓ The ways the human caring is done may spiritually based therapies like meditation
vary across cultures. and anointing.
ENVIRONMENT ✓ Nowadays, nurses must be sensitive to
✓ Environmental context is defined being the their patients’ cultural backgrounds when
totality of an event, situation, or particular creating a nursing plan. This is especially
experience that gives meaning to human important since so many people’s culture is
expressions, interpretations, and social so integral in who they are as individuals,
interactions in particular physical, and it is that culture that can greatly affect
ecological, sociopolitical, and/or cultural their health and their reactions to
settings. treatments and care. With these,
✓ The study of culture is important only in so awareness of the differences allows the
far as it helps the nurse understand the nurse to design culture-specific nursing
patient’s condition, to enable the nurse to interventions.
provide appropriate and timely care and to ✓ Through Leininger’s theory, nurses can
exhibit behaviors that are beneficial to the observe how a patient’s cultural
client for healing, health and total well- background is related to their health and
being. use that knowledge to create a nursing plan
Conclusion that will help the patient get healthy quickly
✓ According to transcultural nursing, nursing while still being sensitive to his or her
care aims to provide care congruent with cultural background.
cultural values, beliefs, and practices.
✓ Cultural knowledge plays a vital role for
nurses on how to deal with the patients. To
start, it helps nurses to be aware of how the
patient’s culture and faith system provide
resources for their experiences with illness,
suffering, and even death. It helps nurses