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SELF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL FOR DISPUTE AND RESOLUTION AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR ( FINAL
EXAM)

Metalanguage

Disaster risk reduction - A systematic effort to analyze and manage the causes of disasters by
reducing vulnerabilities and enhancing capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of
hazards and the probability of disaster
Emergency - is a situation that poses a serious and immediate risk to health, life or property.
Emergency - unforeseen or sudden occurrence, especially danger, demanding immediate action.
Hazard - a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss
of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihood and services, social
and economic disruption, or environmental damage
Emergency Management - the organization and management of resources and responsibilities
for addressing all aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and initial
recovery steps.
Climate Change - a change in climate that can' be identified by changes in the mean and or
variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period typically decades or longer,
whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity
Complex Emergency - a form of human-induced emergency in which the cause of the
emergency as well as the assistance to the afflicted IS complicated by intense level of political
considerations
Contingency Planning - a management process that analyzes specific potential events or
emerging situations that might threaten society or the environment and establishes
arrangements in advance to enable timely, effective and appropriate responses to such events
and situation.
Disaster - a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving
widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds
the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources
Disaster Mitigation - the lessening or limitation of the adverse impacts of hazards and related
disasters. Mitigation measures encompass engineering techniques and hazard-resistant
construction as well as improved environmental policies and public awareness.
Preparedness - the knowledge and capacities developed by governments, professional
response and recovery organizations, communities and individuals to effectively anticipate,
respond to, and recover from, the Impacts of likely, imminent or current hazard events or
conditions
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Disaster Prevention - the outright avoidance of adverse impacts of hazards and related
disasters.
Disaster Response - the provision of emergency services and public assistance during or
immediately after a disaster in order to save lives, reduce health impacts, ensure public safety
and meet the basic subsistence needs of the people affected.
Disaster Risk - the potential disaster losses in lives, health status, livelihood, assets and services,
which could occur to a particular community or a Society over some specified future time
period.
Risk - the combination of the probability of an event and its negative consequences.
Risk Assessment - a methodology to determine the nature and extent of risk by analyzing
potential hazards and evaluating existing conditions of vulnerability that together could
potentially harm exposed people, property, services, livelihood and the environment on which
they depend.
Risk Management - the systematic approach and practice of managing uncertainty to minimize
potential harm and loss
Crisis and Disaster Management
Why do we need to give importance to disasters?
Disasters cause the destruction of communities, death of millions, and collapse of people's
livelihoods. Disasters leave indelible impacts on physical landscapes and on people's minds. In
development terms, disasters can mean serious economic impact on nations, communities,
and households. For a developing nation like the Philippines, disasters also pose major
hurdles for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG).
The Philippines is one of the world's most disaster prone nations. The exposure of the
Philippines to disasters can be attributed to its geographical and physical characteristics.
Earthquakes are common and volcanoes abound because the country is in the Pacific Ring of
Fire. The Philippines also absorbs the full strength of typhoons that develop in the Pacific
Ocean.
R.A.. 10121: otherwise known as an act strengthening the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management System, providing for the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Framework and institutionalizing the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan,
appropriating funds therefor and for other purposes" Why do we need to give importance to
disasters?Disasters cause the destruction of communities, death of millions, and collapse of people's
livelihoods. Disasters leave indelible impacts on physical landscapes and on people's minds.

In development terms, disasters can mean serious economic impact on

nations,communities,and households. For a developing nation like the Philippines, disasters also pose
major hurdles for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG).
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The Philippines is one of the world's most disaster prone nations. The exposure of the
Philippines to disasters can be attributed to its geographical and physical characteristics.
Earthquakes are common and volcanoes abound because the country is in the Pacific Ring of
Fire. The Philippines also absorbs the full strength of typhoons that develop in the Pacific
Ocean.
Aside from natural causes, the Philippines also experiences human-induced disasters.
These are brought about by hazards that are of political and socio-economic origins and
inappropriate and ill-applied technologies.
Many are forced to evacuate during times of conflict. People die from earthquakes
primarily because of the collapse of substandard buildings. The health of people is severely
affected because of industrial and domestic waste that pollutes the water, land and air
Crisis versus Emergency
Crisis and emergency are two words that typically refer to crucial, unstable or dangerous
situations. A crisis can be simply defined as a decisive and unstable situation whereas an

Crisis and emergency are two words that typically refer to crucial, unstable or dangerous
situations. A crisis can be simply defined as a decisive and unstable situation whereas an
emergency is a situation that poses an immediate risk to life and property. The key difference
between crisis and emergency is that an emergency requires immediate interventions and
assistance whereas a crisis may or may not require intervention.
What is a Crisis
A crisis is an event that leads to an unstable or crucial time. Crisis is defined by the
American Heritage dictionary as “a crucial or decisive point or situation, especially a difficult or
unstable situation involving an impending change” and by the Oxford dictionary as a “time of
intense difficulty or danger”. Crises can also be described as negative changes that take place in
the security, political, economical, environmental and societal situation of a country. Crises are
always unexpected and cause an uncertainty. They also cause threats or obstructions to
important goals.
Crises are often linked with the concept of stress since they are unstable and sometimes
hazardous event
What is an Emergency
An emergency is a situation that poses a serious and immediate risk to health, life or
property. It is defined as “an unforeseen combination of circumstances or the resulting state
that calls for immediate action” in the Merriam-Webster dictionary and “serious, unexpected,
and often dangerous situation requiring immediate action” by the Oxford dictionary
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The word emergency always implies that it requires urgent intervention. Natural disasters such
as tsunamis, floods, and tornados can be classified as emergencies since victims of such
incidents need urgent assistance. Major road accidents, strokes, heart attacks, outbreaks of
diseases such as Cholera and Ebola are also examples of emergencies.
hat is the difference between Crisis and Emergency?

Crisis vs Emergency

A crisis is a decisive, difficult or unstable situation that An emergency is a situation poses a serious and
involves an impending change. immediate risk to health, life or property, which often
requires urgent intervention.

Implications

A crisis is a negative change. An emergency is a situation that needs immediate

intervention.

Usage

Crisis can refer to negative changes that take place in the Emergency can refer to natural disasters, major
security, political, economic, environmental and societal accidents or medical emergencies such as heart
situation of a country. attacks or outbreak of a disease.

What are an emergency, a disaster, and a crisis?

The organization may have an Emergency Plan, a Disaster Plan, or a Crisis Plan. These
are all names for the same type of plan.
The dictionary definitions of these words are as follows:
Emergency - a serious, unexpected, and often dangerous situation requiring immediate action
Disaster - a sudden accident or a natural catastrophe that causes great damage or loss of life
Crisis - a time of intense difficulty or danger
These words tend to indicate an incident that will (or could) have a significant impact,
and is unexpected or sudden. These are precisely the types of incident which your plans should
be designed to deal with.
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Types of Disasters
Republic Act No. 10121 or the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010
(DRRM Act), was approved on May 27, 2010. It repealed Presidential Decree No. 1566 which
was enacted way back in 1978.
Disasters are serious disruptions to the functioning of a community that exceed its capacity to
cope using its own resources. Disasters can be caused by natural, man-made and technological
hazards, as well as various factors that influence the exposure and vulnerability of a community.
Learn about the different types of natural and human-caused disasters and their impact on
behavioral health.
Natural and human-caused disasters affect thousands of people each year. Major adverse
events such as these have the potential to cause catastrophic loss of life and physical
destruction. They are often unexpected and can leave whole communities in shock.
People who live through a disaster can experience emotional distress. Feelings of anxiety,
constant worrying, trouble sleeping, and other depression-like symptoms are common
responses to disasters before, during, and after the event. Many people are able to “bounce
back” from disasters with help from family and the community, but others may need additional
support to cope and move forward on the path of recovery. Anyone can be at risk, including
survivors living in the impacted areas and first responders and recovery workers.
Natural Disasters
Natural disasters are large-scale geological or meteorological events that have the potential to
cause loss of life or property. These types of disasters include:
Tornadoes and Severe Storms
Hurricanes and Tropical Storms
Floods
Wildfires
Earthquakes
Drought
Hurricanes and tropical storms are among the most powerful natural disasters because
of their size and destructive potential. Tornadoes are relatively brief but violent, potentially
causing winds in excess of 200 mph. Both earthquakes and tornadoes strike suddenly without
warning.
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Flooding is the most common of natural hazards, and requires an understanding of the
natural systems of our environment, including floodplains and the frequency of flooding events.
Wildfires are more prevalent in the event of a drought
Severe storms or typhoons and floods are the most common types of natural disasters
recorded by the PAGASA. These meteorological events are occasionally preceded by
presidential “emergency declarations” requiring state and local planning prior to the event,
such as evacuations and protection of public assets. Disaster Distress Helpline staff are available
to speak to those who call or text before, during, and after a natural disaster.
Human-Caused Disasters
Examples include industrial accidents, shootings, acts of terrorism, and incidents of
mass violence. As with natural disasters, these types of traumatic events may also cause loss of
life and property. They may also prompt evacuations from certain areas and overwhelm
behavioral health resources in the affected communities.
In the aftermath of the tragic loss of life that occurred during the Yolanda in 2013 and
the recent typhoon Odete in 2022, the feelings of loss of security and well-being—arguably the
most crucial ingredients for leading a happy, healthy life—dramatically affected the lives of the
affected local communities. Disaster Distress Helpline staff are also trained to respond to calls
or texts related to these types of disasters.
Disasters also can be caused by humans. Hazardous materials emergencies include
chemical spills and groundwater contamination. Workplace fires are more common and can
cause significant property damage and loss of life. Communities are also vulnerable to threats
posed by extremist groups who use violence against both people and property. High-risk
targets include military and civilian government facilities, international airports, large cities and
high-profile landmarks.
Cyber-terrorism involves attacks against computers and networks done to intimidate or
coerce a government or its people for political or social objectives. Disaster, as defined by the
United Nations, is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or society, which
involve widespread human, material, economic or environmental impacts that exceed the
ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.
Disaster management is how we deal with the human, material, economic or
environmental impacts of said disaster, it is the process of how we “prepare for, respond to and
learn from the effects of major failures”. Though often caused by nature, disasters can have
human origins. According to the International Federation of Red Cross & Red Crescent
Societies a disaster occurs when a hazard impacts on vulnerable people. The combination of
hazards, vulnerability and inability to reduce the potential negative consequences of risk results
in disaster
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Natural disasters and armed conflict have marked human existence throughout history
and have always caused peaks in mortality and relative incidence.
Natural Disasters
According to the International Federation of Red Cross & Red Crescent Societies Natural
Disasters are naturally occurring physical phenomena caused either by rapid or slow onset
events that have immediate impacts on human health and secondary impacts causing further
death and suffering. These disasters can be:
Geophysical (e.g. Earthquakes, Landslides, Tsunamis and Volcanic Activity)
Hydrological (e.g. Avalanches and Floods)
Climatological (e.g. Extreme Temperatures, Drought and Wildfires)
Meteorological (e.g. Cyclones and Storms/Wave Surges)
Biological (e.g. Disease Epidemics and Insect/Animal Plagues)
The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction characterize Natural Disasters in
relation to their magnitude or intensity, speed of onset, duration and area of extent e.g.
earthquakes are of short duration and usually affect a relatively small region whereas droughts
are slow to develop and fade away and often affect large regions.
Man-Made Disasters
Man-Made Disasters as viewed by the International Federation of Red Cross & Red
Crescent Societies are events that are caused by humans which occur in or close to human
settlements often caused as a results of Environmental or Technological Emergencies. This can
include :
Environmental Degradation
Pollution

 Accidents (e.g. Industrial, Technological and Transport usually involving the production, use or
transport of hazardous materials)

Complex Emergencies

Some disasters can result from multiple hazards, or, more often, to a complex combination of
both natural and man-made causes which involve a break-down of authority, looting and
attacks on strategic installations, including conflict situations and war. These can include :

 Food Insecurity
 Epidemics
 Armed Conflicts
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Pandemic Emergencies

Pandemic (from Greek πᾶν pan "all" and δῆμος demos "people") is an epidemic of
infectious disease that has spread across a large region, which can occur to the human
population or animal population and may affect health and disrupt services leading to
economic and social costs. It may be an unusual or unexpected increase in the number of cases
of an infectious disease which already exists in a certain region or population or can also refer
to the appearance of a significant number of cases of an infectious disease in a region or
population that is usually free from that disease. Pandemic Emergencies may occur as a
consequence of natural or man-made disasters. These have included the following epidemics

 Ebola
 Zika
 Avian Flu
 Cholera
 Dengue Fever
 Malaria
 Yellow Fever
 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)

Disaster Classification

Disaster Management (or Emergency Management) is the discipline of dealing with and
avoiding risks. It is a discipline that involves preparing, supporting and rebuilding when natural
or human made disasters occur. The actions (efforts to avoid or ameliorate the impact) taken
depends in part on the perceptions of the risk. In any event, an effective emergency
management system will rely on the emergency plans available.

Considering the possibilities of such an occurrence, the project proponent plans to

develop and implement a Disaster Management Plan aimed at identifying the different
potential disasters that could impact the development. This plan will focus on five potential
types of disasters that can arise from various sources and affect the operation and livelihood of
the project in some form or fashion.

Why is Risk Assessment important?

Risk assessments are critical for communities to recognize the risks they face. Risk
assessments serve as the first step in reducing vulnerabilities of communities. It identifies
hazards and exposed vulnerable sectors in the community. It guides communities to prioritize
actions and develop effective strategies for disaster prevention, mitigation, preparedness and
response.
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How does the DRRM Act enhance Risk Assessment?

Assessment tools on the existing and potential hazards and risks shall be developed
under the new law. The identification, assessment and prioritization of hazards and risks are
the responsibilities of the OCD at the national level (Sec. 9.c) and the LDRRMOs at the local
level (Sec. 12.c.9).

The results of these risk assessments shall be consolidated into a Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management Information System and Geographic Information System-based national risk
map and a local risk map. These risk assessments shall provide the basis for the formulation of
the NDRRMP and the LDRRMPs. This will also aid the development of the national early warning
and alert system and the local multi-hazard early warning system by the NDRRMC and the
LDRRMOs, respectively.

The law ensures multi-stakeholder

assessments. This facilitates sharing of experiences and best practices on prevention,

mitigation and preparedness and recovery among communities. It broadens knowledge on
potential hazards. In this way, it is easier for communities to understand and agree on DRRM
strategies.

Who can declare a State of Calamity

The President can declare a state of calamity upon the recommendation of the NDRRMC.
The local sanggunian may now also declare and lift the state of calamity within their locality.
This is upon the recommendation of the LDRRMC based on the results of the damage
assessment and needs analysis (Sec. 16).

https://www.samhsa.gov/find-help/disaster-distress-helpline/disaster-types

https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-crisis-and-vs-emergency/
https://restoreyoureconomy.org/main/types-of-disasters/
https://www.physio-pedia.com/File:Disaster_management.gif
http://www.downloads.caraga.dilg.gov.ph/Disaster%20Preparedness/DRRM%20Act%20Primer.pdf