BRITISH STANDARD AUTOMOBILE SERIES BS AU

50-1 -0.1 :1 999

ISO 1 3326:
1 998

Tyres and wheels —

Part 1 : Tyres —

Section 0: General —

Subsection 1 : Method of test for

measuring tyre uniformity

IC S 43 . 0 40 . 5 0 ; 83 . 1 60 . 0 1

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National foreword

This British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO 1 3326: 1 998 and implements it
as the UK national standard.

The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee

AUE/4, Tyres and wheels for motor vehicles, which has the responsibility to:

— aid enquirers to understand the text;

— present to the responsible international/European committee any

enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK
interests informed;

— monitor related international and European developments and

promulgate them in the UK.

A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on

request to its secretary.

Cross-references

The British Standards which implement international or European

publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards
Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence
Index”, or by using the “Find” facility of the BSI Standards Electronic
Catalogue.

A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of
a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct
application.

Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity

from legal obligations.

Summary of pages

This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii,
the ISO title page, pages ii to iv, pages 1 to 1 0 and a back cover.

This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on
the inside front cover.

This British Standard, having

Amendments issued since publication
been prepared under the
direction of the Engineering
Sector Committee, was Amd. No. Date Comments
published under the authority
of the Standards Committee
and comes into effect on
1 5 May 1 999

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Contents

Page

National foreword Inside front cover

Foreword iii

Text of ISO 1 332 6 1

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Contents

Page

Foreword iii

1 Scope 1

2 Normative references 1

3 Definitions 1

4 Test equipment and its requirements 3

4. 1 Apparatus for measurement of forces and geometry 3

4. 1 . 1 General 3

4. 1 . 2 Structural resonant frequencies 4

4. 1 . 3 External vibrations 4

4. 2 Test drum 4

4. 3 Test rim 4

4. 4 Measuring system 5

4. 5 Type inflation and deflation 5

4. 6 Optional instrumentation 5

4. 7 Ambient conditions 5

5 Testing 5

5. 1 Preparation of the tyre for measurement 5

5. 2 Measurement of forces 5

5. 3 Measurement of geometrical parameters 6

6 Data interpretation 7

6. 1 Forces 7

6. 2 Geometry 8

7 Accuracy of the instrumentation 8

8 Accuracy of the calibration system 8

Annex A (informative) Optional test conditions 9

A. 1 Purpose 9

A. 2 Test wheels 9

A. 3 Test mean radial force 9

Figure 1 — Reference axis system for forces 2

Figure 2 — Examples of wave shapes of forces generated by tyre 7

Table 1 4

Table 2 4

Table 3 4

Table 4 5

Table 5 5

Table 6 5

Table 7 5

Table 8 6

Table A. 1 9

Table A. 2 9

Table A. 3 10

Descriptors: Road vehicles, tyres, pneumatic tyres, tests, determination, characteristics.

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Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide

federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of
preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that
committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental,
in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are
circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
International Standard ISO 13326 was prepared by Technical Committee
ISO/TC 31, Tyres, .
rim s and v alv es

Annex A of this International Standard is for information only.

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1 Scope IS O 42 49 - 2 : 1 9 90, Motorcycle tyres and rims

(Code-designated series) — Part 2: Tyre load

This International S tandard s p ecifies tes t methods
ratings.
carried out under controlled conditions for verifying

IS O 42 49 - 3 : 1 9 97, Motorcycle tyres and rims

the uniformity of tyres for p as s enger cars ,

commercial vehicles and motorcycles .

(code-designated series) — Part 3: Rims.
IS O 5 7 5 1 - 1 : 1 9 94, Motorcycle tyres and rims (metric
NO TE Lack of uniformity around a tyre p roduces variations in

forces ap p lied b y the tyre to the vehicle and this influence is series) — Part 1: Design guides.
rep eated with each revolution of the tyre. At the p res ent s tate of
IS O 5 7 5 1 - 2 : 1 9 94, Motorcycle tyres and rims (metric
the art, however, it is imp os s ib le to m anufacture p erfectly

uniform tyres . A rigid control of the comp lete manufacturing series) — Part 2: Tyre dimensions and load-carrying
p roces s can only minimis e the unavoidab le imp erfections of
capacities.
materials , comp onents and p roces s es affecting uniformity.

IS O 60 5 4- 1 : 1 9 94, Motorcycle tyres and rims

Methods for meas uring the geometrical run- out of
(code-designated series) — Diameter codes 4 to 1 2 —
the tyre in b oth radial and lateral directions are
Part 1: Tyres.
covered, as well as methods for meas uring the

IS O 60 5 4- 2 : 1 9 90, Motorcycle tyres and rims

following p arameters:

(Code-designated series) — Diameter codes 4 to 12 —

— radial force variation;
Part 2: Rims.
— lateral force variation;
Road vehicles — Vehicle dynamics
IS O 885 5 : 1 991 ,

— p ly s teer;
and road-holding ability — Vocabulary.
IE C 6065 4- 1 : 1 993 , Industrial-process measurement
— conicity.

Not all of thes e meas urements will neces sarily b e and control equipment — Operating conditions —
relevant in every s ituation. Part 1 : Climatic conditions.
This International S tandard does not include VIM: 1 9 93 , International vocabulary of basic and

methods for meas uring the static and the dynamic general terms in metrology, BIPM, IEC, IFCC, ISO,
unb alance nor methods related to tyre- wheel IUPAC, IUPAP, OIML.
as semb lies .

The test methods s p ecified in this International

3 Definitions
S tandard are not intended for the gradation of tyres For the p urp os es of this International S tandard, the

or the definition of quality levels . definitions given in IS O 42 2 3 - 1 , IS O 885 5 , VIM and

the following ap p ly.

2 Normative references NO TE 1 S ee Figure 1 for the axis reference s ys tem .

NO TE 2 Als o refer I S O 40 00 - 1 , I S O 400 0- 2 , I S O 42 0 9- 1 ,

The following s tandards contain p rovis ions which,
IS O 42 0 9- 2 , I S O 42 49 - 1 , I S O 42 49- 2 , I S O 42 49 - 3 , IS O 5 7 5 1 - 1 ,
through reference in this text, constitute p rovis ions
IS O 5 75 1 - 2 , I S O 6 05 4- 1 and I S O 60 5 4- 2 .

of this International S tandard. At the time of

3.1
p ub lication, the editions indicated were valid. All
uniformity
s tandards are s ub j ect to revis ions and p arties to

agreements b ased on this International S tandard state in which any characteris tic of the tyre is

are encouraged to inves tigate the p os s ib ility of constant in p hase and magnitude in b oth static and

ap p lying the mos t recent edition of the s tandards dynamic conditions around the circumference

indicated b elow. Memb ers of IE C and IS O maintain NO TE Uniformity is concerned with axis s ymmetry of m as s

dis trib ution, geometry and forces generated when the s olid is in
registers of currently valid International S tandards.
motion.

Passenger car tyres and rims —

IS O 4000- 1 : 1 99 5 ,
Lack of uniformity in a tyre, when it is rotating around its axis ,

Part 1 : Tyres (metric series). caus es variations of forces , which m ay vary with the angular

s p eed and are ap p lied to the s aid axis .

IS O 4000- 2 : 1 99 4, Passenger car tyres and rims —
Part 2: Rims. 3.2
peak to peak (total)
Truck and bus tyres and rims
IS O 42 09- 1 : 1 99 3 ,

(metric series) — Part 1: Tyres. difference b etween the maximum and the minimum

values of meas urement signal, within a sp ecified

Truck and bus tyres and rims
IS O 42 09- 2 : 1 99 3 ,
b andwidth, during one revolution
(metric series) — Part 2: Rims.
3.3
Definitions of some terms used in
IS O 42 2 3 - 1 : 1 989,
first harmonic
the tyre industry — Part 1 : Pneumatic tyres.
Motorcycle tyres and rims
IS O 42 49- 1 : 1 985 ,
p eak to p eak amp litude of the fundamental

(Code designated series) — Part 1: Tyres. frequency comp onent of the Fourier transform

rep resenting the variation

NO TE Its frequency is equal to the frequency of rotation.

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Figure 1 — Reference axis system for forces

3.4 3.5.4
second (and higher order) harmonic ply steer

peak to peak amplitude of the second (or higher component of the lateral force offset which changes
order) frequency component of the Fourier sign with a change in the direction of rotation, in
transform representing the variation newtons

3.5 Forces 3.5.5

conicity
3.5.1
radial force variation component of the lateral force offset which does not
%F R change sign with a change in the direction of
rotation, in newtons
value of the variation of the force in the radial
direction (Z axis) of a loaded tyre which repeats 3.5.6
itself for each revolution at a fixed loaded radius and tangential force variation
a constant speed, in newtons tractive force variation

3.5.2
%F T

lateral force variation value of the variation of the force in fore and aft
%F L direction (X axis) of a loaded tyre which repeats
itself for each revolution at a fixed loaded radius and
value of the variation of the force in the lateral
a constant speed, in newtons
direction (Y axis) of a loaded tyre which repeats
itself for each revolution at a fixed loaded radius and NOTE Measurement of this parameter is not covered by this
International Standard.
a constant speed, in newtons

3.5.3
lateral force offset
lateral force deviation
F L

average value of the lateral force of a loaded straight

free- rolling tyre, in newtons

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3.6 Geometry NOTE 1 When the tyre is spun at a constant angular velocity Ê,
the dynamic unbalance generates a bending moment M,
3.6.1 perpendicular to the rotation axis given by:
tyre radial run-out M = (I – I ) × sin µ × Ê
a d
2

where sin µ is approximated by µ.

variation of the tyre radius measured
NOTE 2 A pneumatic tyre is actually a deformable solid, which
perpendicularly to the spin axis on a circumference means that Ia
and I , and therefore the relative positions of their
d

along the tread surface, excluding the influence of axes in space, may vary with the rotational speed. In practical

the various grooves and vents located on the tread,

terms it should be assumed that Ia
and I
d
are functions of Ê.
in millimetres 3.8
phase
3.6.2
tyre lateral run-out angular orientation of the tyre related to a reference
point
variation of the distance from a fixed reference
plane, normal to the spin axis, of a given tyre 3.9
sidewall at a given distance from said axis, direction of rotation
excluding the influence of the lettering and other
direction of rotation as perceived from the operating
markings on the sidewall, in millimetres
position
3.6.3 see Figure 1
test rim radial run-out
NOTE Positive rotation of the drum is assumed to be a rotation

variation of the wheel radius measured around the Y axis, when the Z axis moves clockwise onto the X
axis.
perpendicularly to the spin axis on a circumference
along the bead seat, in millimetres 3.1 0
test drum
NOTE It is measured separately for each bead seat.

3.6.4 rotating cylindrical flywheel

test rim lateral run-out

4 Test equipment and its requirements
variation of the distance from a fixed reference
plane, perpendicular to the spin axis, of the inside 4.1 Apparatus for measurement of forces and

vertical portion of the rim flange at a given distance geometry

from said axis, in millimetres 4.1 .1 General

NOTE It is measured separately for each rim flange.
4.1 .1 .1 The equipment for the measurement of
3.7 Mass distribution forces and geometry shall include

3.7.1 — an axle or spindle supporting a rim on which

unbalance the tyre may be readily mounted,
static unbalance (3.7.2 ) or dynamic — a test drum, the axis of which is parallel to said
unbalance (3.7.3 ) or both axle,
3.7.2 — a means for loading the tyre against the drum
static unbalance (or pushing the drum against the tyre) at a

product (m × e) of the mass m of the tyre times the specified force and/or for holding a fixed

eccentricity e of its centre of gravity, expressed in tyre- to- drum axis distance during

gram millimetres measurements,

NOTE 1 When the tyre is spun at an angular velocity Ê, the — equipment to measure the force components in
static unbalance generates a centrifugal force Fz normal to the the radial (Z axis) and lateral (Y axis) directions
rotational axis, given by:
while the tyre and the drum are rotated at
F =m×e×Ê
z
2

prescribed speed, and

NOTE 2 A pneumatic tyre is actually a deformable solid, which
means that the distribution of mass, and therefore the — optionally, means for rapid inflation and
eccentricity of the centre of gravity, may vary with the rotational
deflation of the tyre and for control of inflation
speed. Therefore in practice it should be assumed that e is a
function of Ê. pressure during rotation.

3.7.3 4.1 .1 .2 The parallelism of the two axes of rotation

dynamic unbalance shall be kept below

I – I ) × µ of the axial inertia I minus

the product (
0, 25 mm/m when loaded with a radial force

the diametrical inertia I times the misalignment µ

a d a
(Z axis) of 1 0 kN and a lateral force of 500 N
d
if the apparatus is equipped with a test drum of
between the tyre main inertia axis and the tyre
type A (preferred outer diameter 854 mm) ,
rotation axis, measured on a tyre running freely,
expressed in gram square millimetres

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0,5 mm/m when loaded with a radial force The width of the drum surface shall be greater
4.2.4

(Z axis) of 40 kN and a lateral force of 2 kN if the than the footprint of the tyre tested.
apparatus is equipped with a test drum of type B The drum shall be provided with a
(preferred outer diameter 1 600 mm).
4.2.5

high-friction coarse-textured outer surface in order

NOTE It is desirable that the parallelism between drum and
tyre axes be 0,17 mm/m maximum under no load, when the
to prevent lateral forces generated during the
absolute values of lateral force offset are made equal, by measurement from causing the tyre to skid on the
adjusting the fitting angle detectors, in order to correct the errors drum.
caused by axis parallelism, interference and fitting accuracy of
the detectors. The outer surface of the drum may be used as 4 . 3 Te st rim

reference in place of the drum axis. The rim width shall be equal to that of one of
4.3.1

Rotational torque should preferably be

4.1 .1 .3 the rims permitted by ISO 4000-1, ISO 4000-2,
applied from the tyre axis; alternatively it may be ISO 4209-1, ISO 4209-2, ISO 4249-1, ISO 4249-2,
from the drum axis. ISO 4249-3, ISO 5751-1, ISO 5751-2, ISO 6054-1
There should be provisions for both clockwise and and ISO 6054-2, and preferably equal to the
counter clockwise directions of rotation. measuring rim width.
The equipment shall be capable of rotating The specified diameter and the inner contour
4.3.2

of the test rim for the measurement of forces and/or

4.1 .1 .4

tyres at a rotational frequency of at least 10 r/min

and not higher than 250 r/min during the geometry shall generally conform to the standard
measuring operations. diameter and contour, but some modifications of the
Structural resonant frequencies contour may be required to facilitate mounting,
4.1 .2
dismounting and proper seating of the tyre beads for
The supporting structure and components of the repeatable data.
machine shall be so designed that the influence of Wheels having special contours for bead retention
natural frequencies, within the measurement (e.g. humps, etc.) shall be avoided.
frequency range, does not alter the measured The rims shall be sufficiently rigid to ensure
parameters more than 10 %. 4.3.3

that deflection in any direction at the bead seat,

4.1 .3External vibrations when operating under load, is less than 0,125 mm.
Sufficient isolation of the equipment shall be The rims shall have a peak-to-peak run-out at
4.3.4

provided in order to minimise the influence of the the bead seats, in both radial (bead seat portion) and
environment on measured parameters. axial (inner surface of flange) directions, when
installed with normal piloting on the apparatus, less
than the values given in Table 2.
4 . 2 Te st drum

4.2.1 The preferred outer diameters of the drum are:

854 mm for type A, and Tab le 2

1 600 mm for type B. mm

E quip me nt
Pe ak-to -p e ak run-out

NOTE The actual specified outer diameter can be comprised Type A drum < 0,05
between:
830 mm and 1 000 mm (reference being 854 mm) for type A,
and
Type B drum < 0,1
1 520 mm and 1 710 mm (reference being 1 600 mm) for The difference in diameter on the two bead
type B. 4.3.5

If other drum diameters are used, their correlation with the seats of the test rim shall not exceed the values
preferred diameters is to be checked. given in Table 3.
4.2.2 The run-out of the outer surface of the drum, Tab le 3

as measured at a reference band, shall be less than

0,05 mm when using type A test drum, and
D iffe re nce in diame te r

mm
E quip me nt

0,1 mm when using type B test drum. Type A drum < 0,1
4.2.3 The unbalance of the test drum, which is Type B drum < 0,2
critical in case forces are measured at the drum axis,
shall remain less than the values given in Table 1. The bead seats shall be turned and polished;
4.3.6

the two surfaces shall be symmetrical with respect

to the equatorial plane of the wheel within the
Tab le 1

values given in Table 4.

Re sidual unb alance of the te st drum

kg·mm kg·mm2
Te st drum

S tatic, D ynamic,

Type A <5 < 500

Type B < 50 < 5 000

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Tab le 4 — measuring the amplitude and phase of the first

ten harmonics of the components of force
S urface symme try limits
E quip me nt
mm variations,

Type A drum ± 0, 05 — tyre inflation pressure monitoring and control.

4 . 7 Amb ie nt conditions
Type B drum ± 0, 1
Temperature, pressure and humidity shall be in
4.3.7 The unbalance of the test rim, which is critical
accordance with category B2 of IEC 60654- 1 .
in case forces are measured at the rim axis, shall
Acceleration of gravity shall be known with the
remain below the values given in Table 5.
required accuracy in case the calibration process of
Tab le 5 the apparatus requires weights.

Re sidual unb alance of the te st rim

5 Testing
Te st d rum
S tatic, kg·mm D ynamic,

kg·mm 2 NOTE The following operations are not intended to be an

operational guide. All operations are not compulsory, and their
Type A < 1 < 1 00 order may be changed.

Type B < 10 < 1 000 5 . 1 Pre paration of the tyre for measure me nt

5.1.1 Room temperature shall be controlled

4 . 4 Me asuring system
between 5 ° C and 40 ° C. If the tyre temperature is
4.4.1 A system of appropriate design, which not within the 5 ° C to 40 ° C range, leave the tyre in
includes transducers for the development of output the ambient until its temperature falls between the
signals, is required to isolate and detect the above values.
components of the various uniformity
5.1.2 Mount the tyre on the test rim (preferably
characteristics of tyres.
having the same width as the measuring rim
4.4.2 The transducers may be placed either between standardized for the tyre size designation) and
the structure supporting the tyre and the tyre inflate it to the pressure specified for the test.
(on the test rim axis) or between the structure
5.1.3 Suitable mounting methods shall be applied in
supporting the drum and the drum (on the drum
order to ensure proper bead seating. Such methods
axis) .
may require that a suitable lubricant be applied
4.4.3 A matching calibration system is required for onto the tyre, or onto the rim or both, prior to
calibration of force and geometry measuring assembling the tyre and the rim.
systems.
5.1.4 Care should be taken that both the tyre and
4.4.4 The measuring system may contain a position the drum are free of surface contamination such as
marker to indicate the angular orientation of the oil and dirt.
tyre relative to the force signals that it produces.
5.1.5 If needed, a suitable warm- up procedure shall
4.4.5 The measuring system shall be capable of be followed to ensure that local distortions in the
measuring, in the Y and Z main directions, the force structure of the tyre due to packaging and shipping
variation ranges given in Table 6. are reduced to an acceptable level.

Tab le 6 5 . 2 Me asure me nt of force s

E quip me nt
Force variatio n range 5.2.1 The apparatus shall be equipped with an
N
appropriate test drum, depending on the type of tyre
Type A drum W 1 000 to be measured, in accordance with Table 7.

Type B drum W 3 000 Tab le 7

Typ e o f tyre Te st drum

4 . 5 Tyre inflation and deflation
Tyres for motorcycles type A
The equipment may include means for rapid
Tyres for passenger cars type A
inflation and deflation of the tyre and for control of
the inflation pressure during the rotation of the Tyres for commercial vehicles having type A or

equipment. load capacity index for single type B

4 . 6 O ptional instrumentation
application u 1 21
Tyres for commercial vehicles having type B a
Optional instrumentation may include equipment
load capacity index for single
for
application W 1 22
— indicating peak- to- peak values of the a
A type A test drum may also be used provided that the
components of force variations, measuring system is capable of measuring force variations of
at least 3 000 N (see Table 6) .

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5 .2.2 Prepare and mount the tyre on the test rim. 5.2.8 Reverse the direction of the tyre rotation and

5 .2.3 Inflate the tyre and adj ust the inflation repeat the measurements.

pressure of the tyre to the prescribed value, NOTE Dismounting the tyre from the rim and mounting it
again on the rim but showing the other sidewall towards the
depending on the type of tyre, in accordance with
operator is a permitted alternative.
Table 8.
5.2.9 The following parameters may be recorded, as
Table 8
needed:
Inflation — test rim width;
a
Type of tyre pressure
kPa — drum diameter;

Tyres for motorcycles 200 — the tyre inflation pressure.

Tyres for passenger cars 200 b 5.3 Measurement of geometrical parameters

5.3.1 Measurements can be obtained with the tyre

Tyres for commercial vehicles with 200 or 350 c
in either loaded or unloaded conditions.
load capacity index for single
application u 1 21 If the measurement is done in loaded conditions, the
sensors must be located in a position in which tyre
Tyres for commercial vehicles with 450 or 600
deformations due to deflection can be neglected.
load capacity index for single or 700
application W 1 22 5.3.2 Prepare and mount the tyre on the apparatus,
which can be the same used for the measurement of
NOTE The above test pressures have been arbitrarily selected
in order to standardize the measuring procedures. They forces.
represent the values currently used by the tyre industry.
5.3.3 Adj ust the inflation pressure and the
a
The inflation pressure shall be chosen on the basis of the rotational speed of the tyre to one of the values
reference pressure assigned for the maximum tyre load
prescribed for the measurement of forces. Pressure
carrying capacity and shall be recorded.
b may be raised in order to measure geometrical
207 kPa may also be used.
c parameters.
300 kPa and 320 kPa may also be used.

5.3.4 Measurements shall be performed in a plane

5 .2.4 Adj ust the inflation pressure to one of the including the rotation axis of the tyre.
prescribed values immediately prior to starting
NOTE In principle three sensors are located over the tyre tread
measurements. and, when also the lateral run- out is to be measured, two aside
the tyre sidewall.
5 .2.5 Adj ust the axis- to- axis spacing of the rolling
tyre and drum to provide a predetermined tyre 5.3.5 Proceed to the measurement of either or both

deflection. radial and lateral run- outs, as a function of phase

if necessary, for a given position, during one
This spacing shall lead approximately to the same
complete tyre rotation.
tyre deflection as on a flat surface of the tyre
NOTE In case the tyre was not previously trimmed, filter also
inflated with the value of inflation pressure
the influence of “vents” protruding from the surface.
corresponding to the maximum tyre load carrying
5.3.6 Record the values of run- outs and angular
capacity for single applications and loaded with said
velocity (in revolutions per minute) if necessary.
load carrying capacity.

NOTE Where expanded load/pressure tables are available the Proper stabilisation times, depending on the
above spacing shall correspond approximately to the deflection sensors’ technology and on the physics of
on a flat surface of the tyre inflated with the selected prescribed
measurement, shall be observed before any
value of test inflation pressure (see 5 .2.3 ) and loaded with the
measurement is recorded.
load carrying capacity for single applications corresponding to
that inflation pressure. NOTE 1 Measurements should not be performed during
transient period when signals are stabilizing.
5 .2.6 Rotate the tyre at a constant angular velocity,
NOTE 2 One direction of rotation is sufficient.
with zero camber and zero slip angle and record this
5.3.7 The following parameters may be recorded, as
velocity (in revolutions per minute).
needed:
5 .2.7 Measure, and record if necessary, the radial
— test rim width,
and/or lateral force, as a function of phase
if necessary, for at least one complete revolution of — test mean radial force, in case tyre is measured
the tyre. in loaded conditions, in newtons,

NOTE Measurements should not be performed during — the tyre inflation pressure.
transient period when signals are stabilizing. Proper
stabilization times, depending on the sensors’ technology and on
the physics of measurement, should be observed before any
measurement is recorded.
Figure 2 gives examples of the diagrams of the forces.

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Figure 2 — Examples of wave shapes of forces generated by tyre

6 Data interpretation The median value of the lateral force variation may
be accepted as an alternative to the mean value of
6.1 Forces
the lateral force variation. It is measured under the
6.1 .1 Peak-to-peak (total) value of the same measurement conditions as the lateral force
variation of the force (radial or lateral), in offset and is computed as the average of the
newtons, is referred to one revolution and is maximum and minimum value of the lateral force
computed, if necessary, for either or both directions variation.
of rotation. NOTE Lateral force offset is subj ect to the accuracy (camber

NOTE In case of measurement for both directions of rotation and slip components included) of the test apparatus.

the greater value is to be considered.

6.1 .4 Conicity , in newtons, is computed as the
6.1 .2 Peak-to-peak (total) value of the first average of the lateral force offset measured for the
harmonic of the variation of the force (radial or two directions of rotation of the tyre,
lateral), in newtons, is referred to one revolution or 0, 5 × ( FL, for
+ F
L, aft )
and is computed, if necessary, for either or both
where
directions of rotation.

NOTE In case of measurement for both directions of rotation F L, for is the lateral force offset, measured
the greater value is to be considered. In addition, components in
each higher order harmonic may be computed, if needed. — either with the drum rotating in the

6.1 .3 Lateral force offset (or deviation) ( FL ) , in clockwise direction, when the direction of

newtons, represents the area mean value of the rotation is controlled by the operator,

lateral force during one rotation of the tyre. Lateral — or with the identification mark of the tyre
force offset values may be recorded, as necessary, for sidewall towards the operator, when the
either or both the directions of rotation of the tyre. change of direction of rotation is obtained by

The average of the maximum and minimum values rotating the tyre on the test rim;

of the lateral force in one rotation may be

alternatively accepted but shall be registered.

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FL,aft is the lateral force offset, measured 7 Accuracy of the instrumentation

— either with the drum rotating in the The complete apparatus shall be accurate within
counter-clockwise direction, when the the range of tolerances specified in 7.1 to 7.3 .
direction of rotation is controlled by the 7.1 The complete apparatus shall be capable of

operator, setting, and measuring, the mean radial force

— or with the identification mark of the tyre within ± 2 % of the maximum value for which the
sidewall away from the operator, when the apparatus is rated.
change of direction of rotation is obtained by 7.2 The complete apparatus shall be capable of

rotating the tyre on the test rim. measuring the mean lateral force within ± 2 % of
6.1 .5 Ply steer , in newtons, is computed as half of
the maximum value for which the apparatus is
the difference of the lateral force offset measured for rated.
the two directions of rotation of the tyre, 7.3 The measuring equipment shall be capable of

or 0,5 × ( FL,for – FL,aft ) measuring radial and lateral force variations

where FL,for and FL,aft are as defined in 6.1 .4 . within:
± 2,5 N in case of type A drum and tyres for
6.2 Geometry motorcycles or tyres for passenger cars;
6.2.1 Peak-to-peak values of the radial and of the ± 5 N in case of type A drum and tyres for
lateral run-outs, in millimetres, are referred to one commercial vehicles with load index u 121;
complete revolution. The final value may be either ± 10 N in case of type B drum and tyres for
the highest value recorded or the average value over commercial vehicles with load index u 121;
a number or individual cycles. ± 25 N in case of type B drum and tyres for
NOTE The location of the measurement (centre tread, tread commercial vehicles with load index W 122.
shoulders, reference sidewall, sidewall location, etc.) may
influence the value.
6.2.2 Values of first harmonic of the various 8 Accuracy of the calibration system
run-outs, in millimetres, are referred to one 8.1 An appropriate system shall be used for the
complete revolution. The final value may be either measurement of forces.
the highest value recorded or the average value over 8.2 The calibration system for the measurement of
a number or individual cycles. the mean radial force shall be capable to apply
forces up to 10 kN ± 50 N, or 0,5 % of the force
applied.

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Annex A (informative) Table A.2

Optional test conditions Specified rim diameter, D
r
Nominal rim diameter mm
code
A.1 Purpose
±1
Procedures for routine tyre selection in a
10 252, 2
manufacturing plant may require reduction of the
number of variables and provide means for 12 303

accelerating the measurement process. 13 328, 4

In this case, the following options are recommended.
14 353, 8
Unless otherwise noted, all aspects of the standard
15 379, 2
test conditions apply.
16 404, 6
A.2 Test wheels
17 435, 6
A.2.1 Special divided wheels, which have in any
case to guarantee the air retention of the tyre wheel 20 51 3, 4
assembly, may be used to permit an accelerated
24 61 5
program of mounting and disassembling tyres.
1 7. 5 443, 5
A.2.2 The rim contour may be modified as follows.
A.2.2.1 For rims to be used in conj unction with type 1 9. 5 494, 3

A drums, for measurement of passenger car or light 22. 5 570, 5

truck tyres, the specified rim diameter D equals the
D of the specified rim diameter
r
24. 5 621 , 3
standardized value
reduced by 1 , 2 mm (see Table A. 1 ).
A.3 Test mean radial force
Table A.1 A.3.1 Test force
Specified rim diameter, D r The test force applied to the tyre shall be one of the
Nominal rim diameter mm
code following values (R1 0 series):
± 0, 3
800 N 2 500 N 8 000 N 25 000 N
10 252
1 000 N 3 1 50 N 1 0 000 N 31 500 N
12 302, 8 1 250 N 4 000 N 1 2 500 N 40 000 N

13 328, 2 1 600 N 5 000 N 1 6 000 N 50 000 N

14 353, 6 2 000 N 6 300 N 20 000 N 63 000 N

15 379 A.3.2 Motorcycle tyres

For standard load version tyres, the value of the
16 404, 4
force is derived from Table A. 3 in relation to the load
17 435, 4
index marked on the tyre sidewalls.
18 460, 8 For reinforced/extra load version tyres, the value of

19 486, 2 the force is derived from Table A. 3 in relation to the

load index (marked on the tyre sidewalls) reduced
20 51 1 , 6
by six points.

A.2.2.2 For rims to be used in conj unction with type A.3.3 Passenger car tyres
A drums, for measurement of passenger car or For standard load version tyres, the value of the
commercial vehicle tyres, the radius connecting the force is derived from Table A. 3 in relation to the load
flange and the bead seat R shall be smaller index marked on the tyre sidewalls.
G shall not
3

than 2, 5 mm, however the flange height

For reinforced version tyres, the value of the force is
be less than 9, 6 mm.
derived from Table A. 3 in relation to the load index
A.2.2.3 For rims to be used in conj unction with marked on the tyre sidewalls reduced by four points.
type B drums, for measurement of commercial
vehicle tyres, the specified rim diameter D equals
D of the specified rim
r

the standardized value

diameter reduced by 1 mm (see Table A. 2).

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A.3.4 Commercial vehicle tyres

The value of the force is obtained from the list given
in A.3.1 .
It is the value closest to the 75 % of the tyre load
capacity in single formation, referred to the load
index marked on the tyre sidewalls (the first one in
case where two indices are marked).
Table A.3

Load index Mean radial force

from to N
30 35 800
36 43 1 000
44 51 1 250
52 59 1 600
60 67 2 000
68 75 2 500
76 83 3 150
84 91 4 000
92 99 5 000
100 107 6 300
108 116 8 000
117 123 10 000
124 131 12 500
132 140 16 000

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