GENERAL ENGINEERING SERVICE (GES)

FOR
BLOCK 9 DEVELOPMENT PROJECT PHASE 1

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REVISION DESCRIPTION SHEET

Rev. Page Date Reason for Revision

0 27 28-Nov-2019 ISSUED FOR BID

NO. Page Para. Modifications

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 5

1.1 Definitions and Abbreviations...................................................................... 5

1.2 Code and Standard........................................................................................ 7

2.0 PIPING TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS .................................................................... 9

2.1 General ........................................................................................................... 9

2.2 Heat Treatment ............................................................................................ 10

2.3 Pipes ............................................................................................................. 10

2.4 Fittings, Flanges, Bolts and Nuts, Gaskets and Valves ........................... 10

2.5 Underground Piping .................................................................................... 11

2.6 Piping Welding............................................................................................. 11

3.0 PIPING DESIGN ....................................................................................................... 12

3.1 General ......................................................................................................... 12

3.2 Design Conditions ....................................................................................... 13

3.3 Branch Connection ..................................................................................... 14

3.4 Pipe Racks ................................................................................................... 14

3.5 Piping Adjacent To Equipment .................................................................. 14

3.6 Utility Piping................................................................................................. 16

3.7 Instrumentation Connections..................................................................... 17

3.8 Special Consideration for Piping Installation ........................................... 18

3.9 Expansion and Contraction ........................................................................ 19

3.10 Pressure Testing ......................................................................................... 19

3.11 Access Requirements ................................................................................. 20

4.0 EQUIPMENT AND PIPING LAYOUT ....................................................................... 20

4.1 Equipment Layout ....................................................................................... 20

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4.2 Piping Layout ............................................................................................... 20

5.0 PIPING STRESS ANALYSIS AND SUPPORT ........................................................ 21

5.1 General ......................................................................................................... 21

5.2 Categories of lines ...................................................................................... 21

5.3 Methods of stress analysis......................................................................... 23

5.4 Thermal Expansion/Contraction ................................................................ 24

5.5 Structural Deflections ................................................................................. 25

5.6 Piping Vibration ........................................................................................... 25

5.7 Pipe Supports .............................................................................................. 25

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

This document presents the Piping Design Criteria for BLOCK 9 DEVELOPMENT
PROJECT PHASE 1. These design criteria ensure uniformity and consistency of the
design by describing the following:
 Applicable design codes and standards
 Piping specification
 Piping design and layout requirements
 Piping stress analysis and pipe support requirements
This document is not retroactive, but as far as practicable, should be applied to
expansions and modifications on existing sites as well as the installation of temporary
facilities.
While this document provides general guidance it shall not be a substitute for good
engineering judgment which should be applied as appropriate with the approval of the
respective Lead Piping Engineers.
The Owner shall formally approve this document before commencing the design.
1.1 Definitions and Abbreviations

The following key definitions apply for this project:

Abbreviations and Definitions

Item Description

CPF Central Processing Facilities

Field Surface Facilities (include wellhead, wellpads, OGM,

FSF
Flowlines and Trunklines, etc.)
OGM Oil Gathering Manifolds
A pipeline from two stations, such as pipeline from OGM to
Trunkline
CPF.
A pipeline which collected the crude oil and gas from
Flowline
producer to OGM or CPF.
GPP Gas Processing Plant
GRS Gas Receiver Station
PP Power Plant
SWP Source Water Plant
IPS Intermediate Pump Station
PDP Preliminary Development Plan
SPDP Supplementary to Preliminary Development Plan
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Item Description
OPF Oil Field Protection Force
FP Funding Partner
MOC MISSAN Oil Company
AC Alternating current
Bara Bars absolute
Barg Bars gauge
BBL Barrels
BFPD Barrels of Fluid (Liquid) Per Day
BOPD Barrels of Oil Per Day
BWPD Barrels of Water Per Day
CCTV Closed Circuit Television
CCR Central Control Room
CP Cathodic Protection
DLP Digital Light Processing
DC Direct Current
DCS Distributed Control System
ESD Emergency Shutdown
ESP Electric Submersible Pump
EIA Electronic Industries Association
EPP Electrical Power Plant
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute
FAS Fire Alarm System
FOC Fiber Optic Cable
FOTE Fiber Optic Transmission Equipment
FDP Field Development Plan
FCP First Commercial Production
FBE Fusion Bonded Epoxy
FGS Fire and Gas System
GOR Gas to Oil Ratio, Sm³/m³ (or SCF/BBL)
HAZOP Hazard and Operability Review
HP High Pressure
IEC International Electro-technical Commission
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
LACT Lease Automatic Custody Transfer
LAN Local Area Network
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Item Description
LP Low Pressure
3
Nm Normal Cubic Meter
NPSH Net Positive Suction Head
OCC Operation And Production Control Center
PA/GA Public Address and General Alarm System
PCV Pressure Control Valve
PE Polyethylene
PLC Programmable Logic Controller
Psia Pounds per Square Inch (absolute)
Psig Pounds per Square Inch (gauge)
RTU Remote Terminal Unit
RVP Reid Vapor Pressure
SCFD Standard Cubic Feet Per Day
SG Specific Gravity
Sm³ Standard Cubic Meter
SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
SSS Safety Shutdown System
TDS Total Dissolved Solids
TSS Total Suspended Solids
TIA Telecommunication Industries Association
UPS Un-interruptible Power Supply

1.2 Code and Standard

The project are to be designed and constructed in accordance with applicable International
Standards and Codes is as follows:

ASME B16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings NPS 1/2 Through NPS 24
Metric/Inch Standard
ASME B16.9 Factory-Made Wrought Buttwelding Fittings
ASME B16.10 Face-to-Face and End-to-End Dimensions of Valves
ASME B16.11 Forged Fittings, Socket-Welding and Threaded
ASME B16.20 Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges: Ring-Joint, Spiral-Wound, and
Jacketed
ASME B16.21 Nonmetallic Flat Gaskets for Pipe Flanges
ASME B16.34 Valves - Flanged, Threaded, and Welding End
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ASME B16.36 Orifice flanges

ASME B16.47 Large Diameter Steel Flanges NPS 26 Through NPS 60
Metric/Inch Standard
ASME B16.48 Line Blanks
ASME B18.2.1 Square, Hex, Heavy Hex, and Askew Head Bolts and Hex, Heavy
Hex, Hex Flange, Lobed Head, and Lag Screws (Inch Series)
ASME B18.2.2 Nuts for General Applications: Machine Screw Nuts, Hex, Square,
Hex Flange, and Coupling Nuts (Inch Series)
ASME B31.3 Process Piping
ASME B36.10M Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe
ASME B36.19M Stainless Steel Pipe
ASME PCC-1 Guidelines for Pressure Boundary Bolted Flange Joint Assembly
ASME VIII Boiler and Pressure Vessel Codes.

API Standards
API SPEC 5L Specification for Line Pipe
API STD 600 Steel Gate Valves - Flanged and Butt-welding Ends, Bolted
Bonnets
API STD 602 Steel Gate, Globe, and Check Valves for Sizes NPS 4 (DN 100)
and Smaller for the Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries
API STD 607 Fire Test for Quarter-turn Valves and Valves Equipped with
Nonmetallic Seats
API STD 608 Metal Ball Valves - Flanged, Threaded and Welding Ends
API STD 609 Butterfly Valves: Double-flanged, Lug-and Wafer-type
API STD 623 Steel Globe Valves-Flanged and Buttwelding Ends, Bolted
Bonnets
API STD 598 Valve Inspection and Testing
API Spec 6FA Specification for Fire Test for Valves
API Spec 6D Specification for Pipeline Valves (Gate, Plug, Ball and Check
valves)
API Spec 15LR Specification for Low Pressure Fiberglass Line Pipe and Fittings
API SPEC 12J specification for oil and gas separators
APIRP 14E Recommended Practice for Design and Installation of Offshore
Production Platform Piping Systems.
API RP 520 Sizing, Selection, and Installation of Pressure-Relieving Devices
in Refineries, part I and part II.
API RP 521 Guide for Pressure-Relieving and Depressuring Systems
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API2000 Venting Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage Tanks.

API 650 Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage
MSS SP Standards
MSS SP-25 Standard Marking System for Valves, Fittings, Flanges and
Unions
MSS SP-75 Specification for High-Test, Wrought, Butt-welding Fittings
MSS SP-95 Swage(d) Nipples and Bull Plugs
MSS SP-97 Integrally Reinforced Forged Branch Outlet Fittings-Socket
Welding, Threaded, and Buttwelding Ends
MSS SP-117 Bellows Seals for Globe and Gate Valves
NACE Standards
NACE MR 0175 Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries-Materials for Use in H2S-
containing Environments in Oil and Gas Production
/ISO 15156

ISO Standards
ISO 15590-1 Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries - Induction Bends, Fittings
and Flanges for Pipeline Transportation Systems - Part 1: Induction
Bends
ISO 15761 Steel Gate, Globe and Check Valves for Sizes DN 100 and
Smaller, for the Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries
ISO 4435 Plastics Piping Systems for Non-pressure Underground Drainage
and Sewerage Unplasticized poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) -
Secon Edition
BS Standards
BS 1873 Specification for Steel Globe and Globe Stop and Check Valves
(Flanged and Butt-welding Ends) for the Petroleum,
Petrochemical and Allied Industries
BS EN ISO 10497 Testing of Valves - Fire type-testing requirements
Others
TEMA Standards of the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association
GPSA
Note: This list covers the majority of references, but it is not exhaustive.

2.0 PIPING TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS

2.1 General

Carbon steel will be used as the primary construction material for the piping except where
necessary due to the corrosive or erosive properties of the process as noted below or
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where required for low temperature service. The use of stainless steel and other alloy steel
will be minimized, and the suitability of the material will be confirmed for service to ensure
chloride stress corrosion does not occur.

In addition, if any, the no-metallic material may be considered, such as HDPE, GRE, etc.,
however, which shall be suitable for service condition, especially for temperature, pressure
and chemical compatibility.

2.2 Heat Treatment

Where piping requires post-weld heat treatment, these shall be identified by the notation
"PWHT" in Project isometric drawings and line lists. Requirements for PWHT shall be as
per ASME B31.3 “Process Piping” and project piping specifications.

2.3 Pipes

Pipe dimensions and tolerances shall be in accordance with ASME B36.10M for carbon
steel and ASME B36.19M for stainless steel.

The wall thickness of the threaded pipe shall take into account the wall thickness loss of the
pipe thread.

2.4 Fittings, Flanges, Bolts and Nuts, Gaskets and Valves

Dimensions of metallic fittings shall be in accordance with ASME B16.11 for threaded and
socket welding fittings and ASME B16.9 & MSS SP-43 for butt welding fittings. Wall
thickness of butt welding fittings shall not be less than the minimum wall thickness of
connecting pipes. Short radius elbows shall not be used unless approved by the Owner.

Dimensions for non-metallic fittings shall be in accordance with their respective

manufacturer information.

Except for instrument piping, all piping for corrosive/hydrocarbon services shall be of
welded construction.

Butt welded fittings shall be the same nominal wall thickness as the attached pipe.

Reducing elbows shall not be used, except as Special Piping (SP) items.

Mitered bends shall not be used in process and utility pipework.

Unions shall be provided at all screwed valves, screwed equipment connections, and at
proper intervals in screwed lines to provide means to correct leaks or for dismantling piping.

With the exception of mating flanges on wellheads, dimensions and tolerances shall be in
accordance with ASME 16.5 for all flange sizes up to NPS24 and ASME B16.47 for sizes
NPS26 and above.
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Raised Face Flanges have been specified for all Piping classes up to and including 600#.
For pressure class 900# RJ (Ring Type Joint) flanges have been used for a higher integrity
flange/flange seal.

Dimensions and tolerances for bolts and nuts shall be in accordance with ASME B1.1
Unified course screw thread and ASME B18.2.2 (Table 9) for heavy hex nuts. Bolts and
nuts shall be fluorocarbon coated and provided with threaded plastic end caps.

Gaskets filler material shall be made of non-asbestos fiber materials. Dimensions shall be
in accordance with ASME B16.20 for spiral wound gaskets.

Metallic gaskets for RJ flanges will be considered if required by the design.

Valves shall be identified and tagged with a permanently attached corrosion resistant metal
tag in accordance with the Valve Specification.

For details pertaining to hand wheel / operator, gearbox, full / reduced bore, floated /
trunnion mounted ball requirements see piping material specification in detail design.

The face-to-face dimensions of valves NPS 24 and smaller, excluding butterfly and wafer
check valves shall conform to ASME B16.10.

The selection of hand wheels, lever and gear operators shall ensure that all valves can be
operated by a single person.

Materials for fittings, flanges, bolts and nuts, gaskets and valves shall be as per Project
requirement.

2.5 Underground Piping

For valves and flanges equipped on the underground pipe, valve pit shall be designed for
operating easily.

The minimum burial depth (top of pipe/casing) shall ensure pipes safety

When underground metallic piping is out of the ground, it shall be suitably insulating deign
as per Anti-corrosion Philosophy.

Underground metal pipe shall be suitably coated with cathodic protection as per Material
Selection and Corrosion Protection Design Criteria.

2.6 Piping Welding

Contractor shall prepare their own WPS & PQR. This would enhance the technical
capability of contractor to perform sound welding.

Welding process shall be shall be qualified in accordance with requirements of ASME

BPVC Section IX prior to start of work. No production welding shall be carried out before
WPS and PQR are eligible and qualified in accordance with requirements of ASME BPVC
Section IX.
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The detailed welding processes shall be based on the WPS and PQR. GTAW is
recommend for welding root pass of piping system.

Examination of welds shall be according to project approved standards and specifications.

3.0 PIPING DESIGN

3.1 General

Piping systems shall comply with the requirements of ASME B31.3, and the other
applicable Codes and Standards.

The objectives of piping design shall be:

 To ensure the safety of personnel, with space and means for safe access for
operation, maintenance, fire-fighting and evacuation
 To ensure equipment can be conveniently operated and maintained
 To comply with the P&IDs
 To satisfy relevant regulations
 To provide a neat and economical layout, allowing for easy pipe supports and
adequate flexibility to meet the allowable equipment nozzle loads and moments

Piping shall be supported to prevent sagging, minimize mechanical stresses and vibrations
and to allow for thermal, structural and mechanical movement. All plant piping will be
installed above ground as far as possible.

Environmental considerations shall be included in the plant layout design to ensure that
projects and developments strive to achieve the corporate goal of “no damage” to the
environment.

Plant layout shall identify and adopt the safest cost effective layout that meets the
requirements of the process design, safe operation/maintenance, and emergency action.

Minimum spacing within plant shall be in accordance with NFPA 30 for above ground
flammable & combustible storage tanks.

Process units with hazardous inventories shall be located to minimise the risk of any
inadvertent release of fluid to personnel within the site, and also on activities outside the
site boundary.

Topography, prevailing winds, personnel safety, and nearby population centres shall be
considered in selecting the most suitable location.

If there is flow between individual units, the layout of the units should be, as far as
economical, in a logical order of flow.
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Flammable material storage should be located on separate plots from process units.
Flammable material may only be stored on a process unit plot provided all other options for
separate plot location have been ruled out, additional risk reduction measures are
incorporated.

Site utility services shall be grouped together in a non-hazardous area with exceptions
being utility services integral to process unit operation.

Site utility services should be located so that essential utility supplies can be maintained
under emergency conditions (i.e. in the event of a flammable vapour release).

Firewater pumps shall be sufficiently remote from processing, storage, and loading areas to
minimize the risk of fire or blast damage to the pumps given protective measures installed
(e.g. fire/blast resisting enclosure).

The flare(s) should, ideally, be located as close as practicable to the process units served,
so as to allow the shortest, most direct, route(s) for the closed relief header(s), whilst
avoiding passage through special fire risk areas. They should also be as far as practicable
from public occupied areas that are, or may be in the future, located adjacent to the site
boundaries. Location must allow for the sterile zone around the flare stack.

The flare should be as far as practicable from public occupied areas that are, or may be in
the future, located adjacent to the site boundaries. A side-wind location (relative to the
prevailing wind direction) from process facilities and similar sources of major release of
flammable vapour is preferred.

Minimum spacing of 60 m (197 ft) from aboveground facilities for elevated flares and 150 m
(492 ft) for unshielded ground flares or burn-pits are suggested to provide a preliminary
estimate for a restricted access zone around the flare-tip/stack. The actual spacing shall be
that resulting from design calculations.

Occupied buildings shall be provided with access ways and ideally should be located in an
area classified as electrically safe.

Control building shall be located away from noise sources and on prevailing upwind side of
process and ignition/open flame areas, taking into consideration location of existing units.

Control building shall also be located to allow unobstructed emergency pedestrian escape
off the plot. The escape route shall not cross any special fire risk area and should not pass
through an area containing process plant.

3.2 Design Conditions

A piping system shall be designed for the most severe conditions to which it may be
subjected to.

The use of overpressure or over temperature excursions allowed in ASME B31.3 is not
acceptable unless explicitly approved by the Owner.
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3.3 Branch Connection

All piping will be based on standard ASME piping sizes.

Branch connections shall be made in accordance with ASME B31.3.

In selecting the type of branch connection to be used consideration shall be given to

reliability and cost.

Welded outlet branch connections may be made by welded outlet fittings, contour insert
fitting, welded tee or extrusion.

Branch connections in socket welded shall be made with forged tees.

3.4 Pipe Racks

Consideration must be given to the requirements of all gravity flow systems , including vent,
flare and drain systems where lines must have a continual slope (taking into account the
motions and trim of the under all operating conditions) without pockets. General guide lines
are as follows:

 Locating small lines between large lines shall be avoided, particularly large hot
lines.
 A minimum of 20 % additional rack width to be allowed when determining rack
requirements.
 Where possible, constant pipe elevations in any direction shall be maintained.
 Flat turns shall be avoided wherever possible.
3.5 Piping Adjacent To Equipment

Piping shall be routed to allow access for maintenance and operation personnel. Removal
or replacement of equipment shall be possible without dismantling of piping except for
special occasions approved by the Owner.

Equipment shall not be used to anchor piping. Forces transmitted to equipment at tie-in
points shall be within the Supplier’s recommended limits. Pipework connected to equipment
shall be designed to have sufficient support and flexibility to comply with the relevant Code
for nozzle loads.

Small pieces of equipment and ancillaries, which need regular supervision or maintenance,
shall be installed at elevated positions in order to improve access.

The design nozzle loadings for equipment specified shall not be exceeded without explicit
approval from the Supplier and the Owner.

If equipment flanges deviate from the standard sizes selected from the piping specifications,
the matching pipe flanges shall be ordered with the equipment.
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Piping at pumps and compressors shall be sufficiently flexible and adequately supported to
prevent the equipment nozzles from being subjected to any stress that could disturb their
alignment or internal clearances or otherwise affect the equipment and jeopardize its
operation.

The allowable loads and moments on equipment nozzles shall be in accordance with the
relevant standards (e.g. API) or alternative agreed with the Supplier.

Equipment auxiliary piping shall be neatly routed along the baseplate and shall not extend
across the operating deck /floor. This piping shall not obstruct inspection covers or any
other items which require access for operation or maintenance.

For equipment utility piping, consideration shall be given to bending and welding to
minimize the use of flanges and fittings. Threaded connections shall not be used in the
piping system handling hydrocarbon fluids.

3.5.1 Pump Piping

Piping at pumps shall be designed and supported so that equipment can be dismantled or
removed with a minimum number of temporary supports and without dismantling valves
and piping other than the spool that connects to the pump.

Y-type strainers shall be commonly used in this project. However, basket-type strainers
shall be used for suction pipes larger. The installation of a Y-type strainer in the suction of
double-suction pumps shall not disturb an even flow to the suction nozzle of the pump. Y-
type strainers shall be installed pointing downwards or at an angle of maximum 45 degrees
from the vertical, in order to improve access for cleaning.

The design and material for strainers shall be suitable for the process and pump
requirements.

Collecting and processing facilities shall be used in order to avoid spillage during
withdrawal or replacement strainers and maintenance of pumps.

3.5.2 Vessel Piping

The correct piping class for vessel trim components shall be derived from the line classes
shown on the P&IDs.

Platforms shall be provided where necessary for adequate escape and access to man
ways, blinds and PSVs and for operation of valves. Consideration shall be given to
installing interconnected platforms, wherever practicable, to enhance access and escape.

3.5.3 Piping for Pig Launchers and Receivers

Elevations of receivers shall be kept to a minimum, but shall be of sufficient height to allow
drain lines to be run.

The junction between the pipeline riser and its connection to the topsides export piping
system, shall be by means of a suitably designed “barred” tee, to permit safe passage for
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both foam sphere scrapers and in-line inspection scrapers. The design of the barred tee
shall be approved by the Owner prior to commencement of fabrication.

3.5.4 Piping for Compressor

Large centrifugal compressors may be elevated sufficiently for piping and auxiliaries to be
located below main operating platforms. Smaller compressors may be grade mounted with
piping and auxiliaries arranged for convenient access and maintenance.

Particular consideration shall be given to the design of piping subject to vibration from
dynamic loading associated with reciprocating compressors. Volume bottles shall be
provided as if required at the suctions and discharges, suction and discharge lines shall be
securely clamped and small piping around compressors and on the same supports as
suction and discharge lines shall be run on substantial supports near grade if at all possible.

Removable spool pieces shall be provided at compressors where needed to permit

maintenance without major piping disassembly.

3.5.5 Heat Exchanger

Horizontal exchangers and Horizontal reboilers are located in accordance with process
requirements.

Piping shall be designed such that removal of the channel head/shell cover is not impaired.

Piping to and from exchangers shall take account of temperature variations and will be
designed to be flexible giving due regard to the fixed and sliding ends of the exchanger.

Air cooled heat exchanger piping connected to the top of the header box must be designed
to allow for removal of bundles by installation of break flanges. This inlet piping should not
impede personnel access to the exchanger header box. Piping should not be routed over
the top of the air cooler bundles.

3.6 Utility Piping

3.6.1 Fire Protection

Firefighting and fire-protection piping shall comply with the relevant standards. The
firewater system shall be subjected to a check on water hammer and consideration given to
dynamic effects on the pipe.

3.6.2 Pressure Relief and Blowdown

Relief valves discharging to a closed system shall be installed above the collection header.

All relief and blowdown lines and headers shall be designed to eliminate pockets .
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For the flare system,Branch lines shall be connected to the top of the header and, where
possible, enter the header at an angle of 45 degrees in the direction of the flow，But for the
weldolet connected branches of 2" or less,vertical connection can be adopted.

Relief valves and systems shall be designed in accordance with API 520 and 521.

3.6.3 Vents and Drains

Drain and vent connections shall be installed at all low and high points in the piping system.
Low point drains shall always be provided with a valve to enable line draining for operation
and hydro test whereas high point vents used for hydro test need only be blinded or
plugged.

All vent points shall be closed with a blind flange or cap if not used otherwise for process
venting or draining.

Vent and drain piping shall be as short as possible. If long connections are required (e.g.
due to thick insulation on the main pipe), supports/bracings shall be applied.

Materials for each connection shall be per the relevant line class as reflected in the P&IDs.

Hydrostatic vent and drain philosophy shall be developed during detailed design and shown
on the isometrics.

3.6.4 Instrument Air

All headers shall be provided with low point drains. All branches shall be taken off the top
of headers. Isolation valves shall be provided at suitable locations on branches to allow for
maintenance.

Pressure testing and cleaning of instrument air systems shall be with compressed air.

3.6.5 Sampling and Chemical Injection Systems

It is preferable that sample and chemical injection connections shall normally be accessible.

3.6.6 Utility Air

All headers shall be provided with low point drains. All branches shall be taken off the top
of headers. Isolation valves shall be provided at suitable locations on branches to allow for
maintenance.

3.7 Instrumentation Connections

3.7.1 Pressure Instruments

Pressure instrument connections shall be in accordance with project drawings.

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Material take off for each connection shall be per the relevant line class as reflected in the
P&IDs. The arrangement shall be reviewed and revised during detailed design especially if
RJ joints are selected.

At piping/instrument interfaces, line specification shall apply up to and including the first
block valve(s) from the process line or vessel.

3.7.2 Instrument Air Piping Vents

Vent connections for Instrument air lines shall be in accordance with project drawings .

Material take off for each connection shall be per the relevant line class as reflected in the
P&IDs.

3.7.3 Thermowells

Thermowell connections shall be in accordance with project drawings .

Flanged thermowells are generally used. Welded thermowells shall only be installed if
approved by the Owner.

3.7.4 Level Instruments

Level gauges shall be visible from the level transmitter and/or drain valve and fill points, as
appropriate, and shall be accessible from the deck or a platform.

3.8 Special Consideration for Piping Installation

3.8.1 Piping Through Walls and Decks

Sleeves or holes through walls, decks and webbing shall have a size permitting the
installation of prefabricated piping, including clearance for insulation.

3.8.2 Relief Valves

Relief valve assemblies shall be installed in the vertical position, as close to the pressure
source as possible, and shall be provided with permanent platform access where required.
Relief valve piping shall be designed to withstand reaction forces and moments caused by
the valve discharging.

Discharge piping from relief valves shall be self draining away from the relief valve outlet
and not be pocketed where there is the likelihood of liquids accumulating in the line.

3.8.3 Control Valves

All control valves shall preferably be installed in horizontal lines (exceptions to be approved
by the Owner) with the actuator in the vertical position. They shall be located as close as
possible to the item of plant under control and shall be easily accessible from the deck/floor
or permanent platform.
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Where control valves are less than line size, reducing spools shall be made long enough to
permit bolt removal. Consideration shall be made for the removal or withdrawal of valves or
part of valves for maintenance.

3.8.4 Special Piping Items (SP Items)

Any piping fitting or valves not covered by the Piping and Valve Material Specification such
as flame arrestors, flexible hoses, Y type strainers, sight glasses, insulating flange sets,
spring supports etc. shall be designated as a SP item, be assigned an SP number and
identified on the P&IDs.

SP items shall be identified and tagged with a permanently attached corrosion resistant
metal tag.

A register of SP items shall be prepared and maintained throughout the project for eventual
handover to Operations. This list shall include all data necessary to uniquely identify and
locate the SP item.

3.8.5 Cable Routes

Allowance shall be made for main power distribution and control cables within the central
pipe rack.

3.9 Expansion and Contraction

Piping systems shall be designed with sufficient flexibility to allow for thermal expansion
and contraction and for movements etc., in order to prevent:

 Failure of piping components due to overstress

 Leakage at joints
 Excessive loads and moments on connected equipment, anchor points, flanged
connections, etc

Piping systems shall also be designed to have sufficient flexibility to cope with thermal
expansion and contraction at the upper and lower design temperatures.

Loops and/or offsets shall be provided in piping systems where improved flexibility is
required.

3.10 Pressure Testing

3.11.1 Hydrostatic Testing

Include hydrostatic test pressures, durations and tolerances as required. Hydrostatic testing
shall be as per Specification for Pressure Testing of Piping Systems.

3.11.2 Pneumatic Testing

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Include pneumatic test pressures, durations and tolerances as required. Pneumatic testing
shall be as per Specification for Pressure Testing of Piping Systems.

3.11 Access Requirements

Maintenance access is required to all instruments. This may be by portable ladder (non-
preferred) from the deck/floor or by platform as outlined above. In cases where instruments
or transmitters are located away from the first piping block valves there shall be access to
the valves by at least a permanent ladder.

Where possible, permanent platforms shall be provided for access to elevated.

4.0 EQUIPMENT AND PIPING LAYOUT

4.1 Equipment Layout

The principles for the layout of the equipment shall consider the following general
requirements:

 Safety considerations including providing a safe working environment for all

personnel.
 Segregate hazardous and non-hazardous equipment and processes.
 Future requirements including spare capacity within the pipe racks.
 Provide sufficient laydown areas for operations and maintenance.
 Minimizing process piping
4.2 Piping Layout

Where practical, piping entering and leaving an area or a processing unit shall be grouped
together and routed along overhead pipe racks.

The minimum spacing between pipes shall be 50mm.

The minimum width and height requirement for the maintenance shall be 800mm and 2.2m
respectively.

Piping with instrument connections shall be routed such that safe access to these
connections is ensured; if necessary, platforms or walkways shall be provided.

Piping slope and drainage as well as any other process requirements shall be taken into
account.

Piping for Production Wellhead:

 Pipelines in 5m distance from the center of Christmas tree along the direction to
tie-in point are removable.
 The supports for wellhead pipelines are removable.
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 Valve pit is needed if there is an underground shutdown valve.

 Pipelines close to facilities and Christmas trees are aboveground. Other pipelines
can be buried and the buried depth should be under 1m in order to avoid affecting
operation and maintenance of wellheads.
 Pipelines exiting PAD/OGM will be buried.

5.0 PIPING STRESS ANALYSIS AND SUPPORT

5.1 General

Piping systems are subjected to various loads such as internal pressure, weight of pipe,
valve fittings, insulation and process fluids, etc ,wind loads, thermal expansion/contraction,
PSV reaction, vessel motions, and deck and structural deflections. All loads shall be taken
into account to ensure that piping and supports meet the requirements of ASME
B31.3/31.4/31.8 and also do not impose forces or moments in excess of those
recommended by equipment suppliers.

Piping systems design must also account for vibration from various sources (e.g. acoustic
vibration or vibration from compressors) and the environmental conditions.

Expansion computations shall be based on minimum and maximum design temperatures.

Where the minimum design temperature is higher than the minimum ambient temperature,
the minimum ambient temperature shall be used.

5.2 Categories of lines

In general, all pipes shall be carried out stress analysis. Stress analysis levels and detailed
extent should be determined according to their category. (see Appendix 1)

A mandatory computer-aided analysis shall be provided for this category, and the following
lines are included.

Lines connected to machinery with load-sensitive rotary parts, which includes the following:

Lines connected to pumps: because checking of pump nozzle loads is carried out
according to the loads in operation case. Thus at following design condition, detailed stress
analysis should be provided.

 Temperature equal to or higher than 100℃（ or equal or lower than -46℃, and
nominal pipe size equal to or higher than DN100.
 Nominal pipe size equal to or higher than DN250.

Lines connected to reciprocating compressors, centrifugal compressors, and turbines:

because checking out according to the loads in operation case. Thus details stress analysis
should be provided for all process lines, then normal operation, start-up, shutdown, steam
out and the other operating conditions should be considered.
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Lines connected to air coolers: at nominal pipe size equal to or higher than DN100 or
design temperature equal to or higher than 90℃, detailed stress analysis should be
provided.

For lines connected to stress-sensitive equipment, stress analysis should be carried out.
The following is included.

 Process lines entering and out of compressor.

 Lines connected to lined equipment.
 Jacket pipes
 All lines classified as III category in the Diagram 1.

Diagram 1 Piping Stress Analysis diagram

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Other pipes stress and flexibility of which can not meet requirements, after analysis by
using diagram.

In a calculation composed by a main header and branch lines, we can cut out calculation
by observing the two following conditions:

 when branch diameter<half the header diameter,

 For branches calculated separately linear and angular movements of junction
point shall be applied properly.

5.3 Methods of stress analysis

The following methods of stress analysis may be identified and selected according to the
condition below:

 Hazardous fluid(toxic ,flammable, reactive, etc)

 Lines operating cases (temperature, pressure, pulses, severity of the working
cycles, etc.).
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 Earth quake intensity the site.

5.3.1 Simplified Analysis (diagram, formula)

This method shall consist in a standard calculation procedure according to the ASME
B31.3. Lines are required to have uniform diameter with anchors at two ends and without
other restrains.

D×Y / (L-U) 2 ≤ 208.3

Where:
D = Pipe O.D, mm
Y = Total displacement absorbed by the pipe, mm
L = Piping running length between two anchors, m
U = Length of an imaginary straight line connecting the two anchors, m
Note:

The method is not suitable for the following lines:

 More than two restrains on lines

 Lines whose restraint reactions need to be known accurately.
 Lines designed to withstand more than 7000 working cycles
 Piping diameter or wall thickness has been altered between two anchors.
 Non-metallic pipes
 Thin wall pipes with large diameter(t/D ≤0.02)
 Lines where imposed displacement at ends is the most proportional to total
displacement.

5.3.2 Computer-aided stress analysis

All critical lines identified for computer analysis shall be analyzed using industry proved
pipe stressing analysis software like Caesar II. Piping geometry may be modeled based on
the piping routing available from the basic design documentation, however, final approved
analysis shall be in accordance with final routing. Piping stress isometrics will be prepared
based on the final piping layout. Where necessary, the complete piping system shall be
modeled to ensure that all interactions have been taken into account.

5.4 Thermal Expansion/Contraction

Expansion/contraction of piping shall be accommodated wherever possible by the natural

flexibility of the pipework. If necessary, the route of the piping shall be modified, or
expansion loops shall be incorporated, to obtain sufficient flexibility.

It must be recognized that steel temperature shall exceed ambient due to solar radiation.
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Calculation of expansion stress shall be based on the maximum stress range, i.e. algebraic
difference between the maximum temperature and the minimum ambient temperature.
Where the lowest design temperature is below minimum ambient temperature, maximum
stress range is defined as the algebraic difference between maximum temperature and
minimum design temperature.

5.5 Structural Deflections

Piping flexibility analysis shall take full account of structural deflections that occur during:

 Construction in the supplier’s fabrication yard;

 Transportation and lifting;
 Normal operation.
5.6 Piping Vibration

Piping systems shall be screened during the design stage to ensure that flow induced
vibration or vibration from reciprocating machinery is reduced to acceptable levels. Small
bore piping and fittings are particularly susceptible to this type of vibration fatigue and
additional support may be required.

5.7 Pipe Supports

5.7.1 Design

Where possible, pipework shall be grouped together so as to minimize the number of

supporting structures required for pipe supports or shall be run as close as possible to
existing structures which can be utilized for supports.

Supporting of pipes from other pipes (pick ups ) shall be kept to a minimum.

Pipe supports shall be designed to include allowances for the weight of pipe when full of
water, attached unsupported components, wind, insulation, thermal expansion/contraction,
PSV reactions and internal forces.

Anchors, guides and spring hangers shall be used to control movement caused by
expansion/contraction and vibration. Temporary supports may be used to facilitate load-out.
Hanger rods are not to be used without prior approval of the Lead Piping Engineer.

Piping supported directly from pressure vessels shall use brackets attached to lugs welded
directly to the vessels. The lugs shall be specified by the vessel designer. All welded
attachments shall be carried out by the vessel manufacturer and prior to any post-weld heat
treatment.

Insulation on piping shall be protected at support points by saddles or suitable steel shoes
attached to the pipe.

Support shall be provided at control valves and safety valves to facilitate removal.
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Attachments welded to pipe for supports; guides, anchors, etc. shall be fabricated from
material compatible with the pipe. Welding shall be in accordance with the appropriate
welding procedure for the pressure part.

Piping sections connected to equipment requiring frequent dismantling for maintenance,

including exchanger channel top connections, shall be provided with permanent supports
for the dismantled condition in order to maintain proper alignment.

Non-carbon steel piping (e.g. stainless steel) shall be separated from supports by means of
insulating material or a transition piece from material compatible with the pipe to carbon
steel.

The design of support structures and of supporting elements shall be based on all
concurrently acting loads transmitted into such supports. These loads include weight
effects, both operating and test, service pressure and temperature, insulation, wind loads,
structural and deck deflections, thermal expansion / contraction, vibration, PSV reaction,
shock loads, explosion and equipment displacement strains.

The pipe support design shall prevent the following:

 Piping stresses in excess of those permitted in ASME B31.3

 Leakage at joints
 Excessive thrusts and moments on connected equipment and other Interface
connections
 Excessive stresses in the supporting elements
 Resonance with imposed or fluid-induced vibrations
 Unintentional disengagement of piping from its supports
 Excessive sag in piping requiring drainage slope

Pipe supports shall not encroach on headroom clearances, access ways for equipment
maintenance, escape routes, maintenance areas or laydown areas.

5.7.2 Pipe Support Selection and Detail

Attachments to alloy steel, carbon steel galvanized after fabrication and stress relieved
piping shall preferably be clamped. Where welded attachments are required they shall be
fabricated from:

 Pipe of the same specification as the parent pipe

 Plate of compatible (weldable) specification

All supports for Cupro-Nickel piping shall be clamped. Pipe supports local to pumps shall
be adjustable to assist field alignment.
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GRE piping shall use clamp type supports. U-bolts are not acceptable. Special
consideration must be given to the design of GRE pipe supports to comply with
manufacturer’s recommendations.

Pipe shoes shall be used on insulated lines.

Generally, control valve sets shall be box guided at one end and guided longitudinally at the
other. Allowance shall be made for free expansion or contraction of the valves set. Where
box guiding is impractical, two longitudinal guides shall be used.

Bolts shall have either a nut and locknut or a nut and lock washer. High strength friction
grip bolts shall not be used.

All lines that operate at temperatures below -10 °C shall have a thermal insulation barrier
between the line and the support steelwork. Requirements for lines subject to transient low
temperatures shall be considered individually in conjunction with the Owner.

Lines that are subject to vibration or pulsation shall be isolated from the support by the use
of anti-vibration pads.

Lines that are subject to movement shall have anti-friction pads securely attached to the
pipe supports.