(vi) Kite

In a kite two pairs of adjacent sides are equal

1. AB = BC and AD = CD.
2. Diagonals intersects at right angle.
3. Longer diagonal is the perpendicular bisector of shorter diagonal.
4. The quadrilateral formed by the mid-points of the adjacent the sides of a kite is a Rectangle.
5. Area is 1/2 product of diagonals

CIRCLES
Some Important Properties Related to circle
1. One and only one circle can be drawn so as to pass through three non-collinear points
2. The perpendicular drawn from the centre of a circle to a chord of the circle bisects the chord.
Conversely, the straight line joining the mid-point of a chord of a circle to the centre is
perpendicular to the chord.
3. Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from the centre. Conversely if two chords of a
circle are equidistant from the centre then they are equal.
4. In the same circle or in equal circles, equal chords cut off equal arcs and conversely.
5. Angle subtended by an arc of a circle at the centre of the circle is twice the angle subtended
by the same are at any point on the remaining part of the circle.

6. Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal and conversely.

7. Angle in a semicircle is a right angle. Angle in a segment smaller than (resp bigger than)
a semicircle is an obtuse (resp. acute) angle.

8. Radius drawn at point of contact of a tangent to the circle is perpendicular to the tangent.

9. From an external point we can draw two tangents to the circle. Both tangents are equal in
Length.

10. If a line segment AB subtends a right angle at C, then C lies on the circle on AB as diameter.
11. Tangents to a circle which are parallel touch the circle at the ends of a diameter which is
perpendicular to them.
12. Alternate Segment Theorem: If AB is a chord of a circle. BC is the tangent to the circle at B,
then where D lies on the segment which is not included between AB and BC.

Cyclic Quadrilateral: A quadrilateral which has a circle passing through all its four vertices is called
a cyclic quadrilateral. The centre of the circle is called the centre of the quadrilateral.
THEOREM: If a quadrilateral is cyclic, then sum of each pair of opposite angles is 180o.

Corollary: The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite angles.
THEOREM: If in a quadrilateral the sum of a pair of opposite angles is 180 o, then it is cyclic.
Tangential Quadrilateral: A quadrilateral which has a circle touching all its four sides.
Bicentric Quadrilateral: A quadrilateral which has both a circumcircle and an incircle is called a
bicentric Quadrilateral
Note:
1. Any rectangle is a cyclic quadrilateral. Circle with centre at the point of intersection of the
diagonals and radius equal to half the length of a diagonal passes through all the vertices of the
rectangle
2. A parallelogram is a cyclic quadrilateral if and only if it is a rectangle
3. A square is bicentric quadrilateral.
4. A rectangle is a circumscribed quadrilateral if and only if it is a square
5. There are non-square quadrilateral which ae bicentric. To construct one such, take any circle.
Draw pairs of perpendicular tangents from points A, B not lying on the same diameter of the circle.
So, ACBD is a resultant quadrilateral which is bicentric
Pitot Theorem
In a cyclic quadrilateral, the sum of opposite sides are equal.
Ptolemy’s Theorem
In a cyclic quadrilateral the product of the diagonals is equal to the sum of the products of the
pairs of opposite sides.
Generalization of Ptolemy’s Theorem (for All Convex Quadrilateral)
In any quadrilateral, product of the diagonals is less than or equal to the sum of the products of
the pairs of opposite sides. Equality holds for cyclic quadrilateral only.
Nine Point on Circle
In any triangle the mid-point of the sides, the feet of perpendiculars from the vertices on the
opposite sides and the mid points of the joins of the orthocentre to the vertices all lie on a circle.
The Power of a Point
Let ω be a circle with centre O and radius r, and let P be a point. The power of P with respect to ω
is defined to be the difference of squared length PO2 – r2. This is positive, zero, or negative
according as P is outside, on, or inside the circle ω.
Intersecting Chords Theorem
If two chords of a circle intersect each other as shown in figure then PA ・ PB = PC ・ PD
Tangent Secant Theorem
If through a point outside a circle a tangent and a chord be drawn. The square of the length of the
tangent is equal to the rectangle contained by the segments of the chord.

PT2 = PA×PB
Converse of Intersecting Chords Theorem
Let A, B, C, D be four distinct points. Let lines AB and CD intersect at P. Then A, B,
C, D are concyclic if and only if PA ・ PB = PC ・ PD.

Common Tangents to Two Circles

Given two circles C1 and C2 with centres O1 and O2 with radii R and r respectively with R > r and
distance between their centres is ‘d’, then the number of common tangents that can be drawn to
them varies from zero to four in the same plane of the circle depending upon the relative positions
of the circles. Five different cases arises:
Case 1: The circle C2 lies wholly within C1 and the two circles do not touch each other if d < R – r. In
this case the circle do not have any common tangent.

Case 2: The circle C2 lies wholly within the circle C1 and touches it internally at a point P if d = R −
r. In this case the circles have one common tangent at P.
Case 3: The circles C1 and C2 intersect each other (in two distinct points) if R − r < d < R + r. In this
case the circles have two common tangents. Namely AB and XY. These tangents are called direct
common tangents.

Case 4: The circle C1 and C2 touch each other externally if d = R + r. In this case there are three
common tangents. The two direct common tangents AB and XY and one common tangent KL at
the point P where the circles touch each other.

Case 5: The circles C1 and C2 do not intersect if d > R + r. In this case there are four common
tangents the two direct common tangents AB and XY and two transverse common tangents KL and
MN.
Centres of Similitude of Two Circles
Direct tangents to two circles intersect each other at a point on the line joining the centres. This
point is called a centre of similitude of the circles. It divides the line joining the centres externally
in the ratio of radii. That is in the figure of Case 5, we find S1 is a centre of similitude of the circles
C1 and C2. It
divides O1O2 externally in the ratio R : r so that O1S1 : S1O2 = R : r.
The transverse common tangents to two circles also intersect each other at a point on the line
joining the centres. This point is also called a centre of similitude.
It divides the line joining the centres internally in the ratio of the radii. In the figure of Case 5, we
find that S2 is a centre of similitude of the circles. It divides O1O2 internally
in the ratio R : r so that O1S2 : S2O2 = R : r.
Length of the Direct Common Tangents
TD – length of direct tangent
d – distance between centres
R and r are radii of circles

Length of Transverse Common

Centres of the triangle
Circumcircle
The perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle are concurrent. The point of concurrence is
the centre of the circumcircle of the triangle. It is called the circumcentre of the triangle and its
radius is called the circumradius of the triangle and is denoted by

Where a, b, c are length of the sides of triangle and △ = Area

Incircle
The internal bisectors of the angles of a triangle are concurrent. The point of concurrence is called
the incentre of the triangle.
The circle with this point as centre and the length of the perpendicular from this point on any one
of the sides of the triangle touches all the three sides of the triangle internally and is called the
incircle of the triangle.
Its radius is called inradius of the triangle and is denoted by r.

where s = semiperimeter of the triangle, △ = its area

Excircles
Given a △ ABC, there are four circles which touch all the three sides of the triangle. One of them is
the incircle, which touches all the sides internally. The other three touch the side externally and
are called excircles.
The excircle opposite A (respectively B, C) is the one whose centre lies on the internal bisector
of ∠A (respectively ∠B and ∠C)
The centre of the excircle opposite A (respectively B, C) is usually denoted by I1 (respectively I2, I3)
Its radius is r1 (respectively r2 r3).
(i) Circumcentre
The circle which passes through the vertices of a triangle is called circumcircle. The centre of this
circle is the point of intersection of perpendicular bisectors of the sides and called the
circumcentre. Its radius is always denoted by R and is called circumradius.
Circumradius (R):

Circumradius R of the ∆ABC is equal to

(ii) Incentre
The circle that can be inscribed within triangle so as to touch each of its sides is called its inscribed
circle or incircle. The centre of this circle is the point of intersection of angle bisectors of the triangle
and hence it is equidistant from the sides of a triangle. The radius of the circle is always denoted by
‘r’ and is equal to the length of perpendicular from its centre to any one of the sides of the triangle.
Standard Results:

(iii) Orthocentre
Let ABC be any triangle and let AX, BY, CZ be the perpendiculars from A, B and C upon the opposite
sides of the triangle. These are concurrent at H, which is called the orthocentre of the triangle
Some Standard Results:
1. In an acute angled triangle orthocentre lies inside the triangle. In a right angled
triangle, the orthocentre is at the right angled vertex. In an obtuse angled triangle
orthocentre lies in the exterior of the triangle and behind the obtuse angle.
2. Out of four points A, B, C and H each point is the orthocentre of the triangle formed by other
three.
For ∆ABC orthocentre is H
For ∆ABH orthocentre is C
For ∆BCH orthocentre is A
For ∆ACH orthocentre is B
3. There are 6 Cyclic Quadrilaterals in above diagram namely, BXHZ, CYHX, AZHY,
BZYC, CXZA, AYXB.
4. ∠BHC = 180° − ∠A = ∠B + ∠C
∠AHC = 180° − ∠B = ∠A + ∠C
∠AHB = 180° − ∠C = ∠A + ∠B
5. BX ⋅ BC = BH ⋅ BY = BZ ⋅ BA
Similarly, CX ⋅ CB = CH ⋅ CZ = CY ⋅ CA and AZ ⋅ AB = AH ⋅ AX = AY ⋅ AC.
6. The triangle XYZ formed by joining the feet’s of these perpendiculars is called the orthic triangle
of the ∆ABC.
7. The orthocentre H of ∆ABC is the incentre of Orthic triangle XYZ provided ABC
is an acute angle triangle.
8. In ∆ABC, if AX, BY, CZ are the altitudes and ∆XYZ is the Orthic triangle then
∆ABC ~ ∆AYZ ~ ∆XRZ ~ ∆XYC
Centroid(G): It is a point of intersection of medians of a triangle.

Median: A median of a triangle is the line segment that joins any vertex of the triangle with the mid-
point of its opposite side. In the figure shown below, the median from A meets the mid-point of the
opposite side, BC, at point D.