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Karnataka Textbook Society (R.)

6th Cross, Malleshwaram, Bengaluru-560 003.

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 Foreword
The National Curriculum Framework (NCF), 2005, recommends that children’s life at
school must be linked to their life outside the school. This principle marks a departure
from the legacy of bookish learning which continues to shape our system and causes
a gap between the school, home and community. The syllabi and textbooks developed
on the basis of NCF signify an attempt to implement this basic idea. They also attempt
to discourage rote learning and the maintenance of sharp boundaries between different
subject areas. We hope these measures will take us significantly further in the direc-
tion of a child-centred system of education outlined in the National Policy on Education
(1986).
The success of this effort depends on the steps that school principals and teachers will
take to encourage children to reflect on their own learning and to pursue imaginative
activities and questions. We must recognise that, given space, time and freedom, chil-
dren generate new knowledge by engaging with the information passed on to them by

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adults. Treating the prescribed textbook as the sole basis of examination is one of the
key reasons why other resources and sites of learning are ignored. Inculcating creativity

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and initiative is possible if we perceive and treat children as participants in learning, not

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as receivers of a fixed body of knowledge.
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These aims imply considerable change in school routines and mode of functioning.
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Flexibility in the daily time-table is as necessary as rigour in implementing the annual

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calendar so that the required number of teaching days are actually devoted to teaching.
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The methods used for teaching and evaluation will also determine how effective this
textbook proves for making children’s life at school a happy experience, rather than a
source of stress or boredom. Syllabus designers have tried to address the problem of
curricular burden by restructuring and reorienting knowledge at different stages with
greater consideration for child psychology and the time available for teaching. The text-
book attempts to enhance this endeavour by giving higher priority and space to oppor-
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tunities for contemplation and wondering, discussion in small groups, and activities
requiring hands-on experience.
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The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) appreciates the
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hard work done by the textbook development committee responsible for this book. We
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wish to thank the Chairperson of the advisory group in science and mathematics, Pro-
fessor J.V. Narlikar and the Chief Advisor for this book, Dr H.K. Dewan for guiding the
work of this committee. Several teachers contributed to the development of this text-
book; we are grateful to their principals for making this possible. We are indebted to the
institutions and organisations which have generously permitted us to draw upon their
resources, material and personnel. We are especially grateful to the members of the
National Monitoring Committee, appointed by the Department of Secondary and Higher
Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development under the Chairpersonship of
Professor Mrinal Miri and Professor G.P. Deshpande, for their valuable time anc contri-
bution. As an organisation committed to systemic reform and continuous improvement
in the quality of its products, NCERT welcomes comments and suggestions which will
enable us to undertake further revision and refinement.
Director
New Delhi National Council of Educational
20 November 2006 Research and Training
ii
 Textbook Development Committee
Chairperson, Advisory Group in Science and Mathematics
J.V. Narlikar, Emeritus Professor, Inter University Centre for Astronomy and
Astrophysics (IUCCA), Ganeshkhind, Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra

Chief Advisor
H.K. Dewan, Vidya Bhawan Society, Udaipur, Rajasthan

Chief Coordinator
Hukum Singh, Professor and Head (Retd.), DESM, NCERT, New Delhi

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Members
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Anjali Gupte, Teacher, Vidya Bhawan Public School, Udaipur, Rajasthan
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Avantika Dam, TGT, CIE Experimental Basic School, Department of Educa-
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tion, Delhi
H.C. Pradhan, Professor, Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education, TIFR,
Mumbai, Maharashtra
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Mahendra Shankar, Lecturer (S.G.) (Retd.), NCERT, New Delhi

Meena Shrimali, Teacher, Vidya Bhawan Senior Secondary School, Udaipur,
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Rajasthan
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R. Athmaraman, Mathematics Education Consultant, TI Matric Higher Sec-

ondary School and AMTI, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
S.K.S. Gautam, Professor, DESM, NCERT, New Delhi
Shradha Agarwal, PGT, Sir Padampat Singhania Education Centre, Kanpur (U.P.)
Srijata Das, Senior Lecturer in Mathematics, SCERT, New Delhi
V.P. Singh, Reader (Retd.), DESM, NCERT, New Delhi

Member-coordinator
Ashutosh K. Wazalwar, Professor, DESM, NCERT, New Delhi
iii
 Acknowledgements
The council gratefully acknowledges the valuable contributions of the
following participants of the Textbook Review Workshop – Ms. Nirupma
Sahni, TGT, Mahavir Digambar Jain Sr. Sec. School, Jaipur; Dr Roohi
Fatima, TGT, Jamia Middle School, New Delhi; Ms. Deepti Mathur, TGT,
Mother’s International School, New Delhi; Shri K. Balaji, TGT, Kendriya
Vidyalaya, Donimalai, Karnataka; Shri Amit Bajaj, TGT, CRPF Public
School, Delhi; Ms. Omlata Singh, TGT, Presentation Convent Sr. Sec.
School, Delhi; Shri Nagesh S. Mone, TGT, Dravid High School, Wai,
Maharashtra; Shri Gorakh Nath Sharma, PGT, Jawahar Navodaya
Vidyalaya, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand; Shri Ajay Kumar Singh, TGT,
Ramjas Sr. Sec. School, No.3, Delhi; Ms. Ragini Subramanian, TGT, SRDF
Vivekananda Vidyalaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu; Shri Rajkumar Dhawan,

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PGT, Geeta Sr. Sec. School No.2, Delhi; Dr Sanjay Mudgil, Lecturer, CIET,
NCERT, New Delhi; Dr. Sushma Jaireth, Reader, DWS, NCERT, New Delhi;

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Dr Mona Yadav, Lecturer, DWS, NCERT, New Delhi.

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The council acknowledges the comments/suggestions given
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by Dr Ram Avtar (Retd. Professor, NCERT) Consultant, DESM,

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NCERT, New Delhi, Dr R.P. Maurya, Reader, DESM, NCERT,
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New Delhi and Shri Sanjay Bolia, Senior Teacher, Vidya Bhawan Basic
Secondary School, Udaipur, Rajasthan for the improvement of the content.
The Council acknowledges the support and facilities provided by
Vidya Bhawan Society and its staff, Udaipur, for conducting workshops
of the development committee at Udaipur, and to the Director, Centre
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for Science Education and Communication (CSEC), Delhi University for

providing library help.
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The Council acknowledges the academic and administrative support

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of Professor Hukum Singh, Head, DESM, NCERT, New Delhi.

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The Council also acknowledges the efforts of S.M. Ikram, DTP

Operator, Vidya Bhawan Society Udaipur; Sajjad Haider Ansari, Rakesh
Kumar and Neelam Walecha, DTP Operators,Kanwar Singh, Copy Editor,
NCERT; Abhimanu Mohanty, Proof Reader, NCERT; Deepak Kapoor,
Computer Station Incharge, DESM, NCERT for technical assistance, APC-
office and the Administrative staff, DESM, NCERT; and the Publication
Department of the NCERT.

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Vwåhr H$m` {ZarjU Ho$bmV? `oWo Aer nyUmªH$m§Mr OmoS>r Amho H$m Ë`m_Yrb dOm~mH$s nyUmªH$ Zmhr? Amåhr
BE @K

Ago åhUy eH$Vmo H$m nyUm©H$m§Zm dOm~mH$sMm g§d¥ÎmVm JwUY_© bmJy nS>Vmo? hmo`. Amåhr nm{hbo Amho H$s nyUmªH$m§À`m
dOm~mH$sbm g§d¥ÎmVm JwUY_© bmJy n‹S>Vmo.
åhUyZ, Oa a Am{U b ho XmoZ nyUmªH$ AgVrb Va a - b gwÜXm EH$ nyUmªH$ Amho. Ë`mM à_mUo nyU©g§»`mgmR>r
hm JwUY_© bmJy nS>Vmo ?
TO

1.1.3 H«$_{Zanoj JwUY_©

T

Amnë`mbm _mhrV Amho H$s, 3+5 = 5+3 = 8. åhUOoM nyU© g§»`m§Mr H$moUË`mhr H«$_mZo ~oarO Ho$br
O

AgVm ~oarO g_mZ `oVo. `mbm nyU© g§»`o§Mm H«$_{Zanoj JwUY_© åhUVmV.
N

Amåhr Ago åhUy eH$Vmo H$s nyUmªH$mgmR>r gwÜXm hm JwUY_© g_mZ Amho H$m?
Amnë`mH$S>o 5 + (-6) = -1 Am{U (-6) + 5 = -1.
åhUyZ, 5 + (-6) = (-6) + 5.
Imbrb CXmhaUo g_mZ AmhoV H$m?
(i) (-8) + (-9) Am{U (-9) + (-8)
(ii) (-23) + 32 Am{U (32) + (-23)
(iii) (-45) + 0 Am{U 0 + (-45)
AmUIr nyUmªH$m§À`m 5 OmoS>çm KoD$Z à`ËZ H$am. Vwåhmbm Ago AmT>iyZ Ambo H$m nyUmªH$m§À`m OmoS>rMm H«$_
~Xb Ho$bm Va ~oarO doJir `oVo? H$Xm{MV Zmhr. Amåhr Ago åhUy eH$Vmo H$s ~oarO nyUmªH$m§gmR>r H«$_{Zanoj Amho.
2
 gd©gm_mÝ`nUo, a Am{U b `m XmoZ nyUmªH$m§gmR>r Amåhr åhUy eH$Vmo {H$.
a+b=b+a
• Amnë`mbm _mhrV Amho H$s dOm~mH$s nyU©g§»`ogmR>r H«$_{Zanoj Zmhr. ho nyUmªH$m§gmR>r H«$_{Zanoj Amho H$m?
nyUmªH$ 5 Am{U -3 KoD$.
5 - (-3) ho (-3) -5 er g_mZ AmhoV H$m? ZmhrV.
H$maU 5 - (-3) = 5 + 3 = 8 Am{U (-3) - 5 = -3 - 5 = - 8.
H$_rVH$_r Aem 5 doJdoJù`m nyUmªH$m§À`m OmoS>çm ¿`m Am{U Ë`m Vnmgm.
Amåhr Ago AZw_mZ H$mT>bo H$s dOm~mH$s nyUmªH$m§gmR>r H«$_{Zanoj ZgVo.
1.1.4 gmhM`© JwUY_©
Imbrb CXmhaUm§Mo {ZarjU H$am.

ED
g_Om nyUmªH$ -3, -2 Am{U -5

H
nhm, (-5)+[(-3)+(-2)] Am{U [(-5)+(-3)]+(-2). n{hë`m ~oaOoV (-3) Am{U (-2) Mm JQ>

IS
BL
EH$Ì H$bm Amho Am{U Xþgè`mV (-5) Am{U (-3) EH$Ì Ho$bm Amho. Amnë`mbm doJio CÎma {_iob H$m Vo
EP S
R TB

VnmgyZ nmhÿ.
U
BE @K

(-5)+[(-3)+(-2)] [(-5)+(-3)]+(-2)
TO

XmoÝhr KQ>ZoV, Amnë`mbm -10 {_iVmV.

åhUOoM (-5) + [(-3) + (-2)] = [(-5) + (-3)] + (-2)
T

Ë`mMà_mUo -3, 1 Am{U -7 nhm.

N

(-3) + [1 + (-7)] = - 3 + ______ = _______

[(-3) + 1] + (-7) = - 2 + ______ = _______
(-3) + [1 + (-7)] Am{U [(-3) + 1] + (-7) ho g_mZ AmhoV?
AemàH$maMr AmUIr 5 CXmhaUo ¿`m. ~oarO doJir `oVo Ago Vwåhmbm H$moUVohr CXmhaU {_iUma
Zmhr. ~oarO nyUmªH$mgmR>r gmhM`© Amho.
gd©gm_mÝ`nUo, a, b Am{U c
`m nyUmªH$mgmR>r Amåhr åhUy eH$Vmo.
a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c

3
1.1.5 ~oarO A{dH$maH$ KQ>H$
Ooìhm Amåhr H$moUË`mhr nyU©g§»`oV eyÝ` (0) {_i{dVmo Voìhm Amnë`mbm nyU© g§»`m {_iVo. nyU©
g§»`oMm eyÝ` (0) hm ~oarO A{dH$maH$ KQ>H$ Amho. nyUmªH$mgmR>r gwÜXm hmM ~oarO A{dH$maH$ KQ>H$ Amho H$m?
Imbrb CXmhaUm§Mo {ZarjU H$am Am{U [aH$må`m OmJm ^am.
(i) (-8) + 0 = - 8 (ii) 0 + (-8) = - 8
(iii) (-23) + 0 = ____ (iv) 0 + (-37) = - 37
(v) 0 + (-59) = ____ (vi) 0 + ____ = - 43
(vii) - 61 + ___ = - 61 (viii) ___ + 0 = ____ .
darb CXmhaUo nyUmªH$m§Mm ~oarO A{dH$maH$ KQ>H$ eyÝ` (0) Amho ho Xe©{dVmV.
AmUIr 5 nyUmªH$m_Ü`o 0 ~oarO H$ê$Z Vwåhr Vnmgy eH$Vm. gd©gm_mÝ`nUo a `m nyUmªH$mgmR>r.

ED
a+0=a= 0+a

H
à`ËZ H$am :
IS
BL
EP S
1. nyUmªH$m§Mr EH$ OmoS>r {bhm Á`m§Mr ~oarO -
R TB
U
(a) G$U nyUmªH$ `oVo. (b) eyÝ` `oVo
BE @K

(c) XmoÝhr nyUmªH$mnojm bhmZ nyUmªH `oVo. (d) EH$ nyUmªH$mnojm bhmZ nyUmªH$ `oVo.

(e) XmoÝhr nyUm©H$m§nojm _moR>m nyUmªH$ `oVo.
2. nyUmªH$m§Mr EH$ OmoS>r {bhm Á`m§Mr dOm~mH$s -
TO

(a) G$U nyUmªH$ `oVo. (b) eyÝ` `oVo.

T

(c) XmoÝhr nyUmªH$m§nojm bhmZ nyUmªH$ `oVo. (d) EH$m nyUmªH$mnojm _moR>m nyUmªH$ `oVo.
O

(e) XmoÝhr nyUmª©H$mnojm _moR>m nyUmªH$ `oVo.

N

CXmhaU 1: ImbrbgmR>r nyUmªH$m§Mr EH$ OmoS>r {bhm Á`m§Mr -

(a) ~oarO -3 Amho. (b) dOm~mH$s -5 Amho.
(c) dOm~mH$s -2 Amho. (d) ~oarO 0 Amho.
CH$b : (a) (-1) + (-2) = -3 qH$dm (-5) + 2 = -3.
(b) (-9) - (-4) = -5 qH$dm (-2) -3 = -5.
(c) (-7) - (-9) = 2. qH$dm 1 - (-1) = 2.
(d) (-10) + (10) = 0 qH$dm 5 + (-5) = 0.
Aem AmUIr H$mhr OmoS>çm§Mr CXmhaUo Vwåhr {bhmb H$m?

4
 ñdmÜ`m` 1.1
1. nyUmªH$m§Mr EH$ OmoS>r {bhm Á`m§Mr -
(a) ~oarO -7 Amho. (b) dOm~mH$s - 10 Amho.
(c) ~oarO 0 Amho.
2. (a) G$U nyUmªH$m§Mr EH$ Omo‹S>r {bhm Á`m_Yrb dOm~mH$s 8 `oVo.
(b) G$U nyUmªH$ Am{U KZ nyUmªH$ {bhm Á`m§Mr ~oarO -5 Amho.
(c) G$U nyUmªH$ Am{U KZ nyUmªH$ {bhm Á`m_Yrb dOm~mH$s -3 Amho.
3. EH$m àíZ_§Owfm ñnY}V A g§KmZo -40, 10, 0 JwU Am{U B g§KmZo 10, 0,
-40 Ago VrZ \o$è`mV JwU {_i{dbo. H$moUË`m g§KmZo OmñV JwU {_i{dbo?
Amåhr Ago åhUy eH$Vmo H$m H$moUË`mhr H«$_mZo nyUmªH$m§Mr ~oarO H$aVm `oVo?

ED
4. [aH$må`m OmJm ^am.

H
IS
(i) (-5) + (-8) = (-8) + ( . . . . )
BL
EP S
(ii) -53 + ....... = - 53
R TB
U
(iii) 17 + ....... = 0
BE @K

(iv) [13 + (-12)] + ( . . . . ) = 13 + [(-12) + (-7)]

(v) (-4) + [15 + (-3)] = [-4 + 15] + . . . .
1.2 nyUmªH$m§Mm JwUmH$ma :
TO

Amåhr nyUmªH$m§Mr ~oarO Am{U dOm~mH$s H$ê$ eH$Vmo. AmVm AmnU nyUmªH$m§Mm JwUmH$ma H$gm H$aVmV Vo nmhÿ.
1.2.1 YZ Am{U G$U nyUmªH$m§Mm JwUmH$ma :
T
O

Amnë`mbm _mhrV Amho H$s, nyU© g§»`|Mm JwUmH$ma hr ~oaOoMr nwZamd¥Îmr AgVo.
N

CXmhaUmW©, 5 + 5 + 5 = 3 × 5 = 15
`màH$mao Vwåhr nyUmªH$m§Mr ~oarO Xe©{dVm H$m?
à`ËZ H$am : Imbrb g§»`maofoZwgma, (-5) + (-5) + (-5) = -15
emoYm :
4 × (-8) –20 –15 –10 –5 0
8 × (-2) na§Vw, ho AmnU Ago gwÜXm {b{hVmo.
3 × (-7) (-5) + (-5) + (-5) = 3 × (-5)
10 × (-1) åhUyZ, 3 × (-5) = -15.
g§»`maofM
o m Cn`moJ H$éZ

5
 åhUyZ, (-4) + (-4) + (-4) + (-4) + (-4) = 5 × (-4) = -20.

–20 –16 –12 –8 –4 0

Am{U (-3) + (-3) + (-3) + (-3) = _____ = ______
(-7) + (-7) + (-7) = _____ = ______
AmVm AmnU YZ nyUmªH$ Am{U G$U nyUmªH$ `m§Mm JwUmH$ma g§»`maofoMm Cn`moJ Z H$aVm H$gm H$mT>VmV Vo nmhÿ.
AmVm AmnU 3 × (-5) doJù`m _mJm©Zo emoYy.
àW_ 3 × (-5) emoYy Am{U Z§Va JwUmH$ma H$amd`mÀ`m AJmoXa (-) {MÝh XoD$. Vwåhmbm {_iVrb -15
åhUOoM Amnë`mbm {_iVo, - (3 × 5) = -15
Ë`mMà_mUo 5 × (-4) = - (5 × 4) = -20.

ED
`mMà_mUo emoYm,
4 × (-8) = _____ = _______. 3 × (-7) = _____ = _______.

H
IS
6 × (-5) = _____ = _______. 2 × (-9) = _____ = _______.
BL
EP S

à`ËZ H$am : hr nÜXV dmnê$Z Amnë`mbm {_iVmV,

R TB
U
emoYm: 10 × (-43) = _____ . - (10 × 43) = - 430
BE @K

(i) 6 × (-19)
AmVmn`ªV AmnU (KZnyUmªH$) × (G$UnyUmªH$) `m§Mm nyUmªH$mMm JwUmH$ma nm{hbm.
(ii) 12 × (-32)
AmVm AmnU (G$UnyUmªH$) × (KZnyUmªH$) `m§Mm JwUmH$ma nmhÿ.
Amåhr àW_ –3 × 5 emoYy.
(iii) 7 × (-22)
ho emoYÊ`mgmR>r Imbrb Z_wÝ`m§Mo {ZarjU H$am.
TO

3 × 5 = 15.
2 × 5 = 10 = 15 - 5.
T

1 × 5 = 5 = 10 - 5.
O

0 × 5 = 0 = 5 - 5.
N

åhUyZ, -1 × 5 = 0 - 5 = -5.
-2 × 5 = -5 - 5 = -10.
-3 × 5 = -10 - 5 = -15.
Amnë`mbm AJmoXaM {_imbo Amho 3 × (-5) = -15.
åhUyZ Amnë`mbm {_iVo (-3) × 5 = -15 = 3 × (-5)
`m àH$maMm Z_wZm dmnê$Z Amnë`mbm {_iVo (-5) × 4 = -20 = 5 × (-4)
Z_wZm dmnê$Z emoYm (-4) × 8, (-3) × 7, (-6) × 5 Am{U (-2) × 9.
emoYm Ooìhm (-4) × 8 = 4 × (-8).
(-3) × 7 = 3 × (-7).
(-6) × 5 = 6 × (-5).
Am{U (-2) × 9 = 2 × (-9).

6
 ho dmnê$Z Amnë`mbm {_iVo (-33) × 5 = 33 × (-5) = - 165.
`mà_mUo, Amåhr Ooìhm YZ nyUmªH$ Am{U G$U nyUmªH$ `m§Mm JwUmH$ma H$aVmo Voìhm Amåhr nyU© g§»`oZo JwUmH$ma
H$amdm Am{U JwUmH$mamÀ`m AJmoXa G$U (-) {MÝh ¿`mdo. Amnë`mbm G$U nyUmªH$ {_iVmo.
à`ËZ H$am :
1. emoYm
(a) 15 × (-16) (b) 21 × (-32)
(c) (-42) × 12 (d) -55 × 15.
2. VnmgyZ nhm.
(a) 25 × (-21) = (-25) × 21.
(b) (-23) × 20 = 23 × (-20)

ED
Aem àH$maMr AmUIr 5 CXmhaUo {bhm.

H
gd©gm_mÝ`nUo, a Am{U b `m H$moUË`mhr YZ nyUmªH$m§gmR>r Amåhr Ago åhUy eH$Vmo.

IS
BL
a × (-b) = (-a) × b = - (a × b)
EP S
R TB
U
1.2.2 XmoZ G$U nyUmªH$m§Mm JwUmH$ma
BE @K

(-3) × (-2) hm JwUmH$ma emoYmb H$m?

Imbrb CXmhaUm§Mo {ZarjU H$am.
-3 × 4 = - 12.
TO

-3 × 3 = - 9 = -12 - (-3)
T

-3 × 2 = - 6 = - 9 - (-3)
O
N

-3 × 1 = - 3 = - 6 - (-3)
-3 × 0 = 0 = - 3 - (-3)
-3 × -1 = 0 - (-3) = 0 + 3 = 3
-3 × -2 = 3 - (-3) = 3 + 3 = 6.
`m_Ü`o H$moUVm Z_yZm nm{hbmV H$m? JwUmH$ma H$gm ~XbVmo Ë`mMo {ZarjU H$am.
`m {ZarjUmÀ`m AmYmamda Imbrb nyU© H$am :
-3 × -3 = ______, -3 × -4 = _______
AmVm `m JwUmH$mamMo {ZarjU H$am Am{U [aH$må`m OmJm ^am :

7
 -4 × 4 = - 16. à`ËZ H$am :
-4 × 3 = - 12 = -16 + 4 (i) (-5) × 4 nmgyZ gwédmV H$éZ emoYm
-4 × 2 = ____ = -12 + 4 (-5) × (-6)
-4 × 1 = ____ (ii) (-6) × 3 nmgyZ gwédmV H$éZ emoYm
-4 × 0 = ____ (-6) × (-7)

-4 × (-1) = ____
-4 × (-2) = ____
-4 × (-3) = ____
`m Z_wÝ`mdê$Z {ZarjU Ho$bo H$s
(-3) × (-1) = 3 = 3 × 1

ED
(-3) × (-2) = 6 = 3 × 2

H
(-3) × (-3) = 9 = 3 × 3

IS
Am{U (-4) × (-1) = 4 = 4 × 1
BL
EP S
R TB

åhUyZ, (-4) × (-2) = 4 × 2 = _____

U
BE @K

(-4) × (-3) = _____ = _____

åhUyZ, `m JwUmH$mamMo {ZarjU Ho$ë`mg Amåhr Ago åhUy eH$Vmo {H$, XmoZ G$U nyUmªH$m§Mm JwUmH$ma YZ nwUmªH$
Amho. Amåhr XmoZ G$U nyUmªH$ ho nyU© g§»`m KoVmo Am{U JwUmH$mam AJmoXa YZ {MÝh R>odVmo.
AemàH$mao, Amnë`mbm {_iVo (-10) × (-12) = + 120 = 120.
TO

Ë`mMà_mUo, (-15) × (-6) = + 90 = 90.

T

gm_mÝ`nUo, a Am{U b `m H$moUË`mhr YZ nyUmªH$mgmR>r

O
N

(-a) × (-b) = a × b

à`ËZ H$am : emoYm : (-31) × (-100), (-25) × (-72), (-83) × (-28)

Ioi - 1
(i) VŠË`mV XmI{dë`mà_mUo, -104 Vo 104 IwUm Agbobm ~moS>© ¿`m.
(ii) XmoZ {Zio Am{U XmoZ bmb \$mgo Agbobr EH$ {nedr ¿`m. {Zù`m \$memda Agbobo EHy$U q~Xÿ ho YZ nyUmªH$
Am{U bmb \$memda Agbobo EHy$U q~Xÿ ho G$U nyUmªH$ Xe©{dVmV.
(iii) àË`oH$ IoimSy> Amnbo H$mD§$Q>a eyÝ` da R>odrb.

8
(iv) àË`oH$ IoimSy> {nedr_Yrb EH$mdoir XmoZ \$mgo KoD$Z \o$Hy$ eHo$b.

ED
H
IS
BL
EP S
R TB
U
BE @K

(v) àË`oH$ \o$H$sZ§Va, \$memda Agboë`m g§»`oMm IoimSy> JwUmH$ma H$aVrb.

(vi) Oa JwUmH$ma YZ nyUmªH$ Agob Va IobmSy> Amnbo H$mD§$Q>a 104 H$S>o KoD$Z OmB©b. Oa JwUmH$ma G$U nyUmªH$
Agob Va IoimSy>$ Amnbo H$mD§$Q>a -104 H$S>o KoD$Z OmB©b.
TO

(vii) Omo IoimSy> gdm©V àW_ -104 qH$dm 104 bm nmohMob Vmo IoimSy> {dOoVm hmoB©b.
T
O
N

9
1.3 nyUmªH$mgmR>r JwUmH$mamMo JwUY_©
1.3.1 JwUmH$mamMm g§d¥Îm JwUY_©
1. Imbrb VŠË`mMo {ZarjU H$am Am{U Vmo nyU© H$am.
{dYmZ AZw_mZ
(-20) × (-5) = 100 JwUmH$ma nyUmªH$ Amho. JwU
(-15) × 17 = -255 JwUmH$ma nyUmªH$ Amho.
(-30) × 12 = _____
(-15) × (-23) = _____
(-14) × (-13) = _____
(12) × (-30) = _____

ED
Vwåhr H$m` {ZarjU Ho$bmV? Á`m§Mm JwUmH$ma nyUmªH$ Zmhr Aer nyUmªH$m§Mr Omo‹S>r Vwåhmbm {_imbr H$m?
Zmhr. XmoZ nyUmªH$m§Mm JwUmH$ma nwÝhm nyUmªH$M `oVmo hrM H$ënZm {_iVo. åhUyZ AmnU åhUy eH$Vmo H$s nyUm©H$m§À`m

H
JwUmH$mambm g§d¥ËV JwUY_© bmJy nS>Vmo.

IS
BL JwU
EP S
gd©gm_mÝ`nUo
R TB
U
gd©nyUmªH$ a Am{U b gmR>r a × b hm nyUmªH$ Amho.
BE @K

AmUIr nmM nyUm©H$m§À`m Omo‹S>`m§Mm JwUmH$ma emoYm Am{U darb {dYmZ nS>Vmim.
1.3.2. JwUmH$mamMm H«$_{Zanoj JwUY_© :
Amnë`mbm _mhrV Amho H$s, nyU© g§»`ogmR>r JwUmH$mambm H«$_{Zanoj JwUY_© bmJy nS>Vmo.
TO

Amåhr Ago åhUy eH$Vmo H$m nyUm©H$mgmR>r gwÜXm JwUmH$mamMm H«$_{Zanoj JwUY_© Amho?
T
O

{dYmZ 1 {dYmZ 2 AZw_mZ

N

3 × (-4) = -12 (-4) × 3 = -12 3 × (-4) = (-4) × 3

(-30) × 12 = ___ 12 × (-30) = _____.
(-15) × (-10) = 150 (-10) × (-15) = 150
(-35) × (-12) = ____ (-12) × (-35) = ____
(-17) × 0 = ____
______ = ______ (-1) × (-15) = ____
Vw_Mo {ZarjU H$m` Amho? darb CXmhaUo Xe©{dVmV H$s, nyUm©H$m§gmR>r JwUmH$mamMm H«$_{Zanoj JwUY_© bmJy
nS>Vmo. AmUIr `m àH$maMr nm§M CXmhaUo {bhm Am{U Vnmgm. gd©gm_mÝ`nUo H$moUVohr XmoZ nyUmªH$ (a) Am{U
(b) gmR>r,
a×b=b×a

10
1.3.3. eyÝ`Zo JwUUo :
Amnë`mbm _mhrV Amho H$moUË`mhr nyU© g§»`obm eyÝ`mZo JwUbo AgVm CÎma eyÝ` `oVo. Imbrb G$U nyUmªH$ Am{U
eyÝ` `m§À`m JwUmH$maMo {ZarjU H$am. hmM Z_wZm Amnë`mbm {_iVmo.
(-3) × 0 = 0
0 × (-4) = 0
-5 × 0 = -----
0 × (-6) = -----
G$U nyUmªH$ Am{U eyÝ` `m§Mm JwUmH$ma eyÝ`M `oVmo. gd©gm_mÝ`nUo H$moUVmhr nyUmªH$ ‘a’ gmR>r.
a×0=0×a=0
1.3.4. JwUmH$mamMm A{dH$maH$ KQ>H$

ED
Amnë`mbm _mhrV Amho H$s nyU© g§»`ogmR>r 1 hm JwUmH$mamMm A{dH$maH$ KQ>H$ Amho.

H
nyUmªH$m§Mm gwÜXm 1 hm JwUmH$mamMm A{dH$maH$ KQ>H$ Amho ho Vnmgm. Imbrb 1 ~amo~a nyUmªH$m§Mm JwUmH$ma {ZarjU

IS
H$am. BL
EP S

(-3) × 1 = -3 1×5=5
R TB
U
(-4) × 1 = ----- 1 × 8 = -----
BE @K

1 × (-5) = ----- 3 × 1 = -----

1 × (-6) = ----- 7 × 1 = -----
nyUm©H$m§gmR>r gwÜXm 1 hm JwUmH$mamMm A{dH$maH$ KQ>H$ Amho ho Xe©{dVo.
TO

gd©gm_mÝ`nUo, H$moUVmhr nyUmªH$ ‘a’ gmR>r

a×1=1×a=a
T
O

Ooìhm AmnU H$moUË`mhr nyUmªH$mbm -1 Zo JwUVmo Voìhm H$m` KS>Vo? Imbrb nyU© H$am.
N

(-3) × (-1) = 3
3 × (-1) = (-3)
(-6) × (-1) = ----- nyUmªH$mgmR>r ‘0’ hm ~oaOoMm A{dH$maH$ KQ>H$ Amho Va ‘1’ hm
(-1) × 13 = ----- JwUmH$mamMm A{dH$maH$ KQ>H$ Amho. Ooìhm Amåhr a bm (-1) Zo
(-1) × (-25) = ----- JwUmH$ma H$aVmo Voìhm Amnë`mbm nyUmªH$m§Mm ~oarO ì`ñV KQ>H$
{_iVmo. åhUOoM a × (-1) = (-1) × a = -a.
18 × (-1) = -----

Vwåhr H$m` {ZarjU Ho$bmV?

nyUmªH$m§Mm -1 hm JwUmH$mamMm A{dH$maH$ KQ>H$ Amho Ago AmnU åhUy eH$Vmo H$m? Zmhr.

11
1.3.5. JwUmH$mamMm gmhM`© JwUY_©
-3, -2 Am{U 5 nmhÿ.
[(-3) × (-2)] × 5 Am{U (-3) × [(-2) × 5].
n{hë`m JQ>mV (-3) Am{U (-2) ho EH$Ì H$amdoV Am{U
Xþgè`m JQ>mV (-2) Am{U 5 EH$Ì H$amdoV.
åhUOo [(-3) × (-2)] × 5 = 6 × 5 = 30
Am{U (-3) × [(-2) × 5] = (-3) × (-10) = 30.
åhUyZ, XmoÝhr JQ>mV Amnë`mbm g_mZ CÎma {_iVo.
åhUyZM [(-3) × (-2)] × 5 = (-3) × [(-2) × 5]
nhm Am{U JwUmH$ma nyU© H$am.
[(7 × (-6)] × 4 = ____ × 4 = ______

ED
7 × [(-6)] × 4] = 7 × ____ = ______
[7 × (-6)] × 4 = 7 × [(-6) × 4]. Amho

H
IS
H$m ? BL
EP S
nyUmªH$m§Mo JQ> ho nyUmªH$m§À`m JwUmH$mamda n[aUm_ H$aVmV H$m? Zmhr.
R TB
U
gd©gm_mÝ`nUo, H$moUVohr VrZ nyUmªH$ a, b Am{U c gmR>r.
BE @K

(a × b) × c = a × (b × c)
a, b Am{U c À`m H$moUË`mhr nmM qH$_Vr ¿`m Am{U darb JwUY_© n‹S>VmiyZ nhm.
åhUyZM, nyU© g§»`oà_mUo VrZ nyUmªH$m§Mm JwUmH$ma hm nyUmªH$m§À`m JQ>mda Adb§~yZ ZgVmo Am{U `mbmM nyUmªH$m§À`m
TO

JwUmH$mamMm gmhM`© JwUY_© åhUVmV.

1.3.6. {dVaU JwUY_©
T
O

Amnë`mbm _mhrV Amho,

N

16 (10 + 2) = (16 × 10) + (16 × 2) [~oaOoda JwUmH$mamMm {dVaU JwUY_©À]

ho nyUmªH$mgmR>r gwÜXm gË` Amho ho Vnmgy. Imbrb {ZarjU H$am :
(a) (-2)× (3+5) = -2 × 8 = -16.
Am{U
[(-2) × 3] + [(-2) × 5] = (-6) + (-10) = -16.
åhUyZ, (-2) × (3 + 5) = [(-2) × 3] + [(-2) × 5]
(b) (-4) × [(-2)+7] = (-4) × 5 = -20.
Am{U
[(-4) × (-2)] + [(-4) × 7] = 8 + (-28) = -20.
åhUyZ, (-4) × [(-2) + 7] = [(-4) × (-2)] + [(-4) × 7]
(c) (-8) × [(-2) + (-1)] = (-8) × (-3) = 24.

12
 Am{U
[(-8) × (-2)] + [(-8) × (-1)] = 16 + 8 = 24.
åhUyZ (-8) × [(-2) + (-1)] = [(-8) × (-2)] + [(-8) × (-1)]

nyUmªH$m§gmR>r gwÜXm ~oaOoda JwUmH$mamMm {dVaU JwUY_© bmJy nS>Vmo Ago AmnU åhUy eH$Vmo H$m? hmo`
gd©gm_mÝ`nUo H$moUË`mhr a, b Am{U c `m nyUmªH$mgmR>r
a × (b + c) = a × b + a × c
a, b Am{U c À`m H$_rVH$_r nmM doJdoJù`m qH$_Vr KoD$Z darb {dVaU JwUY_© Vnmgm.
à`ËZ H$am :
(i) 10 × [(6) + (-2)] = 10 × 6 + 10 × (-2) Amho H$m?
(ii) (-15) × [(-7) + (-1)] = (-15) × (-7) + (-15) × (-1) Amho H$m?
AmVm Imbrb CXmhaUo nhm -

ED
4 × (3 - 8) = 4 × 3 - 4 × 8 Ago Amåhr åhUy eH$Vmo H$m? hmo`. VnmgyZ nmhÿ.

H
IS
4 × (3 - 8) = 4 × (-5) = -20
BL
EP S
4 × 3 - 4 × 8 = 12 - 32 = -20
R TB
U
åhUyZ 4 × (3 - 8) = 4 × 3 - 4 × 8.
BE @K

Imbrb CXmhaU nhm :

(-5) × [(-4) - (-6)] = (-5) × 2 = -10.
[(-5) × [(-4) - [(-5) × (-6)] = 20 - 30 = -10.
åhUyZ [(-5) × [(-4) - (-6)] = [(-5) × (-4)] - [(-5) × (-6)].
TO

(-9) × [(10 - (-3)] Am{U [(-9) × 10] - [(-9) × (-3)] gmR>r Vnmgm.
T
O

Vwåhmbm AmT>iyZ `oB©b H$s ho gwÜXm g_mZ Amho. gd©gm_mÝ`nUo, H$moUVohr a, b Am{U c nyUmªH$mgmR>r,
N

a × (b - c) = a × b - a × c
a, b Am{U c À`m H$_rV H$_r nmM doJdoJù`m qH$_Vr ¿`m Am{U hm JwUY_© Vnmgm.
à`ËZ H$am :
(i) 10 × [6 - (-2)] = 10 × 6 - 10 × (-2) Amho H$m ?
(ii) (-15) × [(-7) - (-1)] = (-15) × (-7) - (-15) × (-1). Amho H$m?

13
 ñdmÜ`m` 1.2
1. Imbrb JwUmH$ma H$am.
(a) 3 × (-1) (b) (-1) × 225
(c) (-21) × (-30) (d) (-316) × (-1)
(e) (-15) × 0 × (-18) (f) (-12) × (-11) × (10)
(g) 9 × (-3) × (-6) (h) (-18) × (-5) × (-4)
(i) (-1) × (-2) × (-3) × 4 (j) (-3) × (-6) - (-2) × (-1)
2. Imbrb CXmhaUo Vnmgm.
(a) 18 × [7 + (-3)] = [ 18 × 7 ] + [18 × (-3)]
(b) (-21) × [(-4) + (-6)] = [(-21) × (-4)] + [(-21) × (-6)]

ED

3. (i) H$moUË`mhr nyUmªH$ a gmR>r, (-1) × a ~amo~a H$m` hmoB©b?

H
(ii) Á`m§Mm JwUmH$ma (-1) Amho Agm nyUmªH$ emoYm.

IS

(a) -22 (b) -37 (c) 0.
BL
EP S

R TB

4. (-1) × 5 Agm Z_yZm Xe©{dUmao doJdoJio JwUmH$ma {bhm gwédmV (-1) × (-1) = 1 Zo H$am.
U
BE @K

1.4. nyUmªH$m§Mm ^mJmH$ma

Amnë`mbm _mhrV Amho H$s, ^mJmH$ma åhUOoM JwUmH$mamMr CbQ>r {H«$`m hmo`. AmVm AmnU nyU© g§»`oMo EH$
CXmhaU nmhÿ.
3 × 5 = 15
TO

åhUyZ 15 ÷ 5 = 3. Am{U 15 ÷ 3 = 5.
4 × 3 = 12 {_iVmV 12 ÷ 4 = 3 Am{U 12 ÷ 3 = 4.
T

Ë`mMà_mUo
O

Amåhr Ago åhUy eH$Vmo H$s, JwUmH$mamÀ`m àË`oH$ {dYmZmbm ^mJmH$mamMr XmoZ {dYmZo AgVmV.
N

Vwåhr nyUmªH$m§Mr JwUmH$ma {dYmZo Am{U Ë`mbm AZwgê$Z ^mJmH$ma {dYmZo {bhÿ eH$mb H$m?
Imbrb nhm Am{U nyU© H$am.
JwUmH$ma {dYmZo AZwgê$Z ^mJmH$ma {dYmZo
2 × (-6) = (-12) (-12) ÷ (-6) = 2 , (-12) ÷ 2 = (-6)
(-4) × 5 = (-20) (-20) ÷ 5 = (-4) , (-20) ÷ (-4)= 5
(-8) × (-9) = 72 72 ÷ ____ = ____ , 72 ÷ ____ = _____
(-3) × (-7) = ___ ____ ÷ (−3) = ____ , ________________
(-8) × 4 = ___ _________________ , ________________
5 × (-9) = ___ _________________ , ________________
(-10) × (-5) = ___ _________________ , ________________

14
 darb {dYmZmdéZ Amåhr {ZarjU Ho$bo. à`ËZ H$am :
(−12) ÷ 2 = (−6) emoYm :
(−20) ÷ 5 = (−4) (a) (−100) ÷ 5 (b) (−81) ÷ 9
(−32) ÷ 4 = (−8) (c) (−75) ÷ 5 (d) (−32) ÷ 2.
(−45) ÷ 5 = (−9)
Amåhr {ZarjU Ho$bo H$s Ooìhm Amåhr G$U nyUmªH$mbm YZ nyUmªH$mZo ^mJ XoVmo Voìhm Amåhr àW_ nyU© g§»`oZo
^mJ XoVmo Am{U Z§Va ^mJmH$mamÀ`m AJmoXa dOm (-) {MÝh XoVmo. Amnë`mbm Voìhm G$U nyUmªH$ {_iVmo.
Amåhr Ago gwÜXm {ZarjU Ho$bo.
72 ÷ (-8) = -9 Am{U 50 ÷ (-10) = -5
72 ÷ (-9) = -8 50 ÷ (-5) = -10

ED
åhUyZ, Amåhr åhUy eH$Vmo H$s Ooìhm Amåhr YZ nyUmªH$mbm G$U nyUmªH$mZo ^mJ XoVmo Voìhm Amåhr n{hë`m§Xm

H
nyU© g§»`oZo ^mJ XoVmo Am{U Z§Va ^mJmH$mamÀ`m AJmoXa dOm (-) {MÝh XoVmo. åhUOoM Amnë`mbm G$U nyUmªH$ {_iVmo.

IS
gd©gm_mÝ`nUo, H$moUVohr XmoZ nyUmªH$ a Am{U b gmR>r.
BL
EP S
R TB

Amåhr Agohr åhUy eH$Vmo :

U
a ÷ (-b) = (-a) ÷ b OoWo b ≠ 0
(-48) ÷ 8 = 48 ÷ (-8) ?
BE @K

AmVm Vnmgy. Amnë`mbm _mhrV Amho.

-48 ÷ 8 = -6 d 48 ÷ (-8) = -6.
åhUyZ (-48) ÷ 8 = 48 ÷ (-8).
TO

ho Vnmgm
(i) (90) ÷ (45) Am{U (-90) ÷ (45)
T
O

(ii) (-136) ÷ 4 Am{U 136 ÷ (-4).

N

à`ËZ H$am :
emoYm : (a) 125 ÷ (-25), (b) 80 ÷ (-5), (c) 64 ÷ (-16)

• eodQ>r, Amåhr {ZarjU Ho$bo -

(-12) ÷ (-6) = 2; (-20) ÷ (-4) = 5; (-32) ÷ (-8) = 4; (-45)
÷ (-9) = 5.
åhUyZ, Amåhr Ago åhUy eH$Vmo H$s, Ooìhm Amåhr G$U nyUmªH$mbm G$U nyUmªH$mZo ^mJ XoVmo Voìhm Amåhr
n{hë`m§Xm nyU© g§»`oZo ^mJ XoVmo Am{U Z§Va YZ (+) {MÝh XoVmo. åhUOoM Amnë`mbm YZ nyUmªH$ {_iVmo.
gd©gm_mÝ`nUo, H$moUVohr XmoZ nyUmªH a Am{U b gmR>r. $
(-a) ÷ (-b) = a ÷ b OoWo b ≠ 0
15
 à`ËZ H$am :
emoYm : (a) -36 ÷ (-4), (b) -201 ÷ (-3), (c) (-325) ÷ (-13)

1.5 nyUmªH$m§gmR>r ^mJmH$mamMo {Z`_

Imbrb VŠË`mMo {ZarjU H$am Am{U Vmo nyU© H$am :
Vwåhr H$m` {ZarjU Ho$bmV? Amåhr {ZarjU Ho$bo H$s nyUmªH$mgmR>r ^mJmH$ma {H«$`m g§d¥Îm
Zmhr. Aer Vwåhr _ZmMr 5 CXmhaUo KoD$Z Vnmgm.

{dYmZ AZw_mZ {dYmZ AZw_mZ

(-8) ÷ (-4) = 2 CÎma nyUmªH$mV Amho -8 ________
-8 ÷ 3 = 3

ED
-4 CÎma nyUmªH$mV Zmhr 3 _______
(-4) ÷ (-8) = 3 ÷ (-8) =

H
-8 -8

IS
• Amnë`mbm _mhrV Amho H$s, nyU© g§»`ogmR>r ^mJmH$ma {H«$`m H«$_{Zanoj Zmhr. AmVm AmnU nyUmªH$mgmR>r
BL
EP S
R TB

gwÜXm Vnmgy.
U
BE @K

VŠË`mdê$Z Vwåhr nmhÿ eH$Vm (-8) ÷ (-4) ≠ (-4) ÷ (-8)

(-9) ÷ 3 ho 3 ÷ (-9) er g_mZ Amho H$m?
(-30) ÷ (-6)ho (-6) ÷ (-30) er g_mZ Amho H$m?
TO

nyUm©H$m§gmR>r ^mJmH$ma {H«$`m H«$_{Zanoj Amho Ago Amåhr åhUy eH$Vmo H$m? Zmhr.
T

Vwåhr AmUIr 5 nyUm©H$m§À`m OmoS>`m KoD$Z ho Vnmgy eH$Vm.

O

• nyU© g§»`oà_mUo, H$moUË`mhr nyUm©H$m§bm eyÝ`Zo ^mJbo Va qH$_V AZ§V Am{U eyÝ`bm H$moUË`mhr nyUmªH$m§Zo
N

eyÝ` gmoSy>Z ^mJbo Va qH$_V eyÝ` `oVo. åhUOoM H$moUË`mhr nyUmªH$ a gmR>r, a ÷ 0 `mMr ì`m»`m H$aVm
`oVm Zmhr (ho ZŠH$s gm§JVm `oV Zmhr). na§Vy 0 ÷ a = 0 `oWo a ≠ 0.
• Ooìhm Amåhr nyU© g§»`obm 1 Zo ^mJ XoVmo Voìhm VrM nyU© g§»`m `oVo.G$U nyUmªH$mgmR>r gwÜXm ho Iao Amho H$m
Vo nmhÿ.
Imbrb {ZarjU H$am :
(-8) ÷ 1 = (-8) (-11) ÷ 1 = -11, (-13) ÷ 1 = -13.
(-25) ÷ 1 = _____ (-37) ÷ 1 = _____ (-48) ÷ 1 = _____

16
 ho Xe©{dVo {H$, G$U nyUmªH$mbm 1 Zo ^mJ {Xbm AgVm VrM G$U nyUmªH$ g§»`m {_iVo. åhUyZ H$moUË`mhr
nyUmªH$mbm 1 Zo ^mJ {Xë`mg² VmoM nyUmªH$ {_iVmo.

gd©gm_mÝ`nUo, H$moUVmhr nyUmªH$ a gmR>r,

a ÷ 1 = a

H$m` KS>ob Ooìhm Amåhr H$moUË`mhr nyUm©H$m§bm (-1) Zo ^mJ {Xbm Va? Imbrb VŠVm nyU© H$am.

(-8) ÷ (-1) = 8, 11 ÷ (-1) = -11, 13 ÷ (-1) = ____

(-25) ÷ (-1) = ____ , (-37) ÷ (-1) = ____ , (-48) ÷ (-1) = _____

ED
Vwåhr H$m` {ZarjU Ho$bmV? Amåhr Ago hr åhUy eH$Vmo H$s, H$moUË`mhr nyUm©H$m§bm (-1)

H
Zo ^mJ {Xë`mg VmoM nyUmªH$ `oV Zmhr.

IS
BL
EP S

à`ËZ H$am :
R TB
U
BE @K

(i) 1 ÷ a = 1 Amho H$m ? • Amåhr Ago åhUy eH$Vmo [(-16) ÷ 4] ÷ (-2) ho

(ii) a ÷ (-1) = -a, (-16) ÷ [4 ÷ (-2) er g_mZ AmhoV H$m?

a À`m doJdoJù`m qH$_Vr ¿`m Am{U Amnë`mbm _mhrV Amho.

TO

Vnmgm.
[(-16) ÷ 4] ÷ (-2) = (-4) ÷ (-2) = 2
T
O

Am{U (-16) ÷ [4 ÷ (-2)] = (-16) ÷ (-2) = 8.

N

åhUyZ
[(-16) ÷ 4] ÷ (-2) ≠ (-16) ÷ [4 ÷ (−2)

Vwåhr åhUy eH$Vm H$m nyUm©H$m§gmR>r ^mJmH$ma {H«$`m gmhM`© Amho? Zmhr.

AmUIr Vwåhr ñdV… nmM CXmhaUo KoD$Z Vnmgm.

CXmhaU 2.
EH$m Mm§MUr n[ajoV àË`oH$ ~amo~a CÎmambm (+5) JwU Am{U àË`oH$ MwH$ CÎmambm
(-2) JwU XoÊ`mV Ambo. (i) am{YH$mZo gd© àý gmoS>dyZ {VMo EHy$U JwU 30 Pmbo {VZo
10 CÎmao ~amo~a {Xbr (ii) O`Zo gwÜXm gd© àíZmMr CÎmao {Xbr Am{U Ë`mbm EHy$U
(-12) JwU {_ibo. Ë`mZo 4 ~amo~a CÎmao {Xbr. Va Ë`m§Zr {H$Vr àíZ MwH$sMo {b{hbo?

17
CH$b:
(i) EH$m ~amo~a CÎmambm JwU {Xbo = 5
åhUyZ 10 ~amo~a CÎmamgmR>r JwU {Xbo = 5 × 10 = 50.

am{YH$mMo EHy$U JwU = 30.

MwH$ CÎmambm nS>bobo JwU = 30 - 50 = -20

EH$ MwH$ CÎmambm {Xbobo JwU = (-2)

åhUyZ, EHy$U MwH$sMr CËVao = (-20) ÷ (-2) = 10.

(ii) 4 ~amo~a CÎmamgmR>r JwU {Xbo = 5 × 4 = 20.
O`Mo EHy$U JwU = -12.

ED
MwH$ CÎmambm nS>bobo JwU = -12 - 20 = -32.

EH$ MwH$ CÎmambm {Xbobo JwU = -2

H
IS
åhUyZ, EHy$U MwH$sMr CËVao = (-32) ÷ (-2) = 16.
BL
EP S

CXmhaU 3. EH$ XþH$mZXma EH$ noZ {dHy$Z ` 1 Z\$m {_i{dVmo. Am{U OwÝ`m ñQ>m°H$_Yrb nopÝgb
R TB
U
{dHy$Z 40 n¡go ñdV… ZwH$gmZ H$ê$Z KoVmo.
BE @K

(i) EH$m R>am{dH$ _{hÝ`mV Ë`mbm ` 5 VmoQ>m Pmbm. Ë`m H$mimV Ë`mZo 45 noÝg {dH$bo
hmoVo. {H$Vr nopÝgb Ë`mZo Ë`m H$mimV {dH$ë`m hmoË`m?
(ii) nwT>rb _{hÝ`mV Ë`mbm Z\$m qH$dm VmoQ>m Pmbm Zmhr. Oa Ë`mZo 70 noZg² {dH$bo. Va {H$Vr
TO

nopÝgb Ë`mZo {dH$ë`m AgVrb?

CH$b: :
T
O

(i) 1 noZ {dHy$Z {_imbobm Z\$m = ` 1.

N

45 noZg² {dHy$Z {_ibobm Z\$m = ` 45.

Omo Amåhr + ` 45 _mZVmo.

EHy$U VmoQ>m = ` 5 Omo Amåhr -`5 _mZVmo

{_i{dbobm Z\$m + ñdV… H$ê$Z KoVbobm VmoQ>m = EHy$U VmoQ>m

åhUyZ, ñdV… H$ê$Z KoVbobm Z\$m = EHy$U VmoQ>m - {_i{dbobm Z\$m

= + ` (-5 - 45) = ` (-50) = -5000 n¡go.
1 nopÝgb {dHy$Z ñdV… H$ê$Z KoVbobm VmoQ>m = 40 n¡go Omo -40 n¡go
Amåhr {b{hVmo.
åhUyZ, {dH$boë`m EHy$U nopÝgb = (-5000) ÷ (-40) = 125

18
 (ii) nwT>rb _{hÝ`mV Z\$m Zmhr qH$dm VmoQ>m nU Zmhr.
åhUyZ {_i{dbobm Z\$m + ñdV…hÿZ H$ê$Z KoVbobm VmoQ>m = 0
åhUOoM {_i{dbobm Z\$m = - ñdV…hÿZ H$ê$Z KoVbobm VmoQ>m
AmVm, 70 noZg² {dHy$Z {_i{dbobm Z\$m = ` 70
åhUyZ, nopÝgb {dHy$Z ñdV…hÿZ H$ê$Z KoVbobm VmoQ>m = ` 70
Omo Amåhr - ` 70 qH$dm -7,000 n¡go _mZVmo
EHy$U {dH$boë`m nopÝgb = (-7000) ÷ (-40) = 175.

ñdmÜ`m` 1.3
1. Imbrb àË`oH$ gmoS>dm.

ED
(a) (-30) ÷ 10 (b) 50 ÷ (-5)

H
(c) (-36) ÷ (-9) (d) (-49) ÷ 49

IS
BL
EP S
(e) 13 ÷ [(-2) + 1] (f) 0 ÷ (-12)
R TB
U

(g) (-31) ÷ [(-30) + (-1)] (h) [(-36) ÷ 12] ÷ 3

BE @K

(i) [(-6) + 5] ÷ [(-2) + 1]

2. Imbrb àË`oH$ qH$_V a, b, Am{U c gmR>r
a ÷ (b + c) ≠ (a ÷ b) + (a ÷ c) {gÜX H$am.
TO
T

(a) a = 12, b = -4, c = 2 (b) a = (-10), b = 1, c = 1.

O
N

3. [aH$må`m OmJm ^am :

(a) 369 ÷ ___ = 369 (b) (-75) ÷ ___ = -1.

(c) (-206) ÷ ___ = 1 (d) -87 ÷ ___ = 87.

(e) ___ ÷ 1 = -87 (f) ___ ÷ 48 = -1.
(g) 20 ÷ ___ = -2 (h) ___ ÷ 4 = 3.

4. nyUmªH$ (a, b) À`m nm§M OmoS>`m {bhm Oer a ÷ b = -3, (6, -2) hr OmoS>r Amho H$maU
6 ÷ (-2) = (-3) Amho.

19
 5. Xþnmar 12 dmOVm Vmn_mZ eyÝ`À`m da 10°C Amho. Oa àË`oH$ Vmgmbm _Ü`amÌrn`ªV 2°C Zo H$_r hmoV
Agob Va H$moUË`m doiobm Vmn_mZ eyÝ`À`m Imbr 8°C Agob. _Ü`amÌr Vmn_mZ {H$Vr Agob?
6. EH$m dJm©V Mm§MUrgmR>r àË`oH ~amo~a CÎmambm $(+3) JwU Am{U àË`oH$ MwH$ CÎmambm (-2) JwU XoÊ`mV
Ambo Am{U H$moUVmhr àíZ {b{hbm Zmhr Va Ë`mbm JwU XoÊ`mV Ambo ZmhrV.
(i) am{YH$mbm 20 JwU {_imbo. Oa {VMr 12 CÎmao ~amo~a Ambr. Va {VZo {H$Vr CËVao MwH$ Agbobr
gmoS>{dbr?
(ii) _mo{hZrbm `m n[ajoV -5 JwU {_imbo. {VZo 7 CÎmao ~amo~a {b{hbr. Va {H$Vr CÎmao MwH$sMr {b{hbr.
7. EH$ {bâQ> Imbr `oVmZm 6 _rQ>a/{_{ZQ> `m doJmZo `oVo. Oa O{_ZrnmgyZ da 10 _r. nmgyZ Imbr `m`bm
gwédmV Ho$br Va - 350 _r A§Va OmÊ`mgmR>r {Vbm {H$Vr doi bmJob?

ED
Amåhr H$m` MMm© Ho$br?

H
1. Amåhr AmVm ~oarO Am{U dOm~mH$s `m§Zm bmJy Agboë`m JwUY_mªMm Aä`mg Ho$bm.

IS
BL
EP S
(a) ~oarO Am{U dOm~mH$s XmoÝhr {H«$`m nyUm©H$m§bm g§d¥ËV AmhoV åhUOoM a + b Am{U a - b ho nwÝhm
R TB
U
nyUm©H$ `oVmV OoWo a Am{U b H$moUVohr nyUmªH$ AmhoV.
BE @K

(b) nyUmªH$m§gmR>r ~oarO H«$_{Zanoj Amho. åhUOoM a + b = b + a , H$moUVohr nyUmªH$ a Am{U b gmR>r.
(c) nyUmªH$m§gmR>r ~oarO gmhM`© Amho. åhUOoM (a + b) + c = a +(b + c) H$moUVohr nyUmªH$ a, b
Am{U c gmR>r.
TO

(d) nyUmªH$ 0 (eyÝ`) hm ~oaOoMm A{dH$maH$ KQ>H$ Amho. åhUOoM a + 0 = 0 + a = a. àË`oH$

nwUmª©H$ a gmR>r.
T
O
N

2. nyUmªH$m§Mm JwUmH$ma H$gm H$aVmV ho Amåhr {eH$bmo AmhmoV. EH$ YZ Am{U EH$ G$U nyUmªH$m§Mm JwUmH$ma
G$UnyUmªH$ `oVmo Ago AmT>iyZ Ambo. XmoZ G$U nyUmªH$m§Mm JwUmH$ma hm YZ nyUmªH$ AgVmo. CXmhaUmW©, -2
× 7 = -14 Am{U -3 × -8 = 24.
3. G$U nyUmªH$m§Mr g§»`m g_ Agob Va JwUmH$ma YZ `oVo. Agob Va G$U nyUmªH$m§Mr g§»`m {df_ Agob Va
JwUmH$ma G$U `oVmo.
4. nyUmªH$ JwUmH$maÀ`m ~m~VrV H$mhr JwUY_© Xe©{dVmV.
(a) nyUmªH$m§Mm JwUmH$ma g§d¥Îm Amho. åhUOoM a × b hm nyUmªH$ `oVmo. H$moUVohr nyUmªH$ a Am{U b gmR>r.
(b) nyUmªH$m§gmR>r JwUmH$ma {H«$`m H«$_{Zanoj Amho. åhUOoM a × b = b × a H$moUVohr nyUmªH$ a Am{U b
gmR>r.

20
 (c) nyUmªH$ 1 hm JwUmH$mamMm A{dH$maH$ KQ>H$ Amho. åhUOo 1 × a = a × 1 = a, H$moUVmhr
nyUmªH$ a gmR>r.
(d) nyUmªH$m§gmR>r JwUmH$ma {H«$`m gmhM`© Amho. åhUOoM (a × b) × c = a × (b × c) H$moUVohr nyUmªH$
a, b Am{U c gmR>r.
5. nyUmªH$ ~oarO Am{U JwUmH$magmR>r Omo JwUY_© Xe©{dVmV Ë`mbm {dVaU JwUY_© åhUVmV. åhUOoM
a × (b + c) = a × b + a × c. , H$moUVohr nyUmªH$ a, b Am{U c gmR>r.
6. ~oarO Am{U JwUmH$mamgmR>r H«$_{Zanoj, gmhM`© JwUY_© bmJy hmoVmV Am{U {dVaU JwUY_© Amnë`mbm {hemo~
gmonm H$aÊ`mgmR>r Cn`moJr nS>Vmo.
7. nyUmªH$m§Mm ^mJmH$ma H$gm H$aVmV Vo gwÜXm Amåhr {eH$bmo AmhmoV. Amnë`mbm {_iVo,
(a) Ooìhm G$U nyUmªH$mbm YZ nyUmªH$mZo ^mJ XoVmo Voìhm ^mJmH$ma G$U nyUmªH$ {_iVmo Am{U CbQ>r {H«$`m.

ED
H
(b) G$U nyUmªH$mbm Xþgè`m G$U nyUmªH$mZo ^mJ {Xë`mg ^mJmH$ma YZ nyUmªH$ {_iVmo.

IS
8. a `m H$moUË`mhr nyUmªH$mgmR>r Amnë`mbm {_iVo.
BL
EP S
R TB
U
(a) a ÷ 0 ZŠH$s qH$_V gm§JVm `oV Zmhr.
BE @K

(b) a ÷ 1 = a
TO
T
O
N

21
 àH$aU- 2

AnyUmªH$ Am{U Xem§e

(Fractions and Decimals)

2.1 AnyUmªH$m§Mm JwUmH$ma

ED
Vwåhmbm _mhrV Amho H$s Am`VmMo joÌ\$i H$go H$mT>mdo. ho bm§~r × é§Xr er g_mZ AgVo. Oa Am`Vm-

H
IS
Mr bm§~r Am{U é§Xr AZwH«$_o 7 cm Am{U 4 cm Agob Va Ë`mMo joÌ\$i {H$Vr Agob? Ë`mMo joÌ\$i
BL
EP S
R TB

7 × 4 = 28cm2 Agob.
U
1 1
BE @K

7
EH$m Am`VmMr bm§~r Am{U é§Xr AZwH«$_o 2 cm2 Am{U 3 2 cm AgVmZm Ë`m Am`VmMo joÌ\$i {H$Vr
Agob? Vwåhr åhUmb, 7 1 × 3 1 = 15 × 7 cm2. g§»`m 15 Am{U 7 ho AnyUmªH$ AmhoV. {Xboë`m
2 2 2 2 2 2
Am`VmMo joÌ\$i H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r Amåhmbm AnyUmªH$m§Mm JwUmH$ma H$gm H$aVmV Vo _mhrV Agbo nm{hOo. Vmo AmVm
TO

AmnU {eHy$`m.
T
O

2.1.1. EH$m AnyUmªH$mbm EH$m nyU© g§»`oZo JwUUo :

N

~mOybm {Xboë`m AmH¥$Vr 2.1 Mo {ZarjU H$am àË`oH$ dVw©imMm N>m`m{H$§V

^mJ hm dVw©imMm 1 ^mJ Amho. Va XmoÝhr N>m`m{H$§V Ho$bobo ^mJ {_iyZ

4
1 1 1
V`ma Pmbobm ^mJ hm H$m` Xe©{dVmo? Vo + = 2×
4 4 4 AmH¥$Vr 2.1

Xe©{dVrb? XmoÝhr N>m`m{H$§V ^mJ {_i{dë`mg Amnë`mbm AmH¥$Vr 2.2 {_iVo. AmH¥$Vr 2.2 _Yrb dVw©imVrb
2
N>m`m{H$§V Ho$bobm ^mJ H$m` Xe©{dVmo? Vmo dVw©imMm ^mJ Xe©{dVmo.
4

22
 AmH¥$Vr 2.2
AmH¥$Vr 2.1 _Yrb XmoÝhr N>m`m{H$§V ^mJ {_i{dë`mg AmH¥$Vr 2.2 _Yrb N>m`m{H$§V Ho$boë`m ^mJmBVHo$ g_mZ
Amho. åhUOoM Amnë`mbm AmH¥$Vr 2.3 {_iVo. .

ED
AmH¥$Vr 2.3

H
IS
Am{U 1 = 2.
2× BL
EP S

4 4
R TB
U

AmVm AmnU gm§Jy eH$Vm H$m ho {MÌ H$m` Xe©{dVo ? (AmH¥$Vr 2.4)
BE @K

=
TO

AmH¥$Vr 2.4
T

Am{U hr? ? (AmH¥$Vr 2.5)

O
N

AmH¥$Vr 2.5
1
AmVm AmnU emoYy 3×
2
1 1 1 1 3
Amnë`mbm {_iVo 3× = + + =
2 2 2 2 2
1 3 ×1 3
åhUyZ 3 × = 2 =
2 2

23
 2
Ë`mMà_mUo ×5 = 2×5 =?
3 3
Vwåhr gm§Jy eH$Vm 3 × 2 = ? 4 × 3 = ?
7 5
AmVmn`ªV Amåhr dmnabobo AnyUmªH$ AmhoV 1 , 2 , 2 , 3Am{U 3 Oo g_ AnyUmªH$ AmhoV.
2 3 7 5 5
{df_ AnyUmªH$mH$arVm gwÜXm Amnë`mbm {_iVo 5 = 2 × 5 = 10
2×
3 3 3
8 7
à`ËZ H$am    3 × = ?   4 × = ?
7 5

Aem àH$mao, nyU=© g§»`o~amo~a g_ qH$dm {df_ AnyUmªH$m§Mm JwUmH$ma H$aVmZm, AnyUmªH$m§Mm N>oX
VgmM R>oD$Z nyU©g§»`oMm JwUmH$ma A§em~amo~a H$aVmo.

ED
H
à`ËZ H$am :

IS
2 9 1 13
1. emoYm: (a) × 3   (b) BL ×6 (c) 3 ×  
(d) ×6
EP S

7 7 8 11
R TB
U
Oa Ambobm JwUmH$ma {df_ AnyUmªH$ Agob Va Vmo {_l AnyUmªH$mV {bhm.
BE @K

2. 2 × 2 = 4 ho {MÌê$nmV Xe©dm.
5 5
TO

{_l AnyUmªH$m§Mm nyU© g§»`o~amo~a JwUmH$ma

à`ËZ H$am : H$aVmZm, àW_ {_l AnyUmªH$mMo ê$nm§Va {df_
T
O

emoYm AnyUmªH$mV H$amdo Am{U Z§Va JwUmH$ma H$amdm.

N

3 19
(i) 5×2
7 åhUyZM 3 × 2 5 = 3 ×
7 7
57 1
(ii) 1 4 × 6         = = 8 .
9 7 7
2 22
Ë`mMà_mUo 2 × 4 = 2 × = ?
5 5

24
AnyUmªH$, àMmbH$ "Mo", "Mm",(of) À`m {MÝh énmV
`m AmH¥$Ë`m§Mo {ZarjU H$am (AmH¥$Vr 2.6).
XmoZ Mm¡ag V§VmoV§V g_ê$n AmhoV.
N>m`m{H$§V Ho$bobm àË`oH$ ^mJ 1 Mm 1 Xe©{dVmo.
2
åhUyZ, XmoÝhr N>m`m{H$§V Ho$bobo ^mJ {_iyZ 2 Mm Xe©{dVmo.
2 N>m`m{H$§V Ho$bobo 1 ^mJ {_idm. Vo 1 Xe©{dVmV.
2 AmH¥$Vr 2.6
åhUyZ, Amåhr åhUy eH$Vmo 2 Mm 1 ho 1 Amho.
2
1
Amåhr Ago XoIrb åhUy eH$Vmo × 2 = 1

ED
2
ho g_ê$n Mm¡H$moZ gwÜXm nhm (AmH¥$Vr 2.7).

H
IS
àË`oH$ N>m`m{H$§V ^mJ 1 Mm 1 Xe©{dVmo. BL
EP S
2
åhUyZ, VrZ N>m`m{H$§V ^mJ 3 Mm 1 Xe©{dVmo.
R TB
U
2
BE @K

3 N>m`m{H$§V ^mJ {_i{dë`mg

AmH¥$Vr 2.7
Vo Xe©{dVmV 1 1 åhUOoM 3 .
2 2
åhUyZ 3 Mo Amho , VgoM 1 × 3 = 3 .
1 3
TO

2 2 2 2

AemàH$mao 3 Mo 1 = 1 × 3 = 3 .
T
O

2 2 2
N

åhUyZ Amåhr nmhVmo H$s ""Mo'' JwUmH$ma Xe©{dVmo.

1
\$arXmOdi 20 JmoQ>çm AmhoV. \$arXmH$S>rb JmoQ>çm§À`m thJmoQ>çm
5

aoí_mOdi AmhoV. Va aoí_mOdirb JmoQ>çm {H$Vr? "Mo' JwUmH$ma

Xe©{dVmo.
åhUyZ aoí_mOdirb JmoQ>çm 1 × 20 = 4 JmoQ>çm
5
1
Ë`mMà_mUo, Amnë`mH$S>o 16 Mo Amho.
2
1 16
= × 16 = = 8 JmoQ>çm.
2 2

25
 à`ËZ H$am :
AmnU gm§Jy eH$Vm H$m` Amho?
1 1
(i) 10 Mo ? (ii) 16 Mo ?
2 4
2
(iii) 25 Mo ?
5
1
CXmhaU 1 : 40 {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m EH$m dJm©V EHy$U {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m th{dÚmÏ`mªZm B§J«OrMm Aä`mg H$am`bm
2 5
AmdS>Vmo, EHy$U {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m 5 {dÚmÏ`mªZm J{UVMm Aä`mg H$am`bm AmdS>Vmo Am{U
Caboë`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm {dkmZMm Aä`mg H$am`bm AmdS>Vmo.
(i) {H$Vr {dÚmÏ`mªZm B§J«OrMm Aä`mg H$am`bm AmdS>Vmo?

ED

(ii) {H$Vr {dÚmÏ`mªZm J{UVMm Aä`mg H$am`bm AmdS>Vmo?

H
(iii) {dkmZMm Aä`mg H$am`bm AmdS>Umè`m EHy$U {dÚmÏ`mªMm AnyUmªH$ H$m`?

IS
BL
EP S
CH$b dJm©Vrb EHy$U {dÚmWu = 40.
R TB

(i) EHy$U {dÚmÏ`mªn¡H$s 1 th

U
{dÚmÏ`mªZm B§J«Or Aä`mg AmdS>Vmo.
BE @K

5 1 1
åhUyZ, B§J«Or Aä`mg AmdS>Umè`m {dÚmÏ`mªMr g§»`m 40 Mo = 40 × th= 8.
5 5
(ii) Vwåhr à`ËZ H$am.
(iii) B§J«Or Am{U JqUV AmdS>Umè`m {dÚmÏ`mªMr g§»`m = 8 + 16 = 24
TO

Aem[aVrZo, {dkmZ AmdS>Umè`m {dÚmÏ`mªMr g§»`m = 40 – 24 = 16.

Aem[aVrZo, nm{hOo Agbobm AnyUmªH$ 16 Amho.
T
O

40
N

ñdmÜ`m` 2.1
1. H$moUVo {MÌ (a) Vo (d) Xe©{dVo.
1 1 2 1
  (i) 2 ×    (ii) 2 ×    (iii) 3 ×    (iv) 3 ×
5 2 3 4

  (a)   (b)

  (c)    (d)

26
 2. (a) Vo (c) hr H$mhr {MÌo Imbr {Xbr AmhoV. Ë`mn¡H$s H$moUVo `m qH$_Vr Xe©{dVmV.

1 3 1 2 3 1
(i) 3 × = (ii) 2 × = (iii) 3 × =2
5 5 3 3 4 4

=

(a) (b)

(c)

ED

H
3. JwUmH$ma H$am d g§{jßV ê$n Úm Am{U {_l AnyUm©H$m§V ê$nm§Va H$am.

IS
BL
EP S
2
(i) 7 × 3 (ii) 4 × 1 (iii) 2 × 6 (iv) 5 ×
R TB
U
5 3 7 9
BE @K

2 4 4
(v) ×4 (vi) 5 × 6 (vii) 11 × (viii) 20 ×
3 2 7 5

3
(ix) 13 × 1 (x) 15 ×
TO

3 5

1
T

4. N>m`m§{H$V H$am (i) ~m°Šg (a) _Yrb dVw©im§Mm ^mJ.

O

2
N

2
(ii) ~m°Šg (b) _Yrb {ÌH$moUm§Mm ^mJ
3
3
(iii) ~m°Šg (c)_Yrb Mm¡agm§Mm ^mJ.
5

(a) (b) (c)

27
 5. emoYm:
1
(a) (i) 24 d (ii) 46 Mo
2
2
(b) (i) 18 d (ii) 27 Mo
3
(c) (i) 16 d (ii) 36 Mo 3
4
4
(d) (i) 20 d (ii) 35 Mo
5
6. JwUmH$ma H$am Am{U {_l AnyUmªH$mV {bhm.

ED
1 3 1
(a) 3 × 5 (b) 5 × 6 (c) 7×2
5 4 4

H
IS
1 2
(d) 4 × 6 (e) 3 1 × 6
BL (f) 3 ×8
EP S
3 4 5
R TB

3 2
U
1
7. emoYm (a) (i) 2 d (ii) 4 Mo
BE @K

4 9 2
5 2 5
(b) (i) 3 d (ii) 9 Mo
6 3 8
8. {dÚm Am{U àVmn ghbrgmR>r Jobo. Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m AmB©Zo 5 {bQ>aMr nmÊ`mMr ~mQ>br {Xbr. {dÚmZo Ë`mn¡H$s
TO

2
^mJ nmUr ß`mbo. Cabobo nmUr àVmnZo ß`mbo. Va -
5
T

(i) {dÚmZo {H$Vr ^mJ nmUr ß`mbo?

O
N

(ii) àVmnZo EHy$U nmÊ`mn¡H$s {H$Vr ^mJ nmUr ß`mbo?

2.1.2. AnyUmªH$mbm AnyUmªH$mZo JwUUo :

\$[aXmH$S>o 9cm bm§~rMr [a~Z Amho. {VZo Ë`m [a~ZMo Mma g_mZ ^mJ Ho$bo. ho Vr H$go H$arb? {VZo [a~ZÀ`m XmoZ
9
KS>çm KmVë`m. EHy$U bm§~rMm àË`oH$ ^mJ H$moUË`m AnyUmªH$m§V Agob? [a~ZMm àË`oH$ ^mJ Agob.
4
{VZo EH$ ^mJ KoD$Z KS>çm KmbyZ Ë`mMo XmoZ g_mZ ^mJ Ho$bo. EH$ ^mJ H$m` Xe©{dVmo? Vmo 9 Mm 1 Agob. qH$dm
9 1 4 2
×
4 2

28
 9 1
AmVm AmnU XmoZ AnyUmªH$mMm JwUmH$ma H$gm H$aVmV Vo nmhÿ Ogo ×
4 2
1 1
ho H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amåhr n{hë`m§Xm × Mm JwUmH$ma {eHy$.
2 3
1
(a) EH$ nyU© ^mJmMm Amåhr H$go emoYy? Amåhr nyU© ^mJmMo VrZ g_mZ ^mJ
3
H$ê$. VrZ ^mJmMm EH$ ^mJ nyU©Mm 1 Xe©{dVmo. Ë`m VrZ ^mJm_Yrb EH$ ^mJ
3
¿`m Am{U AmH¥$VrV 2.8 Xe©{dë`mà_mUo N>m`m{H$§V H$am.
AmH¥$Vr 2.8
A 1
(b) N>m`m§{H$V ^mJmMm ^mJ H$gm emoYy eH$mb ? EH$ V¥Vr`m§e ( 1 ) `m N>m`m§{H$V
2 3
1
^mJmMo XmoZ g_mZ ^mJ H$am. àË`oH$mMo XmoZ ^mJ 1 Mo 1 Xe©{dVmV. åhUOoM ×
2

ED
3 2
1
3 (AmH¥$Vr 2.9). `m XmoZ ^mJm_Yrb EH$ ^mJ ~mOybm ¿`m Am{U Ë`mbm A Zm§d Úm.

H
IS
1 1
AmH¥$Vr 2.9 A × BL
Xe©{dVmo.
EP S

2 3
R TB
U

1
BE @K

(c) EH$ nyU© ^mJmMm A hm H$moUVm AnyUmªH$ Amho ? `mgmR>r am{hboë`m àË`oH$mMo ^mJmMo gwÜXm XmoZ g_mZ
3
^mJ H$am. `mgmaIo g_mZ ^mJ AmVm {H$Vr Pmbo? `mgmaIo 6 g_mZ ^mJ AmhoV.
1
^mJ Amho. AemàH$mao × 1 =
1 1
A hm Ë`m_Yrb ^mJ Amho. åhUyZ, nyU© ^mJmMm A hm
6 2 3 6
TO

1
nyU© ^mJmMm A hm 6 Amho ho Amåhr H$go R>a{dbo? nyU© ^mJmMo 6 = 2 × 3 ^mJ Ho$bo Am{U

T

1 = 1 × 1 ^mJ ~mOybm KoVbo.

O
N

1 1 1 1×1
AemàH$mao × = =
2 3 6 2×3
1 1 1×1
qH$dm × =
2 3 2 ×3
1 1
× Mr qH$_V `mMà_mUo {_iVo. nyU©^mJmMo XmoZ g_mZ ^mJ H$am Am{U Ë`m_Yrb EH$mMo VrZ g_mZ
3 2 1 1 1
^mJ H$am. Ë`m_Yrb EH$ ^mJ ¿`m. ho × åhUOoM Xe©{dVmV.
3 2 6
1 1 1 1×1
åhUyZ , × = = Á`mMr MMm© Ho$br Amho.
3 2 6 3× 2
Ë`mdê$Z, 1 × 1 = 1 × 1 = 1
2 3 3 2 6

29
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
emoYm ×Am{U × : × Am{U × Am{U H$m` {_iVo Vo Vnmg
3 4 4 3 2 5 5 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
× = × ; × = ×
3 4 4 3 2 5 5 2

à`ËZ H$am :
ho Mm¡H$moZ ^am :
1 1 1×1 1 1
(i) × = = (ii) × = =
2 7 2×7 5 7
1 1 1 1
(iii) × = = (iv) × = =
7 2 7 5

ED
1
CXmhaU 2 : gwem§V 1 VmgmV EH$m nwñVH$mMm ^mJ dmMVmo. Va 2 1

H
3 5

IS
VmgmV Ë`mM nwñVH$mMm {H$Vr ^mJ dmMy eHo$b?
BL
EP S

CH$b : gwem§VZo 1 VmgmV nwñVH$mMm dmMbobm ^mJ = 1

R TB
U
3
1
BE @K

åhUyZ 2 VmgmV Ë`mZo dmMboë`m nwñVH$mMm ^mJ =

5
1 1 11 1 11 × 1 11
2 × = × = =
5 3 5 3 5 × 3 15
5 5 1
TO

AmVm AmnU emoYy 1 × .Amnë`mbm _mhrV AmhoV = × 5

2 3 3 3
T

1 5 1 1 1 5
= × ×5= ×5=
O

åhUyZ ×
2 3 2 3 6 6
N

5 1× 5 1 5 1× 5 5
= `mà_mUo × = = .
6 2×3 2 3 2×3 6

ho gwÜXm Imbr Xe©{dboë`m AmH¥$Vr à_mUo Xe©{dbo Amho.

àË`oH$ g_mZ AmH$ma (AmH¥$Vr 2.10) ho nmM g_ê$n dVw©im§Mo ^mJ AmhoV. Ë`mVrb EH$ ^mJ ¿`m. hm ^mJ
{_i{dÊ`mgmR>r n{hë`m§Xm AmnU dVw©imMo VrZ g_mZ ^mJ H$ê$. nwT>o `m àË`oH$ VrZ ^mJmMo XmoZ g_mZ ^mJ H$é.
1 1 1 1 5
`m_Yrb EH$ ^mJ H$m` Xe©{dVmo? hm × = Xe©{dVmo. `mgma»`m gd© ^mJm§Mr EHy$U 5 × = hmoVo.
2 3 6 6 6

30
 AmH¥$Vr 2.10
3 1 3 ×1 3
à`ËZ H$am : Ë`mMà_mUo, × = =
5 7 5 × 7 35
emoYm:
2 7
1 4 2 1 Amåhr Ago emoYy ×
× ; × 3 5
3 5 3 5
2 7 2 × 7 14
   ho × = =
3 3 × 5 15

ED
5
A§em§Mm JwUmH$ma

H
åhUyZ, Amåhmbm AmT>ibo H$s , XmoZ AnyUmªH$m§Mm JwUmH$ma hm .

IS
N>oXmMm JwUmH$ma
JwUmH$mamMr qH$_V : BL
EP S
R TB

Vwåhr nm{hbm AmhmV H$s, XmoZ nyU© g§§»`o§Mm JwUmH$ma hm Ë`mVrb àË`oH$ nyU©
U
à`ËZ H$am :
BE @K

emoYm: g§»`onojm _moR>m AgVmo. CXmhaUmW©, 3×4 = 12 Am{U 12 > 4, 12 > 3.

8 4 3 2 Ooìhm Amåhr XmoZ AnyUmªH$m§Mm JwUmH$ma H$aVmo Voìhm JwUmH$mamMr qH$_V
× ; ×
3 7 4 3
H$er `oB©b?
TO

àW_ XmoZ g_AnyUmªH$mMm JwUmH$ma nmhÿ.

T
O

2 4 8 8 2 8 4 JwUmH$ma hm àË`oH$
× = < , <
N

3 5 15 15 3 15 5
AnyUmªH$mnojm bhmZ Amho.
1 2
× = ------------- --------------------------- ---------------------------
5 7

3  21
× = --------------------------- ---------------------------
5 8 40
2 4 8
× = --------------------------- ---------------------------
 9 45

31
 Amåhr emoYbo H$s XmoZ g_ AnyUmªH$m§Mm JwUmH$ma hm Ë`m àË`oH$ XmoZ AnyUmª§H$mnojm bhmZ AgVmo
qH$dm XmoZ g_AnyUmªH$m§À`m JwUmH$mamMr qH$_V hr Ë`m XmoZ AnyUmªH$m§Vrb àË`oH$mÀ`m qH$_Vrnojm
bhmZ AgVo.
Aer AmUIr nmM CXmhaUo KoD$Z Vnmgm.
AmVm XmoZ {df_ AnyUmªH$m§Mm JwUmH$ma nmhÿ.

7 5 35 35 7 35 5 JwUmH$ma hm àË`oH$ AnyUmªH$mnojm

× = > , >
3 2 6 6 3 6 2
_moR>m Amho.
6  24

ED
× = --------------------------- ---------------------------
5 3 15

H
IS
9 7 63
× = ---------------------------
BL ---------------------------
EP S
2  8
R TB
U

3 8 24
BE @K

× = --------------------------- ---------------------------
 7 14

Amåhr emoYbo H$s,XmoZ {df_ AnyUmªH$m§Mm JwUmH$ma hm XmoZ AnyUm©H$mVrb àË`oH$ AnyUmªH$m§nojm
TO

_moR>m AgVmo qH$dm, XmoZ {df_ AnyUmªH$m§À`m JwUmH$mamMr qH$_V hr Ë`m XmoZ AnyUmªH$m§Vrb àË`oH$
T

qH$_Vrnojm _moR>r AgVo.

O
N

AmUIr nmM CXmhaUo Vwåhr ¿`m Am{U darb {dYmZ {gÜX H$am.
AmVm g_ AnyUmªH$ Am{U {df_ AnyUmªH$m§Mm JwUmH$ma H$é.
2 7
g_Om Am{U .
3 5
2 7 14 14
Amnë`mH$S>o Amho, × = `oWo 14 < 7 Am{U > 2.
3 5 15 15 5 15 3
Aem JwUmH$mamV, JwUmH$ma hm {df_ AnyUmªH$m§nojm bhmZ Am{U g_ AnyUmªH$m§nojm _moR>m {_iVmo.

ho Vnmgm, 6 × 2 , 8 × 4
5 8 3 5

32
 ñdmÜ`m` 2.2
1. emoYm :

1 1 3 1 4 1
(i) (a) Mo (b) Mo (c) Mo
4 4 5 4 3 4
2 6 3
(ii) (a) Mo 1 (b) Mo 1 (c) Mo 1
9 7 5 7 10 7

2. JwUmH$ma H$am Am{U g§{jßV ê$nmV {bhm (eŠ` Agë`mg) :

9 3
(i) 2 × 2 2 (ii) 2 × 7
3 6
(iii) × (iv) ×
3 3 7 9 8 4 5 5

ED
(v) 1 × 15 (vi) 11 × 3 (vii) 4 × 12

H
IS
3 8 2 10 5 7
BL
EP S

3. Imbrb AnyUmªH$m§Mm JwUmH$ma H$am :

R TB
U

2 1 2 7
(iii) 3 × 5 1 (iv) 5 × 2 3
BE @K

(i) ×5 (ii) 6 ×
5 4 5 9 2 3 6 7
2 4 4 3
(v) 3 × (vi) 2 3 × 3 (vii) 3 ×
5 7 5 7 5
4. H$moUVm AnyUmªH$ _moR>m Amho.
TO

3
(i) Mo 2 qH$dm 5 Mo 3
T

4 7 8 5
O
N

3 2
(ii)
6
Mo 1 qH$dm Mo
7 2 7 3
3
5. gmB©brZo Amnë`m ~mJoV EH$m AmoirV 4 amono bmdbr. XmoZ amonm_Yrb A§Va _r. Amho. Va n{hë`m
4
Am{U eodQ>À`m amonm_Yrb A§Va H$mT>m.
3
6. {b{nH$m EH$ nwñVH$ àË`oH$ {Xder 1 Vmg dmMVo. {VZo nyU© nwñVH$ 6 {XdgmV dmMbo. Va {Vbm nwñVH$
4
dmMÊ`mgmR>r {H$Vr Vmg bmJbo?

7. EH$ H$ma 1 {bQ>a noQ´>mobbm 16 {H$_r A§Va OmVo. Va 2 3 {bQ>a noQ´>mobbm Vr {H$Vr A§Va OmB©b?
4

33
 2 10
× =
8. (a) (i) Mm¡H$moZmV g§»`m ^am, Ogo 3 30
(ii) V {_imboë`m g§»`oMo g§{jßV ê$n ______ Amho .
3 24
(b) (i) Mm¡H$moZmV
g§»`m ^am, Ogo   × = ?
5 75
(ii) V {_imboë`m g§»`oMo g§{jßV ê$n _____ Amho.

2.2 AnyUmªH$m§Mm ^mJmH$ma

Om°ZH$S>o 6cm bm§~rMr nonaMr nÅ>r Amho. Ë`mZo Vr nÅ>r H$mnyZ àË`oH$s 2cm bm§~rÀ`m bhmZ nÅ>çm Ho$ë`m.
Vwåhmbm _mhrV Amho H$m 6 ÷ 2 = 3 nÅ>`m {_iVrb.

ED
Om°ZZo Xþgè`m 6 cm bm§~rÀ`m nÅr>Mo àË`oH$s 3 bm§~rMo bhmZ VwH$S>o Ho$bo. AmVm Ë`mbm {H$Vr nÅ>`m {_iVrb?

H
2

IS
3
Ë`mbm {_iVrb 6 ÷ nÅ>`m. BL
EP S
2
R TB
U

3
BE @K

15 1 1
g|._r. bm§~rÀ`m nÅ>rMo àË`oH$s g|._r. bm§~rMo bhmZ VwH$S>o Ho$bo. Va
2 2 2 2
15 3
Ë`mbm ÷ nÅ>`m {_iVrb.
2 2 AmH¥$Vr 2.11
TO

åhUyZ, AmVm Amåhmbm nyU© g§»`obm AnyUmªH$m§Zo ^mJUo qH$dm AnyUmªH$mbm Xþgè`m AnyUmªH$m§Zo ^mJmH$ma
T
O

H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. ho H$go Ho$bo OmVo Vo AmnU nmhÿ.

N

2.2.1 nyU©g§»`obm AnyUmªH$m§Zo ^mJUo :

emoYm : 1 ÷ 1
2
Amåhr EH$m nyU© Mm àË`oH$ ^mJ hm nyU©À`m {Zå_m hmoB©b Aem g_mZ ^mJmV {d^mJy.
1 1
Aem A¿`m© ( ) g§»`oMo ^mJ ho 1 ÷ hmoVmV. AmH¥$VrMo {ZarjU H$am (AmH¥$Vr 2.11). Vwåhr Ago
2 2
AY} ^mJ {H$Vr nm{hbm ?
2
åhUyZ, 1 ÷ 1 = 2 VgoM 1 × = 1 × 2 = 2.
2 1
1 2
AemàH$mao 1 ÷ = 1 ×
2 1
34
 1
Ë`mMà_mUo, Ooìhm àË`oH$s 3 nyU© ^mJmbm 1 g_mZ ^mJm§Zr ^mJVmo Voìhm 3 ÷ = 12 ^mJ (AH¥$Vr
4 4
2.12) {_iVmV.

1 1 1 1 1 1
4 4 4 4 4 4
1 1 1 1 1 1
4 4 4 4 4 4

AmH¥$Vr 2.12
4
{ZarjU H$am, 3 × = 3 × 4 = 12
1
1 4

ED
åhUyZ, 3 ÷ = 3 × = 12
4 1

H
1 2
`mMà_mUo emoYm, 3 ÷ Am{U 3 × .

IS
2 1 BL
EP S
R TB

AnyUmªH$m§Mm ì`ñV
U
BE @K

2
hr g§»`m 1 Mm A§e Am{U N>oX `m§Mr AmXbm~Xb H$ê$Z qH$dm 1 Mr CbQ> KoD$Z {_i{dVm `oVo.
1 2 2
Ë`mMà_mUo 1 Mr CbQ> KoD$Z 3 {_i{dVm `oVmV.
3 1
n{hë`m§Xm Aem ì`ñVm§H$ g§»`m§Mm {dMma H$ê$.
TO

Imbrb JwUmH$mam§Mo {ZarjU H$am Am{U [aH$må`m OmJm ^am :

T
O

1 5 4
7× =1 × = ---------
N

7 4 5
1 2
× 9 = --------- × = ------ = 1
9 7
2 3 2×3 6 5
× = = =1 =1
3 2 3× 2 6 9

Aem AmUIr nmM OmoS>çm§Mm JwUmH$ma H$am.

ewÝ`a{hV g§»`m Á`m§Mm EH$_oH$m§Mm JwUmH$ma 1 Agob Va Ë`m§Zm EH$_oH$m§Mo JwUmH$ma ì`ñV åhUVmV. åhUyZ
5 9 9 1 2
Mm ì`ñV Amho Am{U Mm ì`ñV 5 Amho. d Mm ì`ñV {H$Vr Amho?
9 5 5 9 9 7

35
 2
Vwåhr nmhÿ eH$mb Mm ì`ñV hm Ë`m§Mr CbQ> H$ê$Z ¿`mb Voìhm Vwåhmbm 3 {_iVrb.
3 2
{dMma H$am, MMm© H$am Am{U {bhm
(1) g_ AnyUmªH$mMm ì`ñV hm nwÝhm g_ AnyUmªH$ Agob H$m?

(2) {df_ AnyUmªH$mMm ì`ñV hm nwÝhm {df_ AnyUmªH$ Agob H$m?

åhUyZ, Amåhr Ago åhUy eH$Vmo H$s,

1 2
1÷ = 1 × = 1 × 1 Mm ì`ñV.
2 1 2
1 4 1
3 ÷ = 3× = 3× Mm ì`ñV.
4

ED
4 1
3 ÷ 1 = __________ = __________

H
IS
2
BL
EP S

3 4
R TB

2÷ 3 = 2× Mm ì`ñV = 2 ×
U
åhUyZ,
4 4 3
BE @K

2
5 ÷ = 5 × –––––––– = 5 × –––––––– .
9
Aem[aVrZo, nyU© g§»`obm H$moUË`mhr AnyUmªH$m§Zo ^mJUo åhUOoM nyU© g§»`obm Ë`m AnyUmªH$mÀ`m ì`ñVZo
JwUUo hmo`.
TO

à`ËZ H$am :
T

emoYm :
O
N

2 4 8
(i) 7 ÷       (ii) 6 ÷       (iii) 2 ÷
5 7 9

Ooìhm nyU© g§»`obm {_l AnyUmªH$m§Zo ^mJbo OmVo. Voìhm n{hë`m§Xm {_l AnyUmªH$mMo {df_ AnyUmªH$m§V

ê$nm§Va H$am Am{U Z§Va Vo gmoS>dm.
12
à`ËZ H$am : `mà_mUo  4 ÷ 2 2 = 4 ÷ =?
emoYm : 5 5
1 4 1 10
(i) 6 ÷ 5   (ii) 7 ÷ 2 5÷3 =5÷
Am{U   =?
3 7 3 3

36
2.2.2 AnyUmªH$mbm nyU© g§»`oZo ^mJUo -

l
3 ÷ 3 H$m` hmoB©b?
4

Amnë`m AJmoXaÀ`m {ZarjUmZwgma Amnë`mbm {_iVo.

3 3 3 3 1 3 1
      ÷3= ÷ = × = =
4 4 1 4 3 12 4
2 2 1
åhUyZ
÷7= × =?
3 3 7
5
     ÷ 6 , 2 ÷ 8 H$m` Agob ?

ED
7 7

H
{_l AnyUmªH$m§bm nyU© g§»`oZo ^mJVm§Zm {_l AnyUmªH$m§Mo {df_ AnyUmªH$m§V ê$nm§Va H$am. åhUOoM,

IS
l

BL
EP S

2 8 2 3
2 ÷ 5 = ÷ 5 –––– ; 4 ÷ 3 = ––––– = –––––; 2 ÷ 2 = ––––– = –––––
R TB

U
3 3 5 5
BE @K

2.2.3 EH$m AnyUmªH$mbm Xþgè`m AnyUmªH$mZo ^mJUo :

1 5
TO

AmVm Amåhr emoYy ÷

3 6
1 5 11 5 1 6 2
T

. 1 ÷ = ÷× Mm ì`ñV = × =
O

33 6 33 6 3 5 5
N

Ë`mMà_mUo, 8 ÷ 2 = 8 × 2 Mm ì`ñV = ?
5 3 5 3
1 3
Am{U ÷ = ?
2 4

à`ËZ H$am :
emoYm :
3 1 1 3 1 3 1 9
(i) ÷    (ii) ÷     (iii) 2 ÷    (iv) 5 ÷
5 2 2 5 2 5 6 2

37
 ñdmÜ`m` 2.3
1. emoYm :
3 5 7 8
(i) 12 ÷    (ii) 14 ÷   (iii) 8 ÷   (iv) 4 ÷
4 6 3 3
1 4
(v) 3 ÷ 2    (vi) 5 ÷ 3 .
3 7

2. Imbrb àË`oH$ AnyUmªH$mMm ì`ñV emoYm. ì`ñVmMo g_ AnyUmªH$, {df_ AnyUmªH$ Am{U nyU© g§»`oV dJuH$aU
H$am.
3 5 9 6

ED
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
7 8 7 5

H
IS
1 1
(v) 12
BL
EP S
(vi) (vii)
8
R TB

7 11
U
BE @K

3. emoYm :

(i) 7 ÷ 2 (ii) 4 ÷ 5 (iii) 6

÷7
3 9 13
TO

1 3
(iv) 4 1 ÷ 3 (v) 3 ÷ 4 (vi) 4 ÷ 7
3 2 7
T
O

4. emoYm :
N

(i) 2 ÷ 1 (ii)
4 2
(iii) 3 ÷ 8
1 3
(iv) 2 ÷
÷
5 2 9 3 7 7 3 5

(v) 3 1 ÷ 8 (vi) 2 ÷1 1
2 3 5 2

(vii) 3 1 ÷1 2 (viii) 2 1 ÷1 1
5 3 5 5

38
2.3 Xem§e g§»`m§Mm JwUmH$ma -
aoí_mZo ` 8.50 Xa {H$bmo à_mUo 1.5 {H$bmoJ«°_ ^mOr {dH$V KoVbr. Va {Vbm {H$Vr n¡go Úmdo
bmJVrb? Zoh_rà_mUo ` (8.50 × 1.50) hmoVrb. 8.5 Am{U 1.5 `m XmoÝhr Xem§e g§»`m
AmhoV. åhUyZ, Amåhr Aem àg§JmH$S>o Ambmo AmhmoV OoWo XmoZ Xem§emMm JwUmH$ma H$gm H$aVmV
Vo Amnë`mbm _mhrV nmhrOo. AmVm AmnU XmoZ Xem§e g§»`m§Mm JwUmH$ma H$gm H$aVmV Vo
{eHy$`m. n{hë`m§Xm AmnU emoYy 0.1 × 0.1.
1 1 1 1×1
AmVm 0.1 =
. åhUyZ 0.1 × 0.1 = × =
10 10 10 10 × 10
1

ED
             = = 0.01
100

H
IS
AmVm AmnU ho {MÌ ñdê$nmV nmhÿ (AmH¥$Vr 2.13).
BL
EP S

AnyUmªH$ 1 hm 10 g_mZ ^mJm_Yrb 1 ^mJ Xe©{dVmo.

R TB
U
10
{MÌm_Yrb aoImqH$V ^mJ 1 Xe©{dVmo.
BE @K

10
Amnë`mbm _mhrV Amho
1 1 1 1
× åhUOoM 1 Mo . åhUyZ Mo g_mZ 10 ^mJ
10 10 10 10 10
TO

AmH¥$Vr 2.13
H$am Am{U Ë`mVrb EH$ ^mJ ~mOybm ¿`m.
T
O

Aem[aVrZo Amnë`mbm {_iVo (AmH¥$Vr 2.14).

N

AmH¥$Vr 2.14

39
 q~Xÿ Agbobm Mm¡ag hm 10 ^mJmn¡H$s 1 dm ^mJ Amho åhUOoM 1 × 1 qH$dm 0.1 × 0.1.
10 10 10
q~Xÿ Agbobm Mm¡ag Xþgè`m àH$mao Xe©{dVm `oVmo H$m?
AmH¥$Vr 2.14 _Ü`o Vwåhr {H$Vr bhmZ Mm¡ag emoYbo?
`oWo 100 bhmZ Mm¡ag AmhoV. åhUyZ q~Xÿ Agbobm Mm¡ag 100 _Yrb 1 Amho qH$dm 0.01. åhUyZ
0.1 × 0.1 = 0.01.

bjmV R>odm, JwUmH$mamV 0.1 XmoZ doim `oVmV. 0.1 _Ü`o Xem§e {MÝhmÀ`m COì`m ~mOybm EH$ A§H$ Amho.
0.01 _Ü`o XmoZ A§H$ (åhUOoM 1 + 1) Xem§e {MÝhmÀ`m COì`m ~mOybm AmhoV.
AmVm emoYm 0.2 × 0.3.

ED
2 3
Amnë`mbm 0.2 × 0.3 = ×

H
10 10

IS
1 1 AmnU Ho$bo Amho.
× BL
EP S
10 10
R TB

Mm¡agmMo 10 g_mZ ^mJ H$am Am{U Ë`m_Yrb 3 ^mJ ¿`m.

U

3
BE @K

{_iVmV .nwÝhm VrZ g_mZ ^mJmMo 10 g_mZ ^mJ H$am Am{U

10
Ë`m àË`oH$m_Yrb XmoZ ^mJ ¿`m. Amnë`mbm {_iVo 2 × 3 .
10 10
2 3 AmH¥$Vr 2.15
{~§Xy Agbobo Mm¡ag Xe©{dVmV × qH$dm 0.2 × 0.3
10 10
TO

(AmH¥$Vr 2.15)
T
O

åhUOoM 100 Mm¡agm_Ü`o 6 Mm¡ag q~Xÿ Agbobo AmhoV. åhUyZ Vo gwÜXm 0.06 Ago Xe©{dVmV.
N

AemàH$mao 0.2 × 0.3 = 0.06

{ZarjU H$am, 2×3 = 6 Am{U Xem§e q~XÿÀ`m COì`m ~mOyH$S>o 0.06 _Ü`o EHy$U 2 A§H$ AmhoV = (1+1).
0.1 × 0.1 bm ho gwÜXm bmJy hmoVo H$m Vnmgm.

ho {ZarjU bmJy H$ê$Z 0.2 × 0.4 emoYm.

0.1 × 0.1 Am{U 0.2 × 0.3 emoYVmZm Vw_À`m bjmV Ambo Agob H$s àW_ AmnU Xem§e q~XÿH$S>o Xþb©j
H$ê$Z nyU© g§»`oMm JwUmH$ma Ho$bm. 0.1 × 0.1 _Ü`o Amåhm§bm 01 × 01 qH$dm 1 × 1 {_imbo. Ë`mMà_mUo 0.2
× 0.3 _Ü`o Amnë`mbm 02 × 03 qH$dm 2 × 3 {_imbo.

40
 Z§Va Amåhr àW_ COì`m ~mOyH$S>rb A§H$mnmgyZ S>mì`m ~mOyH$S>o A§H$mMr EHy$U g§»`m _moOVmo. Z§Va {VWo
Xem§e q~Xÿ XoVmo. Xem§e q~XÿÀ`m COì`m ~mOybm {_imboë`m EHy$U A§H$mMr ~oarO Á`m Xem§e g§»`oMm AmnU JwUmH$ma
H$aUma AmhmoV Vr {_imbobr EHy$U A§H$mMr ~oarO Amho.
AmVm emoYm 1.2 × 2.5.
12 Am{U 25 Mm JwUmH$ma H$am. Amnë`mbm {_iVmV 300. 1.2 Am{U 2.5 _Ü`o, Xem§e q~XÿÀ`m COì`m
~mOybm àË`oH$s 1 A§H$ Amho. åhUyZ 300 _Ü`o COdrH$S>rb A§H$mnmgyZ (åhUOoM 0) 1 + 1 = 2 A§H$ _moOm Am{U
S>mdrH$S>o Om. Amnë`mbm 3.00 qH$dm 3 {_iVmV.
`mMà_mUo 1.5 × 1.6, 2.4 × 4.2. emoYm.

ED
Ooìhm 2.5 Am{U 1.25 Mm JwUmH$ma H$aVmo Voìhm Vwåhr 25 Am{U 125 Mm JwUmH$ma H$am. {_iboë`m

H
JwUmH$mamV Xem§e {MÝh R>odÊ`mgmR>r COdrH$S>rb A§H$mnmgyZ Vwåhr 1 + 2 = 3 (H$m?) A§H$ _moOm AemàH$mao

IS
2.5 × 1.25 = 3.225 BL
EP S
R TB

emoYm 2.7 × 1.35.

U
BE @K

à`ËZ H$am :
emoYm :
1. (i) 2.7 × 4 (ii) 1.8 × 1.2
TO

(iii) 2.3 × 4.35

T

2. (1) _Ü`o {_imbobm JwUmH$ma CVaË`m H«$_mV _m§S>m.

O
N

CXmhaU 3 EH$m g_^wO {ÌH$moUmMr EH$m ~mOy 3.5 go§._r. Amho. Va Ë`mMr n[a{_Vr H$mT>m.
CH$b : g_^wO {ÌH$moUmÀ`m gd© ~mOy g_mZ AgVmV.
åhUyZ, àË`oH$ ~mOyMr bm§~r = 3.5 g|._r.
`mà_mUo n[a{_Vr 3 × 3.5 go§._r = 10.5 go§._r.
CXmhaU 4 EH$m Am`VmMr bm§~r 7.1 g|._r Am{U Ë`mMr éXr 2.5 g|._r. Amho. Va Am`VmMo joÌ\$i
{H$Vr?

CH$b : Am`VmMr bm§~r = 7.1 g|._r.

41
 Am`VmMr é§Xr = 2.5 g|._r.

åhUyZM Am`VmMo joÌ\$i = 7.1 × 2.5 g|._r2 = 17.75 g|._r2.

2.3.1 Xem§e g§»`m§Zm 10, 100 Am{U 1000 Zo JwUUo -
23
aoí_mZo {ZarjU Ho$bo 2.3 = OoWo 2.35 = 235 . Aem[aVrZo Xem§e g§»`oVrb Xem§e q~XÿÀ`m ñWmZmdê$Z
10 100
Xem§e g§»`oMo N>oX 10 qH$dm 100 Zwgma AnyUm©H$m§V ê$nm§Va H$aVm `oVo ho {Vbm {XgyZ Ambo. Vr AmíM`©M{H$V
hmoB©b Ooìhm Xem§e g§»`obm 10 qH$dm 100 qH$dm 1000 Zo JwUbo Va H$m` hmoB©b.

AmVm nmhÿ Oa 10 qH$dm 100 qH$dm 1000 `m g§»`mZr JwUë`mg Amnë`mbm EH$ Z_yZm {_iVmo.

ED
H
Imbr {Xbobm VŠVm nhm Am{U [aH$må`m OmJm ^am.

IS
BL
EP S
176
1.76 × 10 = × 10 = 17.6 2.35 ×10 = _______ 12.356 × 10 = _____
R TB

100
U
BE @K

176
1.76 × 100 = × 100 = 176 or 176.0 2.35 ×100 = ______ 12.356 × 100 = _____
100

176
1.76 × 1000 = × 1000 = 1760 2.35 ×1000 = ______ 12.356 × 1000 = _____
TO

or 1760.0 100
T

5
O

0.5 × 10 = × 10 = 5   ;   0.5 × 100 = _____ ;   0.5 × 1000 = _____
10
N

darb VŠË`mVrb JwUmH$mam_Ü`o Xem§eq~XÿMm ~Xb {ZarjU H$am. `oWo g§»`m§Zm 10, 100 Am{U 1000 `m§Zr
g§»`m§Zr JwUbo Amho. 1.76 × 10 = 17.6 _Ü`o A§H$ g_mZ AmhoV åhUOoM. 1,7 Am{U 6. Ago Xþgè`m JwUmH$mamMo
gwÜXm {ZarjU Ho$bm H$m? {ZarjU H$am 176 Am{U 17.6. H$moUË`m ~mOybm Xem§e q~Xÿ gaHo$b, COì`m ~mOybm H$s
S>mì`m? Xem§e q~Xÿ COì`m ~mOybm EH$ ñWmZmZo gaHo$b. bjmV R>odm 10 _Ü`o 1 da EH$ 0 (eyÝ`) Amho.

42
 1.76×100 = 176.0, 1.76 Am{U 176.0 Mo {ZarjU H$am. à`ËZ H$am :
Xem§e q~Xÿ {H$Vr A§H$ Am{U H$moUË`m ~mOybm gaH$bm? Xem§e q~Xÿ emoYm :
COì`m ~mOybm XmoZ A§H$ gaH$bm. bjmV R>odm 100 _Ü`o 1 da XmoZ (i) 0.3 × 10
(ii) 1.2 × 100
eyÝ` AmhoV. Xþgè`m JwUmH$mamV Xem§e q~XÿMo g_mZ gaH$Uo ho Vwåhr
(iii) 56.3 × 1000
gwÜXm {ZarjU Ho$bm H$m?
åhUyZ Amåhr Ago åhUy. Ooìhm Xem§e g§»`obm 10, 100 {H$§dm 1000 Zo JwUmH$ma Ho$bm OmVmo, Voìhm
JwUmH$mam_Yrb A§H$ ho Xem§e g§»`oer g_mZ AgVmV na§Vy JwUmH$mamVrb Xem§e q~Xÿ COì`m ~mOybm gaH$Vmo,
OrVdWmZmV 1 da eyÝ` AgVmV. `m {ZarjUmÀ`m AmYmamZwgma Amåhr AmVm åhUy eH$Vmo.
0.07 × 10 = 0.7, 0.07 × 100 = 7 Am{U 0.07 × 1000 = 70.

ED
AmVm aoí_mbm EHy$U aŠH$_ emoYm`bm _XV H$ê$ eH$mb H$m? åhUOoM ` 8.50 × 150 Ho$ë`mg {VZo {H$Vr

H
IS
Úmdo bmJVrb? BL
EP S

ñdmÜ`m` 2.4
R TB
U

1. emoYm :
BE @K

(i) 0.2 × 6      (ii) 8 × 4.6     (iii) 2.71 × 5

(iv) 20.1 × 4      (v) 0.05 × 7     (vi) 211.02 × 4
(vii) 2 × 0.86
TO

2. bm§~r 5.7 g|_r Am{U C§Mr 3 g|_r Agobë`m Am`VmMo joÌ\$i emoYm.
T

3. emoYm :
O

(i) 1.3 × 10 (ii) 36.8 × 10 (iii) 153.7 × 10

N

(iv) 168.07 × 10 (v) 31.1 × 100 (vi) 156.1 × 100

(vii) 3.62 × 100 (viii) 43.07 × 100 (ix) 0.5 × 10
(x) 0.08 × 10 (xi) 0.9 × 100 (xii) 0.03 × 1000

4. EH$ XþMmH$s Jm‹S>r 1 {bQ>a noQ´>mob_Ü`o 55.3 {H$_r A§Va OmVo. Va 10 {bQ>a noQ´>mob_Ü`o
Vr {H$Vr A§Va OmB©b?
5. emoYm :
(i) 2.5 × 0.3 (ii) 0.1 × 51.7 (iii) 0.2 × 316.8
(iv) 1.3 × 3.1 (v) 0.5 × 0.05 (vi) 11.2 × 0.15
(vii) 1.07 × 0.02 (viii) 10.05 × 1.05 (ix) 101.01 × 0.01
(x) 100.01 × 1.1

43
2.4 Xem§e g§»`o§Mm ^mJmH$ma
g{dVm Amnbm dJ© gO{dÊ`mgmQ>r EH$ {S>PmB©Z ~ZdV Amho. {Vbm àË`oH$s 1.9 g|_r bm§~rÀ`m a§JrV H$mJXmÀ`m
H$mhr nÅ>`m nm{hOoV. {VÀ`mH$S>o 9.5 g|_r bm§~rMr a§JrV H$mJXmMr nÅ>r Amho. Ë`m nÅ>rVyZ nmhrOo Agboë`m bm§~rMo
{H$Vr ^mJ {Vbm {_iVrb? {VZo {dMma Ho$bm 9.5 g|._r. {VMo ho ~amo~a Amho H$m?
1.9
9.5 Am{U 1.9 `m XmoÝhr Xem§e g§»`m AmhoV. åhUyZ Amnë`mbm Xem§e g§»`m§Mm ^mJmH$ma gwÜXm _mhrV AgUo
Amdí`H$ Amho!
2.4.1 10, 100 Am{U 1000 Zo ^mJUo :
Xem§e g§»`m§Zm 10, 100 qH$dm 1000 Zo H$amd`mMm ^mJmH$ma emoYy.

ED
31.5 ÷ 10 Mm {dMma H$am.

H
IS
315 1 315
31.5 ÷ 10 = ×BL= = 3.15
EP S
10 10 100
R TB
U
315 11 315
× = = 0.315
BE @K

Ë`mMà_mUo 31.5 ÷ 100 =

10 10100 1000
Amåhr g§»`m§Zm 10, 100 Am{U 1000 Zo ^mJVmZm EH$ Z_yZm emoYy. hm g»`m§Zm 10, 100 Am{U 1000
Zo ^mJÊ`mMm gmonm _mJ© XmI{dÊ`mgmR>r Amnë`mbm _XV H$aob.
TO

31.5 ÷ 10 = 3.15 231.5 ÷ 10 =___ 1.5 ÷ 10 =___ 29.36 ÷ 10 =___

T

31.5 ÷ 100 = 0.315 231.5 ÷ 100 =___ 1.5 ÷ 100 =___ 29.36 ÷ 100 =___
O
N

31.5 ÷ 1000 = 0.0315 231.5 ÷ 1000 =___ 1.5 ÷ 1000 =___ 29.36 ÷ 1000 =___

31.5 ÷ 10 = 3.15 ¿`m. 31.5 Am{U 3.15 _Ü`o A§H$ g_mZ AmhoV. åhUOoM 3, 1 Am{U 5 na§Vy
Xem§e q~Xÿ hm ^mJmH$mamV gaH$Vmo Vmo H$moUË`m ~mOybm Am{U {H$Vr ñWmZo? Xem§e q~Xÿ EH$ ñWmZmZo S>mì`m ~mOyH$S>o
gaH$Vmo. bjmV R>odm 10 _Ü`o 1 da EH$ 0 Amho.
g_Om AmVm 31.5 ÷ 100 = 0.315. 31.5 Am{U à`ËZ H$am :
0.315 _Ü`o A§H$ g_mZ AmhoV na§Vy ^mJmH$mamVrb Xem§e emoYm :
q~XÿMo H$m`? hm XmoZ ñWmZo S>mdrH$S>o gaH$Vmo. bjmV R>odm (i) 235.4 ÷ 10
100 _Ü`o 1 da XmoZ eyÝ` AmhoV. (ii) 235.4 ÷ 100
(iii) 235.4 ÷ 1000

44
 åhUyZ, Amåhr Ago åhUy eH$Vmo {H$, Ooìhm g§»`obm 10, 100 qH$dm 1000 Zo ^mJVmo, Voìhm A§H$ Am{U
^mJmH$ma g_mZ AgVmo. na§Vy ^mJmH$mamVrb Xem§e q~Xÿ hm 1 eyÝ` ñWmZm§À`m S>mdrH$S>o gaH$Vmo ho {ZarjU dmnê$Z
AmVm AmnU bJoM emoYy.
2.38÷10 = 0.238,   2.38÷100 = 0.0238,   2.38÷1000 = 0.00238.
2.4.2 Xem§e g§»`obm nyU© g§»`oZo ^mJUo -
emoYm 6.4 . bjmV R>odm Amåhr ho 6.4 ÷ 2 Ago hr {bhÿ eH$Vmo.
2
64 64 1
åhUyZ, 6.4 ÷ 2 = ÷2= × à`ËZ H$am :
10 10 2 (i) 35.7 ÷ 3 = ?;
(ii) 25.5 ÷ 3 = ?

ED
64 × 1 1 × 64 1 64
AnyUm©H$m§V {eH$ë`mà_mUo. = = = ×
10 × 2 10 × 2 10 2

H
IS
= 1 × 32 = 32 = 3.2 BL
EP S

10 10
R TB
U
BE @K

qH$dm, g_Om n{hë`m§Xm AmnU 64 bm 2 Zo ^mJ {Xë`mg

Amnë`mbm 32 {_iVmV. 6.4 _Ü`o Xem§e {MÝhmÀ`m COdrH$S>o 1 A§H$
Amho. 32 _Ü`o Xem§e {MÝh 1 A§H$ COì`m ~mOybm gmoSy>Z R>odm Amnë`mbm
TO

{_iVmV 3.2
à`ËZ H$am :
T

19. 5 ÷ 5 emoYm. n{hë`m§Xm 195 ÷ 5 emoYm Amho. Amnë`mbm 39 (i) 43.15 ÷ 5 = ?;

O
N

(ii) 82.44 ÷ 6 = ?
{_iVmV. 19.5 _Ü`o Xem§e {MÝhmÀ`m EH$ A§H$ COdrH$S>o Amho. 39 _Ü`o

Xem§e {MÝh Ago R>odm {H$ 1 A§H$ COì`m ~mOybm Agob. Amnë`mbm

{_iVmV 3.9.
1296 1 1 1296
AmVm 12.96 ÷ 4 =
× = ×
100 4 100 4
1
= × 324 = 3.24
100

45
 qH$dm 1296 bm 4 Zo ^mJm Vwåhm§bm 324 {_iVrb. 12.96 _Ü`o Xem§e {MÝhmÀ`m COdrH$S>o 2 A§H$
AmhoV. 324 _Ü`o XmoZ A§H$ gmoSy>Z Xem§e {MÝh R>oD$Z Vwåhmbm 3.24 {_iVrb.
bjmV R>odm, `oWo Am{U nwT>rb ^mJmV Amåhr Xem§e {MÝhmH$S>o à`ËZ H$am :
Xþb©j H$ê$Z {Xboë`m g§»`obm Xþgè`m g§»`oZo nyU© ^mJ OmD$Z ~mH$s eyÝ` emoYm :
(i) 15.5 ÷ 5
amhrb AemàH$maMo ^mJmH$ma nmhUma AmhmoV. Ogo 19.5 ÷ 5 _Ü`o g§»`m
(ii) 126.35 ÷ 7
195 bm 5 Zo ^mJë`mg ~mH$s eyÝ` amhVo.

VWm{n, H$mhr KQ>Zo_Ü`o g§»`obm Xþgè`m g§»`oZo nyU© ^mJ OmV Zmhr åhUOoM Amnë`mbm ~mH$s eyÝ` {_iV
Zmhr. CXmhaUmW©,

ED
195 ÷ 7 Aem àH$maÀ`m KQ>Zm AmnU nwT>rb B`ÎmoV nmhUma AmhmoV.

H
IS
`mà_mUo, 40.86 ÷ 6 = 6.81 BL
EP S
R TB

CXmhaU 5 : 4.2, 3.8 Am{U 7.6 Mr gamgar emoYm.

U
BE @K

CH$b: 4.2, 3.8 d 7.6 Mr gamgar

15.6
= 4.2 + 3.8 + 7.6 = = 5.2
3 3
TO

2.4.3 EH$m Xem§e g§»`obm Xþgè`m Xem§e g§»`oZo ^mJUo :

25.5
T

ho emoYm åhUOoM, 25.5 ÷ 0.5 à`ËZ H$am :

O

0.5 emoYm :
N

Amnë`mbm, {_iob 25.5 ÷ 0.5.= 255 ÷ 5 7.75 42.8 5.6

255 10 10 10 (i) (ii) (iii)
= × = 51 0.25 0.02 1.4
10 5
AemàH$mao 25.5 ÷ 0.5 = 51.
Vwåhr H$m` {ZarjU Ho$bmV? 25.5 _Ü`o Amnë`mbm {_imVo H$s 0.5 _Ü`o Xem§e q~XÿÀ`m COì`m ~mOybm
0.5
EH$ A§H$ Amho. `mbm 10 Zo ^mJyZ Ë`mMo nyU© g§»`o_Ü`o ê$nm§Va H$am. Ë`mMà_mUo 25.5 Mo gwÜXm 10 Zo ^mJyZ
AnyUmªH$m§V ê$nm§Va H$am.
qH$dm, Amåhr Ago åhUy eH$Vmo, 0.5 _Ü`o Xem§e q~Xÿ COì`m ~mOybm gaH${dë`mg 5 {_iVmV. VgoM 25.5
_Ü`o gwÜXm Xem§e q~Xÿ COì`m ~mOybm gaH${dë`mg 255 {_iVmV.
46
 22.5 225
`mà_mUo 22.5 ÷ 1.5 = = = 15
1.5 15
20.3 Am{U 15.2 `mM nÜXVrZo emoYm.
0.7 0.8
AmVm Amåhr emoYy 20.55 ÷ 1.5.
ho Amåhr 205.5 ÷ 15 Ago hr {bhÿ eH$Vmo.
da MMm© Ho$ë`mà_mUo Amnë`mbm {_iVo 13.7.

emoYm : 3.96 ; 2.31 .

0.4 0.3
AmVm 33.725 ho 3372.5 Agohr {bhÿ eH$Vmo (H$go)?

ED
0.25 25
27

H
Am{U Amnë`mbm ^mJmH$ma 134.9 {_iVmo, ho H$go emoYmb? Amnë`mbm _mhrV Amho 27 ho 27.00
0.03

IS
Ago hr {b{hVm `oVmV. BL
EP S
R TB

åhUyZ , 27 = 27.00 = 2700 = 900

U
BE @K

0.03 0.03 3

CXmhaU 6 : EH$m {Z`{_V ~hþ^wOmH¥$VrÀ`m àË`oH$ ~mOyMr bm§~r 2.5 g|_r Amho. Ë`m ~hþ^wOmH¥$VrMr n[a{_Vr
12.5 g|_r Agob Va ~hþ^wOmH¥$Vrbm {H$Vr ~mOy AmhoV?
TO

CH$b: {Z`{_V ~hþ^wOmH¥$VrMr n[a{_Vr åhUOo gd© g_mZ ~mOwÀ`m bm§~r§Mr ~oarO = 12.5 g|._r.
T
O
N

àË`oH$ ~mOyMr bm§~r = 2.5 g|_r§

12.5 125
`mà_mUo EHy$U ~mOy = = = 5
2.5 25
~hþ^wOmH¥$Vrbm 5 ~mOy AmhoV.
CXmhaU 7 EH$ H$ma 2.2 VmgmV 89.1 {H$_r A§Va OmVo. Va 1 VmgmV gamgar {H$Vr A§Va OmVo?
CH$b : H$maZo AmH«${_bobo A§Va = 89.1 {H$._r.
ho A§Va OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJbobm doi = 2.2 Vmg.
89.1 891
åhUyZ 1 VmgmV H$maZo AmH«${_bobo A§Va = = = 40.5 {H$._r.
2.2 22
47
 ñdmÜ`m` 2.5

1. emoYm :
(i) 0.4 ÷ 2 (ii) 0.35 ÷ 5 (iii) 2.48 ÷ 4
(iv) 65.4 ÷ 6 (v) 651.2 ÷ 4 (vi) 14.49 ÷ 7
(vii) 3.96 ÷ 4 (viii) 0.80 ÷ 5

2. emoYm :
(i) 4.8 ÷ 10 (ii) 52.5 ÷ 10 (iii) 0.7 ÷ 10
(iv) 33.1 ÷ 10 (v) 272.23 ÷ 10 (vi) 0.56 ÷ 10
(vii) 3.97 ÷10

ED
H
3. emoYm :

IS
(i) 2.7 ÷ 100 (ii) 0.3 ÷ 100 BL
EP S

(iii) 0.78 ÷ 100 (iv) 432.6 ÷ 100

R TB
U

(v) 23.6 ÷100 (vi) 98.53 ÷ 100

BE @K

4. emoYm :
(i) 7.9 ÷ 1000 (ii) 26.3 ÷ 1000 (iii) 38.53 ÷ 1000
(iv) 128.9 ÷ 1000 (v) 0.5 ÷ 1000
TO

5. emoYm :
T

(i) 7 ÷ 3.5 (ii) 36 ÷ 0.2 (iii) 3.25 ÷ 0.5

O
N

(iv) 30.94 ÷ 0.7 (v) 0.5 ÷ 0.25 (vi) 7.75 ÷ 0.25

(vii) 76.5 ÷ 0.15 (viii) 37.8 ÷ 1.4 (ix) 2.73 ÷ 1.3

6. EH$ dmhZ 2.4 {bQ>a noQ´>mob_Ü`o 43.2 {H$._r A§Va OmVo. Va 1 {bQ>a noQ´>mob_Ü`o Vo

{H$Vr A§Va OmB©b?

48
 Amåhr H$m` MMm© Ho$br?
1. Amåhr AnyUmªH$m§Mm JwUmH$ma H$gm H$aVmV Vo {eH$bmo. XmoZ AnyUmªH$m§Mm JwUmH$ma hm Ë`m§Mm A§e Am{U N>oX
`m§Mm doJdoJim JwUmH$ma AgVmo. Vmo JwUmH$ma Agm {b{hVmV A§emMm JwUmH$ma .
N oX> mMm JwUmH$ma
CXmhaUmW©, 2 × 5 = 2 × 5 = 10

3 7 3 × 7 21
2. AnyUmªH$m_Ü`o "Mo' Mr {H«$`m hr Aer hmoVo CXmhaUmW©, 2 Mo 1 ho 1 × 2 = 1 Amho.
2 2
3. (a) XmoZ g_ AnyUmªH$m§Mm JwUmH$ma hm JwUmH$ma Ho$boë`m àË`oH$ AnyUm©H$m§nojm bhmZ AgVmo.
(b) g_ AnyUmªH$ Am{U {df_ AnyUmªH$ `m§Mm JwUmH$ma hm {df_ AnyUmªH$m§nj
o m bhmZ Am{U g_ AnyUmªH$mnojm

ED
_moR>m AgVmo.

H
IS
(c) XmoZ {df_ AnyUmªH$m§Mm JwUmH$ma hm XmoZ AnyUmªH$m§nojm _moR>m AgVmo.
BL
EP S
R TB
U
4. AnyUmªH$m§Mm ì`ñVm§H$ hm Imbrb g§»`m da Am{U darb g§»`m Imbr Ho$ë`mZo {_iVmo.
BE @K

5. XmoZ AnyUmªH$m§Mm ^mJmH$ma H$gm H$aVmV Vo AmnU nmhrbo Amho.

(a) nyU© g§»`obm AnyUmªH$m§Zo ^mJ XoVmZm, Amåhr nyU© g§»`obm AnyUmªH$m§À`m ì`ñVm§H$Zo JwUmdo.

TO

CXmhaUmW© : 2 ÷ 3 = 2 × 5 = 10
5 3 3
T
O

(b) AnyUmªH$m§bm nyU© g§»`oZo ^mJ XoVmZm, AnyUmªH$mbm nyU© g§»`oÀ`m ì`ñVm§H$Zo JwUmdo.
N

2 2 1 2
CXmhaUmW© : ÷7 = × =
3 3 7 21
(c) EH$m AnyUmªH$m§bm Xþgè`m AnyUmªH$m§Zo ^mJ XoVmZm Amåhr n{hë`m AnyUmªH$mbm Xþgè`m AnyUm©H$m§À`m
2 5 2 7 14
ì`ñVm§H$Zo JwUmdo åhUyZ, 3 ÷ 7 = 3 × 5 = 15

6. XmoZ Xem§e g§»`o§Mm JwUmH$ma H$gm H$aVmV Vo gwÜXm AmnU {eH$bmo AmhmoV. XmoZ Xem§e g§»`mMm JwUmH$ma
H$aVmZm n{hë`m§Xm Ë`mVrb nyU© g§»`o§Mm JwUmH$ma H$éZ XmoZ Xem§e g§»`o_Yrb Xem§e q~XÿÀ`m COì`m
~mOyH$S>rb A§H$mMr g§»`m _moOm. _moOboë`m A§H$m§Mr ~oarO H$am. JwUmH$mamV _moOboë`m A§H$m§Mr ~oarO
COì`m ~mOyH$Sy>Z _moOyZ VoWo Xem§e q~Xÿ R>odm.
49
 7. 10, 100 qH$dm 1000 Zo Xem§e g§»`obm JwUVmZm, Amåhr 1 À`m COì`m ~mOybm OodT>o eyÝ` AmhoV Ë`m
g§»`oBVH$m Xem§e q~Xÿ gaH$dVmo.
`mà_mUo 0.53 × 10 = 5.3,   0.53 × 100 = 53,   0.53 × 1000 = 530
8 Xem§e g§»`obm H$go ^mJVmV Vo Amåhr nm{hbo Amho -

(a) Xem§e g§»`obm nyU© g§»`oZo ^mJ XoVmZm Amåhr n{hë`m§Xm nyU© g§»`oMm ^mJmH$ma Ho$bm nm{hOo. Z§Va
^mJmH$mamV Xem§e {MÝh Ago R>odm {H$ Ogo Xem§e g§»`oV AgVo.
CXmhaUmW© 8.4 ÷ 4 = 2.1

ED
bjmV R>odm `m ^mJmH$mamV ~mH$s eyÝ` `oVo AgoM ^mJmH$ma `m {R>H$mUr KoVbo AmhoV.

H
(b) Xem§e g§»`obm 10, 100 qH$dm 1000 Zo ^mJmVmZm Xem§e g§»`o_Ü`o 1 À`m S>mì`m ~mOybm OodT>o

IS
BL
eyÝ` AmhoV Vo gaH$dyZ Amnë`mbm ^mJmH$ma {_iVmo. åhUyZ 23.9 ÷ 10 = 2.39, 23.9 ÷ 100 =
EP S
R TB
U
0 .239, 23.9 ÷ 1000 = 0.0239.
BE @K

(c) XmoZ Xem§e g§»`m§Mm ^mJmH$ma H$aVmZm àW_ XmoÝhtMo Xem§e q~Xÿ g_mZ gaH$dyZ ½`m. ^mOH$Mo nyU©
g§»`oV énm§Va H$am. d Z§Va ^mJmH$ma H$am.
TO

Ogo, 2.4 ÷ 0.2 = 24 ÷ 2 = 12.

T
O
N

50
 àH$aU- 3

g§J«hrV _m{hVr hmVmiUo

(Data Handling)

3.1 n[aM` :

ED
Vwåhr "gamgar' `m eãXmer n[a{MV AmhmV Am{U Vw_À`m X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV "gamgar' eãX Agbobr {dYmZo

H
AmbrM AgUma.

IS
BL
EP S
* B©em XaamoO gamgar 5 Vmg Aä`mgmgmR>r IM© H$aVo.
R TB
U
* `m dfm©Mo gamgar Vmn_mZ gw_mao 40°C Amho.
BE @K

* _mÂ`m dJm©Vrb {dÚmÏ`mªMo gamgar d` 12 df} Amho.

* dm{f©H$ n[ajodoir emioVrb {dÚmÏ`mªMr gamgar hOoar 98 Q>ŠHo$ hmoVr.
TO

Aem àH$maMr AZoH$ {dYmZo AmhoV. da {Xboë`m {dYmZm{df`r {dMma H$am.

T

n{hë`m {dYmZmV B©em XaamoO ~amo~a 5 Vmg Aä`mg H$aVo Agm {dMma Vwåhr H$aVm H$m?
O

qH$dm, {Xboë`m OmJoMo R>am{dH$ doir Vmn_mZ ~amo~a 400C Agob H$m?
N

qH$dm, dJm©Vrb àË`oH$ {dÚmÏ`m©Mo d` 12 df} Agob H$m? ZŠH$sM Zmhr.

Va hr {dYmZo H$m` Xe©{dVmV?
Amåhr g_Oy eH$Vmo H$s B©em Zoh_r gamgar 5 Vmg Aä`mg H$aVo. Vr H$mhr {Xdg H$_r Vmg Aä`mg H$aV
Agob Va H$mhr {Xdg OmñV Vmg Aä`mg H$aV Agob.
Ë`mMà_mUo gamgar Vmn_mZ 40 {S>J«r gopëgAg åhUOoM, H$Xm{MV dfm©Vrb EH$m doir OdiOdi 40
{S>J«r gopëgAg nojm H$_rnU Agob qH$dm Xþgè`mdoir 40 {S>J«r gopëgAg nojm OmñV nU Agob.
AemàH$mao, Amåhr Ago AZw^dy eH$Vmo H$s, gamgar hr g§»`m J«wnMo {ZarjU Ho$boë`m _m{hVrMr _Ü` H$ënZm
Xe©{dVo. åhUyZ gamgar hr {Xboë`m _m{hVrMr CÀMV_ qH$_V Am{U {ZÀ`V_ qH$_V _Ü`o AgVo. åhUyZ Amåhr
åhUVmo gamgar hr {Xboë`m _m{hVrMr H|${Ð` _Ü` H$ënZm Amho. doJdoJù`m àH$maMr _m{hVr doJdoJù`m àH$maMo
51
H|${Ð` _mnZ qH$dm _Ü` qH$_V `mMo dU©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmnabr OmVo. Ë`mn¡H$s EH$ _mnZ Amho "A§H$J{UVr _Ü`'.
Vwåhr àH$aUmVrb nwT>rb ^mJmV AmUIr _mnZmÀ`m qH$_Vr {df`r {eH$Uma AmhmV.
3.2 A§H$J{UVr _Ü` (Arithmetic Mean)
g§J«{hV _m{hVrVrb OmñVrV OmñV gd©gm_mÝ` _Ü` Xe©{dUmar qH$_V åhUOo A§H$J{UVr _Ü` hmo`.
XmoZ ^m§S>çm_Ü`o AZwH«$_o 20 {bQ>a Am{U 60 {bQ>a XÿY Amho. Oa àË`oH$ ^m§S>çmV g_mZ XÿY KmVbo Va àË`oH$
^m§S>çmVrb XÿY {H$Vr Agob? Agm àíZ Amåhr {dMmabm Va Amåhr A§H$J{UVr _Ü` KoVbm nm{hOo.
darb KQ>ZoV gamgar qH$dm A§H$J{UVr _Ü`
EHy$U XÿY = 20 + 60 {bQ>a = 40 {bQ>a
EHy$U ^m§S>çm§Mr g§»`m 2
åhUyZ àË`oH$ ^m§S>çmV 40 {bQ>a XÿY Agbo nm{hOo.

ED
gamgar qH$dm A§H$J{UVr _Ü` (AM) qH$dm \$ŠV _Ü` Mr ì`m»`m Imbrbà_mUo Amho.

H
gd© {ZarjUm§Mr ~oarO

IS
_Ü` =
{ZarjUm§Mr g§»`m BL
EP S
R TB

hr CXmhaUo nhm.
U

CXmhaU 1 : A{efZo H«$_mZo VrZ {XdgmV AZwH«$_o 4 Vmg, 5 Vmg Am{U 3 Vmg Aä`mg Ho$bm. Va Ë`mZo XaamoO
BE @K

gamgar {H$Vr Vmg Aä`mg Ho$bm?

CH$b : A{efZo Ho$bobm gamgar Aä`mg
Aä`mg Ho$boë`m EHy$U Vmgm§Mr g§»`m
= 4 + 5 + 3 Vmg = 4 Vmg àË`oH$ {Xdgmbm.
TO

Aä`mg Ho$boë`m EHy$U {Xdgm§Mr g§»`m 3

T

`màH$mao, Amåhr Ago åhUyZ eH$Vmo H$s, A{efZo XaamoO gamgar 4 Vmg Aä`mg Ho$bm.
O

CXmhaU 2 : EH$m \$bXm§OmZo ghm S>mdmV Imbrbà_mUo Ymdm Ho$ë`m AmhoV.

N

36, 35, 50, 46, 60, 55

Va EH$ S>mdmV {H$Vr Ymdm Ho$ë`m `mMm _Ü` H$mT>m.
CH$b : EHy$U Ymdm = 36 + 35 + 50 + 46 + 60 + 55 =
282
_Ü` H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r, Amåhr gd© {ZarjUm§Mr ~oarO H$ê$Z {Vbm
EHy$U {ZarjUm§À`m g§»`oZo ^mJmH$ma H$ê$.
282
åhUyZ `m KQ>ZoV, _Ü` = 6
= 47
åhUyZ EH$m S>mdmV 47 Ymdm Ho$ë`m hm _Ü` Amho.

52
A§H$J{UVr _Ü` H$gm {_iVmo?
à`ËZ H$am :
EH$m nyU© AmR>>dS>çmVrb Vw_À`m Aä`mgmÀ`m Vmgm§Mr gamgar H$er H$mT>mb?

{dMma H$am, MMm© H$am Am{U {bhm.

darb CXmhaUmMr _m{hVr ¿`m Am{U Imbrb JmoîQ>rMm {dMma H$am.
* àË`oH$ {ZarjUmnojm _Ü` hm _moR>m Amho H$m?
* àË`oH$ {ZarjUmnojm _Ü` hm bhmZ Amho H$m?
Vw_À`m {_Ìm~amo~a MMm© H$am. AemàH$maMo AmUIr EH$ CXmhaU V`ma H$ê$Z
gmoS>dm d CÎma H$mT>m.

ED
Vwåhmbm Ago {XgyZ `oB©b H$s$ _Ü` hm _moR>o Am{U bhmZ {ZarjU `m§À`m _Ü`o

H
AgVmo.

IS
5 + 11
BL
EP S
CXmhaUmW© : 5 Am{U 11 Mm _Ü` = , = 8 Omo 5 Am{U 11 À`m _Ü`o Amho.
2
R TB
U

hrM H$ënZm H$moUË`mhr XmoZ AnyUmªH$ g§»`m§Mm _Ü` H$mT>Ê`mg dmnê$ eH$mb.
BE @K

1 1 1 3
1 + 3 1
CXmhaUmW© : Am{U _Ü`o Ë`m§Mr gamgar 2 4= Am{U Z§Va Am{U _Ü`o
2 7 4 8 2 8
2
TO

Vwåhmbm gamgar {_iob Am{U Aem àH$mao.

16
T
O

à`ËZ H$am :
N

1. EH$m AmR>dS>çmVrb Vw_À`m Pmon KoÊ`mÀ`m Vmgm§Mm _Ü` emoYm.

1 1
2. Am{U _Yrb H$_rVH$_r 5 g§»`m emoYm.
2 3

3.2.1 ì`mßVr (nëbm) (Range)

_moRo Am{U bhmZ {ZarjU `m_Yrb \$aH$ hm {ZarjUm§Mo ngaUo Xe©{dVmo. _moR>çm {ZarjUm_YyZ bhmZ {ZarjU dOm
H$ê$Z Vo {_i{dbo OmVo. Ë`mbm Amåhr {ZarjUmMm nëbm (ì`már) Ago åhUVmo. Imbrb CXmhaU nhm.

53
CXmhaU 3 : EH$m emioVrb 10 {ejH$m§Mr d`o dfm©_Ü`o nwT>rb à_mUo AmhoV.
32, 41, 28, 54, 35, 26, 23, 33, 38, 40
(i) gdm©V VéU {ejH$mMo d` {H$Vr Amho? d gdm©V d`ñH$a {ejH$mMo d` {H$Vr Amho?
(ii) {ejH$m§À`m d`mMm nëbm {H$Vr Amho?
(iii) `m {ejH$m§À`m d`mMm _Ü` {H$Vr?
CH$b : (i) d`o MT>Ë`m H«$_mV _m§S>m Amnë`mbm {_iVo.
23, 26, 28, 32, 33, 35, 38, 40, 41, 54
Amåhr emoYy eH$Vmo H$s OmñV d`ñH$a {ejH$mMo d` 54 df} Am{U gdm©V VéU

ED
{ejH$mMo d` 23 df}Amho.

H
(ii) {ejH$m§À`m d`mMm nëbm =(54 - 23) df} = = 31 df}

IS
BL
EP S
(iii) {ejH$m§À`m d`m§Mm _Ü`
R TB
U
23 + 26 + 28 + 32 + 33 + 35 + 38 + 40 + 41 + 54 350
BE @K

= 10 = 10 df} = 35 df}

ñdmÜ`m` 3.1
1. Vw_À`m dJm©Vrb H$moUË`mhr 10 {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m C§MrMm nëbm emoYm.
TO

2. Imbrb dJ© MmMUrVrb JwUm§Mm VŠVm V`ma H$am.

T

4, 6, 7, 5, 3, 5, 4, 5, 2, 6, 2, 5, 1, 9, 6, 5, 8, 4, 6, 7
O
N

(i) gdm©V _moR>r g§»`m H$moUVr?

(ii) gdm©V bhmZ g§»`m H$moUVr?
(iii) {Xboë`m _m{hVrMm nëbm {H$Vr Amho? À
(iv) A§H$J{UVr _Ü` emoYm.
3. n[hë`m nmM nyU© g§»`m§Mm _Ü` emoYm.
4. EH$ {H«$Ho$Q> IoimSy>Zo AmR> S>mdmV Imbrbà_mUo Ymdm H$mT>ë`m :
58, 76, 40, 35, 46, 45, 0, 100
`m Ymdm§Mm _Ü` emoYm.

54
 5. Imbrb VŠVm àË`oH$ IoimSy>Zo Mma IoimV KoVbobo JwU Xe©{dVmo.
IoimSy> Ioi 1 Ioi 2 Ioi 3 Ioi 4
A 14 16 10 10
B 0 8 6 4
C 8 11 Iooibm Zmhr 13
Imbrb àíZm§Mr CËVao Úm.
(i) A Zo KoVboë`m àË`oH$ IoimVrb gamgar g§»`oMm _Ü` emoYm.
(ii) àË`oH$ IoimVrb C Zo KoVboë`m JwUm§Mm _Ü` emoYm. EHy$U JwUm§Zm 3 qH$dm 4 Zo ^mJ {Xbm H$m? {Xbm
Agob Va H$m {Xbm?
(iii) B Mma hr Ioi Ioibm Amho Ë`mMm _Ü` H$gm H$mT>mb?
(iv) CÎm_ IoimSy>$ H$moU Amho?

ED
6. {dkmZ n[ajoV JQ>mVrb {dÚmÏ`mªZr {_i{dbo JwU (100 n¡H$s) nwT>rb à_mUo AmhoV.

H
85, 76, 90, 85, 39, 48, 56, 95, 81 Am{U 75 Va emoYm.

IS
(i) OmñVrV OmñV Am{U H${_V H$_r JwU {_i{dbobo {dÚmWu.
BL
EP S

(ii) {_i{dboë`m JwUm§Mm nëbm.

R TB
U
(iii) JQ>mVrb {_i{dboë`m JwUm§Mm _Ü`.
BE @K

7. H«$_mZo 6 dfm©V EH$m emioV àdoe KoVboë`m {dÚmÏ`mªMr g§»`m Imbrbà_mUo Amho-
1555, 1670, 1750, 2013, 2540, 2820
`m H$mimVrb àdoe KoVboë`m {dÚmÏ`mªMm _Ü` H$mTm.

TO

8. ehamVrb R>amdrH$ AmR>dS>çmVrb 7 {XdgmV nS>boëmm nmD$g ({__r _Ü`o) Imbrbà_mUo Zm|X Ho$bm Amho.
{Xdg gmo_dma _§Jidma ~wYdma Jwé ewH«$dma e{Zdma a{ddma
T
O

nS>bobm nmD$g
N

0.0 12.2 2.1 0.0 20.5 5.5 1.0

({__r _Ü`o)
(i) darb _m{hVrVrb nS>boë`m nmD$gmMm nëbm emoYm.
(ii) AmR>dS>`mVrb nS>boë`m nmD$gmMm _Ü` H$mT>m.
(iii) {H$Vr {Xdg _Ü`mnojm nS>bobm nmD$g H$_r nS>bm Amho?
9. 10 _wbtMr C§Mr g|_r _Ü`o _moObr Vr Imbrbà_mUo Amho -
135, 150, 139, 128, 151, 132, 146, 149, 143, 141
(i) gdm©V C§M _wbrMr C§Mr {H$Vr Amho?
(ii) gdm©V H$_r C§Mr Agboë`m _wbrMr C§Mr {H$Vr Amho?
(iii) _m{hVrMm nëbm {H$Vr Amho?

55
 (iv) gd© _wbtÀ`m C§MrMm _Ü` {H$Vr?
(v) {H$Vr _wbtMr C§Mr _Ü`mnojm OmñV Amho?
3.3 ~hþbH$ (Mode)
Amåhr Ago åhUy eH$Vmo, _Ü` hm \$ŠV H|${Ð` H$bmMo _mnZ qH$dm \$ŠV R>amdrH$ $qH$_V Zmhr. nm{hOo Agboë`m
doJdoJù`m _m{hVrgmR>r H|${Ð` H$bmMr doJir _mnZo dmnaVmV.
Imbrb CXmhaU nhm.
doJdoJù`m _mnm§À`m (AmH$mam§À`m) eQ>mªMr EH$m AmR>dS>çmVrb _mJUr OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r, EH$ XþH$mZXma {dH«$s
Pmboë`m 90 cm, 95 cm, 100 cm, 105 cm d 110 cm _mnm§À`m eQ>mªMr Zm|X R>odVmo. EH$m AmR>dS>çmVrb
R>odbobr Zm|X Imbrb à_mUo Amho.
_mn (AmH$ma) 90cm 95cm 100cm 105cm 110cm EHy$U

ED
{dH«$s Pmboë`m eQ>mªMr g§»`m 8 22 32 37 6 105

H
Oa Ë`mZo {dH«$s Pmboë`m eQ>mªÀ`m g§»`oMm _Ü` (gamgar) emoYbm Va Vmo H$moUË`m AmH$mamÀ`m eQ>>mªMm gmR>m

IS
(stock) H$aÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoD$ eHo$b Ago Vwåhmbm dmQ>Vo H$m?
BL
EP S
R TB

105
{dH«$s Pmboë`m EHy$U eQ>mªMm _Ü` = {dH«$s Pmboë`m eQ>mªMr EHy$U g§»`m
U
= = 21
doJdoJù`m eQ>mªÀ`m _mnm§Mm g§»`m 5
BE @K

Ë`mbm àË`oH$ _mnmMo 21 eQ>©g {_imbo H$m? Oa Ë`mZo Ago Ho$bo Va Vmo J«mhH$m§Mr JaO nyU© H$aÊ`mg g_W©
R>aob?
Zm|Xrdê$Z XþH$mZXma 95cm, 100cm, 105cm _mnm§À`m eQ>mªMm gmR>m H$aÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoD$Z Am{U BVa
TO

_mnm§À`m eQ>mªMm gmR>m H$aUo nwT>o T>H$bob. H$maU Ë`m§Mr {dH«$s H$_r Pmbobr Amho.
T

Xþgao CXmhaU nhm :

O

EH$m V`ma H$nS>çm§À`m XþH$mZmMm _mbH$ åhUmbm - _r gdm©V OmñV bmoH${à` Agobobo 90cm, _mnmMm
N

eQ>© {dH$bo.
bjmV ¿`m H$s `oWo gwÜXm XþH$mZXmamMr AmdS> {d{dY _mnmÀ`m {dH«$s Pmboë`m eQ>mªÀ`m g§»`oV Amho. Vmo
eQ>mªÀ`m Aem _mnmH$S>o nmhVmo Oo gdm©V OmñV {dH$bo OmVmV. hr _m{hVrMr Xþgar à{V{ZYrH$ qH$_V Amho. hr
105cm _mnmÀ`m eQ>mªMr Amho. hr à{V{ZYrH$ qH$_V (105) g§»`m§Mm ~hþbH$ (mode) §hmo`.
{Xboë`m {ZarjUm§À`m g_yhmV gdm©V OmñV doim Amboë`m {ZarjUmbm
Ë`m g_yhmMm ~hþbH$ åhUVmV.

56
CXmhaU 4 : Imbrb g§»`m§À`m JQ>mVrb ~hþbH$ AmoiIm.
1, 1, 2, 4, 3, 2, 1, 2, 2, 4
CH$b :
g_mZ qH$_VrÀ`m g§»`m EH$Ì {b{hë`mg Amnë`mbm {_iob.
1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4
`m _m{hVrMm ~hþbH$ 2 Amho. H$maU 2 hr g§»`m BVa g§»`|À`m nojm OmñV doim Ambobr
Amho.
3.3.1 OmñV (_moR>çm) _m{hVrMm ~hþbH$ (Mode of Large Data)
Oa {ZarjUm§Mr g§»`m OmñV Agob Va g_mZ àH$maMr {ZarjUo EH$Ì KoD$Z _moOUo {VVHo$ gmono Zmhr. Aem àH$maÀ`m
KQ>ZoV {Xbobr _m{hVr VŠË`mV _m§S>mdr. dJuH$aU H$aVmZm gwédmVrbm JUVr IwUm H$am Am{U dma§dmaVm emoYm Oo
Vwåhr _mJrb dJm©V Ho$bm AmhmV.

ED
Imbrb CXmhaU nhm :

H
CXmhaU 5 : \w$Q>~m°b gm_Ý`mÀ`m {bJ_Ü`o {dO`mMm \$aH$ à`ËZ H$am :

IS
Imbr {Xbm Amho. BL ~hþbH$ emoYm :
EP S
R TB

1, 3, 2, 5, 1, 4, 6, 2, 5, 2, 2, 2, (i) 2, 6, 5, 3, 0, 3, 4, 3,
U

4, 1, 2, 3, 1, 1, 2, 3, 2, 6, 4, 3, 2, 4, 5, 2, 4
BE @K

2, 1, 1, 4, 2, 1, 5, 3, 3, 2, 3, 2, (ii) 2, 14, 16, 12, 14, 14, 16,

4, 2, 1, 2 14, 10, 14, 18, 14
`m _m{hVrMm ~hþbH$ emoYm.
CH$b :
TO

{Xbobr _m{hVr VŠVm ñdê$nmV _m§Sy>.

{dO`mMm \$aH$ JUVr IwUm gm_Ý`m§Mr g§»`m
T

1 |||| |||| 9
O

|||| |||| ||||

N

2 14
3 |||| || 7
4 |||| 5
5 ||| 3
6 || 2
EHy$U 40
VŠVm nm{hë`mZ§Va Amåhr bJoM gm§Jy eH$Vmo H$s 2 hm ~hþbH$ Amho. H$maU 2 hm gdm©V OmñV doim Ambm
Amho. åhUyZM AZoH$ gm_Ý`mV 2 Jmob \$aH$mZr {dO` {_i{dbm Amho.

57
 {dMma H$am, MMm© H$am Am{U {bhm
EH$m g§»`oÀ`m JQ>mV EH$mnojm OmñV$ ~hþbH$ Agy eH$VmV H$m?
CXmhaU 6 g§»`m§Mm ~hþbH$ emoYm :
2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 8
CH$b : `oWo 2 Am{U 5 `m g§»`m VrZ doim g_mZ Amë`m AmhoV. åhUyZM `m XmoÝhr g§»`m
{Xboë`m _m{hVrMm ~hþbH$ AmhoV.

ho H$am :
1. Vw_À`m dJ©{_Ìm§Mo d` dfm©_Ü`o Zm|X H$am. _m{hVrMm VŠVm V`ma H$ê$Z ~hþbH$ emoYm.
2. Vw_À`m dJ©{_Ìm§Mr C§Mr cm _Ü`o g§J«hrV H$am Am{U ~hþbH$ emoYm.

ED
H
IS
à`ËZ H$am : BL
EP S
1. Imbrb _m{hVrMm ~hþbH$ emoYm :
R TB
U
12, 14, 12, 16, 15, 13, 14, 18, 19, 12, 14, 15, 16, 15, 16, 16, 15,
BE @K

17, 13, 16, 16, 15, 15, 13, 15, 17, 15, 14, 15, 13, 15, 14,
2. 25 _wbm§Mr C§Mr (cm _Ü`o) Imbr {Xbr Amho :.
168, 165, 163, 160, 163, 161, 162, 164, 163, 162, 164, 163, 160, 163, 160,
165, 163, 162, 163, 164, 163, 160, 165, 163, 162
TO

Ë`m§À`m C§MrMm ~hþbH$ H$moUVm? ~hþbH$dê$Z Amåhmbm H$m` g_OVo?

T

`oWo _Ü` g§J«hrV _m{hVrÀ`m gd© {ZarjUmMr gamgar Xe©{dVmo, Va ~hþbH$ hm g§J«hrV _m{hVrVrb AZoH$
O
N

doim `oUmar {ZarjUo Xe©{dVmo.

Imbrb CXmhaU nmhÿ -
(a) EH$m nmQ>ugmR>r ~mobm{dboë`m 25 ì`ŠVtZm bmJUmè`m MnmË`m§Mr g§»`m Vwåhr R>adm.

(b) eQ>©²g {dH$Umè`m XþH$mZXmambm Amnë`m XþH$mZmVrb ñQ>m°H$Mr (gmR>m) _moOUr H$aÊ`mMo Amho.

(c) Amnë`m KamVrb nm{hOo Agboë`m XadmOmMr C§Mr _mhrV H$ê$Z ¿`m`Mr Amho.

(d) EH$m ghbrbm OmVo doir Oa àË`oH$mbm EH$ \$i IaoXr Ho$bo OmUma Amho. Va Amnë`mbm H$moUVo \$i
{_iob.

58
 `m àg§JmV Amåhr H$em_Ü`o ~hþbH$Mo EH$ Mm§Jbo AmH$bZ hmoÊ`mg à`moJ H$ê$ eH$Vmo?
n{hbo {dYmZ nmhÿ. g_Om àË`oH$ ì`ŠVrbm nm{hOo Agboë`m MnmË`m§Mr g§»`m Amho 2, 3, 2, 3, 2,
1, 2, 3, 2, 2, 4, 2, 2, 3, 2, 4, 4, 2, 3, 2, 4, 2, 4, 3, 5.
`m _m{hVrMm ~hþbH$ XmoZ MnmVr Amho Amnë`mbm \$ŠV 50 MnmË`m nm{hOoV. na§Vy `m MnmË`m gd© ì`pŠVZm
nwaVrb Ago Zmhr. åhUyZ _Ü` hr `mo½` à{V{ZYrH$ qH$_V hmoB©b.
{Vgè`m {dYmZmgmR>r XadmOmMr C§Mr hr _mUgmÀ`m C§Mrer g§~§YrV
Amho. g_Om 5 _wbo Am{U 4 _mUgo hm XadmOm dmnaV AgVrb Am{U
àË`oH$s nmM _wbmMr C§Mr gw_mao 135 g|._r Amho. C§MrMm ~hþbH$ 135 g|_r
Amho? Amnë`mbm XadmOm 144 g|._r C§MrMm KoVbm nm{hOo H$m? åhUOo Ë`m
XadmOmVyZ gd©_mUgo OmD$ eH$Vrb. ho ñnîQ> Pmbo H$s ~hþbH$ hm _m{hVrMr

ED
`mo½` à{V{Z{YMr qH$_V Zmhr. `oWo _Ü` hr Cn`wŠV qH$_V Amho H$m? H$m

H
Zmhr ? Ë`m XadmOmÀ`m C§MrMm {ZU©` KoÊ`mg C§MrÀ`m H$moUË`m qH$_Vr§Mm

IS
à`moJ Ho$bm nm{hOo?
BL
EP S

`mà_mUo am{hboë`m {dYmZm§Mo n¥WH$aU H$am Am{U Ë`m KQ>ZmgmR>r

R TB
U
`mo½` à{V{ZYrH$ qH$_V H$moUVr Amho Vo emoYm.
BE @K

à`ËZ H$am :
Vw_À`m {_Ìmgmo~V MMm© H$am Am{U -
(a) XmoZ àg§J Ago gm§Jm H$s$, OoWo _Ü` hr dmnaÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` qH$_V Amho.
TO

(b) XmoZ àg§J Ago gm§Jm H$s, OoWo ~hþbH$ hr dmnaÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` qH$_V Amho.
T
O
N

3.4 _Ü`m§H$$ (Median)

Amåhr nm{hbo Amho {H$, H$mhr àg§Jr A§H$J{UVr _Ü` H|${Ð` H$b _moOÊ`mMo `mo½` _mnZ
Amho. OoWo Xþgè`m àg§Jr ~hþbH$ H|${Ð` H$b _moOÊ`mMo à{V{ZYr _mnZ Amho.
AmVm Xþgao CXmhaU nmhÿ. 17 {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m EH$m JQ>mMr Imbrbà_mUo C§Mr (g|_r
_Ü`o) Amho : 106, 110, 123, 125, 117, 120, 112, 115, 110, 120, 115,
102, 115, 115, 109, 115, 101
EH$ {H«$S>m{e{jH$m XmoZ JQ> Ago nmSy> BpÀN>Vo H$s àË`oH$ JQ>mV g_mZ g§»`oZo {dÚmWu AgVrb. EH$ JQ>
hm R>amdrH$ C§MrÀ`m H$_r C§Mr Agobbm JQ> Agob Am{U Xþgam JQ> R>amdrH$ C§MrÀ`m OmñV C§Mr Agbobm JQ>
Agob. Vr Ago JQ> H$moUË`m àH$mao H$aob? {VÀ`mH$S>o doJdoJio Agbobo n`m©` nmhÿ.
(i) Vr _Ü` emoYy eHo$b. _Ü` Amho :-

59
 106 +110 +123 +125 +117 +120 +112 +115 +110 +115 +102 +115 +115 +109 +1155 +101 1930
= = 113.5
17 17

åhUyZ, Oa {e{jHo$Zo {dÚmÏ`mªZm XmoZ JQ>mV dJuH$aU C§MrÀ`m _Ü`mZwgma Ho$bo Va {dÚmÏ`mªMm EH$ JQ>

C§MrÀ`m _Ü`mnojm H$_r C§MrMm Agob Am{U Xþgam JQ> C§MrÀ`m _Ü`mnojm OmñV C§MrMm Agob, na§Vw ho
JQ> Ag_mZ hmoVrb VoWo AZwH«$_o 7 Am{U 10 {dÚmWu AgVrb.
(ii) {VÀ`mH$S>o Xþgam n`m©` Amho ~hþbH$ emoYUo.{ZarjUm_Ü`o OmñV dma§dmaVm 115 g|_r Amho Omo ~hþbH$ åhUyZ
KoVbm OmB©b.
`oWo 7 _wbo ~hþbH$À`m Imbr AmhoV Am{U 10 _wbo ~hþbH$mÀ`m da AmhoV. åhUyZM, Vr g_mZ JQ> H$ê$
eH$V Zmhr.
åhUyZM, doJir `mo½` qH$_V qH$dm H|${Ð` H$bmÀ`m _mnZ {df`r {dMma H$am. ho H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amåhr

ED
{Xboë`m {dÚmÏ`mªMr C§Mr (g|_r _Ü`o) nmhÿ Am{U Ë`m§Zm MT>Ë`m H«$_mV _m§Sy>. Amnë`mbm Imbrb {ZarjUo
{_iVmV 101, 102, 106, 109, 110, 112, 115, 115, 115, 115, 115, 117, 120, 120, 123, 125.

H
IS
_m{hVrVrb _Ü` qH$_V Amho 115 H$maU hr qH$_V àË`oH$s 8 {dÚmÏ`mªMo XmoZ g_mZ JQ> H$aVo. `m qH$_Vrbm
BL
EP S

_Ü`m§H$ åhUVmV. _Ü`m§H$ hm _m{hVrÀ`m _Ü`^mJr (qH$_Vr MT>Ë`m qH$dm CVaË`m H«$_mV _m§S>ë`mZ§Va)
R TB
U
{ZarjUmÀ`m {Zå_m daVr Am{U {Zå_m Imbr AgVmo. {H«$S>m{e{jHo$Zo _Yë`m {dÚmÏ`mªbm IoimV ao\«$ar
BE @K

H$aÊ`mMo R>a{dbo.
`oWo {ZarjUm§Mr g§»`m {df_ g§»`m Agob Va Ë`m KQ>ZoV ho MmbVo.
AemàH$mao, {Xbobr _m{hVr MT>Ë`m qH$dm CVmaË`m H«$_mV _m§S>br AgVm _Yrb {ZarjU ho _Ü`m§H$ Xe©{dVo.
TO

bjmV R>odm, Amnë`mbm _Ü`m§H$ Am{U ~hþbH$Mr g_mZ qH$_V {_iV Zmhr.
T

AemàH$mao Amnë`mbm g_Obo H$s JQ>mVrb {ZarjUo qH$dm _m{hVrMm _Ü`, _Ü`m§H$ Am{U ~hþbH$ `m
O

g§»`m à{V{ZYrH$ qH$_Vr AmhoV. Ë`m _m{hVrÀ`m H$_rVH$_r d OmñVrVOmñV qH$_VrÀ`m _Ü`o AgVmV.
N

Ë`m§Zm H|${Ð` H$bmMr _mnZo gwÜXm åhUVmV.

CXmhaU 7. _m{hVrMm _Ü`m§H$ H$mT>m : 24, 36, 46, à`ËZ H$am :
17, 18, 25, 35. Vw_À`m {_ÌmZo {Xboë`m _m{hVrMm _Ü`m§H$
CH$b Amåhr {Xbobr _m{hVr MT>Ë`m H«$_mV _m§Sy>. Am{U ~hþbH$ emoYbm Amho. Oa {_ÌmMr
Amnë`mbm {_iVo 17, 18, 24, 25, 35, H$moUVrhr MyH$ Pmbr Agob Va Vr ~amo~a
36, 46. _Ü`m§H$ ho _Ybo {ZarjU Amho. H$am d {VMo ñnîQ>rH$aU Úm.
åhUyZ _Ü`m§H$ 25 Amho. 35, 32, 35, 42, 38, 32, 34.
_Ü`m§H$= 42 ~hþbH$= 32.

60
 ñdmÜ`m` 3.2
1. 15 {dÚmÏ`mªMo J{UVmÀ`m MmMUr n[ajoVrb JwU (25 n¡H$s) Imbrbà_mUo AmhoV:
19, 25, 23, 20, 9, 20, 15, 10, 5, 16, 25, 20, 24, 12, 20.
`m _m{hVrMm ~hþbH$ Am{U _Ü`m§H$ emoYm. Vo g_mZ AmhoV H$m?
2. 11 IoimSy>Zr EH$m {H«$Ho$Q> gm_Ý`mV Imbrbà_mUo Ymdm Ho$ë`m AmhoV :
6, 15, 120, 50, 100, 80, 10, 15, 8, 10, 15 `m _m{hVrMm _Ü`, _Ü`m§H$
Am{U ~hþbH$ emoYm. Vo {VÝhr g_mZ AmhoV H$m?
3. EH$m dJm©Vrb 15 {dÚmÏ`mªMo dOZ ({H$. J«°__Ü`o) Amho : 38, 42, 35, 37, 45, 50, 32, 43, 43,
40, 36, 38, 43, 38, 47.
(i) `m _m{hVrMm ~hþbH$ Am{U _Ü`m§H$ emoYm.

ED
(ii) `m_Ü`o EH$nojm OmñV ~hþbH$ AmhoV H$m?É

H
IS
4. Imbrb _m{hVrMm ~hþbH$ Am{U _Ü`m§H$ emoYm :
BL
EP S

13, 16, 12, 14, 19, 12, 14, 13, 14.

R TB
U
5. Imbrb {dYmZo ~amo~a qH$dm MwH$ AmhoV Vo gm§Jm :
BE @K

(i) _m{hVr_Ü`o Zoh_r EH$M g§»`m ~hþbH$ AgVo..

(ii) _m{hVrVrb EImXr g§»`m _Ü` AgVo.
(iii) _m{hVrVrb Zoh_r EH$M g§»`m _Ü`m§H$ AgVo.
TO

(iv) 6, 4, 3, 8, 9, 12, 13, 9 `m _m{hVrMm _Ü` 9 Amho.

T

3.5 {d{dY H$maUmgmR>r ñV§^mboIMm Cn`moJ : $

O
N

Amåhr _mJrb dfu nm{hbo Amho H$s, _m{hVr g§J«hrV H$ê$Z n{hë`m§Xm Vr dm§admaVm {dVaU VŠË`mV H$er ^abr OmVo
Am{U Z§Va Vr _m{hVr {MÌmboImV ñV§^mboImÛmao Xe©{dbr OmVo. Vwåhr ñV§^mboI nmhÿ eH$Vm Am{U ñV§^mboImV
_m{hVr H$_r H$ê$ eH$Vm. ñV§^mboImdê$Z Vwåhm§bm _m{hVr gwÜXm {_iVo. CXmhaUmW©, Oa ñV§^ dma§dmaVm Xe©{dV
Agob Va Vwåhr gm§Jy eH$Vm H$s gdm©V OmñV bm§~rMm ñV§^ ~hþbH$ Amho.
3.5.1 à_mU {ZdS>Uo (Choosing a scale)
Amnë`mbm _mhrV Amho H$s ñV§^mboIm_Ü`o ñV§^mMr é§Xr g_mZ Am{U ñV§^mMr bm§~r hr dma§dmaVm Am{U Vwåhr
{ZdS>bobo à_mU `mda Adb§~yZ AgVo. CXmhaUmW©, ñV§^mboImV OoWo g§»`m EH$H$mV Xe©{dVmV, VoWo 1 EH$H$
bm§~r hr EH$m {ZarjUmgmR>r Xe©{dbr OmVo Am{U Oa g§»`m 10 qH$dm 100 À`m nQ>rV AgVrb Va 1 EH$H$
bm§~r 10 qH$dm 100 {ZarjUo Xe©{dVo. nwT>rb CXmhaU nhm :

61
CXmhaU 8 : EH$m emioVrb 6 dr Am{U 7 dr _Yrb 200 {dÚmÏ`mªZm Ë`m§À`m AmdS>rÀ`m a§JmMo Zmd {dMmaÊ`mV Ambo
hmoVo. Á`m_wio emioÀ`m B_maVrbm H$moUVm a§J Agmdm ho R>a{dVm `oB©b. AmdS> Imbrb VŠË`mV
Xe©{dbr Amho. {Xboë`m _m{hVrMm ñV§^mboI H$mT>m.
AmdS>Vm a§J bmb {hadm {Zim {ndim Ho$gar
{dÚmÏ`mªMr g§»`m 43 19 55 49 34
Imbrb àíZm§Mr CËVao ñV§^mboImÀ`m _XVrZo Úm.
(i) H$moUVm a§J OmñV AmdS>rMm Amho Am{U H$moUVm a§J H$_r AmdS>rMm Amho?
(ii) VoWo gd© {_iyZ {H$Vr a§J AmhoV? Vo H$moUVo AmhoV?

CH$b : Imbrbà_mUo `mo½` à_mU

ED
{ZdS>m:

H
IS
à_mU O Zo gwédmV H$am. _m{hVrVrb BL
EP S
_moR>r qH$_V 55 Amho, åhUyZ à_mUmVrb
TB
U
eodQ>Mr qH$_V 55 nojm _moR>r åhUOoM
BE @K

60 Amho. Ajmda g_mZ ^mJ H$am Ogo

{dÚmWu

10 Zo dmT>VmV. Vwåhm§bm _mhrV AmhoM

{H$ ñV§^ ho 0 Am{U 60 À`m _Yo AmhoV.
{ndim

Ho gar
{hadm

{Zim
bmb

Amåhr 0 Am{U 60 _Ü`o bm§~r Aer

TO

{ZdSy> H$s, OmñV bm§~ qH$dm OmñV H$_r

T

nU Agy Z`o. `oWo Amåhr 1 EH$H$mbm 10

O
N

{dÚmWu KoD$. Z§Va Amåhr AmboI H$mTy>Z

XmIdpë`mà_mUo Zmdo XoD$.

`m ñV§^mboImdê$Z Amåhr Ago AZw_mZ H$mT>bo H$s -

(i) {Zim a§J hm OmñV AmdS>rMm a§J Amho (H$maU {Zù`m a§JmMm ñV§^ hm OmñV C§MrMm Amho)
(i) {hadm a§J hm H$_r AmdS>rMm a§J Amho (H$maU {haì`m a§JmMm ñV§^ hm H$_r C§MrMm Amho).
(iii) bmb, {hadm, {Zim, {ndim d Ho$gar Ago VoWo 5 a§J AmhoV.
CXmhaU 9 : Imbrb _m{hVr hr EH$m R>am{dH$ dJm©Vrb 6 _wbm§Zr {_i{dbobo EHy$U JwU (600 n¡H$s) Xe©{dVo.
`m _m{hVrMm ñV§^mboI H$mT>m.

62
 {dÚmWu AO` ~mbr {XßVr \¡$`mµO {JVrH$m har
{_i{d>bobo JwU 450 500 300 360 400 540

CH$b :
(i) `mo½` à_mU {ZdS>Ê`mgmR>r Amåhr 100 Mo g_mZ ^mJ H$ê$. AemàH$mao 1 EH$H$
åhUOo 100 JwU AgVrb. (H$m` H${R>U Amho Oa Amåhr 1 EH$H$bm 10 JwU KoVbo
Va?)
(ii) hr _m{hVr ñV§^mboImV Xe©dm.

ED
H
IS
BL
EP S
600 n¡H s {_i{dbobo JwU

TB
U

har
BE @K
~mbr
AO`

{JVrH m
\¡ `mO
{XárR
TO

{dÚmWu
T
O

{ÛñV§^mboI H$mT>Uo -
N

dfm©Vrb 12 _{hÝ`mV àË`oH$ {Xder gy`©àH$me {_iUmè`m gamgar Vmgm§Mm _mJ}Q> Am{U A~oa{XZ `m eham§Mr
g§J«{hV _m{hVr XmoZ VŠË`mV Imbr {Xbr Amho. hr ehao n¥ÏdrÀ`m X{jU Y«wdmOdi Agë`mZo àË`oH$ {Xder
H$mhr VmgM gy`©àH$me {_iVmo.
_mJ}Q>_Ü`o
OmZo. \o$~«w _mM© E{àb _o OyZ Owb¡ Am°JñQ> gßQ>o§ Am°ŠQ>mo Zmoìho§ {S>go§
gy`©àH$me {_
1
iÊ`mMo gamgar 2 31 4 4 73 8 7 71 6 6 4 2
4 4 2 4
Vmg

63
 A~oa{XZ_Ü`o
gy`©àH$me {_
1 1 1 1 1 1 3
iÊ`mMo gamgar 1
2
3 3
2
6 5
2
6
2
5
2
5 4
2
4 3 1
4
Vmg
doJdoJio ñdV§Ì ñV§^mboI H$mT>ë`mZ§Va Vwåhr `m àíZm§Mr CËVao Úm Ogo.
(i) H$moUË`m _{hÝ`mV àË`oH$ ehambm OmñVrVOmñV gy`©àH$me {_iVmo? qH$dm.
(ii) H$moUË`m _{hÝ`mV àË`oH$ ehambm H$_rVH$_r gy`©àH$me {_iVmo?
VWm{n, `m àíZm§Mr CËVao XoÊ`mg Ogo R>am{dH$ ""_{hÝ`mV H$moUË`m ehamV
OmñV gy`©àH$me nS>Umao Vmg AmhoV,'' XmoÝhr ehamVrb gy`©àH$me {_iUmè`m gamgar

ED
VmgmMr VwbZm H$aUo Amnë`mbm JaOoMo Amho. ho H$aÊ`mgmR>r XmoZ eham§Mr _m{hVr
~mOybm-~mOybm XoÊ`mgmR>r Amåhr {ÛñV§^mboI H$embm åhUVmV Vo {eH$Uma AmhmoV.

H
IS
hm ñV§^mboI (AmH¥$Vr 3.1) XmoÝhr ehamZm {_iUmam gamgar gy`©àH$me Xe©{dVmo.
BL
EP S

àË`oH$ _{hÝ`mbm XmoZ ñV§^ AmhoV. Ë`m§Mr C§Mr àË`oH$ ehamZm {_iUmam
R TB
U
gamgar gy`©àH$me Xe©{dVo. `mdê$Z Agm VH©$ H$ê$ eH$Vmo H$s E{àb _{hZm gmoSy>Z
BE @K

Zoh_r A~oa{XZ_Ü`o _mJ}Q>nojm OmñV gy`©àH$me {_iVmo. Vwåhr Vw_À`m ehamVrb Vw_À`m
àXoe qH$dm ehamgmR>r Ago gmaIo ñV§^ R>odm.
_mJ}Q à_mU : 1 EH H =gy`©àH mem§Mm 1 Vmg
TO

A~oa{XZ
gy`©àH me {_iÊ`mMm AdYr

T
O
N

Am°ŠQ mo.

{S g|.
gßQ |.
\o ~«w.
OmZo.

Zmoìh|.
E{àb
_mM©

Am°.
Owb¡
OyZ
_o

{MÌ 3.1

`mÀ`mer OmñV g§~§YrV AmUIr EH$ CXmhaU nmhÿ.

CXmhaU 10. EH$m J{UV {eH${dUmè`m {e{jHo$Zo {eH${dÊ`mMo Zdo V§Ì dmnaÊ`mMo R>a{dbo. {VZo ho V§Ì
{V_mhr n[ajoZ§Va n[aUm_H$maH$ Amho H$s Zmhr ho nmhÊ`mMo R>a{dbo. `mgmR>r {VZo Aä`mgmV
H$ÀÀ`m Agboë`m 5 {dÚmÏ`mªMo {V_mhr narjoV (25 n¡H$s) Am{U ghm_mhr n[ajoV (25
n¡H$s) {_imbobo JwU KoD$Z EH$ Imbrb à_mUo VŠVm V`ma Ho$bm.
64
 {dÚmWu A{ee AéU H${de _m`m arVm
{V_mhr narjm 10 15 12 20 9
gh_mhr narjm 15 18 16 21 15

CH$b : {VZo g§b½Z {ÛñV§^mboI H$mT>bm Am{U à_mU : 1 EH H = 5 JwU

{V_mhr
OmñV _wbm§À`m JwUm§_Ü`o gwYmaUm ghm_mhr
Pmë`mMo {XgyZ Ambo. {VZo R>a{dbo
H$s, {eH${dÊ`mMo ZdrZ V§Ì nwT>o Mmby

JwU
R>odm`Mo.
Vwåhr {ÛñV§^mboI Á`m {R>H$mUr
Cn`moJ H$aVm Ago H$mhr àg§J

ED
Am{ee

H {de
AéU

_m`m
AmR>dy eH$mb H$m?

arVm
H
IS
à`ËZ H$am : BL
EP S
R TB

1. {d{dY H§$nÝ`m§Zr ~Z{dbobr ""Ob{ZamoYH$ KS>çmio'' `m§Mr MmMUr Ho$boë`m gìh}Mm

U

ñV§^mboI Imbr (AmH¥$Vr 3.2) Xe©{dbm Amho.

BE @K

`m_Yrb àË`oH$ H§$nZr Xmdm H$aVo H$s Am_Mr KS>çmio Ob{ZamoYH$ AmhoV. MmMUr
Ho$ë`mZ§Va darb _m{hVr {_imbr.
Mm§MUtMr g§»`m (a) àË`oH$ H§$nZrZo Ho$bobr MmMUr d nmUr AmV Jobobr
TO

Ob{ZamoYH Zmhr KS>çmim§Mr g§»`m `m§Mm AnyUmªH$ H$mTy> eH$mb H$m?

à_mU : 1 EH H = 10 KS çmio

(b) darb _wXX² `mdê$Z H$moUË`m H§$nZrMr KS>çmio Mm§Jbr

T
O

AmhoV Vo gm§Jy eH$mb H$m?

N

2. 1995, 1996, 1997 Am{U 1998 `m dfm©V {dH«$s

KS çmio

Pmboë`m B§J«Or Am{U qhXr nwñVH$m§Mr {dH«$s Imbr {Xbr

Amho.
df© 1955 1996 1997 1998
B§J«Or 350 400 450 620
H§ nZr
qhXr 500 525 600 650
AmH¥ Vr 3.2
{ÛñV§^mboI H$mT>m Am{U Imbrb àíZm§Mr CËVao Úm.

(a) XmoZ ^mfo_Yrb nwñVH$m§À`m {dH«$s_Yrb \$aH$ H$moUË`m dfm©_Ü`o H$_rVH$_r Amho?
(b) B§J«Or nwñVH$m§Mr _mJUr doJmZo dmT>V Amho Ago Vwåhr åhUy eH$mb H$m? Vnmgm.

65
 ñdmÜ`m` 3.3
1. ñV§^mboI ( AmH¥$Vr 3.3) Mm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z Imbrb àíZm§Mr CËVao Úm.
(a) OmñV bmoH${à` nmird àmUr H$moUVm Amho?
(b) {H$Vr {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`mH$S>o Hw$Ìm hm nmird àmUr Amho ?
B`Îmm 7 dr À`m {dÚmÏ`mªZr
à_mU 1 cm = 100 nwñVHo
nmibobo àmUr

nwñVH m§Mr g§»`m

{dÚmWu

ñQ>aa
Hw Ìm

_m§Oa
ggm

h°h°__ñQ
BVa

ED
df©
nmird àmUr
AmH¥$Vr 3.4
AmH¥$Vr 3.3

H
IS
2. EH$m nwñVH$XþH$mZmVyZ gbJ nmM df} {dH$ë`m Joboë`m nwñVH$m§À`m g§»`oMm ñV§^mboI AmH¥$Vr 3.4 _Ü`o
BL
EP S
Xe©{dbm Amho. Vmo H$miOrnyd©H$ nhm Am{U Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao Úm.
R TB
U
(i) df© 1989, 1990, 1992, _Ü`o gw_mao {H$Vr nwñVHo$ {dH«$s Pmbr?
BE @K

(ii) H$moUË`m dfm©_Ü`o gw_mao 475 nwñVHo$ {dH«$s Am{U H$moUË`m dfu gw_mao 225 nwñVHo$ {dH«$s Pmbr?
(iii) H$moUË`m dfu 250 nojm H$_r nwñVHo$ {dH«$s Pmbr?
(iv) 1989 _Ü`o A§XmOo {H$Vr nwñVH$m§Mr {dH«$s Pmbr Vo g{dñVa gm§Jmb H$m?
TO

3. `oWo doJdoJù`m ghm dJmªVrb _wbm§Mr g§»`m Imbr {Xbr Amho. hr _m{hVr ñV§^mboImV XmIdm.
T

dJ© 5 dr 6 dr 7 dr 8 dr 9 dr 10 dr
O

_wbm§Mr g§»`m
N

135 120 95 100 90 80

(a) Vwåhr à_mU H$go {ZdS>mb? (b) Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao Úm.
(i) H$moUË`m dJm©V _wbm§Mr g§»`m gdm©V OmñV Amho? Am{U H$moUË`m dJm©V gdm©V H$_r Amho?
(ii) 6dr d 8dr dJm©Vrb {dÚmÏ`mªMo JwUmoÎma emoYm.
4. EH$m dJm©Vrb n{hë`m d Xþgè`m gÌmVrb {dÚmÏ`mªMr àJVr Imbrb à_mUo Amho. `mo½` à_mU KoD$Z
{ÛñV§^mboI H$mT>m Am{U Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao Úm.
{df` B§J«Or qhXr J{UV {dkmZ g_mO {dkmZ
n{hbo gÌ (H$_mb JwU 100) 67 72 88 81 73
Xÿgao gÌ (H$_mb JwU 100) 70 65 95 85 75

66
 (i) H$moUË`m {df`mV _wbm§Mr àJVr OmñV Pmbr Amho?
(ii) H$moUË`m {df`mV àJVr H$_r hmoV Jobr Amho?
(iii) H$moUË`m {df`mV àJVr H$_r hmoV Jobr Amho?
5. EH$m H$m°bZr_Ü`o nmhUr Ho$bobr g§J«hrV _m{hVr nhm -

AmdS>Vm Ioi {H«$Ho$Q> ~mñHo$Q> ~m°b nmohUo hm°H$s A°WboQ>rŠg

nmhUo 1240 470 510 430 250

gh^mJ KoUo 620 320 320 250 105

(i) `mo½` à_mU KoD$Z {ÛñV§^mboI H$mT>m. Vwåhr `m ñV§^mboImnmgyZ H$m` {eH$bm?
(ii) H$moUVm Ioi OmñV bmoH${à` Amho?

ED
(iii) nmhUo qH$dm gh^mJ KoUo `m_Ü`o H$moUË`m IoimV OmñV àmYmÝ` Amho?

H
6. `m àH$aUmÀ`m gwédmVrbm (VŠVm 3.1) {Xboë`m {d{dY ehamÀ`m H$_mb Am{U {H$_mZ

IS
Vmn_mZmMr _m{hVr ¿`m. _m{hVrMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z {ÛñV§^mboI H$mT>m Am{U Imbrb
BL
EP S

àíZm§Mr CËVao Úm.

R TB
U
(i) {Xboë`m _m{hVr_Ü`o {H$_mZ Am{U H$_mb Vmn_mZ `m_Ü`o gdm©V OmñV \$aH$
BE @K

H$moUË`m ehamMm Amho?

(ii) H$moUVo eha gdm©V OmñV Ja_ Am{U H$moUVo eha gdm©V W§S> Amho?
(iii) {H$_mZ Vmn_mZ Agbobo EH$ Ë`mZ§VaMo H$_mb Vmn_mZ Agbobo EH$ Aem XmoZ
eham§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm.
TO

(iv) {H$_mZ Am{U H$_mb Vmn_mZ `m§À`m_Ü`o H$_r \$aH$ Agboë`m ehamMo Zmd gm§Jm.
Amåhr H$m` MMm© Ho$br?.
T
O
N

1. gamgar hr g§»`m {ZarjUmÀ`m JQ>mVrb qH$dm _m{hVrVrb H|${Ð` H$bmMo _mnZ Xe©{dVo.
2. A§H$J{UVr _Ü` hr EH$ _m{hVr_Yrb à{V{ZYrH$ qH$_V Amho.
3. ~hþbH$ ho H|${Ð` H$b_mnZmMo AmUIr EH$ _mnZ Amho. {ZarjUmÀ`m JQ>mVrb gdm©V OmñV doim `oUmÀ`m
{ZarjUmbm ~hþbH$ åhUVmV.
4. _Ü`m§H$ hr gwÜXm EH$ à{V{ZYrH$ qH$_V Amho. `mMr qH$_V hr {Xboë`m _m{hVrÀ`m _Ü`^mJr AgVo. AYu
{ZarjUo _m{hVrÀ`m da Va AYu {ZarjUo _m{hVrÀ`m Imbr AgVmV.
5. g_mZ é§XrMo ñV§^ dmnê$Z g§»`m§Mr Ho$bobr C^r _m§S>Ur åhUOoM ñV§^mboI hmo`.
6. EH$mMdoir XmoZ g§J«{hV _m{hVr§Mr VwbZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ÛñV§^mboI (Double Bar graphs) _XV H$aVmV.

67
 àH$aU- 4

gmYr g_rH$aUo
(Simple Equations)

ED
4.1 _Z AmoiIÊ`mMm Ioi

H
IS
{e{jH$m åhUmbr H$s, Vr J{UVmVrb ZdrZ àH$aU BL
EP S

gwê$ H$aUma Amho Am{U Vo Amho gmYr g_rH$aUo.

R TB
U
Aßny, g[aVm Am{U A{_Zm AmR>dm`bm bmJbo H$s,
BE @K

6dr dJm©V ~rOJ{UV àH$aUmV AmnU H$m` {eH$bmo

AmhmoV. Vwåhr gwÜXm? Aßny, g[aVm Am{U A{_Zm
AmíM`©M{H$V Pmbo H$maU Ë`m§Zr EH$ Ioi ~Z{dbm
hmoVm Ë`mbm _Z-AmoiIÊ`mMm Ioi åhUVmV Am{U
TO

AmVm Vo gd© dJm©g_moa Vmo Ioi IoiUma AmhoV.

T
O

{e{jHo$Zo Ë`m§Mm CËgmh Am{U `mo½`Vm nmhrbr Am{U Ioi IoiÊ`mgmR>r Am_§{ÌV Ho$bo. A{_ZmZo
N

gwê$dmV Ho$br. Vr gmambm åhUmbr EH$ g§»`m _ZmV Ya. {Vbm 4 Zo JwU Am{U Amboë`m JwUmH$mamV 5 {_id.
Z§Va {VZo gmambm {VMo CËVa gm§Jm`bm gm§{JVbo {VZo 65 gm§{JVbo. A{_ZmZo bJoM gm§{JVbo H$s gmamZo _ZmV 15
hr g§»`m Yabr hmoVr. gmam AdmH$ Pmbr. gmam~amo~a gd© dJ© gwÜXm AmíM`©M{H$V Pmbm.
AmVm AßnyMr doi hmoVr.Ë`mZo ~miybm EH$ g§»`m _ZmV Yam`bm gm§{JVbo. {Vbm 10 Zo JwUyZ Amboë`m
JwUmH$mam_YyZ 20 dOm H$am`bm gm§{JVbo. Z§Va Ë`mMo ~miybm H$m` CËVa Amho {dMmabo? ~miy 50 åhUmbm.
AßnyZo bJoM ~miyZo _ZmV Yabobr g§»`m gm§{JVbr Vr 7 Amho . ~miyZo ImÌr H$ê$Z KoVbr.
Aßny, g[aVm Am{U A{_Zm `m§Zr gmXa Ho$bobm "_Z AmoiIÊ`mMm Ioi' H$gm Ho$bm ho àË`oH$mbm
g_OyZ ¿`md`mMo hmoVo. Vwåhr nm{hbm H$m Ë`m§Zr H$go Ho$bo Vo? ho àH$aU Am{U àH$aU 12 {eH$ë`mZ§Va hm Ioi
H$gm IoiVmV Vo bJoM g_Oob.

68
4.2 g_rH$aUmMr _m§S>Ur
A{_ZmMo CXmhaU ¿`m. A{_ZmZo gmambm EH$ g§»`m _ZmV Yam`bm gm§JrVbr. A{_Zmbm Vr g§»`m _mhrV
ZìhVr. {VÀ`mgmR>r Vr H$moUVrhr Agob 1, 2, 3, . . ., 11, . . . , 100. g_Om _mhrV Zgbobr Vr g§»`m ‘x’
_mZy. Vwåhr ‘x’ EdOr ‘y’ qH$dm ‘t’ qH$dm AmUIr H$moUVohr Aja dmnê$ eH$Vm. Ooìhm gmamZo 4 Zo Ë`m
g§»`obm JwUbo {Vbm {_ibo 4x, {VZo Z§Va JwUmH$mamV 5 ~oarO Ho$bo. åhUOoM 4x + 5 {_iVmV. (4x + 5) Mr
qH$_V hr ‘x’ da Adb§~yZ Amho. `màH$mao Oa 4x + 5 = 4 × 1 + 5 = 9. `mMmM AW© Oa gmamÀ`m _ZmV
1 hr g§»`m Agob Va Ë`mMo CËVa 9 Agob. Ë`mMà_mUo {VZo 5 À`m ~m~VrV {dMma Ho$bm Oa x = 5 KoVbo,
Va 4x + 5 = 4 × 5 + 5 = 25. AemàH$mao Oa gmamZo 5 hr g§»`m {ZdS>br Va CËVa 25 Agob.
gmamZo {dMma Ho$bobr g§»`m emoYÊ`mAJmoXa {VÀ`m 65 `m CËVamda {dMma H$ê$. Amnë`mbm x emoYbo nm{hOo.
4x + 5 = 65 .................................. (4,1)

ED
`m g_rH$aUmMr CH$b (CËVa) hr gmamZo _ZmV Yabobr g§»`m Amho.

H
Ë`mMà_mUo Aßny M o CXmhaU nmhÿ . g_Om ~miy Z o {ZdS> b o b r g§ » `m ‘y’ _mZy . Aßny ~miy b m

IS
åhUmbm {Vbm 10 Zo JwU Am{U Amboë`m JwUmH$mamVyZ 20 dOm H$a . åhUOoM ‘y’ _wio ~miybm n{hë`m§Xm {_iVrb
BL
EP S
R TB

‘10y’ Am{U Z§Va (10y - 20) CÎma _m{hV Amho 50.

U
BE @K

åhUyZM 10y - 20 = 50 .................................. (4,2)

`m g_rH$aUmMr CH$b (CËVa) hr ~miyZo _ZmV Yabobr g§»`m Amho.

4.3 Amnë`mbm Oo _mhrV Amho Ë`mMo ñ_aU
TO

{Q>n : (4.1) Am{U (4.2) hr g_rH$aUo AmhoV. 6dr B`ÎmoV g_rH$aUm~Ôb AmnU H$m` {eH$bmo ho AmR>dy`m.
MbnXmÀ`m pñWVrda g_rH$aU (4.1) _Ü`o x ho MbnX, g_rH$aU (4.2) _Ü`o y ho MbnX Amho.
T
O

eãX "MbnX' åhUOoM Oo H$mhr ~XbVo åhUOoM ~XbUo. MbnXÀ`m doJdoJù`m ~¡OrH$ qH$_Vr AgVmV.
N

`mMr qH$_V pñWa ZgVo. MbnXo Zoh_r B§J«Or _wimjamVrb Ajao Ogo x, y, z, l, m, n, p BË`mXrZr Xe©{dVmV.
MbnXmnmgyZ AmnU amer ~Z{dVmo. MbnXmda ~oarO, dOm~mH$s, JwUmH$ma Am{U ^mJmH$ma `m {H«$`m H$ê$Z amer
~Zdy eH$Vmo. x nmgyZ AmnU (4x +5) hr amer ~Z{dbr `mgmR>r Amåhr x bm 4 Zo JwUbo Am{U Amboë`m
JwUmH$mamV 5 {_i{dbo Ë`mMà_mUo ‘y’ nmgyZ AmnU (10y - 20) hr amer ~Z{dbr. `mgmR>r Amåhr ‘y’ bm
10 Zo JwUbo Am{U Amboë`m JwUmH$mamVyZ 20 dOm Ho$bo. hr gd© CXmhaUo amerMr AmhoV.
MbnXmÀ`m {ZdS>boë`m qH$_Vrda amerMr qH$_V Adb§~yZ AgVo, ho AJmoXaM AmnU nm{hbo Amho. Ooìhm
x = 1, 4x + 5 = 9. OoWo x = 5. 4x + 5 = 25 Ë`mMà_mUo.
Ooìhm x = 15, 4x + 5 = 4 × 15 + 5 = 60 + 5 = 65
Ooìhm x = 0 , 4x + 5 = 4 × 0 + 5 = 5 Am{U BË`mXr.

69
 MbnX ‘x’ da AQ> AgUmao g_rH$aU (4.1) Amho. ho Ago gm§JVo H$s (4x +5) `m amerMr qH$_V 65
Amho, Ooìhm x = 15 AgVmZm hr AQ> bmJy hmoVo. ho g_rH$aU 4x + 5 = 65 Mr EH$ CH$b Amho. Ooìhm x = 5
AgVmZm 4x + 5 = 25 Am{U 65 Zmhr. åhUOoM x = 5 hr g_rH$aUmMr CH$b Zmhr. `mMà_mUo x = 0 AgVmZm
g_rH$aUmMr CH$b Zmhr. 15 {edm` ‘x’ À`m Xþgè`m H$moUË`mhr qH$_Vrbm 4x + 5 = 65 Mr AQ> bmJy hmoV Zmhr.
à`ËZ H$am :
amer (10y – 20) Mr qH$_V hr ‘y’ À`m qH$_Vrda Adb§~yZ Amho. ‘y’ À`m
doJdoJù`m 5 À`m qH$_Vr KoD$Z (10y – 20) Mr àË`oH$ doim. ‘y’ Mr qH$_V H$mTy>$ eH$Vmo.
10y – 20 = 50 Mr CH$b H$mT>mV H$m? ‘y’ À`m AmUIr doJdoJù`m qH$_Vr KoD$Z
10y – 20 = 50 hr qH$_V {_iVo H$m nhm.

4.4 g_rH$aU åhUOo H$m`?

ED
g_rH$aUmV Zoh_r g_mZVm {MÝh AgVo. amerVrb g_mZVm {MÝh S>mdr ~mOy qH$dm LHS hr Zoh_r amerVrb

H
IS
COdr ~mOy qH$dm RHS er g_mZ AgVo Ago Xe©{dVo. g_rH$aU (4.1) _Ü`o LHS Amho (4x + 5) Am{U
BL
EP S
RHS Amho 65. g_rH$aU (4.2) _Ü`o (10y – 20) ho LHS Amho Am{U 50 RHS Amho.
R TB
U

Oa VoWo LHS Am{U RHS _Ü`o g_mZVm {MÝh gmoSy>Z BVa H$moUVohr {MÝh Agob Va Vo g_rH$aU ZgVo.
BE @K

`mà_mUo 4x + 5 > 65 ho g_rH$aU Zmhr. ho (4x + 5) Mr qH$_V 65 nojm _moR>r Amho Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
Ë`mMà_mUo, 4x + 5 < 65 ho g_rH$aU Zmhr. (4x + 5) Mr qH$_V 65 nojm H$_r Amho Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.

g_rH$aUmV, Amnë`mbm H$mhr doim RHS _Ü`o \$ŠV g§»`m {_iVo. g_rH$aU (4.1) _Ü`o Vr Amho 65
TO

Am{U g_rH$aU (4.2) _Ü`o Vr Amho 50. na§Vy Zoh_rM Ago AgVo Ago Zmhr. g_rH$aUmV RHS _Ü`o gwÜXm
T

MbnX Agbobr amer AgVo. CXmhaUmW©,

O
N

g_rH$aU 4x + 5 = 6x – 25
g_mZVm {MÝhmÀ`m S>mì`m ~mOybm amer (4x + 5) Amho Va COì`m ~mOybm amer (6x - 25) Amho.
g§{jßVnUo, MbnXmdarb AQ> ho g_rH$aU Amho. AQ> hr Amho H$s, XmoZ amer `m g_mZ Agë`m nm{hOoV.
XmoZ amer_Yrb H$_rVH$_r EH$ amerV MbnX Agbo nm{hOo ho bjmV R>odm.
Amåhr g_rH$aUmMm gmYm Am{U Cn`moJr JwUY_© bjmV R>odbm nm{hOo. g_rH$aU 4x + 5 = 65 Mr
qH$_V 65 = 4x + 5 er ~amo~a g_mZ Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo g_rH$aU 6x – 25 = 4x + 5 ho 4x + 5 =
6x – 25 er ~amo~a Amho. ametMr S>mdr ~mOy Am{U COdr ~mOy ~Xbbr Var g_rH$aU VoM amhVo. hm JwUY_©
g_rH$aU gmoS>{dVmZm H$YrVar Cn`moJr nS>Vmo.

70
CXmhaU 1 Imbrb {dYmZo g_rH$aUmÀ`m ñdê$nmV {bhm.
(i) ‘x’ Mr {VßnQ> Am{U 11 `m§Mr ~oarO 32 Amho.
(ii) EH$m g§»`oÀ`m 6 nQ>rVyZ Oa Vwåhr 5 dOm Ho$bm Va Vwåhm§bm 7 {_iVmV.
(iii) ‘m’ Mm EH$ MVwWmªe 3 Amho Omo 7 nojm _moR>m Amho.
(iv) EH$m g§»`oÀ`m EH$ V¥VrA§em_Ü`o 5 {_i{dë`mg 8 `oVmV.
CH$b :
(i) ‘x’ Mr {VßnQ> 3x Amho.

3x Am{U 11Mr ~oarO (3x + 11), `m§Mr ~oarO 32 Amho.

ED
g_rH$aU Amho 3x + 11 = 32.

IS
(ii) g_Om g§»`m ‘z’ Amho. z bm 6Zo JwUë`mg 6z {_iVmV.
BL
EP S
R TB

6z _YyZ 5 dOm Ho$ë`mg (6z – 5) {_iVmV.

U
BE @K

CËVa 7 Amho.
åhUyZ, g_rH$aU Amho 6z – 5 = 7.
TO

1 m
(iii) ‘m’ Mo ^mJ Amho .
4 4
T

m
O

m
hm 3 `oÊ`mg 7 nojm _moR>m Amho. åhUOoM \$aH$ ( – 7) ho 3
N

4 4
Amho.
m
g_rH$aU
– 7 = 3.
4
1 n
(iv) g§»`m ‘n’ ¿`m. ‘n’ Mo Amho .
3 3
n
3
. _Ü`o 5 {_idm ( n3 + 5 ) AmhoV 8.

n
\ g_rH$aU + 5 = 8.
3

71
CXmhaU 2 Imbrb g_rH$aUo {dYmZ ñdê$nmV ê$nm§Va H$am.
(i) x – 5 = 9 (ii) 5p = 20
m
(iii) 3n + 7 = 1 (iv) –2=6
5
CH$b: (i) ‘x’ _YyZ 5 dOm Ho$ë`mgÀ 9 {_iVmV.
(ii) g§»`m ‘p’ À`m nmM nQ> 20 AmhoV.
(iii) ‘n’ À`m VrZ nQ>rV 7 {_i{dë`mg 1 {_iVmo.
1
(iv) ‘m’ g§»`oÀ`m _YyZ 2 dOm Ho$ë`mg Vwåhmbm 6 {_iVmV.
5
{Xboë`m g_rH$aUmV EH$M \$ŠV Zmhr na§Vw AZoH$ {dYmZm§Mr ñdê$no {Xbr Amho
hr _hËdmMr {Q>n Amho.

ED
CXmhaUmW© darb {dYmZ (1), {df`r Vwåhr åhUy eH$Vm :

H
à`ËZ H$am :

IS
‘x’ _YyZ 5 dOm H$am, Vwåhm§bm 9 {_iVrb.
g_r. (ii), (iii) Am{U BL
EP S
qH$dm x hr g§»`m 5 Amho Vr 9 nojm _moR>r Amho.
R TB

(iv) Mo H$_rV H$_r EH$

U

ñdê$n {bhm. qH$dm x hr g§»`m 5 nojm _moR>r Amho 9 nojm bhmZ Amho.
BE @K

qH$dm x Am{U 5 _Yrb \$aH$ 9 Amho Am{U BË`mXr.

CXmhaU 3 Imbrb àg§J nhm : amOyÀ`m d`mÀ`m {VßnQ>rnojm 5 dfm©Zo OmñV amOyÀ`m d{S>bm§Mo d`
Amho. amOyÀ`m d{S>bm§Mo d` 44 df} Agob Va amOyMo d` H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r g_rH$aU aMm.
TO

CH$b: amOyMo d` Amnë`mbm _mhrV Zmhr. Vo g_Om AmnU ‘y’ df} KoD$. amOyMo d` {VßnQ> åhUOo 3y.
amOyÀ`m dS>rbm§Mo d` 3y nojm 5 df} OmñV. åhUOoM amOyÀ`m d{S>bm§Mo d` (3y+5) Amho Ago
T
O

gwÜXm {Xbo Amho {H$, amOyÀ`m d{S>bm§Mo d` 44 df} Amho.

N

åhUyZM 3y + 5 = 44 ...............................(4.3)
ho ‘y’ Mo g_rH$aU Amho ho g_rH$aU gmoS>{dë`mg amOyMo d` g_OVo.
CXmhaU 4 EH$m XþH$mZXmamZo Am§ã`mÀ`m EH$ bhmZ Am{U EH$ _moR>r Aem XmoZ àH$maÀ`m noQ>çm {dH$ë`m.
EH$m _moR>çm noQ>rV, 8 bhmZ noQ>çm Am{U A{YH$ gwQ>o 4 Am§~o hmoVo. _moR>çm noQ>r_Ü`o Am§ã`mMr
EHy$U g§»`m 100 Agob Va àË`oH$ bhmZ noQ>rV {H$Vr Am§~o hmoVo `mMo g_rH$aU {bhm.
CH$b : g_Om bhmZ noQ>rVrb Am§~o ‘m’ _mZy. _moR>çm noQ>rV m À`m AmR>nQ> Am{U 4 gwQ>o Am§~o
hmoVo. åhUOoM 8m + 4 Am§~o. na§Vy Am§~o EHy$U hmoVo. 100.
AemàH$mao, 8m + 4 = 100 ...............................(4.4)
Vwåhm§bm bhmZ noQ>rV {H$Vr Am§~o hmoVo Vo g_rH$aU gmoS>{dë`mZ§Va {_iob.

72
 ñdmÜ`m` 4.1
1. VŠË`mVrb eodQ>Mm ñV§^ nyU© H$am.
Z§~a g_rH$aU qH$_V gm§Jm, g_rH$aU bmJy nS>Vo (hmo`/
Zmhr)
(i) x+3=0 x=3
(ii) x+3=0 x=0
(iii) x+3=0 x=–3
(iv) x–7=1 x=7
(v) x–7=1 x=8
(vi) 5x = 25 x=0

ED
(vii) 5x = 25 x=5

H
IS
(viii) 5x = 25 x=–5
BL
EP S
(ix) m m=6
R TB

=2
U
3
BE @K

(x) m
=2 m=0
3
(xi) m
=2 m=6
3
TO
T

2. {Xboë`m g_rH$aUmMr H$§gm_Ü`o {Xbobr qH$_V hr CH$b Amho qH$dm Zmhr Vo Vnmgm.
O

(a) n + 5 = 19 (n = 1)
N

(b) 7n + 5 = 19 (n = – 2) (c) 7n + 5 = 19 (n = 2)
(d) 4p – 3 = 13 (p = 1) (e) 4p – 3 = 13 (p = – 4) (f) 4p – 3 = 13 (p = 0)
3. Imbrb g_rH$aUo "H¥$VrVyZ Pmboë`m MwH$m XþéñV H$aUo' `m nÜXVrZo gmoS>dm.
(i) 5p + 2 = 17 (ii) 3m – 14 = 4
4. Imbrb {dYmZm§gmR>r g_rH$aUo {bhm.
(i) x Am{U 4 Mr ~oarO 9 Amho.
(ii) y _YyZ 2 dOm Ho$ë`mg 8 {_iVmV.
(iii) a Mr 10 nQ> 70 Amho.

73
 (iv) g§»`m b bm 5 Zo ^mJë`mg 6 {_iVmV.

3
(v) t Mo AmhoV 15.
4
(vi) m À`m 7 nQ>rV 7 {_i{dë`mg Vwåhm§bm 77 {_iVmV.

1
(vii) g§»`m x À`m _YyZ 4 dOm Ho$ë`mg 4 {_iVmV.
4
(viii) y À`m 6 nQ>rVyZ Oa Vwåhr 6 dOm Ho$ë`mg Vwåhm§bm 60 {_iVmV.

1
(ix) z À`m _Ü`o 3 {_i{dë`mg Vwåhm§bm 30 {_iVmV.
3

ED
5. Imbrb g_rH$aUo {dYmZ ñdê$nmV {bhm.

H
m

IS
(i) p + 4 = 15 (ii) m – 7 = 3 (iii) 2m = 7 (iv) =3
BL 5
EP S

3m p
R TB

(v) =6 (vi) 3p + 4 = 25 (vii) 4p – 2 = 18 (viii) +2=8

U
5 2
BE @K

6. Imbrb {dYmZm§Mo g_rH$aU V`ma H$am :

(i) Ba\$mZ åhUmbm, na_rVH$S>o Agboë`m JmoQ>çm§À`m 5 nQ>rnojm 7 Zo A{YH$ JmoQ>çm _mÂ`mH$S>o AmhoV.
Ba\$mZH$S>o 37 JmoQ>çm AmhoV. (na_rVH$S>o Agboë`m JmoQ>çm§Mr g§»`m m ¿`m).
TO

(ii) bú_rÀ`m d{S>bm§Mo d` 49 df© Amho. Vo bú_rÀ`m d`mÀ`m 3 nQ>rnojm 4 dfm©Zo _moR>o AmhoV.
T
O

(bú_rMo d` ‘y’ ¿`m.)

N

(iii) {e{jH$m$ {dÚmÏ`mªZm åhUmbr H$s, dJm©V OmñV JwU {_i{dbobm {dÚmWu hm H$_r JwU {_i{dboë`m
{dÚmÏ`m©À`m XþßnQ>rV A{YH$ 7 JwU {_i{dbobm Amho. OmñV JwU 87 AmhoV. (H$_r JwU ‘l’ ¿`m).

(iv) EH$m g_{Û^wO {ÌH$moUmV nm`mÀ`m H$moZmÀ`m XþßnQ> {eamoq~Xÿdarb H$moZ Amho ( nm`mMm H$moZ ‘b’ A§e
Amho. bjmV R>odm {ÌH$moUmÀ`m gd© H$moZm§Mr ~oarO 180 A§e AgVo.)

4.4.1 g_rH$aU gmoS>{dUo -

g_mZVm ¿`m 8 – 3 = 4 + 1 ...............................(4.5)

g_rH$aU (4.5) g_mZVm Xe©{dVo H$maU XmoZ ~mOy g_mZ AmhoV (XmoÝhrH$S>o 5 g_mZ AmhoV).

74
  g_Om AmVm XmoÝhr ~mOybm 2 {_idm. CËVa {_iVo
LHS = 8 – 3 + 2 = 5 + 2 = 7; RHS = 4 + 1 + 2 = 5 + 2 = 7.

naV g_mZVm Xe©{dVo (åhUOoM `mMo LHS Am{U RHS g_mZ AmhoV).
AemàH$mao Oa g_mZVoÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOybm Amåhr g_mZ g§»`m {_i{dbr

Var g_mZVm bmJy n‹S>Vo.
 g_Om AmVm XmoÝhr ~mOyVyZ 2 dOm H$ê$, CËVa {_iVo
LHS = 8 – 3 – 2 = 5 – 2 = 3
RHS = 4 + 1 – 2 = 5 – 2 = 3.
naV g_mZVm Xe©{dVo

AemàH$mao Oa g_mZVoÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOyVyZ Amåhr g_mZ g§»`m dOm Ho$br
Var g_mZVm bmJy nS>Vo.

ED
 Ë`mMà_mUo, Oa Amåhr g_mZVoÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOyZm eyÝ`oËVa g§»`oZo JwUmH$ma

H
qH$dm ^mJmH$ma Ho$bm Var g_mZVm bmJy nS>Vo.

IS
CXmhaUmW©, g_Om g_mZVoÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOybm 3 Zo JwUmH$ma H$ê$, Amnë`mbm {_iob.
BL
EP S
R TB

LHS = 3 × (8 – 3) = 3 × 5 = 15,
U

RHS = 3 × (4 + 1) = 3 × 5 = 15.
BE @K

g_mZVm bmJy n‹S>Vo.
AmVm g_mZVoÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOybm 2 Zo ^mJy
5
LHS = (8 – 3) ÷ 2 = 5 ÷ 2 =
TO

2
5
RHS = (4+1) ÷ 2 = 5 ÷ 2 = = LHS
T

2
O

naV, g_mZVm bmJy nS>Vo.

N

Oa Amåhr BVa H$moUVrhr g_mZVm KoVbr Va Amnë`mbm g_mZ {ZîH$f©

{_iob.
g_Om Amåhr g_mZVoÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOybm doJdoJù`m g§»`m ~oarO Ho$ë`m Va
Amnë`mbm `m KQ>Zo_Ü`o g_mZVm bmJy nS>V Zmhr (åhUOoM `mÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOy
g_mZ ZgVmV). CXmhaUmW©, naV g_rH$aU (4.5)Mr g_mZVm KoD$.
8–3=4+1
LHS _Ü`o 2 d RHS _Ü`o 3 {_idm.
ZdrZ LHS Amho 8–3+2 = 5+2 = 7 Am{U

75
 ZdrZ RHS Amho 4+1+3 = 5+2 = 8. g_mZVm bmJy nS>V Zmhr. H$maU ZdrZ LHS Am{U RHS
g_mZ ZmhrV.
AemàH$mao Oa g_mZVoÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOybm g_mZ ~¡{OH$ {H«$`m bmJy Ho$br Zmhr Va g_mZVm bmJy nS>V Zmhr.
g_rH$aUmV MbnX Agob Va g_mZVm AgVo.
àË`oH$ g_rH$aUmVrb MbnX Oa g§»`m Agob Va hm {ZîH$f© g_rH$aUmgmR>r bmJy nS>Vmo.
H$mhr doim g_rH$aUmbm _moOÊ`mMm VamOy åhUVmV.
g_rH$aUmda ~¡{OH$ {H«$`m Ho$br Ogo VamOy_Yrb dOZ dmT>{dbo qH$dm dOZ H$_r Ho$bo Va VamOyMo n°Z
(nmaS>o) g_mZM amhVo.
g_rH$aU ho dOZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m VamOy gmaIo Amho Ogo XmoÝhr n°Z_Ü`o g_mZ dOZ AgVo. Ë`m_Ü`o VamOyMm
Xm§S>m ~amo~a AmS>dm amhVmo. Oa Amåhr XmoÝhr n°Z_Ü`o g_mZ dOZ KmVbo Var Ë`mMm Xm§S>m ~amo~a AmS>dmM amhVmo.
Ë`mMà_mUo, Oa Amåhr g_mZ dOZ n°Z_YyZ H$mT>bo Var Xm§S>m AmS>dmM amhVmo. Xþgè`m ñWmZr Oa Vwåhr n°Z_Ü`o

ED
doJdoJio dOZ KmVbo qH$dm doJdoJio dOZ H$_r Ho$bo Va VamOy da-Imbr hmoVmo åhUOoM VamOyMm Xm§S>m ~amo~a

H
AmS>dm ahmV Zmhr.

IS
Amåhr hoM VËd g_rH$aU gmoS>{dVmZm dmnê$. `oWo {ZpíMVnUo VamOy hm H$mën{ZH$ Amho. Am{U g§»`m§Mm
BL
EP S

dmna dOZ åhUyZ H$am`Mm Amho, Oo ^m¡{VH$[aË`m EH$_oH$m§er g_mZ H$am`Mo AmhoV. ho VËd gm§JÊ`mMm _w»` CÔoe
R TB
U
Amho. AmVm AmnU H$mhr CXmhaUo nmhÿ.
BE @K

 x+3=8 ho g_rH$aU KoD$ ....... (4.6)

g_rH$aUmÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOyVyZ Amåhr 3 dOm H$ê$.
TO

Va ZdrZ LHS Amho x + 3 – 3 = x Am{U

T

ZdrZ RHS Amho. 8 – 3 = 5 L.H.S. R.H.S.

O

g§Vw{bV g_rH$aU ho dOZ H$aÊ`mMm VamOy

N

Amho Ogo XmoZ n°Z_Ü`o g_mZ dOZ AgVo.

Amåhr 3 dOm H$m Ho$bo Am{U Xþgar g§»`m

H$m Zmhr? 3 ~oarO H$ê$Z à`ËZ H$am. ho _
XV H$aVo? H$m Zmhr? H$maU 3 dOm Ho$ë`mZo
LHS H$_r hmoD$Z ‘x’ amhVo.

H$maU VamOyMm g_Vmob T>iV Zmhr. Amnë`mbm {_iVmV.
ZdrZ LHS = ZdrZ RHS qH$dm x = 5

76
 Oo g_rH$aU (4.6) Mr CH$b Or Amnë`mbm nm{hOo hmoVr.

ho ~amo~a Amho H$s Zmhr nmhÊ`mgmR>r Amåhr _wi g_rH$aUmV x = 5 KoD$.
Amnë`mbm {_iVo,
LHS = x + 3 = 5 + 3 = 8, RHS ~amo~a Amho. Oo Amnë`mbm nm{hOo,
`mo½` ~¡{OH$ {H«$`m (åhUOo 3 dOm H$ê$Z) g_rH$aUmÀ`m CH$bH$S>o Ambmo Amho.
AmUIr EH$ g_rH$aU nhm x – 3 = 10 ...............................(4.7)

`oWo Amåhr H$m` H$ê$ eH$Vmo? Amåhr XmoÝhr ~mOybm 3 {_iVy$.
ho H$ê$Z Amåhr g_mZVm R>odm`bm nm{hOo Am{U LHS H$_r H$ê$Z ‘x’ hmoB©b.

ED
ZdrZ LHS = x – 3 + 3 = x,

H
IS
BL ZdrZ RHS = 10 + 3 = 13
EP S
R TB
U
BE @K

åhUyZM , x = 13, Or nm{hOo Agbobr CH$b Amho.

_yi g_rH$aU (4.7) _Ü`o x = 13 KoD$Z Amnë`mbm ImÌr nS>Vo {H$ CH$b ~amo~a
Amho.
LHS Mo _yi g_rH$aU = x – 3 = 13 – 3 = 10
TO

ho RHS ~amo~a Amho Oo Amnë`mbm nm{hOo.

T
O

 Ë`mMà_mUo, ho g_rH$aU nhm -

N

5y = 35 ...............................(4.8)

m
= 5 ...............................(4.9)
2

n{hë`m KQ>ZoV Amåhr XmoÝhr ~mOybm 5 Zo ^mJy.

LHS H$S>o \$ŠV y Amnë`mbm {_iob.

5y 5× y 35 5 × 7
ZdrZ LHS =
= = y, ZdrZ RHS = = =7
5 5 5 5

77
 åhUyZ, y = 7

hr nm{hOo Agbobr CH$b Amho. Amåhr g_rH$aU (4.8) _Ü`o y = 7 KoD$ Am{U bmJy nS>Vo H$m Vo Vnmgy.

Xþgè`m KQ>ZoV Amåhr XmoÝhr ~mOybm 2 Zo JwUbo nm{hOo. LHSH$S>o Amnë`mbm \$ŠV ‘m’ {_iob.

m

ZdrZ LHS = × 2 = m. ZdrZ RHS = 5 × 2 = 10.
2

åhUyZ m =10 (hr nm{hOo Agbobr CH$b Amho. Vwåhr Vnmgy eH$Vm H$s CH$b ~amo~a Amho H$s Zmhr).
darb CXmhaUmV EH$ AmnU nmhÿ eH$Vmo H$s, Amnë`mbm bmJy H$am`Mr {H«$`m hr g_rH$aUmda Adb§~yZ
AgVo. Am_Mo bú` AgVo H$s g_rH$aUmVrb MbnX doJio ìhmdo. H$mhr doim, Vo H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$mnojm
OmñV {H«$`m H$amì`m bmJVmV. ho bjmV R>oD$Z AmUIr H$mhr CXmhaUo gmoS>dy.
CXmhaU 5 gmoS>dm : (a) 3n + 7 = 25 ...............................(4.10)

ED
(b) 2p – 1 = 23 ...............................(4.11))

H
IS
CH$b: BL
EP S

(a) Amåhr nm`è`m nm`è`mZr OmD$Z g_rH$aUmVrb LHS _YyZ MbnX doJio H$ê$. LHS Amho 3n +7.
R TB
U
Amåhr àW_ 7 dOm H$ê$ åhUOo Amnë`mbm 3n {_iVmV. `m_Yrb nwT>rb nm`arV Amåhr 3 Zo ^mJy
BE @K

åhUOo n {_iVmV. bjmV R>odm g_rH$aUmÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOybm g_mZ {H«$`m H$am. åhUyZM XmoÝhr ~mOyVyZ 7
dOm H$am.
3n + 7 – 7 = 25 – 7 (nm`ar 1)
TO

qH$dm 3n = 18
AmVm, XmoÝhr ~mOybm 3 Zo ^mJm,
T
O

3n 18
N

= (nm`ar 2)
3 3
qH$dm n = 6, Or CH$b Amho.
(b) `oWo Amåhr H$m` H$ê$? n{hë`m§Xm Amåhr XmoÝhr ~mOybm 1 {_idy.
2p – 1 + 1 = 23 + 1 (nm`ar 1)

2p = 24
AmVm XmoÝhr ~mOybm 2 Zo ^mJy. Amnë`mbm {_iVo
2 p 24
= (nm`ar 2)
2 2

78
 qH$dm p =12, Or CH$b Amho.
Vwåhm§bm {_imbobr CH$b VnmgyZ nmhÊ`mMr EH$ Mm§Jbr gd` Vwåhr {dH${gV
H$am. darb (a) _Ü`o ho AmnU Ho$bo Zmhr. `m CXmhaUmgmR>r AmnU H$ê$.
CH$b, p = 12 g_rH$aUmV R>ody
LHS = 2p – 1 = 2 × 12 – 1 = 24 – 1
= 23 = RHS

ho ~amo~a Amho {H$ MwH$ ho nmhÊ`mgmR>r CH$b Vnmgbr..

(a) Mr CH$b Vwåhr H$m Vnmgbr Zmhr?
Amåhr AmVm Aßny, g[aVm Am{U A{_Zm `m§Zr XmI{dboë`m "_Z-AmoiIÊ`mMm Ioi' `mH$S>o nmR>r_mJo

ED
OmD$. Ë`m§Zr CËVa H$go {_i{dbo Vo nU g_OmdyZ ¿`m `mgmR>r g_rH$aU (4.1) Am{U (4.2) nmhÿ Oo A{_Zm
Am{U AßnyMo CXmhaU Amho.

H
IS
 g_rH$aU . 4x + 5 = 65. ..................................(4.1)
BL
EP S

XmoÝhr ~mOyVyZ 5 dOm H$ê$, 4x + 5 – 5 = 65 – 5.

R TB

U
BE @K

åhUOoM
4x = 60
4 Zo XmoÝhr ~mOybm ^mJy, ‘x’ doJio hmoB©b.

4x 60
Amnë`mbm {_iVo.
=
4 4
TO

qH$dm x = 15. Or CH$b Amho (Oa ~amo~a Amho, Va Vnmgm).

T

 AmVm nhm 10y – 20 = 50 .................................(4.2)

O
N

XmoÝhr ~mOybm 20 {_idyZ Amnë`mbm {_iVmV.

10y – 20 + 20 = 50 + 20 qH$dm 10y = 70
10 Zo XmoÝhr ~mOybm ^mJyZ, Amnë`mbm {_iVmV.
10 y 70
=
10 10
qH$dm y = 7. Or CH$b Amho. (Oa ~amo~a Amho Va Vnmgm).

Aßny, g[aVm Am{U A{_Zm `mZr {Xbobo CËVa ZŠH$s Vwåhm§bm g_Oob. Ë`m§Zr g_rH$aU V`ma Ho$bo Am{U
Vo gmoS>{dbo. åhUOoM Ë`m§Zr ""_Z AmoiIÊ`mMm Ioi'' ~Z{dbm Am{U gd© dJm©da Amnbr N>mn nmS>br. Amåhr
naV {d^mJ 4.7 H$S>o `oD$.

79
 ñdmÜ`m` 4.2
1. MbnX doJio H$aÊ`mMr Vwåhr dmnabobr n{hbr nm`ar {bhm Am{U Z§Va g_rH$aU
gmoS>dm. .
(a) x – 1 = 0 (b) x + 1 = 0 (c) x – 1 = 5
(d) x + 6 = 2 (e) y – 4 = – 7 (f) y – 4 = 4
(g) y + 4 = 4 (h) y + 4 = – 4
2. MbnX doJio H$aÊ`mMr Vwåhr dmnabobr n{hbr nm`ar {bhm Am{U Z§Va g_rH$aU gmoS>dm.
b p
(a) 3l = 42 (b) =6 (c) =4 (d) 4x = 25
2 7
z 5 a 7
(e) 8y = 36 (f) = (g) = (h) 20t = – 10
3 4 5 15

ED
3. MbnX doJio H$aÊ`mMr Vwåhr dmnabobr n{hbr nm`ar {bhm Am{U Z§Va g_rH$aU gmoS>dm -

H
IS
20 p 3p
(a) 3n – 2 = 46 (b) 5m + 7 = 17 BL (c) = 40 (d) =6
EP S

3 10
R TB
U
4. Imbrb CXmhaUo gmoS>dm.
BE @K

p −p
(a) 10p = 100 (b) 10p + 10 = 100 (c) =5 (d) =5
4 3
3p
(e) =6 (f) 3s = –9 (g) 3s + 12 = 0 (h) 3s = 0
TO

4
(i) 2q = 6 (j) 2q – 6 = 0 (k) 2q + 6 = 0 (l) 2q + 6 = 12
T
O

4.5 AmUIr H$mhr g_rH$aUo

N

AmUIr H$mhr Á`mXmMr g_rH$aUo gmoS>{dÊ`mMm gamd H$ê$. Ooìhm hr g_rH$aUo gmoS>{dVmZm AmnU g§»`m§À`m
njm§Vam{df`r {eHy$. åhUOoM EH$m ~mOyH$Sy>Z Xþgè`m ~mOyH$S>o OmUo. Amåhr g_rH$aUmÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOybm g§»`m
~oarO qH$dm dOm~mH$s H$aÊ`mÀ`m EodOr Vr g§»`m AmnU njm§Va H$ê$.

CXmhaU 6 gmoS>dm 12p – 5 = 25 ....................... (4.12)

CH$b
 g_rH$aUmÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOybm 5 {_idyZ,

12p – 5 + 5 = 25 + 5 qH$dm 12p = 30

80
 XmoÝhr ~mOybm 12 Zo ^mJyZ, {Q>n : XmoÝhr ~mOybm 5 ~oarO H$aUo
åhUOoM (– 5) Mr ~mOy ~XbUo.
12 p 30
= qH$dm p = 5
12 12 2 12p – 5 = 25
LHS bm g_rH$aU (4.12) _Ü`o Vnmgm. 12p = 25 + 5

p = 5 ¿`m. ~mOy ~XbUo `mbm njm§Va åhUVmV.

2 Ooìhm njm§Va H$aVmo Voìhm Ë`m g§»`oMo
5
LHS = 12 × −5 = 6 × 5 – 5 {MÝh AmnU ~XbVmo.
2

= 30 – 5 = 25 = RHS

ED
Amåhr nm{hbo Amho H$s, Ooìhm g_rH$aU gmoS>{dVmo Voìhm gm_mÝ`nUo g_rH$aUmÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOybm g_mZ

H
g§»`m ~oarO qH$dm dOm~mH$sMm µCn`moJ H$aVmo. g§»`oMo njm§Va (åhUOoM g§»`oMr ~mOy ~XbUo) d g_mZ g§»`m

IS
XmoÝhr ~mOyVyZ dOm H$aUo ho XmoÝhr g_mZ AmhoV. ho gd© H$ê$Z g§»`oMo {MÝh ~Xbm`bm nm{hOo. Oo g§»`ogmR>r H$m`
BL
EP S
dmnaVmo VoM g_rH$aUmgmR>r gwÜXm dmnam.
R TB
U

AmUIr njm§VamMr XmoZ CXmhaUo KoD$.

BE @K

XmoÝhr ~mOybm ~oarO qH$dm dOm~mH$s H$ê$Z njm§Va

(i) 3p – 10 = 5 (i) 3p – 10 = 5
TO

XmoÝhr ~mOybm 10 ~oarO H$ê$Z LHS H$Sy>Z RHS H$S>o (–10) njm§Va H$ê$Z.
T

3p – 10 + 10 = 5 + 10 (njm§Va Ho$ë`mZo -10 ~ZVmV +10 )

O
N

qH$dm 3p = 15 3p = 5 + 10 qH$dm 3p = 15
(ii) 5x + 12 = 27 (ii) 5x + 12 = 27

XmoÝhr ~mOyVyZ 12 dOm H$ê$Z +12 njm§Va H$ê$Z

(njm§Va Ho$ë`mZo +12 ~ZVmV-12 )
5x + 12 – 12 = 27 – 12 5x = 27 – 12

qH$dm 5x = 15 qH$dm 5x = 15

AmVm Amåhr AmUIr XmoZ g_rH$aUo gmoS>dy. Ë`m_Ü`o Agbobm H§$g Omo gmoS>dm`bm gwédmV H$aÊ`mnydu gmoS>dm.

81
CXmhaU 7 gmoS>dm :
(a) 4(m + 3) = 18 (b) – 2(x + 3) = 8

CH$b:
(a) 4(m + 3) = 18
XmoÝhr ~mOybm 4 Zo ^mJy åhUOoM LHS H$S>rb H§$g H$mT>bm OmB©b
Amnë`mbm {_iVmV. .
18
m+3= qH$dm m + 3 = 9
4 2

qH$dm m = 9 –3 (3 RHS H$S>o njm§Va H$ê$Z)

2

ED
3
qH$dm m = (nm{hOo Agbobr CH$b)  9 − 3 = 9 − 6 = 3 

H
2

IS
BL 2 2 2 2
EP S

3  3 3
R TB

Vnmgm : LHS = 4  + 3 = 4 × + 4 × 3 = 2 × 3 + 4 × 3 [m = KoD$Z]

U
2  2 2
BE @K

= 6 + 12 = 18 = RHS

(b) –2(x + 3) = 8
Amåhr XmoÝhr ~mOybm (–2) Zo ^mJy, åhUOo LHS H$S>rb H§$g H$mT>bm OmB©b, Amnë`mbm {_iVmV.
TO

8
x+3=– qH$dm x + 3 = – 4
2
T
O

åhUOoM, x = – 4 – 3 ( RHS H$S>o 3 njm§Va H$ê$Z)

N

qH$dm x = –7 (nm{hOo Agbobr CH$b)

Vnmgm : LHS = –2 × (–7 + 3) = –2(– 4)
= 8 = RHS (Oo nm{hOo Amho)
4.6 ì`dhm[aH$ àg§Jmdarb gmÜ`m g_rH$aUm§Mo Cn`moJ : - ?
Amåhr AJmoXaM nm{hbo Amho H$s, XaamoOÀ`m ^mfo_Yrb {dYmZo hr CXmhaUo åhUyZ KoVbr AmhoV Am{U Ë`m§Mo
ê$nm§Va gmÜ`m g_rH$aUmV Ho$bo Amho. Amåhr gmYr g_rH$aUo H$er gmoS>{dVmV Vo gwÜXm {eH$bmo AmhmoV. AemàH$mao
Amåhr ì`dhm[aH$ àg§Jmdarb H$moS>r/CXmhaUo gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r V`ma AmhmoV. Ë`m àg§JmZwgma g_rH$aU V`ma H$aUo
hr n{hbr nÜXV Amho Am{U Z§Va Vo g_rH$aU gmoS>dyZ Vo H$moS>r/CXmhaUo `m§Mr CH$b H$mT>Uo. Amåhr AJmoXa H$m`
nm{hbo Amho `mnmgyZ gwê$dmV H$ê$ (CXmhaU (i) Am{U (iii) ^mJ 4.2)
82
CXmhaU 8 EH$m g§»`oMr VrZnQ> Am{U 11 `m§Mr ~oarO 32 Amho. Va Vr g§»`m emoYm.
CH$b :
 _mhrV Zgbobr g§»`m ‘x’ KoVbr, Z§Va Ë`m g§»`oMr VrZ nQ> Amho 3x Am{U 3x d 11 `m§Mr ~oarO Amho
32. åhUOoM 3x + 11 = 32
 ho g_rH$aU gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r 11 Amåhr RHS H$S>o njm§Va H$ê, åhUyZ 3x = 32 – 11 qH$dm 3x = 21
21
AmVm, XmoÝhr ~mOybm 3 Zo ^mJy åhUyZ x = =7
3

ho g_rH$aU ^mJ 4.2 _Ü`o CXmhaU 1 _Ü`o {_imVo hmoVo.
nm{hOo Agbobr g§»`m 7 Amho (Amåhr Vnmgm`Mo Va 7 Mr VrZ nQ> Am{U 11 `m§Mr ~oarO Ho$ë`mg nmhrOo

ED
Agbobo 32 {_iVmV).

H
1
CXmhaU 9 EH$m g§»`oÀ`m nQ> _YyZ 7 dOm Ho$ë`mg 3 {_iVmV Va Vr g§»`m emoYm.

IS
4 BL
EP S
CH$b :
R TB
U
1
_mhrV Zgbobr g§»`m ‘y’ KoD$ ‘y’ Mr nQ> Amho  y 
BE @K


4  4
y
  `m g§»`oVyZ 7 dOm Ho$ë`mg 3 {_iVmV.
 4
åhUyZ y gmR>r Amnë`mbm g_rH$aU {_iVo. y – 7 = 3

4
TO
T

 ho g_rH$aU gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r n{hë`m§Xm RHS H$S>o 7 njm§Va H$am.

O
N

à`ËZ H$am : y
= 3 + 7 = 10.
(i) Vwåhr EH$m g§»`obm 6 Zo 4
JwUm Am{U Ë`m JwUmH$mamVyZ Z§Va Amåhr g_rH$aUmÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOybm 4 Zo JwUy Amnë`mbm {_iVo.
y
5 dOm Ho$ë`mg Vwåhmbm 7 × 4 = 10 × 4 qH$dm y = 40 (nm{hOo Agbobr g§»`m).
4
{_iVmV Vwåhr gm§Jy eH$mb Vr y Mr qH$_V g_rH$aUmV R>oD$Z. V`ma Ho$bobo g_rH$aU Vnmgm
g§»`m H$moUVr Amho? 40
1 LHS = – 7 = 10 – 7 = 3 = RHS nm{hOo Agbobo.
(ii) EH$m g§ » `o À `m _Ü`o 4
3
5 {_i{dë`mg 8 {_iVmV
Va Vr g§»`m H$moUVr Agob?

83
CXmhaU 10 : amOyÀ`m d{S>bm§Mo d` ho amOyÀ`m d`mÀ`m VrZnQ>rnojm 5 dfm©Zo OmñV Amho. Oa Ë`mMo dS>rb
44 dfmªMo AgVrb Va amOyMo d` emoYm.
CH$b
 CXmhaU 3 _Ü`o {Xë`mà_mUo, g_rH$aU amOyMo d` Xe©{dVo.
3y + 5 = 44
 Vo gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r Amåhr n{hë`m§Xm 5 njm§Va Ho$ë`mg {_iVmV,
3y = 44 – 5 = 39

3 Zo XmoÝhr ~mOybm ^mJyZ Amnë`mbm {_iVmV y = 13
åhUOoM amOyMo d` Amho 13 df© (Vwåhr CËVa Vnmgy eH$Vm)

ED
à`ËZ H$am ::

H
`oWo Am§ã`mÀ`m XmoZ àH$maÀ`m noQ>çm AmhoV. _moR>çm AmH$mamÀ`m noQ>rV bhmZ noQ>r gma»`m

IS
8 noQ>çm d A{YH$ 4 Am§~o AmhoV . àË`oH$ _moR>çm noQ>rV 100 Am§~o AmhoV. Va bhmZ
BL
EP S
R TB

noQ>rV Agboë`m Am§ã`m§Mr g§»`m emoYm ?

U
BE @K

ñdmÜ`m` 4.3
1. Imbrb KQ>ZoV g_rH$aU V`ma H$am Am{U _mhrV Zgbobr g§»`m emoYÊ`mgmR>r
TO

Vo gmoS>dm.
T
O

(a) EH$m g§»`oÀ`m AmR> nQ>r_Ü`o 4 {_i{dë`mg Vwåhmbm 60 {_iVmV.

N

1
(b) EH$m g§»`oÀ`m _YyZ 4 dOm Ho$ë`mg 3 {_iVmV.
5
3
(c) _r EH$m g§»`oMr na KoVbr, Am{U Ë`mV 3 {_i{dVo, _bm {_iVmV 21..
4
(d) Ooìhm EH$m g§»`oÀ`m XþßnQ>rVyZ 11 dOm Ho$ë`mg CËVa 15 `oVo.

(e) _wÝZmZo 50 dhçm_YyZ 3 nQ> dhçm dOm Ho$ë`m. Ë`mbm CÎma 8 {_imbo.

(f) B~oZhmbZo EH$ g§»`m _ZmV Yabr. Oa Ë`mV 19 {_i{dbo Am{U Amboë`m
~oaOobm 5 Zo ^mJbo Va {Vbm 8 {_iVmV.
(g) AÝdaZo EH$ g§»`m _ZmV Yabr. Ë`m g§»`oÀ`m 5/2 _YyZ 7 ~mOybm KoVbo
(dOm Ho$bo) Va CÎma 23 `oVo.
84
 2. gmoS>dm :
(a) {e{jH$m {dÚmÏ`m©Zm gm§JV hmoVr, EH$m {dÚmÏ`m©Mo gdm©V OmñV JwU ho dJm©V
H$_r JwU {_imboë`m {dÚmÏ`m©À`m JwUm§À`m XþßnQ>r_Ü`o 7 {_i{dë`mg VodT>o
JwU Ë`m {dÚmÏ`m©bm {_imbo AmhoV. OmñV JwU 87 AmhoV. Va gdm©V H$_r JwU
{H$Vr AmhoV?
(b) EH$m g_{Û^wO {ÌH$moUmV nm`mH$S>rb H$moZ g_mZ AmhoV. {eamoq~Xÿdarb H$moZ 40°
Amho. Va {ÌH$moUmMm nm`mH$S>rb H$moZ {H$Vr Agob? (bjmV R>odm {ÌH$moUmÀ`m
VrZ H$moZm§Mr ~oarO 180° AgVo.).
(c) amhþbZo H$mT>boë`m Ymdmnojm XþßnQ> Ymdm g{MZZo H$mT>ë`m. XmoKm§À`m {_iyZ
{ÛeVH$mgmR>r XmoZ Ymdm H$_r nS>ë`m. Va àË`oH$mZo {H$Vr Ymdm H$mT>ë`m?

ED
3. gmoS>dm.
(i) Ba\$mZ åhUmbm, na_rVH$S>o Agboë`m JmoQ>çm§À`m 5 nQ>rnojm AmUIr 7 JmoQ>çm

H
IS
_mÂ`mH$S>o AmhoV. Ba\$mZH$S>o EHy$U 37 JmoQ>çm AmhoV Va na_rVH$S>o {H$Vr JmoQ>çm
BL
EP S
AmhoV?
R TB
U
(ii) bú_rMo dS>rb 49 dfm©Mo AmhoV. Vo bú_rÀ`m d`mÀ`m VrZnQ>rnojm 4 dfm©Zo
BE @K

_moR>o AmhoV. Va bú_rMo d` H$m`?

(iii) gw§XaJ«m__Yrb bmoH$m§Zr ~mJoV PmS>o bmdbr. H$mhr PmS>o \$im§Mr hmoVr. \$io Z
`oUmè`m PmS>m§Mr g§»`m hr \$io `oUmè`m PmS>m§À`m g§»`oÀ`m {VnÅ>rnojm 2 Zo
OmñV AmhoV. Oa \$io Z `oUmar PmS>o 77 AgVrb Va {H$Vr PmS>o \$io XoUmar
TO

bmdbr?
T

4. Imbrb H$moS>o gmoS>dm :

O

_r Amho g§»`m
N

_mPr AmoiI gm§Jm !

_bm 7 nQ>rV ¿`m
Am{U Ë`mV nÝZmg {_idm !
VrZ eVH$ nmohMm`bm
Vwåhm§bm nm{hOo Mmirg !
Va _bm AmoiIm!
Amåhr H$m` MMm© Ho$br?
1. g_rH$aU ho MbnXmdarb AQ> Amho. åhUOoM MbnX Agobë`m XmoZ ametMr g_mZ qH$_V AgVo.
2. MbnXmÀ`m Á`m qH$_Vrbm g_rH$aUmMr nyV©Vm hmoVo Ë`mbm g_rH$aUmMr CH$b Ago åhUVmV.

85
 3. Oa LHS Am{U RHS `m§Mr AmXbm~Xb Ho$br Var g_rH$aU g_mZ amhVo.
4. g§Vw{bV g_rH$aUmV Oa Amåhr -
(i) XmoÝhr ~mOybm g_mZ g§»`m {_i{dbr,
(ii) XmoÝhr ~mOy_YyZ g_mZ g§»`m dOm Ho$br,
(iii) XmoÝhr ~mOybm g_mZ g§»`oZo JwUbo, qH$dm
(iv) XmoÝhr ~mOybm g_mZ g§»`oZo ^mJbo Va g_mZVm ~XbV Zmhr. åhUOoM, LHS Mr qH$_V hr RHS
À`m qH$_Vrer g_mZ amhVo.
5. darb JwUY_© hm g_rH$aU gmoS>{dÊ`mMr `mo½` nÜXV Amho. Amåhr g_rH$aUmÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOybm H«$_mZo
~¡{OH$ {H«$`m bmJy Ho$ë`mg EH$m ~mOybm Amnë`mbm MbnXo {_iVmV. eodQ>Mr nm`ar Amho g_rH$aUmMr

ED
CH$b.

H
6. njm§ V a åhUOo M Xþ g è`m ~mOy b m nmR>{dUo . g§ » `m§ M o njm§ V a `mMm g_mZ n[aUm_ åhUOo

IS
g_rH$aUmè`m XmoÝhr ~mOybm g_mZ g§»`m ~oarO (qH$dm g_mZ g§»`m dOm H$aUo) H$aUo hmo`. Ooìhm
BL
EP S

AmnU EH$ g§»`m g_rH$aUmÀ`m EH$m ~mOyH$Sy>Z Xþgè`m ~mOyH$S>o KoVmo Voìhm Ë`m g§»`oMo {MÝh
R TB
U
~Xbm. CXmhaUmW© g_rH$aU x + 3 = 8 _Ü`o LHS H$Sy>Z +3 RHS H$S>o njm§Va Ho$ë`mg
BE @K

x = 8 – 3 = 5. {_iVmV. Amåhr g§»`m§Mo Ogo njm§Va H$aVmo Ë`mMà_mUo ametMo gwÜXm njm§Va H$ê$ eH$Vmo.
7. ì`dhm[aH$ àg§JmZwgma Amåhr gmÜ`m ~¡OrH$ amer H$em ~Z{dVmV Vo {eH$bmo.
8. Amåhr ho gwÜXm {eH$bmo AmhmoV H$s, `mo½` V§Ì dmnê$Z XmoÝhr ~mOybm g_mZ ~¡{OH$ {H«$`m (CXmhaUmW©,
TO

g_mZ g§»`m ~oarO H$ê$Z) dmnê$Z Amåhr gwédmVrbmM CH$b dmnê$Z g_rH$aU V`ma H$ê$ eH$Vmo. nwT>o,
Amåhr ho hr {eH$bmo AmhmoV H$s, {Xbobo g_rH$aU ho `mo½` ì`dhm[aH$ àg§Jmer g§~§YrV Ho$bo OmVo Am{U
T
O

ì`dhm[aH$ eãX KoD$Z CXmhaU/H$moS>o g_rH$aUmnmgyZ ~Zdy eH$Vmo.

N

86
 àH$aU- 5

aofm Am{U H$moZ

(Lines and Angles)

5.1 n[aM` :

ED
{Xboë`m aMZo_Ü`o aofm, aofmI§S> Am{U H$moZ H$go AmoiImdoV ho Vwåhr AmYrnmgyZ OmUVm. Imbr {Xboë`m AmH¥$Vr

H
IS
_Yrb (Am. 5.1) V`ma Pmbobo aofmI§S> Am{U H$moZ Vwåhr AmoiIy eH$mb H$m?
BL
EP S
R TB
U
BE @K
TO

AmH¥$Vr 5.1
T

`mV V`ma Pmbobo H$moZ ho bKwH$moZ AWdm {dembH$moZ AWdm H$mQ>H$moZ AmhoV ho AmoiIy eH$mb H$m?
O
N

aofmI§S>mbm XmoZ A§Ë` q~Xÿ AgVmV ho AmR>dV Agob. ho XmoÝhr A§Ë`q~Xÿ A_`m©XnUo XmoÝhr ~mOyZm§
dmT>{dë`mZ§Va Amnë`mbm aofm {_iVo. `mdê$Z Amåhr gm§Jy eH$Vmo H$s aofm§Zm A§Ë`q~Xÿ ZgVmV. Ë`mM à_mUo
Vwåhmbm ho XoIrb AmR>dV Agob H$s {H$aUmbm EH$M A§Ë`q~Xÿ (Omo àma§^ q~Xÿ åhQ>bm OmVmo) AgVmo. CXmhaUmW©
Imbr {Xboë`m AmH¥$Ë`m nhm.

AmH¥$Vr 5.2

87
 `oWo AmH¥$Vr 5.2 (i) aofmI§S> Xe©{dVo. AmH¥$Vr 5.2 (ii) aofm Am{U AmH¥$Vr 5.2 (iii) {H$aU Xe©{dVo.
 
PQ aofmI§S> gm_mÝ`nUo PQ {MÝhmZo Xe©{dbm OmVo. AB aofm AB {MÝhmZo Am{U {H$aU OP ho OP
{MÝhmZo Xe©{dbo OmVo. X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV AmT>iUmar aofmI§S>mMr H$mhr CXmhaUo Úm Am{U Ë`m~Ôb Vw_À`m {_Ì/
_¡{ÌUrer MMm© H$am.
AmVm ho XoIrb AmR>dm H$s Ooìhm aofm AWdm aofmI§S> EH$_oH$m§Zm {_iVmV, Voìhm H$moZ V`ma hmoVmo.
AmH¥$Vr 5.1 _Ü`o H$monè`m§Mo {ZarjU H$am. XmoZ aofm AWdm XmoZ aofmI§S> EH$_oH$mbm EH$m q~XÿV N>oXë`mZo H$monao
V`ma Pmbo AmhoV. CXmhaUmW©, Imbrb AmH¥$Ë`m nhm.

ED
H
IS
BL
AmH¥$Vr 5.3
EP S
R TB
U
AmH¥${V 5.3 (i) _Ü`o aoImI§S> AB Am{U BC ho
BE @K

B q~Xÿ_Ü`o N>oXÿZ ABC H$moZ V`ma hmoVmo, Ë`mMà_mUo aofmI§S>

BC Am{U AC ho C q~Xÿ_Ü`o N>oXÿZ H$moZ ACB V`ma hmoVmo.
Ë`mMà_mUo AmH¥$Vr 5.3 (ii) _Ü`o PQ Am{U RS `m aofm O
q~XÿV N>oXÿZ POS, SOQ, QOR Am{U ROP ho Mma H$moZ
TO

à`ËZ H$am : V`ma hmoVmV. H$moZ ABC hm ∠ABC Agm {MÝhm§V Xe©{dbm
T

Vw_À`m AmOy~mOybm AmT>iUmè`m Xhm OmVmo. øm à_mUo AmH¥$Vr 5.3(i) _Ü`o ∠ABC, ∠BCA
O

Am{U ∠BAC ho VrZ H$moZ V`ma Pmbo AmhoV Am{U AmH¥$Vr.

N

AmH¥$Ë`m§Mr `mXr H$am Am{U Ë`mV Agbobo

bKw, {demb Am{U H$mQ>H$moZ AmoiIm. 5.3 (ii) _Ü`o Mma H$moZ V`ma Pmbo AmhoV. Vo åhUOo
∠POS, ∠SOQ, ∠QOR , ∠POR . Vwåhr H$moZm§Mo bKw,
{demb AWdm H$mQ>H$moZ Ago dJuH$aU H$aÊ`mg `m AmYr {eH$bm
AmhmV.
gyMZm : H$moZ ABC À`m _mnZmMm CëboI H$aVm§Zm \$ŠV ∠ABC Z {b{hVm m∠ABC Ago {bhmdo. `m
CëboIm_wio ho ñnîQ> hmoVo H$s AmnU \$ŠV H$moZm§Mm CëboI H$aV AmhmoV H$s Ë`mÀ`m _mnZmMm.
5.2 g§~§{YV H$moZ.
5.2.1 H$moQ>rH$moZ (complementary angles)
Ooìhm XmoZ H$moZm§À`m _mnZm§Mr ~oarO 90° AgVo, Voìhm Ë`m H$moZm§Zm H$moQ>rH$moZ åhUVmV.
88
 (ho XmoÝhr H$moZ H$moQ>rH$moZ AmhoV H$m? hmo`. ho XmoÝhr H$moZ H$moQ>rH$moZ AmhoV H$m? ZmhrV.
AmH¥$Vr 5.4
Ooìhm§ XmoZ H$moZ H$moQ>rH$moZ AgVmV Ë`mdoir Ë`mVrb àË`oH$ H$moZ hm Xþgè`m H$moZmMm nyaH$ Amho Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.

ED
darb AmH¥$VrV (Am. 5.4) 30° Mm H$moZ hm 60° À`m H$moZmMm nyaH$ Amho AWdm 60° Mm H$moZ 30° À`m
H$moZmMm nyaH$ Amho.

H
IS
{dMma H$am, MMm© H$am Am{U {bhm BL
EP S

1. XmoZ bKwH$moZ ho EH$_oH$m§Mo nyaH$ AgVrb H$m ?

R TB
U
2. XmoZ {dembH$moZ EH$_oH$m§Mo nyaH$ AgVrb H$m ?
BE @K

3. XmoZ H$mQ>H$moZ EH$_oH$m§Mo nyaH$ AgVrb H$m ?

à`ËZ H$am :
TO

1. Imbrb H$moZmn¡H$s H$moUVr OmoS>r H$moQ>rH$moZm§Mr Amho ? (AmH¥$Vr 5.5)

T
O
N

AmH¥$Vr 5.5

89
 2. Imbrb {Xboë`m H$moZm§Mm nyaH$ {H$Vr A§emMm Agob ?
(i) 45O    (ii) 65O   (iii) 41O   (iv) 54O
3. H$moQ>rH$moZmÀ`m XmoZ H$moZm_Yrb \$aH$ 12O Mm Amho Va Ë`m H$moZm§Mo _mnZ H$mT>m.

5.2.2 nyaH$ H$moZ (supplementary angles)

Imbr {Xboë`m H$moZm§À`m OmoS>`m nhm. (AmH¥$Vr 5.6)

ED
H
IS
BL
EP S
R TB
U
BE @K
TO
T
O
N

AmH¥$Vr 5.6
Vwåhr bj {XbmV H$m darb àË`oH$ H$moZm§À`m OmoS>rVrb H$moZm§Mr ~oarO 180O `oVo? Aem H$moZm§À`m OmoS>rbm
nyaH$H$moZ åhUVmV. Ooìhm§ XmoZ H$moZ nyaH$H$moZ AgVmV Voìhm Ë`mVrb àË`oH$ H$moZmbm EH$_oH$mMo g§nyaH$ åhUVmV.
{dMma H$am, MMm© H$am Am{U {bhm
1. XmoZ {dembH$moZ g§nyaH$ Agy eH$Vrb H$m?
2. XmoZ bKwH$moZ g§nyaH$ Agy eH$Vrb H$m??
3. XmoZ H$mQ>H$moZ g§nyaH$ Agy eH$Vrb H$m?

90
à`ËZ H$am :
1. OmoS>çm AmoiIm.

ED
H
IS
BL
EP S
R TB
U
BE @K

AmH¥$Vr 5.7
2. Imbr {Xboë`m H$moZm§Mo nyaH$ H$moZ {bhm.
(i) 100O    (ii) 90O   (iii) 55O   (iv) 125O

3. nyaH$ H$moZmÀ`m OmoS>rVrb _moR>m H$moZ bhmZ H$moZmnojm 44O Zo OmñV Amho, Va Ë`m H$moZm§Mr _mnZo H$mT>m.
TO
T

ñdmÜ`m` 5.1
O
N

1. Imbrb àË`oH$ H$moZmMm H$moQ>rH$moZ H$mT>m.

(i) (ii) (iii)

2. Imbrb àË`oH$ H$moZmMm nyaH$ H$moZ H$mT>m.

(i) (ii) (iii)

91
 3. Imbr {Xboë`m H$moZm§À`m OmoS>çmn¡H$s H$moUVr OmoS>r H$moQ>rH$moZ Xe©{dVo Am{U H$moUVr OmoS>r nyaH$H$moZ Xe©{dVo.
(i) 650, 1150 (ii) 630, 270 (iii) 1120, 680
(iv) 1300, 500 (v) 450, 450 (vi) 800, 100
4. H$moQ>rH$moZmMm g_mZ Xþgam H$moQ>rH$moZ emoYm.
5. nyaH$H$moZmMm g_mZ Xþgam nyaH$H$moZ H$mT>m.
1 2
6. {Xboë`m AmH¥$VrV 1 Am{U 2 ho nyaH$ H$moZ AmhoV.
Oa 1 Mo _mnZ H$_r Ho$bo Va 2 _Ü`o H$m` \$aH$ hmoB©b; åhUOo XmoÝhr H$moZ ho nyaH$H$moZM ahmVrb.

7. XmoZ H$moZ nyaH$ hmoD$ eH$Vrb H$m Oa Vo H$moZ, (i) bKwH$moZ AgVrb Va? (ii) {dembH$moZ AgVrb
Va? (iii) H$mQ>H$moZ AgVrb Va ?
8. EH$ H$moZ 45° nojm _moR>m Amho. Va Ë`mMm nyaH$ 450 nojm _moR>m

ED
AWdm 45° bm g_mZ AWdm 450 nojm bhmZ Agob H$m ?

H
9.[aH$må`m OmJm ^am.

IS
(i) Oa XmoZ H$moZ EH$_oH$mZm nyaH$ AgVrb Va Ë`m§À`m _mnZmMr ~oarO ____________AgVo.
BL
EP S

(ii) Oao XmoZ H$moZ g§nyaH$ AgVrb Va Ë`m§À`m _mnZmMr ~oarO ___________AgVo.
R TB
U

(iii) aofr` OmoS>r ~Z{dUmao H$moZ _____________ AgVmV.

BE @K

10. ~mOybm {Xboë`m AmH¥$VrVrb H$moZm§À`m OmoS>çm§Mr Zmdo Xe©dm. E

(i) {eamo{déÜX {demb H$moZ

(ii) g§b½Z H$moQ>rH$moZ. A
TO

D
(iii) g_mZ nyaH$H$moZ O
B
(iv) Ag_mZ nyaH$H$moZ C
T
O

(v) aofr` OmoS>`m Z ~ZUmao g§b½ZH$moZ.

N

5.3 aofm§À`m OmoS>çm

5.3.1 N>oXH$ aofm

AmH¥$Vr 5.8
92
 ñQ>±S>da R>odbobm \$im, aofmI§S>mnmgyZ ~Zbobo Aja Y Am{U {IS>H$sÀ`m XadmÁ`mbm ~g{dbobr
bmoI§S>r OmirMr Mm¡H$Q> (Am. 5.19) `m gdm©_Ü`o gm_mB©H$ H$m` Amho? hr gmar N>oXH$/N>oXZ aofoMr
CXmhaUo AmhoV. Ooìhm§ l Am{U m aofm§_Ü`o EH$ g_mB©H$ q~Xÿ Agob Voìhm Ë`m aofm EH$_oH$mbm N>oXboë`m
AgVmV. g_mB©H$ q~Xÿ `O’ hm N>oXZ q~Xÿ AgVmo.
{dMma H$am, MMm© H$am Am{U {bhm

AmH¥$Vr 5.20 _Ü`o AC Am{U BE ho ‘P’ q~XÿV N>oXVmV. AC Am{U

BC ho ‘C’ q~XÿV N>oXVmV, AC Am{U EC ho ‘C’ q~XÿV N>oXVmV.
aofmI§S>m N>oXUmè`m Xhm OmoS>çm emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$am.
XmoZ aofm AWdm XmoZ aofmI§S> EH$_oH$mbm N>oXUo Amdí`H$ Amho
H$m? AmH¥$Vr_Ü`o EH$_oH$mZm Z N>oXÊ`mè`m aofmI§S>mÀ`m XmoZ OmoS>çm Vwåhr

ED
AmH¥$Vr 5.9
emoYy eH$mb H$m?

H
XmoZ aofm EH$_oH$mZm EH$mnojm OmñV q~Xÿ_Ü`o N>oXÿ eH$Vrb H$m? `m~m~V {dMma H$am.

IS
BL
EP S
à`ËZ H$am :
R TB
U
1. Vw_À`m AmOy~mOyÀ`m n[agamVrb Aer CXmhaUo OmUyZ ¿`m Á`m_Ü`o aofm EH$_oH$mbm
BE @K

H$mQ>H$moZmV N>oXVmV.
2. EH$m g_^wO {ÌH$moUmÀ`m {eamoq~Xÿda N>oXë`m OmUmè`m aofmÛmao {Z_m©U Pmboë`m
H$moZm§Mr _mnZo OmUyZ ¿`m..
3. EH$ Am`V H$mT>m Am{U Ë`mÀ`m Mmahr {eamoq~Xÿda N>oXZaofo_wio ~Zboë`m H$moZm§Mr
TO

_mnZo H$mT>m.
T

4. Oa XmoZ aofm EH$_oH$mbm N>oXV AgVrb Va Ë`m Zoh_r H$mQ>H$moZmV N>oXVmV H$m?
O
N

5.3.2 N>o{XH$m
Vwåhr H$Xm{MV XmoZ AWdm A{YH$ añË`m§Zm nma H$ê$Z OmUmam EH$ añVm nm{hbm Agmb AWdm aoëdoMm EH$ _mJ©
Omo Xþgè`m aoëdo_mJmªZm nma H$ê$Z OmUmam AgVmo Vmo nm{hbm Agmb. ho Vwåhmbm N>o{XHo$Mr (transversal) H$ënZm
XoVmV. (Am. 5.21) nhm.

93
 ED
(i) (ii)

H
IS
AmH¥$Vr 5.10
BL
EP S

EH$ aofm Or XmoZ AWdm A{YH$ aofm§Zm doJdoJù`m q~XÿV N>oXVo Ë`m aofobm N>o{XH$m (transversal)
R TB
U
åhUVmV.
BE @K

AmH¥$Vr 5.22 _Ü`o p hr l Am{U m `m aofoMr N>o{XH$m Amho Vwåhr H$maU H$m` Vo gm§Jy eH$mb?.
TO
T
O
N

AmH¥$Vr 5.11 AmH¥$Vr 5.12

AmH¥$Vr 5.23 _Ü`o l Am{U m `m XmoÝhr aofm§Zm P aofm N>oXV Agob Var P hr N>o{XH$m Zmhr. Vwåhr
H$maU H$m` Vo gm§Jy eH$mb?
5.3.3 N>o{XHo$Zo ~ZUmao H$moZ
AmH¥$Vr 5.24 _Ü`o l Am{U m aofm P N>o{XHo$Zo N>oXë`m Joë`m AmhoV. Ë`mdarb 1 Vo 8 H$moZm§Zm {deof Zmdo
AmhoV.

94
 p
1 2 l
à`ËZ H$am :
3 4 1) g_Om XmoZ aofm {Xë`m AmhoV. `m aofmgmR>r Vwåhr
{H$Vr N>o{XH$m H$mT>mb?
5
6 2) VrZ aofm§gmR>r EH$ N>o{XH$m Amho Va N>oXZ q~Xÿ
7 8
m {H$Vr AgVrb?
3) Vw_À`m g^modVr AmT>iUmè`m N>o{XH$m AmoiIm.
AmH¥$Vr 5.13
Am§VaH$moZ 3, 4, 5, 6
~møH$moZ 1, 2, 7, 8

ED
g§JV H$moZm§À`m OmoS>çm 1 Am{U 5, 2 Am{U6

H
3 Am{U 7, 4 Am{U8

IS
Am§Va {déÜX H$moZm§À`m OmoS>çm BL 3 Am{U 6, 4 Am{U5
EP S
R TB

~mø[déÜX H$moZm§À`m OmoS>çm. 1 Am{U 8, 2 Am{U 7

U
BE @K

N>o{XHo$À`m EH$mM ~mOybm Agboë`m Am§Va H$moZmÀ`m OmoS>çm. 3 Am{U 5, 4 Am{U6
gyMZm : g§b½Z H$moZm_Ü`o (AmH¥$Vr 5.25 _Yrb 1 Am{U5 À`m Z_wÝ`mà_mUo).
(i) doJdoJio {eamoq~Xÿ AgVmV.
TO

(ii) N>o{XHo$À`m EH$mM ~mOybm AgVmV.

T

(iii) XmoZ aofm§Zm g§~§YrV g§b½Z AgVmV. (da AWdm Imbr, COdrH$S>o AWdm S>mdrH$S>o)
O
N

AmH¥$Vr 5.14

95
Am§Va{déÜX H$moZ (AmH¥$Vr 5.26 _Yrb 3 Am{U
6 gmaIo).
(i) Ë`m§Mo {eamoq~Xÿ doJdoJio AgVmV.
(ii) N>o{XHo$À`m {déÜX ~mOybm AgVmV.
(iii) XmoZ aofm§À`m _Ü`o AgVmV.
AmH¥$Vr 5.15
à`ËZ H$am :
àË`oH$ AmH¥$VrVrb H$moZm§À`m OmoS>çm§Mr Zmdo {bhm.

ED
H
IS
BL
EP S
R TB
U
BE @K
TO
T
O

5.3.4 g_m§Vaaofm§Mr N>o{XH$m (Transversal of Parallel Lines)

N

g_m§Va aofm åhUOo H$m` Vw_À`m Ü`mZmV Amho Zm? g_Vbmdarb Aem aofm Á`m H$moR>oM {_iV ZmhrV AWdm
aofm§Mm g_wh Omo EH$_oH$m§Zm N>oXV Zmhr. Imbr {Xboë`m AmH¥$VrVrb (Am. 5.27) g_m§Va aofm AmoiIy eH$mb H$m?

AmH¥$Vr 5.16

96
 g_m§Va aofm§À`m N>o{XH$m H$m§hr _Zmoa§OH$ n[aUm_ {Z_m©U H$aVmV.
ho H$am
EH$ aofm Agbobm H$mJX ¿`m. Ë`mda (JS>X a§JmV) l Am{U m `m XmoZ g_m§Va aofm H$mT>m.
l Am{U m `m g_m§Va aofm§Zm N>oXUmar t hr N>oXrH$m H$mT>m. Ë`mda [Am.5.28 (i)] _Ü`o
Xe©{dë`mà_mUo 1 Am{U 2 {bhm. Ë`m AmH¥$Vrda nmaXe©H$ H$mJX R>odm Am{U
l, m Am{U t aofm {Jadm. Am{U à{VAmH¥$Vr ~Zdm. nmaXe©H$ H$mJX t ~mOyZo l hr aofm
m er Owio n`ªV gaH$dm. Vwåhmbm Ago AmT>iob H$s {Ja{dbobm 1 hm _yi Am-
H¥$Vr_Yrb2 er nyU©nUo OwiVmo. Imbr Xe©{dboë`m AmH¥$Ë`m H$moZ H$mTy>Z Owiboë`m
AmH¥$Ë`m§Mo n[aUm_ Xe©{dVmV.
(i) 1 = 2 (ii) 3 = 4 (iii) 5 = 6 (iv) 7 = 8

ED
H
IS
BL
EP S
R TB
U
(i) (ii)
BE @K
TO

(iv)
(iii)
T

AmH¥$Vr 5.17
O
N

`m H¥$VrVyZ Amåhmbm KQ>Zm ñnîQ> hmoVo.

XmoZ g_m§Va aofm EH$m N>oXrHo$Zo N>oXë`m AgVm g§JV H$moZm§À`m àË`oH$ OmoS>rMo _mnZ g_mZ AgVo.
`m {Z`_mMm dmna H$ê$Z AmUIr EH$ _hËdmMm Mm n[aUm_ nmhÿ. Am. 5.29 nhm. Ooìhm§ l Am{U m aofm§Zm
t aofm N>oXVo Voìhm AmnUmbm 3 =7 ho {eamo{déÜX H$moZ {_iVmV. na§Vy 7 =8 (g§JV H$moZ) åhUyZ
3 =8.
`mM à_mUo Vwåhr 1 =6 ho XmIdy eH$Vm. `mVyZ Amnë`mbm Imbrb {ZîH$f© {_iVmo.
XmoZ g_m§Va aofm§Zm EH$ N>o{XHo$Zo N>oXbo AgVm Am§Va{déÕ H$moZm§Mr àË`oH$ OmoS>r g_mZ AgVo.

97
 `m Xþgè`m n[aUm_mVyZ AmUIr EH$ _hËdmMm JwUY_© {_iVmo
AmH¥$Vr 5.29 nhm.

3 + 1 = 180° (3 Am{U 1 aofr` OmoS>r ~ZVo)

na§Vy 1 = 6 (Am§Va{déÜX H$moZm§Mr OmoS>r).

åhUyZ AmnU åhUy eH$Vmo 3 + 6 = 180°

Ë`mMà_mUo 1 + 8 = 180° `mdê$Z AmnUmbm Imbrb

{ZîH$f© {_iVmo.
AmH¥$Vr 5.18

ED
Oa XmoZ g_m§Va aofm EH$m N>o{XHo$Zo N>oXë`m Joë`m Va N>o{XHo$À`m EH$mM ~mOybm `oUmar Am§VaH$moZm§Mr Omo‹S>r nyaH$
AgVo.

H
IS
Vwåhr Imbr Xe©{dboë`m g§~§YrV aMZm nm{hë`mg darb {ZîH$f© ghOnUo bjmV R>ody eH$mb.
BL
EP S

F - AmH$ma Vwåhmbm g§JV H$moZ Xe©{dVmo.

R TB
U
BE @K
TO
T
O
N

Z - AmH$ma N>oXZ {déÜX AWdm ì`wËH«$_ H$moZ Xe©{dVmo.

98
 ho H$am :
g_m§Va aofm§Mr EH$ OmoS>r H$mTy>Z Ë`mbm EH$ N>o{XH$m H$mT>m. àË`oH$ H$moZ _moOyZ darb {ZîH$fmªMm nS>Vmim
nhm.

à`ËZ H$am :

ED
Ë`m XmoZ aofm

H
aofm l m, l1 ,l2
aofm a b, c hr N>o{XH$m
IS
t hr N>o{XH$m Amho
Amho ∠y = ? Va
BL t hr N>o{XH$m Amho
EP S

∠x = ? ∠1 = ∠2 ?
R TB
U
BE @K
TO

aofm m, t hr N>o{XH$m Amho aofm l m, p q;

T

∠z = ? aofm l m, t hr N>o{XH$m a,b,c,d Mr qH$_V H$mT>m.

O
N

Amho, ∠x = ?

5.4 g_m§Va aofm§Mr nS>VmiUr:

Oa XmoZ aofm g_m§Va AgVrb Voìhm§ N>o{XHo$_wio g_mZ g§JVH$moZm§À`m
OmoS>çm, g_mZ Am§Va{déÜX {déÜX H$moZmÀ`m OmoS>çm ~ZVmV Am{U
N>o{XHo$À`m EH$mM ~mOybm Agbobo Am§VaH$moZ nyaH$ AgVmV ho Vwåhmbm
_mhrV Amho.
Oa XmoZ aofm {Xë`m AgVrb Va Ë`m g_m§Va AmhoV H$s ZmhrV ho
nS>VmiÊ`m-gmR>r H$moUVr nÕV Amho H$m? `mgmR>t X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmVrb
H$mhr àg§Jm§Mo kmZ AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. AmH¥$Vr 5.19
99
AmaoIZ H$aUmao (ZH$mem H$mT>Umao) gaiaofm H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r Zoh_r H$mQ>H$moZr
nÅ>r Am{U gaiH$S>m (gai _moOnÅ>r) (AmH¥$Vr 5.30) `m§Mm dmna
H$aVmV. Vo gm§JVmV H$s aofm g_m§Va AmhoV. Vo H$go? Vwåhmbm {XgyZ `oVo
H$m Ë`mda g§JV H$moZ g_mZ R>odbo AmhoV? (`mV N>o{XH$m H$moUVr?)
Ooìhm EH$ N>o{XH$m XmoZ aofm§Zm N>oXVo Am{U Ë`mV g§JV H$moZm§Mr
OmoS>r g_mZ AgVo Voìhm Ë`m aofm g_m§Va AgVmV. AmH¥$Vr 5.20
AmVm Z AjamH$S>o (AmH¥$Vr 5.31) nhm. {jVrO g_m§Va aofm g_m§Va
AmhoV H$maU N>oXZ {déÜX (ì`wËH«$_) H$moZ g_mZ AmhoV.
Ooìhm EH$ N>o{XH$m XmoZ aofm§Zm N>oXVo Am{U Ë`mVrb Am§Va{déÜX
H$moZm§Mr (ì`wH«$_ H$moZm§Mr) OmoS>r g_mZ AgVo Voìhm aofm g_m§Va

ED
AgVmV.

H
l hr EH$ aofm H$mT>m.

IS
(Am. 5.32)
BL
EP S

l bm b§~ AgUmar m aofm H$mT>m. p hr AmUIr EH$ aofm H$mT>m

R TB
U
Or m aofobm b§~ Agob. Vwåhmbm AmT>iVo H$s P l Vo H$go? `mMo
BE @K

H$maU P ho Ago H$mT>bo Amho H$s 1 + 2 = 180° AmH¥$Vr 5.21

`mdê$Z, EH$ N>o{XH$m XmoZ aofm§Zm N>oXbr AgVm N>o{XHo$À`m
EH$mM ~mOybm `oUmè`m Am§VaH$moZm§Mr OmoS>r nyaH$ Agob Va Ë`m
TO

aofm g_m§Va AgVmV.

T
O

à`ËZ H$am:
N

l m Amho H$m? H$maU? l m Amho H$m? H$maU? Oa l m Va ∠x Mr qH$_V.?

100
 ñdmÜ`m` 5.2
1. Imbrb {dYmZmV dmnabobm JwUY_© {bhm.

(i) Oa a b Voìhm§ 1 = 5

(ii) Oa 4 = 6 Voìhm§ a b

(iii) Oa 4 + 5 = 1800 Voìhm§ a b.

2. ~mOyÀ`m AmH¥$Vr_Yrb {Xbobo H$moZ AmoiIm.

(i) g§JV H$moZm§À`m OmoS>çm.

ED
(ii) Am§Va{déÜX H$moZm§À`m OmoS>çm.

H
IS
(iii) N>o{XHo$À`m EH$mM ~mOybm `oUmè`m Am§-
BL
EP S
VaH$moZm§À`m OmoS>çm.
R TB
U
(iv) {eamo{déÜX H$moZ.
BE @K

3. ~mOyÀ`m AmH¥$VrV p q Amho Ë`mVrb BVa H$moZm§Mr

qH$_V H$mT>m.

4. Imbrb AmH¥$VrV Oa l m Amh.o Va àË`oH$mVrb x

TO

Mr qH$_V H$mT>m.
T

t
O

1100
N

x m

(i) (ii)

5. {Xboë`m AmH¥$VrÀ`m XmoZ ~mOy g_m§Va AmhoV. Oa

ABC = 700 Amho Va.

(i) DGC  (ii) DEF H$mT>m.

101
 6. Imbr {Xboë`m AmH¥$VrV l hr aofm m bm g_m§Va Amho H$m ho {ZpûMV H$am.

(i) (ii) (iii)

(iv)

Amåhr H$m` MMm© Ho$br?.

1. AmnU AmR>dy

ED
(i) aofmI§S>mbm XmoZ A§Ë`q~Xÿ AgVmV.

H
(ii) {H$aUmbm EH$M A§Ë`q~Xÿ AgVmo.

IS
(iii) aofobm H$moUË`mhr ~mOybm A§Ë`q~Xÿ AgV Zmhr.
BL
EP S
R TB

2. Ooìhm l Am{U m XmoZ aofm {_iVmV, Amåhr Ë`mbm N>oXVmV åhUVmo. Ë`m {_iUmè`m q~Xÿbm N>oXZ q~Xÿ
U
BE @K

åhUVmV.
EH$mÚm H$mJXmda AmnU H$mT>boë`m aofm {H$Vrhr dmT>{dë`m Var EH$_oH$sZm {_iV ZgVrb Va Aem aofm§Zm
g_m§Va aofm åhUVmV.
TO
T
O
N

102
 àH$aU- 6

{ÌH$moU Am{U Ë`mMo JwUY_©

(The Triangle and its Properties)

ED
6.1 n[aM` :

H
Vwåhr nm{hë`mà_mUo {ÌH$moU hr VrZ aofmI§S>mnmgyZ ~Zbobr EH$ ~§XrñW

IS
Agbbr gmYr AmH¥$Vr Amho. {Vbm VrZ {eamoq~Xÿ, VrZ ~mOy Am{U VrZ
BL
EP S

H$moZ AgVmV. `oWo DABC (AmH¥$Vr 6.1) _Ü`o,

R TB
U
~mOy : AB, BC, CA
BE @K

H$moZ : BAC, ABC, BCA.

{eamoq~Xÿ : A, B, C. AmH¥$Vr 6.1

{eamoq~Xÿ A Mr {déÜX ~mOy BC Amho. AB ~mOyÀ`m {déÜX Agboë`m H$moZmMo Zmd gm§Jy eH$mb H$m?
TO

{ÌH$moUm§Mo dJuH$aU (i) ~mOy (ii) H$moZ `m§À`m AmYmao H$go H$amdo ho Vwåhmbm _mhrV Amho.
T

(i) ~mOw§À`m AmYmamda : {df_^wO {ÌH$moU, g_{Û^wO {ÌH$moU, Am{U g_^wO {ÌH$moU.
O
N

(ii) H$moZm§À`m AmYmamda : bKwH$moZ {ÌH$moU, {dembH$moZ {ÌH$moU Am{U H$mQ>H$moZ {ÌH$moU.
H$mJX H$mnyZ {ÌH$moUm§Mo Z_wZo V`ma H$am. Vwåhr Ho$boë`m {ÌH$moUm§Mr d {_Ìm§À`m {ÌH$moUm§Mr VwbZm H$am Am{U
Ë`mda MMm© H$am.
à`ËZ H$am :
1. ∆ ABC Mo ghm KQ>H$ {bhm. (3 ~mOy Am{U 3 H$moZ).
2. AmH¥$Vr 6.2 dê$Z {bhm.
(i) ∆ PQR _Yrb {eamoq~Xÿ Q Mr {déÕ ~mOy.
(ii) ∆ LMN _Yrb LM ~mOyMm {déÜX H$moZ.
(iii) ∆ RST _Yrb RT ~mOyMm {déÜX {eamoq~Xÿ.

103
 3. AmH¥$Vr 6.2 nhm Am{U àË`oH$mMo dJuH$aU H$am.
(a) ~mOydê$Z
(b) H$moZmdê$Z

P L

cm
8cm 7cm

10
M N
Q 7cm
6cm R
(iii)
(ii)

ED
H
IS
BL
EP S
R TB
U
BE @K

AmH¥$Vr 6.2
AmVm AmnU {ÌH$moUm~m~V AmUIr OmñV _m{hVr emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$ê$.
6.2 {ÌH$moUmMr _Ü`Jm
TO

EH$ aofmI§S> {Xbm Amho, Voìhm H$mJXmMr K‹S>r KmbyZ Ë`m aofoMm b§~Xþ^mOH$ H$gm H$mT>mdm ho Vwåhmbm _mhrV Amho.
EH$ H$mJX KoD$Z Ë`mnmgyZ {ÌH$moU ABC H$mnm (AmH¥$Vr 6.3). Ë`mVrb BC ~mOy {dMmamV ¿`m. {ÌH$moUmÀ`m
T
O

BC aofoda KS>r KmbyZ Ë`mMm b§~Xþ^mOH$ H$mT>m. BC darb b§~ Xþ^mOH$mMr KS>r D q~XÿV {_iVo. hm aofoMm
N

_Ü`q~Xÿ. AmVm AD OmoS>m.

A A

B C
D B C
D

AmH¥$Vr 6.3
{ÌH$moUmÀ`m BC ~mOyÀ`m {déÜX Agbobm A {eamoq~Xÿ d BC Mm _Ü` Agbobm D q~Xÿ `m§Zm OmoS>Umè`m
AD aofmI§S>mbm {ÌH$moUmMr _Ü`Jm åhUVmV.

104
 AmVm AB Am{U CA ~mOy {dMmamV KoD$Z {ÌH$moUmÀ`m BVa XmoZ _Ü`Jm H$mT>m.
_Ü`Jm hr {ÌH$moUmMm {eamoq~Xÿ Am{U Ë`mÀ`m {déÜX Agboë`m ~mOyMm _Ü` `m§Zm OmoS>Vo.
{dMma H$am, MMm© H$am Am{U {bhm
1. {ÌH$moUmbm {H$Vr _Ü`Jm AgVmV ?
2. {ÌH$moUmMr _Ü`Jm {ÌH$moUmÀ`m A§Va^mJmVM AgVo H$m? (Oa Vwåhmbm dmQ>Vo H$s ho
Iao Zmhr Va AmH¥$VrZo Xe©dm.) .
6.3 {ÌH$moUmMm {eamob§~
H$mS>©~moS>©À`m ghmæ`mZo {ÌH$moU ABC ~Zdm. Vmo EH$m Q>o~bda C^m A

R>odm. {ÌH$moU {H$Vr C§M Amho? {eamoq~Xÿ A nmgyZ BC nm`mn`ªVMo

ED
A§Va hr C§Mr hmo` (AmH¥$Vr 6.4). B C

H
A nmgyZ BC da AZoH$ aofmI§S> H$mT>Vm `oVmV (AmH¥$Vr 6.5 nhm).

IS
Ë`mVrb H$moUVm aofmI§S> C§Mr Xe©{dVmo? BL
EP S

AmH¥$Vr 6.4
R TB

A {eamoq~XÿnmgyZ àma§^ hmoD$Z BC aofoda `oUmam gaiaofmI§S> BC

U
A
BE @K

bm b§~ AgVmo Ë`mZo C§Mr {_iVo. AL hm aofmI§S> hm {ÌH$moUmMm

{eamob§~ Amho. {eamob§~mMm EH$ A§Ë`q~Xÿ {ÌH$moUmÀ`m {eamoq~XÿV
AgVmo Va Xþgam Ë`mÀ`m {déÜX ~mOyÀ`m aofoda. àË`oH$ {eamoq~XÿnmgyZ B L C
{eamob§~ H$mTy> eH$Vmo. AmH¥$Vr 6.5
TO

{dMma H$am, MMm© H$am Am{U {bhm

T
O

1. {ÌH$moUmbm {H$Vr {eamob§~ AgVmV ?

N

2. Imbr {Xboë`m (AmH¥$Vr 6.6) {ÌH$moUm_Ü`o A {eamoq~XÿVyZ BC da {eamob§~ H$mT>m.

A A A

B C B C B C
bKwH$moZ H$mQ>H$moZ {dembH$moZ
AmH¥$Vr 6.6
3. {eamob§~ hm Zoh_r {ÌH$moUmÀ`m AmV AgVmo H$m? Vwåhmbm Oa ho Iao dmQ>V Zmhr Va H$ÀMr AmH¥$Vr H$mTy>Z
àË`oH$ KQ>Zm Xe©dm.
105
 4. {ÌH$moUmÀ`m XmoZ ~mOy H$moUË`m {ÌH$moUmMo {eamob§~ gwÜXm AgVmV ømMm {dMma H$ê$ eH$mb H$m?
5. {ÌH$moUmMo {eamob§~ Am{U _Ü`Jm XmoÝhr g_mZ Agy eH$VmV H$m?
(gyMZm : àíZ 4 Am{U 5 gmR>r àË`j {ÌH$moU H$mTy>Z {eamob§~ H$mT>m d CVa Vnmgm).

ho H$am :
H$mJXmnmgyZ H$mnyZ V`ma Ho$bobo
(i) g_^wO {ÌH$moU (ii) g_{Û^wO {ÌH$moU
(iii) {df_^wO {ÌH$moU ¿`m. Ë`m§Mo {eamob§~ Am{U _Ü`Jm H$mT>m. `mV Vwåhmbm H$mhr {deof
AmT>iVo H$m? Vw_À`m {_Ì/_¡{ÌUrer MMm© H$am.

ED
ñdmÜ`m` 6.1

H
IS
1. ∆ PQR _Ü`o D hm QR Mm _Ü`q~Xÿ Amho, Va. BL
EP S

PM hm ______________ Amho.
R TB
U
PD hm ______________ Amho. P
BE @K

QM = MR Amho H$m ?
2. Imbr gwM{dboë`m aoImH¥$Vr H$mT>m..
(a) ∆ ABC _Ü`o BE _Ü`Jm. Q
M D
R
TO

(b) ∆ PQR _Ü`o PQ Am{U PR ho {ÌH$moUmMo {eamob§~.

(c) ∆ XYZ _Ü`o {ÌH$moUmÀ`m ~mhoarb ~mOybm `oUmam {eamob§~.
T
O
N

3. g_{Û^wO {ÌH$moUmMr AmH¥$Vr H$mTy>Z Ë`mV _Ü`Jm Am{U {eamob§~ ho g_mZ AgVmV H$m ho nS>Vmim.

6.4 {ÌH$moUmMo ~møH$moZ Am{U Ë`m§Mo JwUY_©

ho H$am :
1. {ÌH$moU ABC H$mT>m. Am{U Ë`mMr EH$ ~mOy BC AmH¥$Vr 6.7
_Ü`o Xe©{dë`mà_mUo dmT>dm. C q~Xÿ_Ü`o hmoUmam H$moZ ACD Mo
{ZarjU H$am. hm ∆ ABC À`m ~mhoarb ~mOybm `oVmo. Ë`mbm
AmnU C {eamoq~Xÿda hmoUmam ∆ABC Mm ~møH$moZ åhUVmo.
AmH¥$Vr 6.7 BCA hm ACD bm g§b½Z Amho. {ÌH$moUmMo am{hbobo XmoZ
A Am{U B `m§Zm ACD Mo Am§Va{déÜX H$moZ åhUVmV.

106
 AmVm A Am{U B Mm ^mJ H$mnm AWdm Q´>og H$m°nr H$ê$Z AmH¥$Vr 6.8 _Ü`o
Xe©{dë`mà_mUo g§b½Z H$ê$Z R>odm. ho H$moZm§Mo XmoÝhr ^mJ ACD bm nyU©nUo PmH$VmV
H$m? Vwåhr Ago gm§Jy eH$mb H$m m ACD = m A + m B ?

2. `m nydu Ho$ë`mà_mUo ABC {ÌH$moU H$mT>m Am{U Ë`mV ACD ~mø H$moZ H$mT>m. AmVm H$moZ_mnH$ KoD$Z
ACD, Ad B _moOm.
A Am{U B Mr ~oarO H$ê$Z ACD er VwbZm H$am.
Ë`mV Vwåhmbm ACD hm A + B er g_mZ (_moOVm§Zm
MyH$ Pmbr Agë`mg gmYmaUVm g_mZ) Amho `mMo {ZarjU Ho$bo
H$m?
AmH¥$Vr 6.8

ED
ømM àH$maMr H¥$Vr AmUIr XmoZ doim H$ê$Z nhm. Á`mV XmoZ doJdoJio XmoZ {ÌH$moU ~møŠmoZmgh H$mT>m.

H
IS
àË`oH$ doir Vwåhmbm {XgyZ `oB©b H$s {ÌH$moUmMm ~møH$moZ hm Ë`mÀ`m Am§Va{déÜX H$moZm§À`m ~oaOoer g_mZ Amho.
BL
EP S
Vm{H©$H$[aË`m nm`ar-nm`arZo _m§S>bobm hm _wÔm {Z{ûMVr XoVmo.
R TB
U
{ÌH$moUmMm ~møH$moZ hm Ë`mÀ`m Am§Va{déÜX H$moZm§À`m ~oaOoer g_mZ AgVmo.
BE @K

J¥hrV: ∆ ABC _Ü`o

ACD hm Ë`mMm ~møH$moZ Amho.
gmÜ` : m ACD = m A+m B.
TO

aMZm : C q~XÿVyZ CE Or BA bm g_m§Va hmoB©b.

AmH¥$Vr 6.9
T

Aer aofm H$mT>>m.

O
N

{gÜXVm :
nm`è`m H$maU
(a) 1 = x BA || CE Am{U AC N>o{XH$m Amho

Ë`m_wio N>oXZ {déÜX H$moZ g_mZ AgVmV.
(b) 2 = y BA ||CE Am{U BD N>o{XH$m Amho

Ë`m_wio g§JV H$moZ g_mZ AgVmV.
(c) 1 + 2 = x + y
(d) x + y = m ACD AmH¥$Vr 6.9 dê$Z.
`mdê$Z
1 + 2 = ACD

107
 darb g§~§Y Omo {ÌH$moUmMm ~møH$moZ Am{U Ë`mÀ`m XmoZ Am§Va {déÜX H$moZmer Amho Vmo {ÌH$moUmÀ`m
~møH$moZmMm JwUY_© åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo.
{dMma H$am, MMm© H$am Am{U {bhm.
1. {ÌH$moUmÀ`m ~møH$moZmMr aMZm AZoH$ nÜXVrZo H$aVm `oVo. Ë`mn¡H$s VrZ `oWo Xe©{dë`m
AmhoV. (Am. 6.10)

ED
AmH¥$Vr 6.10

H
IS
~møH$moZ H$mT>Ê`mÀ`m AmUIr VrZ nÜXVr AmhoV Ë`m H$mT>Ê`mMm à`ËZ H$am.
BL
EP S
R TB
U
2. {ÌH$moUmÀ`m àË`oH$ {eamoq~Xÿda hmoUmao ~møH$moZ g_mZ AgVmV H$m ?
BE @K

3. {ÌH$moUmÀ`m ~møH$moZ Am{U Ë`mbm g§b½Z Agbobm Am§VaH$moZ `m§À`m ~oaOo~m~V Vwåhr H$m` gm§Jy eH$mb?

CXmhaU 1. AmH¥$Vr 6.11 _Yrb H$moZ x Mr qH$_V H$mT>m.

TO

CH$b: {déÜX H$moZm§Mr ~oarO = ~møH$moZ

T

AWdm 500 + x = 1100

O
N

AmH¥$Vr 6.11
AWdm x = 600

{dMma H$am, MMm© H$am Am{U {bhm

1. Vwåhr Am§Va{déÜX H$moZm~m~V H$m` gm§Jmb Ooìhm ~møH$moZ

(i) H$mQ>H$moZ Agob? (ii) {dembH$moZ Agob?
(iii) bKwH$moZ Agob ?

2. {ÌH$moUmMm ~møH$moZ H$mQ>H$moZ Agy eHo$b H$m?

108
à`ËZ H$am :
1. EH$m {ÌH$moUmÀ`m ~møH$moZmMo _mnZ 70° Amho. Am{U Am§Va{déÜX H$moZmn¡H$s
EH$ H$moZ 25° Mm Amho. Va Xþgè`m Am§Va{déÜX H$moZmMo _mnZ H$mT>m.
2. EH$ {ÌH$moUmÀ`m ~møH$moZmÀ`m Am§Va{déÜX H$moZm§Mr _mnZo 60° Am{U
80° AmhoV. Va ~møH$moZmMo _mnZ H$mT>m.
3. ~mOyÀ`m AmH¥$VrV (Am. 6.12) H$mhrVar MwH$bo Amho H$m? Vw_Mo _V
(AmH¥$Vr 6.12 )
_m§S>m.

ñdmÜ`m` 6.2
1. Imbr {Xboë`m AmH¥$Ë`mVrb ~møH$moZ x Mr qH$_V H$mT>m.

ED
H
IS
BL
EP S
R TB
U
BE @K
TO
T
O

2. Imbr {Xboë`m AmH¥$Ë`m_Yrb Am§VaH$moZ x Mr qH$_V H$mT>m.

N

109
6.5 {ÌH$moUmÀ`m H$moZm§À`m ~oaOoMm JwUY_©
{ÌH$moUmÀ`m {VZhr H$moZm§Zm EH${ÌV H$aUmam EH$ d¡{eîQ²>çnyU© JwUY_© Amho. Imbr {Xboë`m Mma H¥$VrÛmao Vwåhr
OmUyZ ¿`mb. .
1. EH$ {ÌH$moU H$mT>m Ë`mMo {VÝhr H$moZ _moOm. AmH¥$Vr 6.13 (i), (ii) _Ü`o XmI{dë`m à_mUo Ë`m§Mr nwZ_mªS>Ur
H$am. VrZ H$moZm§Mm {_iyZ EH$ H$moZ ~ZVmo. Vmo H$moZ gaiH$moZ Amho Am{U åhUyZ Ë`mMo _mnZ 180° Amho.

ED
(i) (ii)

H
IS
AmH¥$Vr 6.13
BL
EP S
R TB

`mdê$Z {ÌH$moUmÀ`m VrÝhr H$moZm§Mr ~oa{O 180° AgVo ho g_OVo.

U
BE @K

2. hrM KQ>Zm AmnU Xþgè`m nÜXVrZo {ZarjU H$ê$ eH$Vmo. H$moUË`mhr EH$mM {ÌH$moUmÀ`m VrZ àVr ¿`m.
Oer ∆ABC (AmH¥$Vr 6.14)
TO
T
O
N

AmH¥$Vr 6.14
AmH¥$Vr 6.15 _Ü`o Xe©{dë`mà_mUo OmoS>m.
Vwåhmbm 1 + 2 + 3 ~m~V H$m` {Xgbo.
(`oWo Vwåhmbm ~møH$moZmMm JwUY_© {XgwZ Ambm
H$m?) AmH¥$Vr 6.15

110
 3. EH$ H$mJX ¿`m. Ë`mnmgyZ EH$ {ÌH$moU H$mnm. Ogm ∆ABC (AmH¥$Vr 6.16).
A {eamoq~XÿnmgyZ {ZKUmam AM b§~. ∆ABC Mr K‹S>r KmbyZ H$mT>m. {ÌH$moUmMo VrZhr H$monao Agbobo VrZ

{eamoq~Xÿ A, B Am{U C ho M q~XÿV {_iVrb Ago K‹S>r Kmbm.
A A

A C
B B C
M M

AmH¥$Vr 6.16
Vwåhmbm {XgyZ `oB©b H$s VrZhr H$moZ EH$Ì Amë`mZ§Va EH$ gaiH$moZ ~ZVmo. `mdê$Z ñnîQ> hmoVo H$s

ED
{ÌH$moUmÀ`m VrZ H$moZm§Mr ~oarO 1800 AgVo.

H
IS
4. Vw_À`m dhr_Ü`o ∆ABC, ∆PQR Am{U ∆xyzAgo VrZ {ÌH$moU H$mT>m. H$moZ_mnH$mMm dmna H$ê$Z
BL
EP S
àË`oH$ {ÌH$moUmMo H$moZ _moOm d Vo Imbrb VŠË`mV _m§S>m.
R TB
U

∆ Mo Zmd
BE @K

H$moZm§Mr _mnZo VrZhr H$moZm§À`m _mnZmMr ~oarO

∆ ABC m A = m B = m C = m A + m B + m C=
∆ PQR m P = m Q = m R = m P + m Q+ m R=
∆ xyz m X = m Y = m Z = m x + m y+ m z =
TO

_moOVm§Zm hmoUmar gmYmaU MyH$ _mÝ` Ho$ë`mg VŠË`mVrb eodQ>À`m ñV§^mMr ~oarO 180° `oVo. (AWdm
T

180° À`m Z{OH$)

O
N

AMyH$ _moO_mn Ho$ë`mg ñnîQ> {XgyZ `oWo H$s {ÌH$moUmÀ`m VrZhr H$moZm§Mr ~oarO 180° `oVo.

darb gd© Vm{H©$H$ {gÜXm§Vmdê$Z Vwåhr {ZpûMV {ZîH$f© XoD$ eH$Vm.

{dYmZ : {ÌH$moUmÀ`m {VÝhr H$moZm§Mr ~oarO

180°AgVo.
ho {dYmZ ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mgmR>r AmnU
{ÌH$moUmÀ`m ~møH$moZm§Mm {Z`_
dmnê$.
AmH¥$Vr 6.17

111
J¥hrV : 1, 2, 3 ho ∆ ABC Mo H$moZ AmhoV. (Am. 6.17).
BC Ooìhm§ D n`ªV dmT>{dbr, 4 hm ~møH$moZ.
{gÜXVm : 1 + 2 = 4 ({ÌH$moUmÀ`m ~møH$moZmMm JwUY_©)
1 + 2 + 3 = 4 + 3 ( 3 XmoÝhr ~mOybm {_idyZ.)
na§Vw 4 + 3 ho aofr` OmoS>r ~ZVmV åhUyZ Vo 180° åhUyZ 1 + 2 + 3 = 180°
AmVm hm JwUY_© {H$Vr nÜXVrZo dmnaVm `oB©b Vo nmhÿ.
CXmhaU 2.
{Xboë`m AmH¥$VrV (AmH¥$Vr 6.18)
P
m P H$mT>m.

ED
CH$b :
{ÌH$moUmÀ`m ~oaOoMm JwUY_© dmnê$Z.

H
m P + 47° + 52° = 180°

47°

IS
Q 52° R
åhUyZ m P = 180°-47°-52°
BL
EP S
AmH¥$Vr 6.18
R TB

= 180° - 99° = 81°

U
BE @K

ñdmÜ`m` 6.3
1. Imbrb AmH¥$Ë`m_Yrb x Mr qH$_V H$mT>m.
TO
T
O
N

112
 2. Imbrb AmH¥$Ë`m_Yrb x Am{U y Mr qH$_V H$mT>m.

ED
H
IS
BL
EP S
R TB
U

à`ËZ H$am :
BE @K

1. {ÌH$moUmMo XmoZ H$moZ 30° Am{U 80° AmhoV. Va {Vgam H$moZ H$mT>m.
2. {ÌH$moUmMm EH$ H$moZ 80° AgyZ am{hbobo XmoZ H$moZ g_mZ AmhoV. g_mZ Agboë`m
àË`oH$ H$moZmMo _mnZ {H$Vr Vo H$mT>m.
TO

3. {ÌH$moUmMo VrZ H$moZ 1:2:1 `m à_mUmV AmhoV Va {ÌH$moUmÀ`m gd© H$moZm§Mo _mnZ H$mT>m.
T

{ÌH$moUmMo XmoZ nÜXVrV dJuH$aU H$am.

O
N

{dMma H$am, MMm© H$am Am{U {bhm

1. XmoZ H$mQ>H$moZ Agbobm {ÌH$moU Agy eH$Vmo H$m ?
2. XmoZ {dembH$moZ Agbobm {ÌH$moU Agy eH$Vmo H$m ?
3. XmoZ bKwH$moZ Agbobm {ÌH$moU Agy eH$Vmo H$m?
4. VrZhr H$moZ 60° nojm OmñV Agboëmm {ÌH$moU Agy eH$Vmo H$m?
5. VrZhr H$moZ àË`oH$s 60° Agbobm {ÌH$moU Agy eH$Vmo H$m?
6. VrZhr H$moZ 60° nojm bhmZ Agbobm {ÌH$moU Agy eH$Vmo H$m??

113
6.6 XmoZ {deof {ÌH$moU : g_^wO Am{U g_{Û^wO
Á`m {ÌH$moUmÀ`m {VÝhr ~mOy§Mr bm§~r g_mZ AgVo Ë`m {ÌH$moUmbm g_^wO {ÌH$moU åhUVmV.
g_^wO {ÌH$moU ABC À`m(AmH¥$Vr 6.19) XmoZ àVr ¿`m. EH$ àV pñWa R>odm d Xþgar àV Ë`mda R>odm. Xþgar
àV n{hë`mer V§VmoV§V OwiVo. darb àV H$erhr {\$adm Vr n{hë`mer OwiVo. Vwåhr nm{hbmV H$m Oa {ÌH$moUmÀ`m
VrZ ~mOy§Mr bm§~r g_mZ Agob Va VrZhr H$moZ g_mZ AgVmV?
AmnU `mdê$Z {ZîH$f© H$mTy> eH$Vmo H$s, g_^wO A
{ÌH$moUmVrb

(i) gd© ~mOy§Mr bm§~r g_mZ AgVo.

B C

ED
(ii) àË`oH$ H$moZ 60° Mm AgVmo.
AmH¥$Vr 6.19

H
IS
{ÌH$moUmÀ`m XmoZ ~mOy§Mr bm§~r g_mZ Agob Va Ë`m {ÌH$moUmbm g_{Û^wO {ÌH$moU åhUVmV.
BL
EP S
R TB
U
BE @K
TO

AmH¥$Vr 6.20
EH$ H$mJX KoD$Z Ë`mda EH$ g_{Û^wO {ÌH$moU xyz H$mnm, Á`mV xy = xz (Am. 6.20) Agob.
T
O

Ë`mbm Aer K‹S>r Kmbm H$s z q~Xÿ y q~Xÿda nmohmoMob xM aofm x nmgyZ {ZKVo Vr g_{_VrMm Aj Agob.
N

(Oo Vwåhr àH$aU 14 _Ü`o {eH$mb) Vwåhmbm Ago {XgyZ `oVo H$s y Am{U z EH$_oH$mbm V§VmoV§V OwiVmV.
xy Am{U xz Zm g_mZ ~mOy åhUVmV. yz bm nm`mMr aofm åhUVmV y Am{U z ho nm`mMo AWdm
nm`mdarb H$moZ åhUVmV Oo g_mZ AgVmV.

`mdê$Z = g_{Û^wO {ÌH$moUmV

(i) XmoZ ~mOy§Mr bm§~r g_mZ AgVo.

(ii) nm`mdarb g_~mOyÀ`m {déÜX Agbobo H$moZ g_mZ AgVmV.

114
à`ËZ H$am :
1. Imbrb AmH¥$Vr_Yrb H$moZ x Mr qH$_V H$mT>m.

ED
H
IS
BL
EP S
R TB
U
BE @K
TO
T
O

2. àË`oH$ AmH¥$Vr_Yrb H$moZ x Am{U y Mr qH$_V H$mT>m.

N

115
6.7 {ÌH$moUmÀ`m XmoZ ~mOy§À`m bm§~rMr ~oarO
1. Vw_À`m emioÀ`m {H«$S>m§JUmda A, B Am{U C ho VrZ EH$m aofoV `oUma ZmhrV Ago q~Xÿ ¿`m. MwÝ`mMr
nmdS>a dmnê$Z AB, BC Am{U AC OmoS>m. Vw_À`m _¡{ÌUrbm A nmgyZ {ZKyZ C n`ªV OmÊ`mg gm§Jm.
Ë`mgmR>r Vr EH$ AWdm Xþgam _mJ© {ZdSy> eH$Vo.
CXmhaUmW©, Vr àW_ AB _mJ© dê$Z OmD$Z BC dê$Z C H$S>o OmD$ eH$Vo
AWdm Vr WoQ> AC _mJ© pñdH$mê$ eH$Vo. gmh{OH$M Vr AC _mJ© pñdH$maob.
Oa {VZo Xþgam _mJ© pñdH$mabm (AB Am{U Z§Va BC) Va {Vbm OmñV A§Va
Mmbmdo bmJob. Xþgè`m eãXmV

AB + BC > AC ............... (i)

AmH¥$Vr 6.21

ED
`mM à_mUo EImÚmbm B nmgyZ {ZKyZ A {R>H$mUr Om`Mo Agob Va Vo BC Am{U CA Mm _mJ© pñdH$maUma

H
ZmhrV na§Vy Vo BA Mm _mJ© pñdH$maVrb H$maU

IS
BL
EP S
BC + CA > AB ............... (ii)
R TB
U
`mMà_mUo Vwåhmbm AmT>iob H$s,
BE @K

CA + AB > BC............... (iii)

`m {ZarjUmdê$Z Ago {XgyZ `oVo H$s {ÌH$moUmÀ`m XmoZ ~mOyÀ`m bm§~rMr ~oarO hr {Vgè`m ~mOyÀ`m
bm§~rnojm OmñV AgVo.
TO

2. 15 bhmZ H$mS>çm (AWdm nÅ>`m) O_m H$am, Á`m§Mr bm§~r 6cm, 7cm, 8cm, 9cm, ................
T

20cm Agob.
O
N

Ë`mVrb VrZ H$mS>çm CMbyZ [ÌH$moUmMr aMZm H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$am. àË`oH$ doir doJdoJù`m VrZ H$mS>çm
KoD$Z hr H¥$Vr nwÝhm-nwÝhm H$am. g_Om Vwåhr {ZdS>boë`m XmoZ H$mS>çm§Mr bm§~r 6cm Am{U 12cm Amho.
Vwåhr {ZdS>m`À`m {Vgè`m H$mS>çm§Mr bm§~r 12+6 = 18cm. nojm OmñV Am{U 12+6 = 18cm nojm
H$_r Agmdr. à`ËZ H$am Am{U Ago H$m ho emoYm.
{ÌH$moUmMr aMZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r Vwåhmbm H$moUË`mhr VrZ H$mS>`m KoVm `oVrb Á`mV Ë`mVrb XmoZ H$mS>`m§À`m
bm§~rMr ~oarO hr {Vgè`m H$mS>rÀ`m bm§~rnojm OmñV Agob.
ho Amåhmbm Ago gy{MV H$aVo H$s {ÌH$moUmÀ`m H$moUË`mhr XmoZ ~mOy§À`m bm§~rMr ~oarO hr {Vgè`m ~mOyÀ`m
bm§~rnojm OmñV AgVo.

116
 3. Vw_À`m dhr_Ü`o ∆ABC, ∆PQR Am{U ∆xyz, Ago VrZ {ÌH$moU H$mT>m. (Am.6.22).
A R

B C P Q

AmH¥$Vr 6.22
_moOnÅ>rÀ`m àË`oH$ ~mOyMr bm§~r _moOm Am{U Vw_Mo {ZîH$f© VŠË`mV {bhm.

∆ Mo Zmd ~mOy§Mr bm§~r ho gË` Amho H$m ?
∆ ABC AB ----- AB – CB < CA (hmo`/ Zmhr)

ED
–– + –– > ––
BC ----- BC – CA < AB

H
(hmo`/ Zmhr)

IS
–– + –– > ––
CA -----
BL CA – AB < BC
EP S
(hmo`/ Zmhr)
R TB

–– + –– > ––
U
BE @K

∆ PQR PQ ----- PQ – QR < RP (hmo`/ Zmhr)

–– + –– > ––
QR ----- QR – RP < PQ (hmo`/ Zmhr)
–– + –– > ––
RP ----- RP – PQ < QR
TO

(hmo`/ Zmhr)
–– + –– > ––
∆ xyz xy ----- xy – yz < zx
T

(hmo`/ Zmhr)
O

–– + –– > ––
N

yz ----- yz – zx < xy (hmo`/ Zmhr)

–– + –– > ––
zx ----- zx – xy < yz (hmo`/ Zmhr)
–– + –– > ––

`mdê$Z `m AmYrÀ`m VH$mªZm nwîQ>r {_iVo. åhUyZ Amåhr {ZîH$f© H$mT>Vmo H$s {ÌH$moUmÀ`m H$moUË`mhr XmoZ
~mOy§À`m bm§~rMr ~oarO hr {Vgè`m ~mOyÀ`m bm§~rnojm OmñV AgVo. .
AmnUmbm ho XoIrb AmT>iVo H$s {ÌH$moUmÀ`m XmoZ ~mOyÀ`m bm§~rVrb \$aH$ hm {Vgè`m ~mOyÀ`m bm§~rnojm
H$_r AgVmo.

117
 ~mOy§Mr bm§~r 10.2cm, 5.8cm, Am{U 4.5cm Agbobm {ÌH$moU Agy eHo$b H$m?
CXmhaU 3.
CH$b :
g_Om Agm {ÌH$moU AgUo eŠ` Agob Va {ÌH$moUmÀ`m XmoZ ~mOy§À`m bm§~rMr ~oarO hr
{Vgè`m ~mOyÀ`m bm§~rnojm OmñV AgUma. Mbm AmnU nS>VmiyZ nmhÿ. .
4.5 + 5.8 > 10.2 Amho H$m ? hmo`.
5.8 + 10.2 > 4.5 Amho H$m ? hmo`.
10.2 + 4.5 > 5.8 Amho H$m ? hmo`.
åhUyZ {ÌH$moU eŠ` Amho.

ED
CXmhaU 4. {ÌH$moUmÀ`m XmoZ ~mOy§Mr bm§~r 6cm Am{U 8cm Amho, {ÌH$moUmÀ`m {Vgè`m ~mOyMr

H
bm§~r H$moUË`m XmoZ g§»`m§À`m _Ü`o Agob?

IS
CH$b: BL
Amnë`mbm _m§hrV Amho H$s {ÌH$moUmÀ`m XmoZ ~mOy§À`m bm§~rMr ~oarO hr {Vgè`m ~mOyÀ`m
EP S
R TB

bm§~rnojm OmñV AgVo.

U
BE @K

åhUOoM {Vgè`m ~mOyMr bm§~r hr XmoZ ~mOy§À`m bm§~rÀ`m ~oaOonojm H$_r AgUma åhUyZ

{Vgar ~mOy 8+6 = 14cm nojm H$_r AgUma.
{Vgar ~mOy XmoZ ~mOy§À`m \$aH$mnojm H$_r AgUma Zmhr. åhUOoM {Vgar ~mOy 8-6 = 2cm nojm OmñV
TO

AgUma. {ÌH$moUmÀ`m {Vgè`m ~mOyMr bm§~r 2cm nojm OmñV 14cm nojm H$_r Agob.
T
O

ñdmÜ`m` 6.4
N

1. Imbr {Xboë`m _mnZm§Mm {ÌH$moU AgUo eŠ` Amho H$m?

(i) 2cm, 3cm, 5cm, (ii) 3cm, 6cm, 7cm,

(iii) 6cm, 3cm, 2cm,

2. {ÌH$moU PQR _Ü`o AmVrb ~mOybm ‘o’ hm EH$ q~Xÿ ¿`m. Va -

R
(i) OP + OQ > PQ.
O
(ii) OQ + OR > QR P Q

(iii) OR + OP > RP. Amho H$m?

118
 3. ∆ ABC Mr AM hr _Ü`Jm Amho Va A

AB + BC + CA > 2 AM Agob H$m?

(∆ ABM Am{U ∆AMC À`m ~mOy {dMmamV ¿`m.) B C
M

4. ABCD Mm¡H$moZ Amho Va

AB + BC + CD + DA > AC + BD Amho H$m?

5. ABCD Mm¡H$moZ Amho Va
AB + BC + CD + DA < 2(AC + BD) Amho H$m?

ED
6. {ÌH$moUmÀ`m XmoZ ~mOy§Mr bm§~r 12cm Am{U 15Cm Amho. Va {Vgè`m ~mOyMr bm§~r H$moUË`m XmoZ
_mnZm§À`m _Ü`o Agob?

H
IS
{dMma H$am, MMm© H$am Am{U {bhm.
BL
EP S
R TB

1. {ÌH$moUmÀ`m H$moUË`mhr XmoZ H$moZm§Mr ~oarO hr {Vgè`m H$moZmnojm OmñV AgVo H$m?
U
BE @K

6.8 H$mQ>H$moZ {ÌH$moU Am{U nm`WmJmoagMm JwUY_©.

{¼. ny. ghmì`m eVH$mV nm`WmJmoag hm EH$ J«rH$ VËdkmZr hmoD$Z Jobm. Ago åhQ>bo
OmVo H$s Ë`mZo H$mQ>H$moZ {ÌH$moUm~m~V Cn`wŠV Am{U _hËdmMm JwUY_© gm§{JVbm Omo
TO

AmnU `m KQ>H$m_Ü`o {Xbm Amho. hm JwUY_© Ë`mÀ`m ZmdmZo AmoiIbm OmVmo. Vgo nhmVm
hm {Z`_ BVa XoemVrb bmoH$m§Zm gwÜXm _mhrV hmoVm. ^maVr` J{UVk ~moYm`Z `mZr XoIrb
T
O

`mM gmaIm JwUY_© {Xbm. AmVm AmnU nm`WmJmoaMm JwUY_© OmUyZ ¿`m`Mm à`ËZ H$ê$.
N

H$mQ>H$moZ {ÌH$moUmV ~mOy§Zm {d{eîQ> Zmdo AmhoV. H$mQ>H$moZmg_moarb ~mOybm H$U© åhUVmV,
Va BVa XmoZ ~mOy§Zm H$mQ>H$moZ {ÌH$moUmMo nm` åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVmV.

∆ABC (Am. 6.23) _Ü`o B hm H$mQ>H$moZ Amho åhUyZ AC hm

H$U© Amho AB Am{U BC ho, H$mQ>H$moZ ∆ABCMo nm` AmhoV
Vwåhmbm `mo½` dmQ>Vrb Aem AmH$mamMo na§Vy V§VmoV§V OwiUmao AmR>
H$mQ>H$moZ {ÌH$moU ~Zdm. CXmhaUmW©, Vwåhr ~Z{dboë`m H$mQ>H$moZ {ÌH$moUmMm
H$U© 'a' EH$H$ bm§~ Am{U nm`mMr bm§~r 'b' EH$H$ Am{U 'c' EH$H$ AmH¥$Vr 6.24
(AmH¥$Vr 6.24).

119
 EH$m H$mJXmda EH$ê$n AgUmao XmoZ Mm¡ag H$mT>m Á`m§À`m ~mOy§Mr
bm§~r b + c Agob. Imbr Xe©{dboë`m AmH¥$VrZwgma (Am. 6.25) n{hë`m
Mm¡agmV Mma {ÌH$moU d Xþgè`m Mm¡H$moZmV Mma {ÌH$moU R>odm.
Mm¡ag EH$ê$n AmhoV Ë`mV gm_mdbobo AmR> {ÌH$moUgwÜXm EH$ê$n
AmhoV. `mdê$Z Mm¡ag A _Yrb AZmÀN>mXrV joÌ = Mm¡ag B _Yrb
AZmÀN>mXrV XmoZ Mm¡agm§Mo EHy$U joÌ.
AmH¥$Vr 6.24

ED
H
IS
BL
EP S
R TB
U

Mm¡ag A AmH¥$Vr 6.25 Mm¡ag B

BE @K

a² = b² + c²
TO

hm nm`WmJmoagMm JwUY_© Amho. Vmo Imbrb à_mUo ì`ŠV Ho$bm OmVmo.

T

H$mQ>H$moZ {ÌH$moUmV, H$Um©darb Mm¡ag = nm`mdarb Mm¡agm§Mr ~oarO

O
N

nm`WmJmoagMm JwUY_© hm J{UVmVrb _hËdmMo Cn`wŠV gmYZ Amho. nwT>rb

B`ÎmoV hm nm`WmJmoagMm à_o` åhUyZ Am¡nMmarH$nUo [gÜX Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`mMm
AW© Vwåhr ñnfQ>nUo OmUyZ KoVbm nm{hOo.
H$moUË`mhr H$mQ>H$moZ {ÌH$moUmV H$Um©darb Mm¡agmMo joÌ\$i ho nm`mdarb Mm¡agm§À`m
joÌ\$imÀ`m ~oaOoer g_mZ AgVo.

120
 EH$ Mm¡ag H$mT>m, eŠ`Vmo AmboI H$mJXmda Ë`mÀ`m àË`oH$ ~mOyda EH$ Mm¡ag
H$mT>m. Ë`m Mm¡agm§Mo joÌ\$i H$mT>m Am{U à_o`mMm àË`j nS>Vmim nhm.(Am. 6.26)
Oa H$mQ>H$moZ {ÌH$moU Agob Va Ë`mbm nm`WmJmoagMm JwUY_© bmJy hmoVmo.
EImÚm {ÌH$moUmbm nm`WmJmoagMm {Z`_ bmJy hmoV Agob Va Vmo {ÌH$moU H$mQ>H$moZ
{ÌH$moU Agob H$m? (Aem g_ñ`m§Zm ì`Ë`mg g_ñ`m åhUVmV) `mMo CÎma XoÊ`mMm
AmnU à`ËZ H$ê$. AmVm AmnU Ago Xe©dy H$s {ÌH$moUmÀ`m XmoZ ~mOyÀ`m dJmªMr AmH¥$Vr 6.26
~oarO hr {Vgè`m ~mOyÀ`m dJm©er g_mZ Agob Va Vmo H$mQ>H$moZ {ÌH$moU AgVmo.

ho H$am :

ED
1. àW_ 4cm, 5cm Am{U 6cm, ~mOyMr bm§~r Agbobo

H
Mm¡ag H$mnyZ ¿`m. AmH¥$VrV Xe©{dë`m à_mUo Ë`m§Mo

IS
2
H$monao OmoSy>Z {ÌH$moU hmoB©b Aer _m§S>Ur H$am (Am.
BL 6
EP S
2
5 5 6
6.27). V`ma Pmbobm {ÌH$moU aoImQy>Z Ë`mMr àË`oH$
R TB
U
~mOy _moOm. Vwåhmbm {XgyZ `oB©b H$s hm H$mQ>H$moZ
BE @K

4
{ÌH$moU Zmhr.
2
4

`mVrb àË`oH$ H$moZ bKwH$moZ Amho! bjmV ¿`m

AmH¥$Vr 6.27
4² + 5² ≠ 6², 52 + 6² ≠ 4² Am{U 6² + 4² ≠ 5².
TO

2. hrM H¥$Vr 4cm, 5cm, Am{U 7cm ~mOyMr bm§~r Agboë`m Mm¡agm§Zm KoD$Z nwÝhm H$am. Vwåhmbm
T

{dembH$moZ {ÌH$moU {_iob! bjmV ¿`m

O
N

4² + 5² ≠ 7²

ho Ago Xe©{dVo H$s H$mQ>H$moZ {ÌH$moU Agob VaM nm`WmJmoagMm {Z`_ bmJy hmoVmo. `mdê$Z Amnë`mbm
{ZpíMV {Z`_ {_iVmo H$s.
bm§~r 3cm, 4cm, Am{U 5cm Amho Va Vmo H$mQ>H$moZ {ÌH$moU Amho ho {ZpíMV H$am.
3² = 3×3 = 9, 4² = 4×4 = 16 ; 5² = 5×5 = 25 `mdê$Z 3² + 4² = 5²
CH$b
åhUyZ hm {ÌH$moU H$mQ>H$moZ {ÌH$moU Amho.

Q>rn : H$moUË`mhr H$mQ>H$moZ {ÌH$moUm_Ü`o H$Um©Mr bm§~r BVa ~mOynojm OmñV AgVo. `m CXmhaUmV 5cm bm§~r
Agbobr ~mOy H$U© Amho.

121
 ∆ABC _Ü`o
CXmhaU 6 C hm H$mQ>H$moZ Amho. Oa AC = 5cm. Am{U BC = 12cm.
Agob Va AB Mr bm§~r H$mT>m.
CH$b:
H$ÀMr AmH¥$Vr Amnë`mbm _XV H$aob (Am.
6.28)
nm`WmJmoagÀ`m JwUY_m©Zwgma
AB² = AC² + BC²
= 5² + 12² = 25+144 = 169 = 13²
AB² = 13² åhUyZ AB = 13.
AWdm AB Mr bm§~r 13cm. Amho.
gyMZm : nyU© dJ© AmoiIÊ`mgmR>r Vwåhr _yi Ad`dm§Mo V§Ì dmnê$ AmH¥$Vr 6.28
eH$Vm.

ED
H
à`ËZ H$am :

IS
Imbr {Xboë`m AmH¥$Vr_Yrb x Mr bm§~r H$mT>m. (AmH¥$Vr 6.29)

BL
EP S
R TB
U
BE @K

24 37 37
TO

12
7
x x
T
O

(iv) (v)
N

AmH¥$Vr 6.29

ñdmÜ`m` 6.5
1. {ÌH$moU PQR _Ü`o H$moZ P hm H$mQ>H$moZ Amho. Oa.
PQ = 10cm Am{U PR = 24cm Agob Va QR
Mr bm§~r H$mT>m.

2. {ÌH$moU ABC _Ü`o H$moZ C hm H$mQ>H$moZ Amho. Oa.

AB = 25cm Am{U AC = 7cm Amho Va BC
Mr bm§~r H$mT>m.

122
 3. 15m bm§~rMr {eS>r O{_ZrnmgyZ 12m C§Mrda Agboë`m {IS>H$sOdi nmohmoMVo. {eS>rMr ImbMr ~mOy
q^VrnmgyZ ‘a’m A§Vamda Amho Va q^VrnmgyZ {eS>rMr ImbMr ~mOy {H$Vr A§Vamda Amho Vo H$mT>m.
4. Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUË`m H$mQ>H$moZ {ÌH$moUmÀ`m ~mOy Agy eH$Vrb?
(i) 2.5cm, 6.5cm, 6.cm,
(ii) 2cm, 2cm, 5cm,

(iii) 1.5cm, 2cm, 2.5cm,

Oa H$moUVm H$mQ>H$moZ {ÌH$moU Agob Va H$mQ>H$moZ H$moUVm Vo AmoiIm.

5. EH$ PmS> O{_ZrnmgyZ 5m C§Mrda _moS>bo Am{U Ë`mMo darb Q>moH$ PmS>mÀ`m ~w§Ü`mnmgyZ 12m A§Vamda

ED
O{_Zrbm Q>oH$bo. Va PmS>mMr EHy$U C§Mr H$mT>m.

H
6. ∆ PQR Mo H$moZ Q Am{U R 25° Am{U 65° Va Imbrb

IS
P
n¡H$s H$moUVo Iao Amho Vo {bhm. BL
EP S
R TB

(i) PQ² + QR² = RP²

U
BE @K

(ii) PQ² + RP² = QR² 25° 65°

Q R
(iii) RP² + QR² = PQ²

7. EH$ Am`VmMr bm§~r 40cm Am{U H$Um©Mr bm§~r 41cm Amho Va Am`VmMr n[a{_Vr H$mT>m.
TO

8. EH$ g_^wO Mm¡H$moZmÀ`m H$UmªMr bm§~r 16cm Am{U 30cm Amho. Va Ë`mMr n[a{_Vr H$mT>m.
T
O
N

{dMma H$am, MMm© H$am Am{U {bhm.

1. {ÌH$moU PQR _Ü`o H$moZ P hm H$mQ>H$moZ Agob Va Ë`mV gdm©V OmñV bm§~rMr
~mOy H$moUVr ?
2. {ÌH$moU ABC _Ü`o H$moZ B hm H$mQ>H$moZ Agob Va Ë`mV gdm©V OmñV bm§~rMr
~mOy H$moUVr ?
3. H$mQ>H$moZ {ÌH$moUm_Ü`o gdm©V OmñV bm§~r AgboMr ~mOy H$moUVr ?

4. "Am`VmMm H$Um©nmgyZ ~ZUmao joÌ\$i ho Ë`mÀ`m bm§~r Am{U é§XrnmgyZ ~ZUmè`m joÌ \$imer g_mZ AgVo''
hm ~moYm`ZMm à_o` Amho. `mMr nm`WmJmoagÀ`m JwUY_m©er VwbZm H$am.

123
ho H$am :
g§nÞVm H¥$Vr :
nm`WmJmoagMm à_o` {gÕ H$aÊ`mgmR>r "{dÀN>oXZ' Am{U nwZ_mªS>Ur nÜXVrMm dmna H$aÊ`mÀ`m AZoH$
{gÜXVm AmhoV. Ë`m§Mm g§J«h H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$am Am{U VŠVo ~ZdyZ {ddaU H$am.
Amåhr H$m` MMm© Ho$br
1. VrZ H$moZ Am{U VrZ ~mOy ho {ÌH$moUmMo ghm KQ>H$ AmhoV.
2. {ÌH$moUmÀ`m {eamoq~XÿVyZ {ZKyZ Ë`m {eamoq~XÿÀ`m {déÜX Agboë`m ~mOyÀ`m _Ü`q~Xÿbm OmoS>Umè`m
aofmI§S>mbm _Ü`Jm åhUVmV. {ÌH$moUmbm 3 _Ü`Jm AgVmV.
3. {ÌH$moUmÀ`m {eamoq~XÿVyZ {ZKyZ Ë`m {eamoq~XÿÀ`m {déÜX Agboë`m ~mOybm b§~ê$nmV OmD$Z {_iUmè`m
aofmI§S>mbm {eamob§~ åhUVmV {ÌH$moUmbm 3 {eamob§~ AgVmV.

ED
4. {ÌH$moUmMr EH$ ~mOy dmT>{dbr AgVm {ÌH$moUmMm ~møH$moZ V`ma hmoVmo. àË`oH$ {eamoq~Xÿnmer XmoZ ~møH$moZ
H$mT>Vm `oVmV.

H
5. ~møH$moZmMo JwUY_© :

IS
{ÌH$moUmÀ`m ~møH$moZmMo _mnZ ho Ë`mÀ`m Am§Va{déÜX H$moZm§À`m ~oaOoer g_mZ AgVo.
BL
EP S
R TB

6. {ÌH$moUmÀ`m H$moZm§À`m ~oaOoMm JwUY_© :

U

{ÌH$moUmÀ`m VrÝhr H$moZm§Mo EHy$U _mnZ 180°AgVo.

BE @K

7. {ÌH$moUmÀ`m VrZhr ~mOy§Mr bm§~r g_mZ Agob Va Ë`mbm g_^wO {ÌH$moU åhUVmV. g_^wO {ÌH$moUmVrb
àË`oH$ H$moZ 60°Mm AgVmo.
8. Oa {ÌH$moUmÀ`m XmoZ ~mOyM§ r bm§~r g_mZ Agob Va Ë`mbm g_{Û^wO {ÌH$moU åhUVmV. g_{Û^þO {ÌH$moUmVrb
Ag_mZ ~mOybm Ë`mMm nm`m åhUVmV. g_{Û^wO {ÌH$moUmVrb nm`mdarb H$moZ g_mZ _mnZmMo AgVmV.
TO

9. {ÌH$moUmÀ`m ~mOy§À`m bm§~rMm JwUY_© :

{ÌH$moUmÀ`m XmoZ ~mOy§À`m bm§~rMr ~oarO hmo {Vgè`m ~mOyÀ`m bm§~rnojm OmñV AgVo.
T

XmoZ ~mOy§À`m bm§~rVrb \$aH$ hm {Vgè`m ~mOyÀ`m bm§~rnojm H$_r AgVmo.

N

Oa VrZ ~mOy§Mr bm§~r _mhrV Agob Va darb JwUY_© {ÌH$moUmMr aMZm H$aVm `oVo AWdm Zmhr ho OmUyZ
KoÊ`mg Cn`wŠV R>aVmo.
10. H$mQ>H$moZ {ÌH$moUm_Ü`o H$mQ>H$moZmÀ`m {déÜX Agboë`m ~mOybm H$U© åhUVmV Am{U BVa XmoZ ~mOyZm nm`
åhUVmV.
11. nm`WmJmoagMm JwUY_©
H$mQ>H$moZ {ÌH$moUm_Ü`o,
H$Um©darb Mm¡ag = nm`m§darb Mm¡agm§Mr ~oarO
Oa {ÌH$moU H$mQ>H$moZ {ÌH$moU Zgob Va darb JwUY_© bmJy hmoV Zmhr. hm JwUY_© {Xbobm {ÌH$moU hm H$mQ>H$moZ
{ÌH$moU Amho H$s Zmhr ho {Z[ûMV H$aÊ`mg Cn`wŠV R>aVmo.

124
 CÎmao
ñdmÜ`m` 1.1
1. (a) bmhþb pñWVr … –8°C, lrZJa : –2°C, {e_bm : 5°C, CQ>r : 14°C, ~|Jbyé : 22°C

(b) 30°C (c) 6°C (d) hmo` ; Zmhr 2. 35

3. –7°C; –3°C 4. 6200 m 5. YZ nyUmªH$mZo; Rs 358

6. G$U nyUmªH$mZo ; – 10. 7. (ii) OmXþB© Mm¡ag Amho
9. (a) < (b) < (c) > (d) < (e) >

ED
10. (i) 11 CS>çm (ii) 5 CS>çm (iii) (a) –3 + 2 –3 + 2 – 3 + 2 – 3 + 2 –3 + 2 –3 = – 8

H
(b) 4 – 2 + 4 – 2 + 4 = 8

IS
BL
EP S
(b) _Ü`o 8 nm`è`m da OmV Amho
R TB
U

ñdmÜ`m` 1.1
BE @K

1. Aer EH$ OmoS>r :

(a) –10, 3 (b) – 6, 4; (– 6 – 4 = –10) (c) –3, 3

2. Aer EH$ OmoS>r :

TO

(a) –2, –10; [–2 – (–10) = 8] (b) – 6, 1 (c) –1, 2; (–1 – 2 = –3)
T
O

3. XmoÝhr g§Km§Mo JwU g_mZ. Vo AmhoV -30; hmo`

N

4. (i) –5 (ii) 0 (iii) –17 (iv) –7 (v) –3

ñdmÜ`m` 1.2
1. (a) –3 (b) –225 (c) 630 (d) 316 (e) 0
(f) 1320 (g) 162 (h) –360 (i) –24 (j) 36
3. (i) – a (ii) (a) 22 (b) –37 (c) 0
4. –1 × 5 = –5, –1 × 4 = – 4 = – 5 + 1, – 1 × 3 = – 3 = – 4 + 1,

–1 × 2 = – 2 = – 3 + 1, – 1 × 1 = – 1 = – 2 + 1, – 1 × 0 = 0 = – 1 + 1 åhUyZ, – 1 × (–1)
= 0 + 1 = 1.

125
 ñdmÜ`m` 1.3
1. (a) –3 (b) –10 (c) 4 (d) –1
(e) –13 (f) 0 (g) 1 (h) –1
(i) 1
3. (a) 1 (b) 75 (c) – 206 (d) –1
(e) – 87 (f) – 48 (g) –10 (h) –12

4. (–6, 2), (–12, 4), (12, – 4), (9, –3), (–9, 3) (Aem AZoH$ OmoSçm AgVmV.)
5. 9 p.m.; – 14°C 6. (i) 8 (ii) 13 7. 1 Vmg

ñdmÜ`m` 2.1

ED
1. (i) (d) (ii) (b) (iii) (a) (iv)(c)

H
2. (i) (c) (ii) (a) (iii) (b)

IS
BL
EP S
3. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
R TB
U

(v) (vi) 15 (vii) (viii) 16

BE @K

(ix) (x) 9

4. ho H$aÊ`mMm EH$ _mJ© :

TO
T
O

(i) (ii) (iii)

N

5. (a) (i) 12 (ii) 23 (b) (i) 12 (ii) 18 (c) (i) 12 (ii) 27

(d) (i) 16 (ii) 28

6. (a) (b) (c) (d)

(e) (f)

7. (a) (i) (ii) (b) (i) (ii) 8.(i) 2 {bQ>a (ii)

126
 ñdmÜ`m` 2.2
1. (i) (a) (b) (c) (ii) (a) (b) (c)

2. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

(v) (vi) (vii)

3. (i) (ii) (iii) 8 (iv) (v)

(vi) (vii)

ED
4. (i) Mo (ii) Mo 5. 6. Vmg 7. 44 km

H
8. (a) (i) (ii) (b) (i) (ii)

IS
BL
EP S

ñdmÜ`m` 2.3
R TB
U
BE @K

1. (i) 16 (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)

2. (i) ({df_ AnyUmªH$) (ii) ({df_ AnyUmªH$)

(iii) (g_ AnyUmªH$) (iv) (g_ AnyUmªH$)

TO

(v) (g_ AnyUmªH$) (vi) 8 (nyU© g§»`m)

T
O

(vii) 11 (nyU© g§»`m)

N

3. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)

4. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

(vi) (vii) (viii)

ñdmÜ`m` 2.4
1. (i) 0.5 (ii) 0.7 (iii) 7 (iv) 1.49 (v) 2.30
(vi) 0.88

127
 2. (i) ` 0.07 (ii) ` 7.07 (iii) ` 77.77 (iv) ` 0.50 (v) ` 2.35
3. (i) 0.05m, 0.00005 km (ii) 3.5 cm, 0.035m, 0.000035 km
4. (i) 0.2 kg (ii) 3.470 kg (iii) 4.008 kg

5. (i) 2 × 10 + 0 × 1 + 0 × +3×

(ii) 2 × 1 + 0 × +3×

(iii) 2 × 100 + 0 × 10 + 0 × 1 + 0 × +3×

(iv) 2 × 1 + 0 × +3× +4×

ED
6. (i) gwQ>o (ii) XeH$ (iii) XeH$ (iv) eVH$ (v) ghó
7. A`w~Zo 900 m qH$dm 0.9 km nojm OmñV àdmg Ho$bm.

H
IS
8. gabmZo OmñV \$io AmUbr BL 9. 14.6 km
EP S
R TB

ñdmÜ`m` 2.5
U
BE @K

1. (i) 1.2 (ii) 36.8 (iii) 13.55 (iv) 80.4

(v) 0.35 (vi) 844.08 (vii) 1.72
2. 17.1 cm2
3. (i) 13 (ii) 368 (iii) 1537 (iv) 1680.7 (v) 3110
TO

(vi) 15610 (vii) 362 (viii) 4307 (ix) 5 (x) 0.8

T

(xi) 90 (xii) 30
O
N

4. 553 km 5. (i) 0.75 (ii) 5.17 (iii) 63.36 (iv) 4.03

(v) 0.025 (vi) 1.68 (vii) 0.0214 (viii) 10.5525
(ix) 1.0101 (x) 110.011

ñdmÜ`m` 2.6
1. (i) 0.2 (ii) 0.07 (iii) 0.62 (iv) 10.9
(v) 162.8 (vi) 2.07 (vii) 0.99 (viii) 0.16
2. (i) 0.48 (ii) 5.25 (iii) 0.07 (iv) 3.31
(v) 27.223 (vi) 0.056 (vii) 0.397

128
 3. (i) 0.027 (ii) 0.003 (iii) 0.0078 (iv) 4.326
(v) 0.236 (vi) 0.9853
4. (i) 0.0079 (ii) 0.0263 (iii) 0.03853 (iv) 0.1289 (v) 0.0005
5. (i) 2 (ii) 180 (iii) 6.5 (iv) 44.2 (v) 2
(vi) 31 (vii) 510 (viii) 27 (ix) 2.1
6. 18 km
ñdmÜ`m` 3.1
2. JwUm§H$ JUVr IwUm dmadmaVm
1 1
|
2 2
|||

ED
3 1
||||

H
4 3

IS
5 5
BL||||
EP S

6 4
R TB

||
U

7 2
BE @K

8 | 1
9 | 1

(i) 9 (ii) 1 (iii) 8 (iv) 5

TO

3. 2 4. 50 5. (i) 12.5 (ii) 3

T

0+8+6+ 4
O

(iii) = qH$dm (iv) A

N

4
6. (i) CÀMV_ JwUm§H$=95, {Zå_V_ JwUm§H$ = 39 (ii) 56 (iii) 73
7. 2058 8.(i) 20.5 (ii) 5.9 (iii) 5
9. (i) 151 cm (ii) 128 cm (iii) 23 cm (iv) 141.4 cm (v) 5

ñdmÜ`m` 3.2
1. ~hþbH$ = 20, _Ü`m§H$ = 20, hmo`. 2. _Ü` = 39, ~hþbH$ = 15, _Ü`m§H$= 15, Zmhr
3. (i) ~hþbH$ = 38, 43; _Ü`m§H$ = 40 (ii) hmo`, ~hþbHo$ 2 AmhoV
4. ~hþbH$ = 14, _Ü`m§H$ = 14
5. (i) ~amo~a (ii) MyH$ (iii) ~amo~a (iv) MyH$

129
 ñdmÜ`m` 3.3
1. (a) _m§Oa (b) 8

4. (i) J{UV (ii) g_mO emó (iii) qhXr

5. (ii) {H«$Ho$Q> (iii) Ioi nmhV Amho
6. (i) Oå_y (ii) Oå_y, ~|Jiyé
(iii) ~|Jiyé Am{U O`nya qH$dm ~|Jiyé Am{U Ah_Xm~mX (iv) _w§~B©
ñdmÜ`m` 3.4
1. (i) {deof KS>Vo. (ii) KSy> eH$Vo nU {deof Zìho.

ED
(iii) AeŠ` (iv) KSy> eH$Vo nU {deof Zìho.

H
(v) KSy> eH$Vo nU {deof Zìh.o

IS
BL
EP S

2. (i) (ii) 3.
R TB
U
BE @K

ñdmÜ`m` 4.1
1. (i) Zmhr (ii) Zmhr (iii) hmo` (iv) Zmhr (v) hmo`
(vi) Zmhr (vii) hmo` (viii) Zmhr (ix) Zmhr (x) Zmhr
TO

(xi) hmo`
T

2. (a) Zmhr (b) Zmhr (c) hmo` (d) Zmhr (e) Zmhr (f) Zmhr
O

3. (i) p = 3 (ii) m = 6
N

b
4. (i) x + 4 = 9 (ii) y – 2 = 8 (iii) 10a = 70 (iv) =6
5
3t x
(v) = 15 (vi) 7m + 7 = 77 (vii) – 4 = 4 (viii) 6y – 6 = 60
4 4
(ix)

5. (i) p Am{U 4 `m§Mr ~oarO 15 Amho. (ii) m _YyZ 7 dOm Ho$bo AgVm 3 `oVmV.
(iii) m g§»`oMr XþßnQ> 7 Amho. (iv) m Mr EH$ n§M_m§e 3 Amho.
(v) m Mr VrZ n§M_m§e 6 Amho.

130
 (vi) p À`m {VßnQ>r_Ü`o 4 {_i{dë`mg 25 {_iVmV.
(vii) p À`m Mm¡ßnQ>rVyZ 2 dOm Ho$bo AgVm 18 {_iVmV.
(viii) p À`m {Zååçm_Ü`o 2 {_i{dbo AgVm 8 {_iVmV.
6. (i) 5m + 7 = 37 (ii) 3y + 4 = 49 (iii) 2l + 7 = 87 (iv) 4b = 180°

ñdmÜ`m` 4.2
1. (a) XmoÝhr ~mOybm 1 {_idm; x = 1 (b) XmoÝhr ~mOyVyZ 1 dOm H$am; x = –1
(c) XmoÝhr ~mOybm 1 {_idm; x = 6 (d) XmoÝhr ~mOyVyZ 6 dOm H$am; x = – 4
(e) XmoÝhr ~mOybm 4 {_idm; y = –3 (f) XmoÝhr ~mOyVyZ 4 dOm H$am; y = 8

ED
(g) XmoÝhr ~mOyVyZ 4 dOm H$am; y = 0

H
(h) XmoÝhr ~mOyVyZ 4 dOm H$am; y = – 8

IS
2. (a) XmoÝhr ~mOyb 3 Zo ^mJm ; l = 14 BL
EP S
R TB
U
(b) XmoÝhr ~mOybm 2 Zo JwUm; b = 12
BE @K

(c) XmoÝhr ~mOybm 7 Zo JwUm; p = 28

25
(d) XmoÝhr ~mOybm 4 Zo JwUm; x =
4
TO

(e) XmoÝhr ~mOybm 8Zo ^mJm; y =

15
(f) XmoÝhr ~mOybm 3 Zo JwUm; z =
T

4
O

7
N

(g) XmoÝhr ~mOybm 5 Zo JwUm; a =

3
1
(h) XmoÝhr ~mOybm 20 Zo ^mJm; t = – 2
3. (a) nm`ar 1 : XmoÝhr ~mOybm 2 {_idm.
nm`ar 2 : XmoÝhr ~mOybm 7 Zo ^mJm; n = 16
(b) nm`ar 1 : XmoÝhr ~mOybm 7 dOm H$am
nm`ar 2 : XmoÝhr ~mOybm 5 Zo ^mJm; m = 2
(c) nm`ar 1 : XmoÝhr ~mOybm 3 Zo JwUm

131
 nm`ar 2 : XmoÝhr ~mOybm20 Zo ^mJm; p = 6
(d) nm`ar 1 : XmoÝhr ~mOybm 10 Zo JwUm
nm`ar 2 : XmoÝhr ~mOybm 3 Zo ^mJm; p = 20
4. (a) p = 10 (b) p = 9 (c) p = 20 (d) p = –15 (e) p = 8 (f) s = –3
(g) s = – 4 (h) s = 0 (i) q = 3 (j) q = 3 (k) q = –3 (l) q = 3

ñdmÜ`m` 4.3
−18
1. (a) y = 8 (b) t = (c) a = –5 (d) q = – 8 (e) x = – 4
5
5 1 4
(f) x = (g) m = (h) z = –2 (i) l = (j) b = 12

ED
2 2 9
2. (a) x = 2 (b) n = 12 (c) n = –2 (d) x = – 4 (e) x = 0

H
IS
14 6
3. (a) p = 5 (b) p = (c) t = 2
BL (d) p = 7 (e) m = 2
EP S
5
R TB

x 2
U
4. (a) eŠ` g_rH$aUo : 10x + 2 = 22; = ; 5x – 3 = 7
BE @K

5 5
(b) eŠ` g_rH$aUo : 3x = – 6; 3x + 7 = 1; 3x + 10 = 4

ñdmÜ`m` 4.4
TO

x
1. (a) 8x + 4 = 60; x = 7 (b) – 4 = 3; x = 35
5
T

3
O

(c) y + 3 = 21; y = 24 (d) 2m – 11 = 15; m = 13

4
N

x +19
(e) 50 – 3x = 8; x = 14 (f) = 8; x = 21
5
5n
(g) –7 = 23; n = 12
2
2. (a) {H$_mZ JwU = 40 (b) 70° àË`oH$s

(c) gMrZ … 132 Ymdm, amhþb … 66 Ymdm

3. (i) 6 (ii) 15 df} (iii) 25 4. 30

132
 ñdmÜ`m` 5.1
1. (i) 70° (ii) 27° (iii) 33°
2. (i) 75° (ii) 93° (iii) 26°

3. (i) nyaH$ H$moZ (ii) H$moQ>rH$moZ (iii) nyaH$ H$moZ

(iv) nyaH$ H$moZ (v) H$moQ>rH$moZ (vi) H$moQ>rH$moZ
4. 45° 5. 90°

6. ∠1 _Ü`o _mn {OVHo$ H$_r> {VVHo$ ∠2 _Ü`o _mn OmñV>.

7. (i) Zmhr (ii) Zmhr (iii) hmo` 8. 45° nojm bhmZ

ED
9. (i) 90° (ii) 180° (iii) nyaH$ H$moZ

H
IS
(iv) aofr` OmoS>r (v) g_mZ (vi) {demb H$moZ
BL
EP S
10. (i) ∠AOD, ∠BOC (ii) ∠EOA, ∠AOB
R TB
U
(iii) ∠EOB, ∠EOD (iv) ∠EOA, ∠EOC
BE @K

(v) ∠AOB, ∠AOE; ∠AOE, ∠EOD; ∠EOD, ∠COD

ñdmÜ`m` 5.2
1. (i) g§JV H$moZmMm JwUY_© (ii) Am§VaH$moZmMm n`m©`r JwUY_©
TO

(iii) N>mo{XHo$À`m EH$mM ~mOybm AgUmao Am§VaH$moZ ho nyaH$ H$moZ AgVmV.

T

2. (i) ∠1, ∠5; ∠2, ∠6; ∠3, ∠7; ∠4, ∠8 (ii) ∠2, ∠8; ∠3, ∠5
O

(iii) ∠2, ∠5; ∠3, ∠8 (iv) ∠1, ∠3; ∠2, ∠4; ∠5, ∠7; ∠6, ∠8
N

3. a = 55°; b = 125°; c = 55°; d = 125°; e = 55°; f = 55°

4. (i) x = 70° (ii) x = 100°
5. (i) ∠DGC = 70° (ii) ∠DEF = 70°
6. (i) l aofm m b g_m§Va Zmhr (ii) l aofm m er g_m§Va Zmhr
(iii) l aofm m b g_m§Va Amho (iv) l aofm m er g_m§Va Zmhr

133
 ñdmÜ`m` 6.1
1. b§~, _Ü`Jm, Zmhr
ñdmÜ`m` 6.2
1. (i) 120° (ii) 110° (iii) 70° (iv) 120° (v) 100° (vi) 90°
2. (i) 65° (ii) 30° (iii) 35° (iv) 60° (v) 50° (vi) 40°

ñdmÜ`m` 6.3
1. (i) 70° (ii) 60° (iii) 40°
(iv) 65° (v) 60° (vi) 30°
2. (i) x = 70°, y = 60° (ii) x = 50°, y = 80°

ED
(iii) x = 110°, y = 70° (iv) x = 60°, y = 90°

H
(v) x = 45°, y = 90° (vi) x = 60°, y = 60°

IS
BL
EP S

ñdmÜ`m` 6.4
R TB
U

1. (i) eŠ` Zmhr (ii) eŠ` Amho (iii) eŠ` Zmhr

BE @K

2. (i) hmo` (ii) hmo` (iii) hmo` 3. hmo` 4. hmo` 5. Zmhr

6. 3 Am{U 27 À`m _Ü`o
ñdmÜ`m` 6.5
TO

1. 26 cm 2. 24 cm 3. 9 m 4. (i) and (iii)

T

5. 18m 6. (ii) 7. 98 cm 8. 68 cm
O
N

134