Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar and The Question of Socialism in India (Marx, Engels, and Marxisms) 1st Edition V. Geetha Download
Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar and The Question of Socialism in India (Marx, Engels, and Marxisms) 1st Edition V. Geetha Download
https://ebookmass.com/product/bhimrao-ramji-ambedkar-and-the-question-
of-socialism-in-india-marx-engels-and-marxisms-1st-edition-v-geetha/
https://ebookmass.com/product/marxs-wager-das-kapital-and-classical-
sociology-marx-engels-and-marxisms-1st-edition-thomas-kemple/
https://ebookmass.com/product/democracy-or-socialism-the-fateful-
question-for-america-in-2024-1st-edition-sven-r-larson/
https://ebookmass.com/product/the-nation-state-in-question-t-v-paul-
editor/
Shared Devotion, Shared Food: Equality and the Bhakti-
Caste Question in Western India Jon Keune
https://ebookmass.com/product/shared-devotion-shared-food-equality-
and-the-bhakti-caste-question-in-western-india-jon-keune/
https://ebookmass.com/product/fiscal-decentralization-in-india-an-
outcome-mapping-of-state-finance-commissions-1st-edition-v-n-alok/
https://ebookmass.com/product/the-invisible-republic-the-economics-of-
socialism-and-republicanism-in-the-21st-century-robbie-smyth/
https://ebookmass.com/product/the-empire-of-disgust-prejudice-
discrimination-and-policy-in-india-and-the-us-1st-edition-zoya-hasan/
MARX, ENGELS, AND MARXISMS
V. Geetha
Marx, Engels, and Marxisms
Series Editors
Marcello Musto, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
Terrell Carver, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
The Marx renaissance is underway on a global scale. Wherever the critique
of capitalism re-emerges, there is an intellectual and political demand for
new, critical engagements with Marxism. The peer-reviewed series Marx,
Engels and Marxisms (edited by Marcello Musto & Terrell Carver, with
Babak Amini, Francesca Antonini, Paula Rauhala & Kohei Saito as Assis-
tant Editors) publishes monographs, edited volumes, critical editions,
reprints of old texts, as well as translations of books already published
in other languages. Our volumes come from a wide range of political
perspectives, subject matters, academic disciplines and geographical areas,
producing an eclectic and informative collection that appeals to a diverse
and international audience. Our main areas of focus include: the oeuvre
of Marx and Engels, Marxist authors and traditions of the 19th and 20th
centuries, labour and social movements, Marxist analyses of contemporary
issues, and reception of Marxism in the world.
Bhimrao Ramji
Ambedkar
and the Question
of Socialism in India
V. Geetha
Chennai, India
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2021
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights
of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc.
in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such
names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for
general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and informa-
tion in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither
the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with
respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been
made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps
and institutional affiliations.
This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
For my parents
Titles Published
vii
viii TITLES PUBLISHED
12. John Gregson, Marxism, Ethics, and Politics: The Work of Alasdair
MacIntyre, 2018.
13. Vladimir Puzone & Luis Felipe Miguel (Eds.), The Brazilian
Left in the 21st Century: Conflict and Conciliation in Peripheral
Capitalism, 2019.
14. James Muldoon & Gaard Kets (Eds.), The German Revolution and
Political Theory, 2019.
15. Michael Brie, Rediscovering Lenin: Dialectics of Revolution and
Metaphysics of Domination, 2019.
16. August H. Nimtz, Marxism Versus Liberalism: Comparative Real-
Time Political Analysis, 2019.
17. Gustavo Moura de Cavalcanti Mello and Mauricio de Souza Saba-
dini (Eds.), Financial Speculation and Fictitious Profits: A Marxist
Analysis, 2019.
18. Shaibal Gupta, Marcello Musto & Babak Amini (Eds.), Karl
Marx’s Life, Ideas, and Influences: A Critical Examination on the
Bicentenary, 2019.
19. Igor Shoikhedbrod, Revisiting Marx’s Critique of Liberalism:
Rethinking Justice, Legality, and Rights, 2019.
20. Juan Pablo Rodríguez, Resisting Neoliberal Capitalism in Chile:
The Possibility of Social Critique, 2019.
21. Kaan Kangal, Friedrich Engels and the Dialectics of Nature, 2020.
22. Victor Wallis, Socialist Practice: Histories and Theories, 2020.
23. Alfonso Maurizio Iacono, The Bourgeois and the Savage: A Marxian
Critique of the Image of the Isolated Individual in Defoe, Turgot and
Smith, 2020.
24. Terrell Carver, Engels Before Marx, 2020.
25. Jean-Numa Ducange, Jules Guesde: The Birth of Socialism and
Marxism in France, 2020.
26. Antonio Oliva, Ivan Novara & Angel Oliva (Eds.), Marx and
Contemporary Critical Theory: The Philosophy of Real Abstraction,
2020.
27. Francesco Biagi, Henri Lefebvre’s Critical Theory of Space, 2020.
28. Stefano Petrucciani, The Ideas of Karl Marx: A Critical Introduc-
tion, 2020.
29. Terrell Carver, The Life and Thought of Friedrich Engels, 30th
Anniversary Edition, 2020.
30. Giuseppe Vacca, Alternative Modernities: Antonio Gramsci’s Twen-
tieth Century, 2020.
TITLES PUBLISHED ix
xi
Visit https://ebookmass.com today to explore
a vast collection of ebooks across various
genres, available in popular formats like
PDF, EPUB, and MOBI, fully compatible with
all devices. Enjoy a seamless reading
experience and effortlessly download high-
quality materials in just a few simple steps.
Plus, don’t miss out on exciting offers that
let you access a wealth of knowledge at the
best prices!
xii TITLES FORTHCOMING
xv
xvi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
my friend and comrade, Prema Revathi who has stayed with me through
this process; comrades Ramamurthi, Siva Satya, Geeta Elangovan and
Elangovan, Arivazhagan, Paranthaman, Sait, Samuel Raj, Gautam Ganap-
athy, Thanigai, Uday and his students from the Madras Christian College,
Shanmuganandan, Bhagat Singh, Nataraj, Sheelu, Father Arul Raja and
the Jesuit fraternity, all from Tamil Nadu; my feminist comrades from
Forum Against Oppression of Women, and the Gandhian Rajini Bakshi,
from Mumbai; the Women’s Studies Programme at Jawaharlal Nehru
University, New Delhi, especially Lata and Tarang; the organizers of the
Certificate Course on ‘Reading Ambedkar’ at Babasaheb Dr. Ambedkar
Marathwada University, Aurangabad; the Women’s Studies Department,
Savirtibai Phule University, Pune, in particular Anagha, Swati, Sneha and
Deepa; Karthik and other friends from the Ambedkar-King Study Circle in
California; the Prabuddha Collective, Pune, particularly, Vaibhav, Anushka
and Zameer.
I would not have been able to write this book, if not for the
work of that redoubtable scholar of anti-caste and feminist histories,
the late Gail Omvedt with whom I had the good fortune to converse
for long hours during a time that we travelled together in the United
States; feminist historian and film-maker, Uma Chakravarti whose writ-
ings on ancient India and Buddhism have helped me retain a consis-
tent feminist perspective on matters to do with caste, the household
and family; and the late K. Balagopal to who I owe many intellec-
tual and other debts. For both intermittent and sustained conversa-
tions over the years on anti-caste political traditions and thought, Dalit
histories, literature and culture many thanks to the late Ajit Muricken,
Gopal Guru, Anand Teltumbde, Valerian Rodrigues, Balmurli Natrajan,
Dilip Menon, Anupama Rao, Santosh Suradhkar, Praveen Chavan, Dilip
Chavan, Prakash Sirsat, Wandana Sonalkar, Deepa Dhanraj, A. Suneeta,
Kalpana Kannabiran, Sandana Mary, Burnad Fatima, Bama, Punitha
Pandian, Ponnuchamy, Raj Gauthaman, Madivannan, Stalin Rajangam,
Raghupathy and Aadavan Dheetchanya.
Many thanks to Senthilnathan and Amutarasan for suggesting and
supporting the Social Justice events since 2014, which helped to take
forward conversations on Ambedkar’s life and work. For reading parts
of the manuscript thank you, Mano, Helmut, Revathi, Senthil Babu and
Bhavani and for helping with sourcing texts, Srikant Talwalkar, Devkumar
Ahire, Minal, Scott Stroud, Babu, Karuna Dietrich-Wielenga and Anusha.
Thanks also to my colleagues at Tara Books for letting me keep my own
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xvii
1 Introduction 1
2 ‘A Part Apart’: The Life and Times of Dr. Ambedkar 11
3 Pax Britannica: Conceptualizing Colonial Rule
and State 59
4 A New Time: Arguing with History
and Imagining Utopia 109
5 Graded Inequality and Untouchability: Towards
the Annihilation of Caste 147
6 The Pre-requisites of Communism: Rethinking
Revolution 191
7 What Path to Salvation? The Conundrum of Social
Reproduction 235
8 Buddha or Karl Marx: Fraternal Ethics and Economic
Justice 273
Bibliography 317
Index 331
xix
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
1 A Haunting
Across India, diverse rural and urban neighbourhoods host a statue
that is hard to miss: bespectacled, and in a suit, with a book in
hand, and right forefinger pointing into the distance. Small, large, grey,
painted, garlanded, of mud and stone, these images are of Bhimrao
Ramji Ambedkar (1891–1956), one of modern India’s most original
thinkers. A symbol of a living history of resistance to the hierarchical and
unequal caste order, and its supplement, untouchability, he is remem-
bered, revered and loved by all those who continue to fight for dignity
and equality in a violent and unequal society.
The general Indian public has been content to view him as the
architect of the Constitution of India, and as a leader of the Dalits
(former untouchables). But to those who are part of various political
and social movements inspired by him, and who constitute resilient anti-
caste counter-publics, he is a revolutionary thinker, radical democrat and
republican, and for some, an unusual socialist. Dalit movements and intel-
lectuals who are active in these various publics have pushed scholars
in India and elsewhere to engage with his work, as is evident from
the number of research projects and publications that have come to be
undertaken over the last three decades and more.
1 Ambedkar’s socialism has been the subject of the following books: Gail Omvedt’s,
Dalits and the Democratic Revolution, New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1994, examines the
socialist aspects of Ambedkar’s politics. She suggests that he advocated a radical politics of
labour in the 1930s and partially in the 1940s, but not thereafter. Anand Teltumbde—in
his long introduction to a collection of Ambedkar’s writings titled, India and Commu-
nism, New Delhi: Leftword Books, 2018—points to the Indian left’s sins of omission, with
regard to the caste question and their unfortunate and tragic misreading of Ambedkar’s
politics and also draws attention to Ambedkar’s engagement with communist literature,
including Marx’s writings. Anupama Rao has sought to think through Ambedkar’s rela-
tionship with socialism in tandem with his theorization of the subaltern in a distinctive
sort of way (see her ‘Ambedkar’s Dalit and the Problem of Caste Subalternity’ in The
Radical in Ambedkar: Critical Reflections, edited by Suraj Yengde and Anand Teltumbde,
Gurgaon: Penguin India, 2018, pp. 340–358). See also Cosimo Zene (editor), The Polit-
ical Philosophies of Antonio Gramsci and B.R. Ambedkar: Itineraries of the Subaltern,
London: Routledge 2013, which features essays that read Ambedkar through a Gramscian
lens.
2 For a synoptic and rich overview of his writings, see Valerian Rodrigues (editor), The
Essential Writings of B.R. Ambedkar, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2004.
1 INTRODUCTION 3
3 The displacement of ideas and events from their discursive and historical contexts and
their refiguration was undertaken with deliberative intent. For instance, Ambedkar drew
on the history of American abolitionism, including the work undertaken by white people
of conscience, to point to how the horrors of slavery were mitigated by such efforts. His
point was not to produce the ‘truth’ about abolitionism, but to point to the absence
of such parallel efforts in India, with regard to untouchability (Babasaheb Ambedkar:
Writings and Speeches, The Education Department, Government of Maharashtra [BAWS],
Volume 5, 1989, pp. 80–88, 97–99). He was aware of the complexities of the issues
at stake in Abolitionism and the civil war, and knew Henry Aptheker’s work, which he
cited in his famous polemic, What Congress and Gandhi have Done to the Untouchables
(in BAWS, Volume 9, 1991, pp. 173–176); he also noted that the Gettysburg address
notwithstanding, President Lincoln’s intent was not to end slavery, but save the Union.
In this instance, he compared Gandhi to Lincoln and noted that likewise Gandhi wanted
freedom from the British, but did not wish to restructure the unequal Hindu social order
(in BAWS, Volume 9, 1991, pp. 270–271).
4 V. GEETHA
3 Chapters
The book comprises seven chapters: the second is in the nature of a
short political biography and contextualizes Ambedkar’s life and work, by
embedding them within multiple histories, of anti-caste movements and
thought that existed in his native Maharashtra in western India; Indian
nationalism and communism, and the colonial state, in their relationship
to each other; caste worlds; and local and global intellectual traditions.
I bring Ambedkar’s politics and his thought into conversation with what
were coeval with either, and point to what he shared with his contempo-
raries and where he stood apart, as he pursued and conceptualized what
often appeared ‘unthinkable’.
The ‘apartness’ which marked the place of the untouchable in Indian
society was not only a sociological and existential condition, but an
ontological one as well. Ambedkar’s acute and critical awareness of the
ontological wounding, at once structural and corporeal, that he and his
fellow untouchables were subject to, mediated his responses to nation-
alism and communism. Tragically neither nationalists nor the communists
grasped the ethical significance of this critique. In this context it would
be useful to recall what W. E. Du Bois wrote of the American socialists in
1913: that the “average modern Socialist can scarcely grasp” the “bitter
reactionary hatred of the Negro” and a culture in which “murder and
torture of human beings holds a prominent place” and which considers
“the defilement of colored women … [a] joke, and justice toward colored
men will not be listened to”.5
Chapter 3 examines Ambedkar’s understanding of colonial rule and the
colonial state, of what he ironically called “Pax Britannica”. It contrasts
and compares his views with those of nationalists and communists and
The instant that Lady Peggy felt herself in the highwayman’s saddle,
she knew from long acquaintance with every colt Bickers had bred,
raised, or broke, since she was six, that her wrists had met their
match. Before she had time to utter a word, turn her head, or think,
she felt the warm flesh under her quiver with that recovering
impulse which horsemen know so well; that streak of untamed and
untamable nature which lies, however deep-hidden, in every four-
foot that breathes, and which never fails to spurt to the front when it
gets exactly the right chance.
Peggy’s light, nay, by this, weak hand, now gave the big black its
chance, and with a snort, a toss of its head, and a vicious swell of its
sides, it laid back its ears, took the bit between its teeth as if it had
been a mess of oats, and reared a length on its forelegs: when,
finding its rider still on, it started on a run which Her Ladyship had
not the slightest power to check. All she could do was to keep her
seat.
Like a flash, out of the forest on to the width of the heath, plume
waving, sword flapping, laces rippling, curls flying; the mare’s mane
slapping in her face; legs and arms and will all at work to stop the
beast or bring it into some sort of subjection. To no purpose. The
black head now low, as if picking up a scent from the turf it tore;
now up, as though snuffing its goal from afar, the mare skirted the
heath, gained the meadows; over hedges where the birds rose in
flocks behind its heels; ditches, where the muddy waters splashed
over Her Ladyship’s satin clothes: here a bolt into an orchard,
leaving a ribbon a-hanging on a limb; over the wall like a rocket,
and, at breakneck gait, through a hamlet, rousing the people out of
their beds to peep at pane, and wonder. Slap-dash into a pasture,
scattering ewes and lambs like wool before the wind, taking a five-
bar into a common, thence to highway; scampering a footbridge to
leave it shivered behind them, and all Peg’s thought just a brave
prayer to be kept alive, so that she might not fail of foiling Sir
Robin’s men Sunday night!
Where she was going, she knew not. Where she was, she had no
smallest idea when, as the sun looked over the long low line of
horizon before her, she with a shudder beheld a gibbet outlined
against the morning sky. The black gave a lunge that knocked her
feet out of the stirrups (quick in again), reared, whinnied like a devil,
and, nose to ground, now made her rider understand that up to the
present she had done nothing much in the way of speed, or of
efforts at emptying the saddle.
Yet Her Ladyship stuck on, with flying colors, too, and no loss of
either wig, hat, weapon or will, and with grateful heart she now
found herself being spun across a magnificent park, where the deer
fled before her, it is true, but at the upper end of which she saw
looming the turrets and towers of a fine castle.
XI
Wherein Lady Peggy is condemned to be
hanged, and sets forth, attended by the
clergy, for the gallows.
Although Sir Percy had cheerfully foretold for Kennaston the roseate
picture of Lady Diana’s “Yes” crowning the young poet’s somewhat
diffident suit with untold happiness, the fact was quite other. Her
Ladyship, on the day of Mr. Brummell’s party to Ivy Dene, having
overheard the Honorable Dolly Tarleton, in the library, laying six to
four to Lady Biddy O’Toole, that their host’s daughter was “only
waiting for the beautiful young poet’s asking, to jump into his arms
immediately,” did, with such sudden change of demeanor from
sweets to sours, languishing eyes to averted looks, smiles to pouts,
corner chats to open flouts, put her lover into a state of mind, the
like of which he presently described, as only he could, in a copy of
verses, which the next night at White’s were pronounced to be,
indeed, “the masterpiece of one whose heart pants, whose whole
being’s but at the beck and call of her who wears a smocked
petticoat, ogles with a witching eye, and should be vain that so
much genius lays itself at her feet, to wit, Lady D——a W——n.”
For, taking immediate fright at his Lady’s coldness, Kennaston had
ordered a post-chaise from the Brookwood Arms, and without a
word of farewell to Lady Diana, save that embodied in an ode, “To
Chloe When Unkind,” which her woman found pinned to Her
Ladyship’s cloak when she was putting it on her shoulders the
following morning, had gone to town, and just in time at the White
Horse to be haled into Mr. Brummell’s party for breakfast, and to
learn of the adventure with Tom Kidde, the valor of Sir Robin McTart,
and the absence of that young gentleman, as also Sir Percy, from
the board.
When Lady Diana’s woman hooked her mistress’s cloak about her
’twas at five o’clock in the morning, and of the party at the Castle
every lady’s woman was performing the same office, adding hood
over curls and puffs, and sticking the finest of cambric pocket-
napkins into their mistress’ hands by the half dozens; for ’twas easily
seen that such early rising could be for no other cause than to go
forth to bathe their Ladyships’ faces in the May-dew; the which,
when gathered from little copses and shadowy nooks before the sun
had yet shone upon’t, was warranted to enhance that beauty which
was already evident, and to create those charms which, alas! are
occasionally lacking.
Lady Diana spelled out her lover’s verses as best she could, tripping
from door to door, and calling her young companions from their
mirrors; sending a footman and a page to summon the gallants who
were to accompany them in their expedition, and laughing heartily
as she made out more from a footman than from Kennaston’s muse
that he had betaken himself to town rather than longer incur her
displeasure and her frowns.
“Bless me, but my suitor’s in a fine pickle! Lud! though, I’m not
disposed to have these hussies a-laying six to four on my bein’ ready
to jump at his offer; still, I’d rather he’d stopped over, or else that
some one most amusin’ were here; for instance Sir Robin McTart,
which is not to be!”
Then a-rapping at the doors, and laughter from girlish lips; pattering
of heels down the hall and stair-case; out to meet the gentlemen,
bowing and complimenting on the terrace; over the lawns, and
through the flower-gardens, and past the offices and stables, where
Lord Brookwood, even thus early, was sunning himself in the yard,
and talking over county matters with Mr. Biggs, J.P.
“Where to? Where to?” sings out His Lordship cheerily with hat in
hand, and Mr. Biggs down to the ground before so much beauty,
fashion and rank.
“Off to the copse, father,” calls back Diana, “to gather the May-dew
and wash our faces; when we come back you must tell us all how
much more beautiful we are to-day than we were yesterday!”
With which lively sally Lady Diana and the rest of ’em are crossing
the hill and laughing as they pass out of sight on their two miles’
away walk to Armsleigh Copse.
Lord Brookwood is about to resume his conversation with Biggs,
while the half-dozen grinning stable boys, behind His Lordship’s
back, are rubbing their fists in the wet turf of a paddock, and
smearing their red faces with the dew, the head-groom touching
them up with a lash; when a whinny, that sets every animal in the
stalls and out of ’em a-replying, sets all the cocks crowing, hens
cackling, chicks peeping, dogs barking, geese squawking, smites
their startled ears, and yonder, hilly-o-ho! Sirs; in a cloud of
upturned soil, in a shower of splash from the river, with a thud on
the wooden bridge, a bound over the stone wall of the kitchen
garden; comes a black with nigh every tooth in its mouth bared,
foaming, smoking, bloody; rider bent double to saddle’s bow,
clinging with legs and arms.
“Homing Nell and the highwayman! Tom Kidde! Tom Kidde!”
“Homing Nell!” the shout goes up from every throat there, from His
Lordship to the ’ostlers and boys.
“Tom Kidde! Tom Kidde!”
“By Gad! Sir,” cries the Earl. “I knew Nell’d come back sooner or
later! Surround him. Bag him!”
Peggy hears the shouts as the ungovernable steed lunges, lurches,
rears beneath her spurs and still tightly gripped reins; she takes in
the situation, but not to its full import, until she now hears the voice
of Biggs uplifted.
“Lord Brookwood! Lord Brookwood! mind her heels, My Lord, mind
her heels! Leave the takin’ of the damned cut-purse to me and the
boys!”
At the word “Brookwood,” Her Ladyship realizes that she is on the
domains of Lady Diana’s father! and being mistaken for a Knight of
the Road!
The latter she felt she could easily abide, and as easily refute; but
the former was more than even her spent spirit could stand. So, as
Biggs, His Lordship, the grooms, the stable-boys and ’ostlers and
helpers all formed into a ring with whips, canes, stones and halloos
to take her prisoner, she plucked up courage from the depths, and,
raising herself in her saddle and her head in the air, with one
superhuman tug at the bridle and prick with the steels, she made to
get off! and away! But Her Ladyship’s nerve was not the equal of
Homing Nell’s, nor yet to be pitted with success against the waving
arms and jumping legs of a dozen stout men. With the final crack of
the head-groom’s lash about her heels, with the pop in the air above
her hat of Mr. Biggs’s blunderbuss, caught from the hand of one of
the lads, “Homing Nell” was brought to a quivering stand-still, and
My Lady Peggy to bay in the stable-yard of Brookwood Castle!
“Ha!” cries the Earl, “my pretty fellow, you’re trapped at last! The
night you stole the black mare from me I shouted after you, as well
as the gag at my mouth would permit, that she’d bring you no luck,
and that muscles of iron wouldn’t hold her the day she made up her
mind to get home.”
Peggy, glad of the use of her lungs once more, and now nigh
bursting with laughter at being so glibly mistook for one of the most
reckless fellows in all England, took off her hat, bowed low, and
said:
“My Lord Brookwood, ’tis, I believe, I have the honor of addressing?”
“Ho! ho! ho!” Mr. Biggs, from a survey of the saddle-bow now bursts
out in triumphant joyfulness.
“’Od’s blood, My Lord! but here’s luck, here’s justice, here’s what
comes of my bein’ here when I am!” and Mr. Biggs now holds aloft
upon the point of his stick the black mask of Master Tom Kidde,
which the rogue had dropped when he was hit, and which had
caught and hung by its riband from that moment to this, unseen by
Lady Peg.
“Highwayman! highwayman! highwayman!” yells every lung in the
place, while the whole dozen, including His Lordship and the Justice,
threaten Lady Peggy with their cudgels, lashes and stones.
“I pray ye, My Lord, Gentlemen, and good fellows!” cries she,
remembering now the entire history of the animal she bestrides, as
rehearsed some six hours earlier by Beau Brummell and Mr. Vane. “I
am no highwayman.”
A groan of derision greets this announcement.
“Nay, but the rather am I the victim of Tom Kidde, than he himself!
Together with a party of my friends, being at mid-night last, on the
return from a visit to Mr. Brummell’s seat, Ivy Dene, we were set
upon by the rogues in the midst of Epstowe Forest; I had the luck,
both good and bad, to put a ball into Tom, to get my horse shot
under me, and to mount the scoundrel’s steed, the which has
brought me to Your Lordship’s door, and the mare, herself, to where
she belongs, it seems!”
“A damned fine story, ’fore George!” exclaims Biggs, laughing
triumphantly, now holding up two watches, three rings, a diamond
snuff-box, a seal, two magnificent pins, and a most splendid jeweled
stomacher, high above his head in the tip of the sunshine.
“’Sdeath!” cried Lord Brookwood, seizing one of the trinkets and
examining it with his spy-glass. “What’s this? ‘Percy de Bohun,
Christmas from his aff. mother,’” reads His Lordship. Then another,
“‘Wyatt Lovell souvenir of Italy!’ Gad, Biggs,” looking Her Ladyship
over, where she still sits atop of the steaming black, “we’ve got the
cursed blackguard this time! What else in his saddle pockets?
aught?”
These Biggs, assisted by the head-groom, is energetically emptying
of a miscellaneous collection of valuables, while Lady Peggy looks on
in amazement as yet only flavored with amusement, and one more
vain regret for her abandoned petticoats.
“Yes, My Lord, these thousands of pounds’ worth,” replied the
Justice, holding aloft his treasure trove; “and it’ll be a short shrift for
the devil, I can say that.”
“Hark ye,” now says Her Ladyship, as she recalls with a not
unnatural tremor the death-warrant she had heard was lying to hand
in Mr. Biggs’s pocket. “Lord Brookwood, I am no highwayman; my
story is true; I am”—the words stuck in Peggy’s throat; she coughed,
the stable boys tittered; then the head-groom tilted the saddle and
spilled her out of it to the ground; at a word from Biggs, a couple of
the men tied her, hand and foot, with a stout rope, and a pair of
farming reins about her middle.
“Now who do you call yourself, my fine fellow?” says His Lordship.
“Sir Robin McTart of Robinswold, Kent!” cries Peggy, glad to be able
to answer without the lie direct. “And I demand instant freedom and
immunity,” cries she, tortured and quivering beneath the rude hands
and ruder gibes of the grooms and ’ostlers.
“Demand away! my pretty buck-skin, with your jeweled hilt!” returns
Biggs, stripping the weapon from her thigh. “Your satin breeches
and gold-laced waistcoat! ’Tain’t no use denyin’ you your speech,
and your will to palaver on whatever matter you will, for before the
clock strikes eight, you’ll be home with your father in hell.”
“Tut, tut, Mr. Biggs,” says His Lordship. “Call Mr. Frewen, the Curate,
he’s at his studies in the library, we havin’ sat late over our cards last
night; and let him have his prayer-book to hand, open at the page
for malefactors after condemnation.”
“Go, you, Michael,” this to one of the now awestruck lads hanging,
staring at Peg over the paddock paling. “Ask Mr. Frewen to come
quickly.”
“But this is monstrous, Sir!” cries Her Ladyship, now thoroughly
alarmed, and near to losing her wits betwixt her endeavors to keep
up her man’s estate, her contempt of her own frowardness, her
shame at being thus at the mercy of her rival’s parent, and her
actual terror of her position.
“I do beseech you, I am an honest person, my tale is true. Is it not
but the justice due to any subject of His Majesty’s, however humble,
that he should not be condemned before he is tried, or even his
identity proven?”
“I’ll be sworn, My Lord,” exclaims Biggs, “’tis a voice and air to
wheedle fine ladies out of their stomachers and chains, but not to
tempt the law. Sirrah!” he continues, addressing himself to Her
Ladyship, who is by this firmly tied to a post like a colt about to be
broken to harness. “’Tain’t no use for you to be imaginin’ as justice
and His Majesty ain’t a-doing their best for you. Here have you been
a terror to all God-fearing, law-abiding Englishmen any time these
half-dozen of years. A-poundin’ every heath in England, Hornslow,
Bagshott, and all the commons, Wimbledon, Wandsworth, Finchley;
a-hulking in Epstowe with your mates, and making the lives of
travelers a burden most horrible; ain’t you secreted uncountable
pounds’ worth of plunder in your devilish caves and dens? Haven’t
you left the earth strewed with corpses in your ugly path? Answer
me, Sir!” and Mr. Biggs stamps his foot on the ground.
“No, Sir!” shouts Peg, “I ain’t and haven’t, and I’m not! ’Slife, My
Lord Brookwood,” cries she in a terrible way, twisting her tied hands
together. “For God’s sake, send up to town post-haste, and find out
Mr. Brummell, Mr. Vane, Mr. Chalmers, Lord Escombe, Sir Lovell
Wyatt!”
But His Lordship has turned up the path toward the Castle and met
Mr. Frewen, to whom he is explaining the necessities of the situation.
’Tis such a fair May day, with bud and blossom, bough and bird;
fowls, men, beasts, all free of tether, and My Lady is like to weep;
cry out her sex, her very name and estate, as she feels the gall upon
her wrists and ankles, and knows what fate awaits her.
She even, for one weak moment, thinks she will implore Lord
Brookwood to send up to London for her rival, his own daughter,
Lady Diana, and let her come down and tell him who is Sir Robin
McTart—for Lady Peggy believes Lady Di to be in town and has no
knowledge to the contrary.
Yet, there in the stable-yard, with imprisonment as she supposes,
and even death dangling for her at no great loss of time, with her
liberty gone; her word no better than a thief’s; with no earthly hand
upraised to sustain her, My Lady Peggy’s stout heart does not flutter
to dismay. For that one brief instant ’tis, without doubt, in her mind
to confess and fling herself upon the mercy of the Earl and the
Curate, who now draw nigh; but when she reflects upon the
monstrous tissue of her deceits, and the unutterable shame of the
exposure of the cause of them, ’tis then she is like to whimper, but
for naught else.
Mr. Frewen approaches; ’tis a young man of a pale cadaverous
countenance, whose first bow to a highwayman is indeed, though he
find him in durance vile, a timid one.
The supposed Tom Kidde gives the man of the cloth eye for eye, so
that this one quails and stumbles in his speech; and finally, leaving
in the rear all his preconceived plans for a hasty reformation, he
promptly remarks, opening his prayer-book to the riband:
“You know your doom, Mr. Kidde; shall I pray for you here?”
“Faith!” says Lady Peggy, plucking up heart, once her resolution is
taken not to reveal her secret, come what may. “I do not know my
doom, Sir! It seems sufficient ‘doom’ for an honest English
gentleman, who has met with a mishap, to be brought to a
nobleman’s threshold and get foul treatment rather than welcome.
Pray for me, Sir, an you will, there’s none so much deserves or needs
it. Pray on!”
“Frewen!” beckons His Lordship, as he watches the ’ostlers rubbing
down the restored Homing Nell, and confers with Mr. Biggs as to the
plunder and the meting out of justice. “Frewen, gain the wretch’s
confidence an you can, the whereabouts of all the gold and jewels
he has stolen; my watch. And also, if he have wife or child, it might
not be amiss, eh, Biggs? to inquire if he have any message for
them?”
“Aye, My Lord” puts in the pompous Biggs, up-looking from his
perusal of a long, sealed, important-appearing parchment, unrolled
before his eyes. “By ascertaining their whereabouts, we should
perhaps get the clue to all the bloody rascal’s pelf.”
A combination of Christian charity and official shrewdness, which
commended itself highly to His Lordship, as he sent the Curate back
to the comforting of the malefactor across the yard.
“Hark ye, Mr. Kidde,” says Mr. Frewen, lowering his voice, and, for
the credit of his soul, with gentleness at his heartstrings.
“I’m not Mr. Kidde, I tell you, I swear’t!” says Her Ladyship firmly.
“Well, well,” says the man of the Church, “mayhap that’s an assumed
name; but surely, now, Sir, with not two hours of life left you, to me,
me alone, Sir, it were wiser drop all disguises. Surely now you are
not Sir Robin McTart?” in a soothing and sorrowful tone.
Peggy winces.
“Go seek and ask all the noblemen and gentlemen I’ve named, Sir,
they’ll quickly set me to rights in your eyes, I pledge you. Oh, Sir, for
the love of God!” cries she, whispering very low. “I speak the truth! I
am no highwayman.”
“I am used to quibbles, Mr. Kidde; I know that now you are no
robber, but merely a prisoner under sentence of death.”
“What!” cries she. “’Tis not possible that a man is taken, tried,
disallowed to prove himself, and put out of the world, betwixt
sunrise and breakfast, in the reign of His Majesty George the Third!”
“’Tis so,” answers the Curate, pulling the rope and leathers, and
pushing Her Ladyship around a bit toward the east, as he points
what he considers a salutary finger. “Yonder’s the gibbet, Mr. Kidde,
and from it you must hang by eight. I implore of you now—”
Lady Peggy’s eyes are fastened upon the arms and cross-beams of
the gallows, which are outlined clearly against the deep blue sky,
and full in the shine of the spring sun.
“Well,” says she to herself, all in a flash, as thoughts can travel three
abreast ofttimes, and twelve times quicker than the scrivener can set
’em down—“I’ve been a very accursedly wicked girl; but, thank God!
my pride ain’t all gone yet. I’ll hang! but I’ll never give up my secret!
When I’m gone, if they find it out—I won’t be here to be a-hearin’ of
the taunts and jeers and sympathies; and of my mother’s and
father’s sorrows!” At this point Peggy is very near to tears, when the
Curate says, interrupting their possible flow:
“Now, Mr. Kidde, if you have any message for—your wife—perhaps?”
he ejaculates hesitatingly, and with good knowledge that the
marriage ceremony was one usually omitted from the code of
gentlemen of the road.
“I have no wife!” cries Her Ladyship, in a heat betwixt her remorse
for her parents and the unconscious ridiculousness of Mr. Frewen’s
question.
“Or it might be,” suggests this one with a sigh, “you have a little
child, Mr. Kidde—?”
“No, Sir,” says My Lady very low and quick. “That I haven’t.”
“A dear friend and comrade?” pursues the Curate.
“Yes, I have,” answers she, for during all this hour just past, a
thousand thoughts have come to Peggy about Sir Percy.
“Ah,” responds Frewen joyously. “Now tell me where he’s to be
found, and entrust me with the message, and be assured all will be
carried out to your wishes.”
“Thank you,” says Peggy. “Free my right hand if you will; give me
something to write with, and the leaf out of your prayer-book, and
I’ll ask you the favor.”
The Curate, under the strict superintendence of Biggs, who has all
this while been dispatching boys on horses, hither and yon, to notify
the quality and the country side both, that Tom Kidde’s been taken
and will hang at eight from the gibbet a-top of Armsleigh Hill,
loosens Her Ladyship’s arm of the thong, and gives her a leaf and a
pencil with the top of the post for a support.
“To Sir Percy de Bohun, Charlotte Street, London,” writes she. “plese
An you lov God And The Kinge goe not evar Again toe walke onne
The dove peere at The Bottomme of littel Boye yarde Their isse onne
swares Toe Kille you & you doe This isse writ bye onne now noe
more.”
Her Ladyship folds the scrap of paper over and over; hands back the
pencil to Mr. Frewen; and then she says:
“Sir, will you promise me on that Book you’re holding in your hand,
you’ll not look at this or send it until I’m dead?”
“I will,” answers the young man, more touched than he cares to
admit, even to himself.
“And further,” says she, “will you pledge me your word it shall reach
him it’s intended for before this time Sunday?”
“I will,” is the reply, “unless it be in the depths of Epstowe and
inaccessible to my horse or myself.”
“’Tis in London, Sir, and quite accessible. ’Tis a warning for life and
death, and I’ll count you fail me not, nor him whose life you’d be the
means of saving.”
“I pledge my word, Mr. Kidde,” replies the Curate, backing away to
make room for Justice Biggs, and with the very laudable sensation in
his mind that he is to be the instrument of preserving some
unknown from the clutches of the doubtless repentant outlaw’s own
men.
In less than five minutes after, Biggs had marshaled his cavalcade
and rode forth of the stable-yard of Brookwood Castle; his white cob
at the head, a-holding in his left hand the duly signed warrant for
the execution of one Thomas Kidde. Following him, strode the
hastily summoned Master William Lambe, the butcher, who was to
do duty as hangman (sooth to say, hangings were rare in this
county, and there was no one appointed by law to the office, it being
thus left to the discretion of the Justice).
The Earl, mounted, rode next with a dozen of his servants, and in
the midst of these My Lady Peggy, astride of the black once more,
but with face to tail, hands tied together, and no hat to her head; Mr.
Frewen at her side walking; a motley crowd growing and gathering
at every step, about her, of gaping, wondering, jubilant and curious
persons of all ages, sexes, and conditions.
Never a whimper out of My Lord, the Earl of Exham’s only daughter.
A set rigid look about the drawn lips, and an unearthly pallor shining
through all the dark stains Her Ladyship had been a-using of late.
Not a word did she say, save to ask Mr. Frewen to read the
Declaration of Absolution or Remission of Sins out of his prayer-book
as they went; which he did under his breath, and much jolted by the
rough highway, which now the procession had gained; and likewise
laying much unction to his soul that, in so short a space of time, his
comfortable ministrations had produced so seeming abundant godly
results!
When he had finished Her Ladyship said, “Amen,” and thereafter
held up her head with that courage which is born of one of two
things, conscious innocence or a profound repentance for sins,
which, while to others they may appear puerile, to the offender are
worthy of the wrath of the Creator and the condemnation of man.
She noted the hawthorn in the hedges, the dew upon the turf; the
tall mawkin swaying in the wind in the middle of a newly sown field;
and, as her lids raised, the mustering crowds, all with steps bent,
and greedy eyes fixed, yonder to the hill-top where the gibbet stood,
and where the new rope dangled for her neck.
Yet she made no sign.
Not even when she heard the rabble laying their groats and
sixpences, that Kidde would, or wouldn’t “die game.”
XII
Rehearseth how, in the very nick o’ time,
Her Ladyship’s neck is saved from
the noose by Sir Percy.
ebookmasss.com