Branch: CCE Subject: CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

Subject Code:BTMC-101-18 Semester:3RD

SECTION A

Each question carries 02 marks.

Bloom taxonomy Marks COs

Q.No Statement
level
2
1. What is the meaning of Article 19(1)(a)? Understanding CO1
What is the relationship between Directive Principles 2 CO1
2. Understanding
and Fundamental Rights?
What is the significance of Fundamental Duties in 2 CO1
3. Understanding
nation building?
2 CO1
4. Define the term ‘Preamble’. Understanding
Mention any two Gandhian principles under Part IV of 2 CO1
5. Understanding
the Constitution.
Name two sources of Indian Citizenship under the 2 CO1
6. Understanding
Citizenship Act, 1955.
What is the role of the Supreme Court in protecting 2 CO1
7. Understanding
Fundamental Rights?
2 CO1
8. Define the term “Liberty” in the Preamble. Understanding
What is the role of Parliament in modifying the 2 CO1
9. Understanding
citizenship provisions?
What are the main objectives of the Constitution of 2 CO1
10. Understanding
India?
2 CO1
11. Define Directive Principles of State Policy. Understanding
What do you mean by ‘Justice’ in the context of the 2 CO1
12. Understanding
Preamble?
What is the difference between legal and political 2 CO1
13. Understanding
rights?
What is the importance of the term ‘We the People’ in 2 CO1
14. Understanding
the Preamble?
Which part of the Constitution deals with Fundamental 2 CO1
15. Understanding
Rights?
Define the term ‘Democratic’ in the context of Indian 2 CO1
16. Understanding
Constitution.
2 CO1
17. State any two methods of acquiring Indian Citizenship. Understanding
 2 CO1
18. What is meant by "Right against Exploitation"? Understanding
2 CO1
19. Name the Article that deals with Fundamental Duties. Understanding
What are the key ideals mentioned in the Preamble of 2 CO1
20. Understanding
India?

Section-B
Each question carries 4 marks.

Bloom Marks COs

Q.No Statement taxonomy
level
4 CO1
Understand &
1. What is meant by quasi-federalism in the Indian context?
Remember
4 CO1
2. Write a note on Article 356 and its impact on federalism. Understand

4 CO1
3. What is the significance of the Inter-State Council in India? Analyze

4 CO1
Explain the process of formation of new states under the Understand &
4.
Indian Constitution. Apply
4 CO1
Understand &
5. Describe the ordinance-making powers of the President.
Apply
4 CO1
What is the difference between Cabinet and Council of
6. Understand
Ministers?
4 CO1
Understand &
7. Explain the role of Vice-President in Parliament.
Apply
4 CO1
Understand &
8. What are the powers and functions of the Union Cabinet?
Apply
4 CO1
Describe the role of the Central Secretariat in policy
9. Understand
implementation.
4 CO1
What are the qualifications and tenure of the President of Understand &
10.
India? Analyze
4 CO1
Remember &
11. Write a short note on Parliamentary privileges.
Understand
4 CO1
Explain the relationship between the Cabinet and the Prime Understand &
12.
Minister. Apply
4 CO1
What are the grounds for disqualification of Members of
13. Analyze
Parliament?
 4 CO1
Understand &
14. Describe the different types of motions in Parliament.
Apply
4 CO1
What is a Money Bill? How is it different from a Financial Understand &
15.
Bill? Remember
4 CO1
Explain the process and importance of the Budget in Understand &
16.
Parliament. Apply
4 CO1
Analyze the impact of coalition governments on the Union
17. Understand
executive.
4 CO1
What are the roles and functions of the Ministry of Home
18. Analyze
Affairs?
4 CO1
Explain the constitutional provisions for the separation of Understand &
19.
powers in Indian polity. Apply
4 CO1
Discuss the significance of the 7th Schedule in Centre-State
20. Understand
legislative relations.

Section-C

The Question of this section carries 8 marks

Bloom Marks Cos
Q.No Statement taxonomy
level
8 CO1
Examine the constitutional and statutory provisions for the
1. Analyze
welfare of Scheduled Tribes.
8 CO1
Describe the role and importance of the National Commission Understand &
2.
for Backward Classes (NCBC). Apply
8 CO1
Discuss the composition, powers, and responsibilities of a Understand &
3.
District Panchayat in rural administration. Analyze
8 CO1
Evaluate the position and influence of the Zila Parishad in
4. Analyze
planning and development at the district level.
8 CO1
Explain the organizational structure of a typical Block Understand &
5.
Development Office. Apply
8 CO1
Describe the block-level administrative hierarchy in key Understand &
6.
departments such as health, education, and agriculture. Analyze
8 CO1
Analyze the coordination mechanisms between Panchayati Raj
7. Analyze
institutions and district administration.
 8 CO1
Write an essay on the significance of decentralization and local Understand &
8.
self-government in India. Apply
8 CO1
Examine the challenges faced by the Election Commission in Understand &
9.
maintaining transparency in elections. Analyze
8 CO1
Discuss the impact of constitutional amendments (73rd and
10. Analyze
74th) on rural and urban local governance in India.

SOLUTION
SECTION A

1. What is the meaning of Article 19(1)(a)?

Article 19(1)(a) grants Indian citizens the Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression. It includes the liberty to
express opinions by word of mouth, writing, printing, pictures, or any other mode. This right is essential for
democracy but subject to reasonable restrictions under Article 19(2) for reasons like public order, morality, and
national security.

2. What is the relationship between Directive Principles and Fundamental Rights?

Fundamental Rights are justiciable, ensuring civil liberties, while Directive Principles are non-justiciable,
guiding the state in governance. Together, they aim to establish social and economic democracy. Courts
interpret both harmoniously to ensure balance between individual rights and societal welfare.

3. What is the significance of Fundamental Duties in nation building?

Fundamental Duties (Article 51A) encourage citizens to uphold the Constitution, promote harmony, and protect
the environment. Though not enforceable in court, they create a sense of moral responsibility, essential for
maintaining unity, discipline, and democratic values in the nation.

4. Define the term ‘Preamble’.

The Preamble is the introductory statement of the Constitution that expresses the aims and objectives of the
document. It declares India to be a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic and promotes Justice,
Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity among its people.

5. Mention any two Gandhian principles under Part IV of the Constitution.

1. Article 40 – Organization of village panchayats.
2. Article 46 – Promotion of educational and economic interests of SCs, STs, and weaker sections.

6. Name two sources of Indian Citizenship under the Citizenship Act, 1955.
1. By Birth – A person born in India under conditions defined by the Act.
2. By Descent – Citizenship through Indian parentage if born abroad.

7. What is the role of the Supreme Court in protecting Fundamental Rights?

Under Article 32, the Supreme Court enforces Fundamental Rights. It issues writs like habeas corpus,
mandamus, and certiorari to provide relief in case of violation. It also interprets rights broadly through judicial
review.

8. Define the term “Liberty” in the Preamble.

Liberty in the Preamble refers to the freedom of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship. It ensures
individuals can live freely and develop their personality, within constitutional limits.

9. What is the role of Parliament in modifying the citizenship provisions?

Under Article 11, Parliament can make laws regarding acquisition and termination of citizenship. It enacted the
Citizenship Act, 1955, and has amended it periodically, such as through the Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019.

10. What are the main objectives of the Constitution of India?

The Constitution aims to establish Justice (social, economic, political), Liberty (thought, expression),
Equality, and Fraternity, and to ensure sovereignty, democracy, and republicanism in governance.

11. Define Directive Principles of State Policy.

Directive Principles (Part IV, Articles 36–51) are guidelines for the state to establish social and economic
democracy. They aim at ensuring welfare, justice, and reducing inequalities, though they are not enforceable by
courts.

12. What do you mean by ‘Justice’ in the context of the Preamble?

‘Justice’ in the Preamble includes social, economic, and political justice. It implies fair treatment, equal
opportunities, and protection against discrimination to ensure dignity and equality in society.

13. What is the difference between legal and political rights?

  Legal Rights are enforceable by law and granted by the state (e.g., Right to Property).
 Political Rights relate to participation in governance (e.g., Right to Vote).
Legal rights are broader; political rights are a subset of Fundamental Rights.

14. What is the importance of the term ‘We the People’ in the Preamble?
‘We the People’ signifies that the Constitution derives authority from the people, establishing popular
sovereignty. It reflects the democratic principle that people are the ultimate source of power.

15. Which part of the Constitution deals with Fundamental Rights?

Part III of the Constitution (Articles 12–35) deals with Fundamental Rights. These rights ensure civil liberties
and protect individuals against state action.

16. Define the term ‘Democratic’ in the context of Indian Constitution.

‘Democratic’ means rule by the people, either directly or through elected representatives. It ensures universal
adult franchise, free elections, and participation in law-making and governance.

17. State any two methods of acquiring Indian Citizenship.

1. By Naturalization – After residing in India for a prescribed period.
2. By Registration – For persons of Indian origin or married to Indian citizens.

18. What is meant by "Right against Exploitation"?

Articles 23 and 24 protect individuals from exploitation. They prohibit human trafficking, forced labour, and
employment of children below 14 years in hazardous work.

19. Name the Article that deals with Fundamental Duties.

Article 51A (Part IVA) deals with Fundamental Duties of every citizen, added by the 42nd Amendment Act,
1976.

20. What are the key ideals mentioned in the Preamble of India?
The Preamble mentions the ideals of Justice, Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity, and defines India as Sovereign,
Socialist, Secular, Democratic, and Republic.

SECTION B

1. What is meant by quasi-federalism in the Indian context?

Quasi-federalism refers to a system that exhibits both federal and unitary features. India is called a quasi-federal
state because it has a strong central government despite having a federal structure. Features like single
citizenship, strong Centre, and emergency provisions give it a unitary tilt. The Supreme Court in S.R. Bommai
v. Union of India described the Indian Constitution as federal in structure but unitary in spirit. States do not have
independent sovereignty and derive powers from the Constitution.

2. Write a note on Article 356 and its impact on federalism.

Article 356 empowers the President to impose President’s Rule in a state if there is a failure of constitutional
machinery. This provision has been controversially used to dismiss elected governments, especially before the
S.R. Bommai case, which imposed checks on its misuse. Though meant as a safeguard, excessive use
undermines state autonomy and is viewed as a challenge to Indian federalism.

3. What is the significance of the Inter-State Council in India?

Established under Article 263, the Inter-State Council aims to promote cooperation and coordination between
Centre and States. It discusses policies affecting more than one state, resolves disputes, and fosters cooperative
federalism. Though advisory, its role in improving Centre-State relations is significant. It was reactivated in 1990
following the Sarkaria Commission’s recommendations.

4. Explain the process of formation of new states under the Indian Constitution.
Under Article 3, Parliament has the power to form new states by:
1. Separating territory from existing states,
2. Uniting two or more states, or
3. Altering boundaries and names.
A bill can be introduced only with President’s recommendation, and affected states are consulted
(though not binding). Examples include Telangana (2014) and Jharkhand (2000).

5. Describe the ordinance-making powers of the President.

Under Article 123, the President can promulgate ordinances when Parliament is not in session and immediate
action is needed. These ordinances have the same force as laws passed by Parliament but must be approved within
six weeks of reassembly. Ordinance power is a legislative tool but can be misused, so it is subject to judicial
review (D.C. Wadhwa v. State of Bihar).

6. What is the difference between Cabinet and Council of Ministers?

The Council of Ministers includes all categories—Cabinet Ministers, Ministers of State, and Deputy
Ministers. The Cabinet is a smaller, more powerful body comprising only senior ministers. It makes key policy
decisions and meets more frequently. While the Council implements decisions, the Cabinet shapes high-level
national policy.

7. Explain the role of Vice-President in Parliament.

The Vice-President of India is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha (Council of States). He presides
over its sessions, maintains order, and ensures procedural discipline. However, he does not vote, except in case of
a tie. Unlike the Speaker of Lok Sabha, the Vice-President is not part of the law-making process unless needed for
tie-breaking.

8. What are the powers and functions of the Union Cabinet?

The Union Cabinet exercises executive powers, formulates policies, and controls national administration. It
decides on finance, defence, foreign affairs, and legislative proposals. It approves bills, budgets, and treaties
before presenting them in Parliament. Headed by the Prime Minister, it represents the core of executive authority
in India.

9. Describe the role of the Central Secretariat in policy implementation.

The Central Secretariat, composed of various ministries and departments, assists the Cabinet in decision-
making and policy implementation. It prepares policy drafts, coordinates inter-ministerial work, monitors
execution, and ensures administrative efficiency. It plays a critical behind-the-scenes role in transforming Cabinet
decisions into actionable programs.

10. What are the qualifications and tenure of the President of India?
To be President, a person must:
 Be an Indian citizen,
 At least 35 years old,
 Eligible for election to the Lok Sabha,
 Not hold any office of profit.
The tenure is five years (renewable), but the President continues until a successor takes charge. The
President can also resign or be impeached for constitutional violations.

11. Write a short note on Parliamentary privileges.

Parliamentary privileges are special rights and immunities granted to MPs to ensure independence and
effectiveness. These include freedom of speech in Parliament (Art. 105), exemption from court proceedings for
speech or votes, and immunity from arrest during sessions. These privileges safeguard legislative autonomy but
are not absolute and must not violate individual rights.

12. Explain the relationship between the Cabinet and the Prime Minister.
The Prime Minister is the head of the Cabinet and acts as the link between the President and the Council of
Ministers. He selects ministers, chairs Cabinet meetings, and sets the agenda. The Cabinet functions collectively,
but the PM provides leadership and coherence. This central role makes him the chief executive of the
government.

13. What are the grounds for disqualification of Members of Parliament?

MPs can be disqualified for:
 Holding an office of profit,
 Unsound mind or undischarged insolvency,
 Not being a citizen of India,
 Under Anti-Defection Law (Tenth Schedule),
 Conviction under certain criminal offences.
Disqualification ensures integrity and accountability in public offices.

14. Describe the different types of motions in Parliament.

1. Adjournment Motion – Discusses a matter of urgent public importance.
2. Calling Attention Motion – Seeks ministerial response on serious matters.
3. Censure Motion – Expresses disapproval of government policy.
4. No-Confidence Motion – Tests the majority support for the government.
These motions ensure legislative oversight over the executive.

15. What is a Money Bill? How is it different from a Financial Bill?

A Money Bill (Article 110) deals only with taxation, borrowing, or expenditure. It can be introduced only in the
Lok Sabha, with the President’s recommendation.
A Financial Bill may deal with additional matters and can be introduced in either House. Money Bills get
precedence in procedure and have stricter restrictions on Rajya Sabha’s role.

16. Explain the process and importance of the Budget in Parliament.

The Union Budget is presented by the Finance Minister and includes estimates of revenue and expenditure. The
process involves:
1. Presentation,
2. General Discussion,
3. Vote on Demand for Grants,
4. Passing of Appropriation and Finance Bills.
The budget allocates resources, sets policy priorities, and reflects economic planning.

17. Analyze the impact of coalition governments on the Union executive.

Coalition governments arise when no party has a clear majority. This leads to power-sharing, compromise in
policymaking, and unstable alliances. While it promotes consensus, it may slow decision-making. It can limit
the PM’s authority and lead to policy dilution, but also makes governance more representative and inclusive.

18. What are the roles and functions of the Ministry of Home Affairs?
The Ministry of Home Affairs manages internal security, border management, police affairs, disaster
management, and centre-state relations. It controls paramilitary forces and intelligence agencies, supervises the
IPS cadre, and coordinates disaster response. It also oversees Union Territories and handles matters of
citizenship and immigration.

19. Explain the constitutional provisions for the separation of powers in Indian polity.
The Constitution provides for separation of powers among the Legislature (Parliament), Executive
(Government), and Judiciary. Articles like 50 ensure independence of the judiciary, while Article 122 and 212
bar court interference in legislative proceedings. Though powers are not strictly separated, a system of checks
and balances is maintained.

20. Discuss the significance of the 7th Schedule in Centre-State legislative relations.
The 7th Schedule divides legislative powers into:
1. Union List (97 items) – Centre’s domain (e.g., defence, foreign affairs),
2. State List (66 items) – State subjects (e.g., police, agriculture),
3. Concurrent List (47 items) – Both can legislate (e.g., education, marriage).
This distribution ensures federal balance, with a centralizing tendency during emergencies.

SECTION C

1. Examine the constitutional and statutory provisions for the welfare of Scheduled Tribes.
Introduction:
The Constitution of India ensures special provisions for Scheduled Tribes (STs) to protect their social, economic,
and cultural rights.
Constitutional Provisions:
 Article 15(4) & 16(4): Enables reservation for STs in education and jobs.
 Article 46: Promotes educational and economic interests of SCs/STs.
 Fifth and Sixth Schedules: Deal with governance in Scheduled Areas and tribal regions of the
Northeast.
 Article 244: Ensures administration in tribal areas.
 Article 275: Provides financial grants for tribal development.
Statutory Provisions:
 SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989.
 Forest Rights Act, 2006: Recognizes land rights of forest-dwelling tribes.
 PESA Act, 1996: Empowers Gram Sabhas in Scheduled Areas.
Conclusion:
These provisions aim to integrate STs into mainstream society while preserving their rights and identity.

2. Describe the role and importance of the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC).
Introduction:
The NCBC was granted constitutional status under the 102nd Amendment Act, 2018 (Article 338B) to safeguard
the rights of Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBCs).
Composition:
 Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson, and three other members appointed by the President.
Powers and Functions:
 Investigates complaints of deprivation of rights.
 Advises the government on socio-economic development.
 Monitors implementation of welfare schemes.
 Recommends inclusion or exclusion of communities from the OBC list.
Importance:
 Strengthens the representation and protection of OBCs.
 Works toward equitable access to education, jobs, and social justice.
Conclusion:
NCBC plays a pivotal role in achieving inclusive growth and upholding the principles of equality and affirmative
action.

3. Discuss the composition, powers, and responsibilities of a District Panchayat in rural administration.
Introduction:
District Panchayat or Zila Parishad is the top tier in the Panchayati Raj system and functions as the coordinating
authority at the district level.
Composition:
 Members elected from local constituencies.
 MPs/MLAs of the area are ex-officio members.
 Chaired by a President/Chairperson elected from among its members.
Powers and Responsibilities:
 Prepares district development plans.
 Coordinates activities of Block and Village Panchayats.
 Supervises implementation of rural schemes (e.g., MGNREGA, PMAY).
 Manages funds allocated for district-level development.
Conclusion:
The District Panchayat is central to rural governance, ensuring democratic decentralization and efficient service
delivery.

4. Evaluate the position and influence of the Zila Parishad in planning and development at the district
level.
Introduction:
Zila Parishad is the apex institution in rural governance responsible for integrated district-level planning.
Position in Panchayati Raj:
 Acts as the policy-making body for rural development.
 Connects grassroots institutions with the state government.
Influence in Planning and Development:
  Approves and monitors block-level projects.
 Mobilizes and allocates financial resources.
 Coordinates sectoral development (health, education, sanitation).
 Evaluates schemes and submits reports to the state.
Challenges:
 Lack of financial autonomy.
 Political interference.
 Inadequate staff and expertise.
Conclusion:
Despite challenges, Zila Parishads play a vital role in bottom-up planning and effective rural administration.

5. Explain the organizational structure of a typical Block Development Office.

Introduction:
A Block Development Office (BDO) is the intermediate administrative unit between the District Panchayat and
Gram Panchayats.
Structure:
 Block Development Officer (BDO): Head of the block, appointed by the state.
 Extension Officers: Handle agriculture, education, health, women & child welfare.
 Panchayat Secretary & Accountants: Support village-level governance.
 Junior Engineers: Supervise rural infrastructure works.
Functions:
 Implements rural development schemes.
 Coordinates with line departments.
 Supervises Gram Panchayats.
 Prepares block-level development plans.
Conclusion:
The BDO plays a crucial role in executing policies and ensuring service delivery in rural areas.

6. Describe the block-level administrative hierarchy in key departments such as health, education, and
agriculture.
Introduction:
At the block level, various departments operate through decentralized units to ensure efficient public service
delivery.
Health Department:
 Block Medical Officer (BMO).
 Staff includes ANMs, ASHAs, pharmacists, and lab technicians.
Education Department:
 Block Education Officer (BEO).
 Oversees teachers, monitors schools, and ensures implementation of schemes like Mid-Day Meal.
Agriculture Department:
 Agricultural Officer/Assistant.
 Provides seeds, training, and guidance to farmers; implements soil and crop schemes.
Conclusion:
These block-level departments work under the coordination of the BDO and ensure grassroots governance.

7. Analyze the coordination mechanisms between Panchayati Raj institutions and district administration.
Introduction:
Coordination between Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and district administration is vital for local
governance and efficient service delivery.
Mechanisms for Coordination:
 Standing Committees: Include both elected panchayat members and officials.
 District Planning Committees: Integrate rural and urban plans.
 Joint Monitoring Teams: Oversee implementation of schemes.
 Regular Meetings and Reports: Facilitate feedback and supervision.
 Training and capacity building to enhance PRI functioning.
Challenges:
 Overlapping functions and authority.
 Lack of clarity in administrative roles.
Conclusion:
Effective coordination ensures accountability, faster implementation of policies, and responsive governance.

8. Write an essay on the significance of decentralization and local self-government in India.

Introduction:
Decentralization empowers lower levels of government to make decisions. Local self-governments bring
democracy to the grassroots.
Significance:
 Promotes Participation: People engage directly with decision-making.
 Improves Accountability: Local leaders are accessible and answerable.
 Better Resource Use: Local bodies understand local needs.
 Efficient Service Delivery: Speeds up implementation of welfare schemes.
 Empowers Marginalized Sections: 33% reservations for women, SC/ST representation.
Constitutional Backing:
 73rd & 74th Amendments made Panchayats and Municipalities constitutional bodies.
Conclusion:
Decentralization strengthens democracy, enhances development, and ensures inclusive governance.

9. Examine the challenges faced by the Election Commission in maintaining transparency in elections.
Introduction:
The Election Commission (EC) is responsible for free and fair elections. However, it faces multiple challenges.
Key Challenges:
 Political Pressure and Allegations of Bias.
 Use of Black Money and Electoral Bonds.
 Fake News and Social Media Manipulation.
 Booth Capturing and Electoral Violence.
 Lack of Regulation in Party Financing.
 Low Voter Awareness and Turnout in Urban Areas.
Reform Suggestions:
 Stronger autonomy and accountability.
 Regulation of campaign finance.
 Use of technology like EVMs with VVPATs.
Conclusion:
To safeguard democracy, the EC must be strengthened with transparency, reforms, and public trust.

10. Discuss the impact of constitutional amendments (73rd and 74th) on rural and urban local governance
in India.
Introduction:
The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments (1992) provided constitutional status to Panchayati Raj and
Urban Local Bodies, respectively.
Key Impacts:
 Three-Tier System: Gram Panchayat, Block Samiti, Zila Parishad in rural areas.
 Urban Bodies: Municipal Corporations, Municipal Councils, Nagar Panchayats.
 Regular Elections and Fixed Tenure.
 Reservation for SC/ST and Women (33%).
 Devolution of 29 functions (11th Schedule) and 18 urban functions (12th Schedule).
 State Election Commissions established.
Limitations:
 Incomplete devolution of funds and functions.
 Political and bureaucratic interference.
Conclusion:
The amendments transformed grassroots governance but require better implementation and fiscal autonomy.