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 Anticipating Risks and Organising
Risk Regulation

Anticipating risks has become an obsession of the early twenty-first

�century. Private and public sector organisations increasingly devote
resources to risk prevention and contingency planning to manage risk
events should they occur. This book shows how we can organise our
social, organisational and regulatory policy systems to cope better
with the array of local and transnational risks we regularly encounter.
Contributors from a range of disciplines€– including finance, history, law,
management, political science, social psychology, sociology and disas-
ter studies€ – consider threats, vulnerabilities and insecurities alongside
social and organisational sources of resilience and security. These issues
are introduced and discussed through a fascinating and diverse set of
topics, including myxomatosis, the 2012 Olympic Games, gene therapy
and the recent financial crisis. This is an important book for academics
and policymakers who wish to understand the dilemmas generated in the
anticipation and management of risks.

br i d g e t m . h u t t e r is Professor of Risk Regulation and Director

of the ESRC Centre for Analysis of Risk and Regulation (CARR) at
the London School of Economics and Political Science. She is author of
numerous publications on the subject of risk regulation and has an inter-
national reputation for her work on compliance, regulatory enforcement
and business risk management.
Anticipating Risks and
Organising Risk
Regulation

Br i dg e t M . H u t t e r
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore,
São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo

Cambridge University Press

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521193092
© Cambridge University Press 2010

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the

provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part
may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published in print format 2010

ISBN-13 978-0-511-90941-2 eBook (NetLibrary)

ISBN-13 978-0-521-19309-2 Hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy

of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication,
and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,
accurate or appropriate.
To Corin
Contents

Notes on contributors page ix

Preface xiii

Part Iâ•… Introduction 1

1 Anticipating risk and organising risk regulation:€current
dilemmas 3
Br i d g e t M . H u t t e r

Part IIâ•… Threat, vulnerabilities and insecurities 23

2 Risk society and financial risk 25
C l i v e Br i au lt
3 Before the sky falls down:€a ‘constitutional dialogue’
over the depletion of internet addresses 46
J e a n e t t e Hof m a n n
4â•… Changing attitudes to risk? Managing myxomatosis in
twentieth-century Britain 68
Peter Ba rtrip
5 Public perceptions of risk and ‘compensation culture’ in
the UK 90
S a l ly L l oy d -B os t o c k
6 Colonised by risk€– the emergence of academic risks in
British higher education 114
M ic h a e l H u be r

vii
viii Contents

Part IIIâ•… Social, organisational and regulatory sources of

resilience and security 137
â•›7 Regulating resilience? Regulatory work in high-risk arenas 139
C a r l M ac r a e
â•›8 Critical infrastructures, resilience and organisation of
mega-projects:€the Olympic Games 161
W i l l J e n n i ng s a n d M a r t i n L od g e
â•›9 Creating space for engagement? Lay membership in
contemporary risk governance 185
K e v i n E . Jon e s a n d A l a n I rw i n
10 Bioethics and the risk regulation of ‘frontier research’:€
the case of gene therapy 208
Jav i e r L e z au n
11 Preparing for future crises:€lessons from research 231
A rj e n B oi n
12╅ Conclusion:€important themes and future research
directions 249
Br i d g e t M . H u t t e r

References 265
Author index 296
Subject index 301
Contributors

Peter Bartrip is a historian and Associate Research Fellow at the

Centre for Socio-Legal Studies in the University of Oxford. He holds
degrees from the Universities of Swansea, Saskatchewan and Cardiff.
Until recently he was Reader in History at the University of North-
ampton. He has published histories of workmen’s compensation, the
British Medical Journal and the British Medical Association, and books
on several aspects of occupational health and safety. His most recent
book, funded by the Wellcome Trust, was Myxomatosis. A History of
Pest Control and the Rabbit (2008). He has published many articles
in scholarly journals and is currently working on both the history of
no-fault compensation for road traffic accident victims and aspects of
the history of lung cancer.
Arjen Boin is a professor at Utrecht University. He received his
Ph.D. from Leiden University, the Netherlands where he taught at the
Department of Public Administration before moving to Louisiana State
University. He is a founding director of Crisisplan (an international
crisis consultancy based in the Netherlands). Dr Boin has published
widely on topics of crisis and disaster management, leadership, institu-
tional design and correctional administration. His most recent books
are The Politics of Crisis Management (Cambridge University Press,
2005, winner of APSA’s Herbert A. Simon book award), Governing
�after Crisis (Cambridge University Press, 2008) and Crisis Manage-
ment: A Three Volume Set of Essential Readings (2008). Dr Boin
serves on the editorial board of Risk Management and the Journal of
Contingencies and Crisis Management. He is the incoming editor of
Public Administration, a premier journal in the field.
Clive Briault is an independent consultant on risk and regula-
tion issues, a programme leader for the Toronto Centre for Leadership
in Financial Supervision, and a non-executive director of a financial
�services company. He has held senior positions in the Bank of England

ix
x Contributors

and the UK Financial Services Authority (FSA), most recently as Man-

aging Director, Retail Markets, at the UK FSA. He has published art-
icles on a range of regulatory and monetary policy issues, including on
the costs of inflation, central bank independence and accountability,
the rationale for a single financial services regulator, derivatives and
systemic risk, and supervision after the 2008 credit crunch.
Jeanette Hofmann is a researcher at the Centre for the Analysis
of Risk and Regulation at the London School of Economics and the
Social Science Research Centre, Berlin. Her work focuses on global
governance, particularly on the regulation of the Internet and on the
transformation of intellectual property rights. She holds a Ph.D. in Pol-
itical Science from the Free University Berlin. In 2009, she co-edited
‘Governance als Prozess’/Governance as process, an interdisciplinary
collection of German contributions to the governance research.
Michael Huber is Professor of Higher Education Studies at the In-
stitute of Science and Technology Studies at the University of Bielefeld
and Research Associate at the Centre for Analysis of Risk and Regu-
lation, London School of Economics and Political Science. He earned
his Ph.D. at the European University Institute in Florence in 1991 and
defended his Habilitation at the University of Leipzig in 2005. His
main research interests are in the fields of organisational sociology,
higher education studies and risk and regulation.
Bridget M. Hutter is Professor of Risk Regulation at the �London
School of Economics and Political Science and Director of the ESRC
Centre for Analysis of Risk and Regulation (CARR). She has held re-
search and teaching appointments at the Universities of Oxford and
London and is former editor of the British Journal of Sociology. She is
author of numerous publications on the subject of risk regulation and
has an international reputation for her work on compliance, regula-
tory enforcement and business risk management. Previous publications
include Compliance (1997), Socio-Legal Reader in �Environmental
Law (editor:€1999), Regulation and Risk (2001) and Organizational
Encounters with Risk (edited with M. Power, Cambridge University
Press, 2005). She is currently examining trends in risk regulation and
preparing a research monograph Business Risk Management:€ Man-
aging Risks and Responding to Regulation. She is regularly involved
in policymaking discussions, with international bodies such as the
Contributors xi

World Economic Forum and with business organisations and regula-

tory agencies in the UK.
A l a n I rw i n is a professor at Copenhagen Business School. His
books include Risk and the Control of Technology (1985), Citizen
Science (1995), Sociology and the Environment (2001) and (with
Mike Michael) Science, Social Theory and Public Knowledge (2003).
With Brian Wynne, he was the co-editor of Misunderstanding Sci-
ence? (Cambridge University Press, 1996). His research interests in-
clude scientific governance and societal debates over risk-related tech-
nologies. He currently chairs the UK Biotechnology and Biological
Sciences Â�Research Council (BBSRC) strategy panel on ‘bioscience for
society’.
Will Jennings is ESRC/Hallsworth Research Fellow at the Univer-
sity of Manchester, and a Research Associate at the ESRC Centre for
Analysis of Risk and Regulation at the London School of Economics
and Political Science. His research explores the politics and manage-
ment of risk in mega-projects and mega-events such as the Olympic
Games. His research is currently funded through an ESRC Research
Fellowship. Other research interests include the responsiveness of
government to public opinion, issue ownership by political parties,
agenda-setting, and blame management by public officeholders. He is
also co-director of the UK Policy Agendas Project which analyses the
agenda of British government between 1911 and present.
Kevin Jones is Senior Research Associate at the University of Al-
berta, in Edmonton, Canada. His current research interests include
the application of science and expertise in developing environmental
policy, public perceptions of risk and environment and the interrela-
tionship between scientific controversies and society.
Javier Lezaun is the James Martin Lecturer in Science and Tech-
nology Governance at the Institute for Science, Innovation and Soci-
ety, Said Business School, University of Oxford. He received a Ph.D. in
science and technology studies from Cornell University, and has taught
at the London School of Economics and Political Science and Amherst
College. His work focuses on the social aspects of innovations in the
life sciences, and on the political impacts of new biotechnologies. He
is co-editor of the forthcoming volume Catastrophe:€Law,
� Politics and
the Humanitarian Impulse.
xii Contributors

Sally Lloyd-Bostock is a professorial research fellow at the

ESRC Centre for Analysis of Risk and Regulation. Her research con-
cerns the relationship between psychology and law, and she has par-
ticular interests in theoretical aspects of interdisciplinary work. Areas
of her empirical research have included the social psychology of neg-
ligence claims and formal complaints; health and safety regulation;
juries and courtroom decision-making; and medical regulation by the
General Medical Council. She was previously Professor of Law and
Psychology and Director of the Institute for Judicial Administration
at the University of Birmingham; and Senior Research Fellow at the
Centre for Socio-Legal Studies, University of Oxford.
Martin Lodge is Reader in Political Science & Public Policy in the
Department of Government, and Research Theme Director at the ESRC
Centre for Analysis of Risk and Regulation, at the London School of
Economics and Political Science. His primary research interests are in
the area of comparative executive government and regulation. Among
his publications are The Oxford Handbook of Regulation (edited with
Robert Baldwin and Martin Cave, 2010); The Politics of Public Ser-
vice Bargains (with Christopher Hood, 2006) and Regulatory Innov-
ation (edited with Julia Black and Mark Thatcher, 2005).
Carl Macrae is Special Advisor with the National Patient Safety
Agency working on new approaches to analysing and learning from
patient safety incidents. His research interests focus on the analysis
and management of risk, knowledge and resilience, particularly in
safety-critical and high-consequence industries. Carl holds a Ph.D. in
organisational risk and safety management, conducted in collabor-
ation with a large airline, and previously held posts at the ESRC Cen-
tre for Analysis of Risk and Regulation, London School of Economics
and Political Science and in the regulatory risk group of an investment
bank. Carl is a Chartered Psychologist and his book, Risk and Resili-
ence:€Near-Miss Management in the Airline Industry, is forthcoming.
Preface

Risk regulation in the twenty-first century struggles with new risks

and finding better ways of organising to anticipate and control them.
Science and technology develop in new directions; the interconnect-
edness between local and distant infrastructures and communication
channels are increasing; and businesses, politicians and regulators try
to develop improved social and organisational sources of resilience.
In so doing new regulatory spaces are sought out and exploited and
in turn, some of these become the source of new unintended regu-
latory risks. The anticipation of risks and their control can only go
so far and sometimes we have seen unrealistic expectations of con-
trol emerge. These are the issues which mould this book. The various
chapters address how we organise at a social, organisational and regu-
latory level to cope better with the array of local and transnational
risks we encounter. This necessarily raises questions about resilience,
innovation and their limits especially in a global setting. This volume
argues that we are witnessing attempts to reposition from expect�
ations of total security and resilience to a more balanced and nuanced
approach which accepts that zero tolerance is neither achievable nor
even desirable.
The objective of this edited volume is to provide a high-profile col-
lection of papers by scholars from a variety of disciplines, including
finance, history, law, management, political science, social psych-
ology, sociology and disaster studies. Substantively it considers
threats, vulnerabilities and insecurities alongside social and organisa-
tional sources of resilience and security. Of particular interest is an
examination of the risk regulation dilemmas and innovations involved
in managing these risks. The specific analytical focus of the volume
is the notion of anticipation, more precisely the anticipation of risks
and how the concerns they generate influence the way we organise
our policy systems. This distinctive characteristic of the concept of
risk is key to its understanding and relates to another intention of the

xiii
xiv Preface

collection, namely to address academic debates about risk and link

them to policy concerns. The late Aaron Wildavsky drew out these
connections in his seminal work Searching for Safety and the debates
he discusses in this work are developed through many of the chapters
of this book.
This volume would not have been possible without support. I am
very grateful to the ESRC for their support of the Centre for Analysis
of Risk and Regulation (CARR) at the London School of Economics.
Their generous funding, plus the seed funding from the Michael
Peacock Charitable Trust, has been invaluable in encouraging the
development of risk regulation debates in the UK and beyond. Former
and existing colleagues in CARR have been important in fostering an
intellectual climate for leading discussions about risk and its regula-
tion and I am delighted that so many of them are contributors to this
volume. They are joined by others who have been valued contribu-
tors to CARR events. I am grateful to them all for their patience in
the editorial process, to the referees of the manuscript and also those
colleagues I drafted in to referee individual papers. I am indebted to
Attila Szanto whose research assistance has been invaluable in pre-
paring the manuscript for publication. His meticulous attention to
detail and efficiency is much appreciated. I would also like to thank
Chris Harrison who has been so supportive of this project in such
risky times for us all. Finally I should thank my family for their sup-
port. My children have each been promised a book dedication:€this
one is for Corin who might find the subject matter particularly rele-
vant as he pursues studies in science.
Pa rt I

Introduction
1 Anticipating risk and organising risk
regulation:€current dilemmas
Br i dg e t M . H u t t e r

This book takes as its analytical focus the notion of anticipation,

more precisely the anticipation of risks and how the concerns they
generate influence the way we organise our policy systems. There
seems to be a contemporary obsession with anticipating risks,
acting to prevent them and having in place plans to manage risk
events should they occur. Private and public sector organisations
increasingly devote resources to risk prevention and contingency
planning. And typically there is much criticism if events are not
adequately predicted however unrealistic such predictions may be
in reality. Social theorists see this trend as an inherent part of mod-
ern social and organisational life, some relating it to fundamental
social changes and others relating it to new forms of governance
and organisation. Certainly anticipating risks and organising for
their control is an integral part of risk regulation regimes which
have long been associated as much with their proactive as their
reactive activities.
This book explores current dilemmas in anticipating risks and
organising risk regulation for their mitigation. A key debate focuses
on the value of anticipatory strategies and their impact on innovation
and resilience. The chapters consider the importance of anticipation in
framing risk regulation debates and policies in the public and private
sectors. They consider whether or not concerns about anticipation
are new, distinctively ‘modern’ considerations as risk society theories
suggest. They also have different views about how extensive or inev-
itable anticipatory perspectives are. This chapter (Part I) will set out
the main concepts and debates and set the scene for the papers and
discussions that follow. It will lay out the significance of the concept
of anticipation to risk regulation and consider the debates to which
it gives rise.

3
4 Bridget M. Hutter

Anticipating risk:€risk as anticipation

Modern social theorists regard anticipation as central to the con-
cept of risk, notably the anticipation of dangerand catastrophe. Beck
(2006 and 2009) makes an important distinction between risk as an
anticipated event and catastrophe as an actual event:€‘Risk means the
anticipation of catastrophe … At the moment at which risks become
real … they cease to be risks and become catastrophes … Risks are
always events that are threatening’ (Beck 2006:€332). He claims that
we live in a world where we are ‘increasingly occupied with debat-
ing, preventing and managing risks’. Luhmann’s (1993) distinc-
tion between risks and dangers also associates risk with ‘potential’
losses as opposed to the actual losses involved with dangers. Giddens
(1999a) shares this view and sees this partly as a consequence of a
growing preoccupation with the future. He argues that there is no
longer a belief in fate but an ‘aspiration to control’ the future. This
is partly attributed to the growth of science. Beck (2006) believes
that a growing belief in science, rationality and calculability is sig-
nificant. We live, he argues, in a world where we know much more
about risks through science. But this greater appreciation of the risks
serves to heighten feelings of insecurity and is rarely matched by a
greater ability to control or manage risk. Beck and Giddens are pes-
simistic and cynical about these pre-emptive, anticipatory stances.
Giddens (1999a) observes that there is a ‘plurality of future scenarios’
and no certainty about which is most accurate. Beck (2006:€329) is
much more critical, referring to the ‘optimistic futility with which the
highly developed institutions of modern society … attempt to antici-
pate what cannot be anticipated’.
An underlying theme in theory writing is that risk is essentially
a modern concept and phenomenon. Bernstein (1996) and Giddens
(1999a) claim that traditional cultures did not have notions of risk;
they were rather fatalistic in their outlooks. Beck identifies the risk
society as a peculiarly modern phenomenon and one which creates
and encounters new potentially catastrophic global risks emanating
from science. Luhmann (1993) also sees modern societies as risk-
ier than previous societies but his explanation is rather different.
Luhmann distinguishes between risks and dangers. He regards risks
as potential losses which can be related to decisional uncertainty and
dangers as potential losses which can be attributed to factors outside
Anticipating risk and organising risk regulation 5

of our control. Risk is therefore seen as the consequence of decisions,

and modern societies, he argues, involve greater dependence on deci-
sions, especially the decisions of others. This is partly because of a
high degree of structural coupling between the institutions of modern
societies and technology. Giddens is relatively cautious about claim-
ing that these risks are any more severe than those encountered in the
past€– ‘A risk society is not intrinsically more dangerous or hazardous
than pre-existing forms of social order’ (Giddens 1999a:€3).
Here we witness a more fundamental divide about what it is in
particular that is modern about risk:€ is it that modern societies
encounter new and greater risks or is it a new way of ‘seeing’ the
world, through the lens of risk? In many respects there are elem-
ents of truth in both points of view. Certainly modern societies do
encounter different€– or new€– risks and many of these emanate from
science. At the level of the individual these risks are probably no
greater than in the past but some of the new risks we encounter may
be marked by their scale, most particularly their potential global
consequences. Likewise, risk does appear to have emerged as a major
organising category in some areas of modern societies (Ericson et al.
2003; Power 2007) and where this has emerged, it does seem to be
linked to notions of controlling risk into the future. These discus-
sions will permeate the chapters in this volume as will the debate
about whether or not contemporary societies are presented with dis-
tinctively new risks.

New threats, vulnerabilities and insecurities

Part II of the book considers some of the ‘threats, vulnerabilities and
insecurities’ which characterise the contemporary world. Such dis-
cussions derive from one of the key assertions of social theories of
risk namely that new risks characterise late twentieth- and twenty-
first-century living. The main focus of theoretical attention has been
on the ‘new risk environments’ created by science and technology
(Giddens 1999a:€ 4) and particularly on ‘technologies of the future’
(Beck 2006:€337). These are the focus of much risk attention by gov-
ernments and industry alike. Science and technology simultaneously
explore new innovative avenues which hold potential to advance our
lives in positive ways but which may also present us with new risks
or uncertainty.
6 Bridget M. Hutter

Scientific and technological risks

Over the past three decades a number of key risk events have shaken
confidence in experts and governments and led to a fundamental
questioning of new scientific and technological developments. Three
Mile Island and Chernobyl, for example, led to public concern over
the safety of nuclear power, especially in the 1980s (Wynne 1996).
A series of food-related incidents in the UK in the 1980s and 1990s
shook public confidence in the system of food regulation in Britain,
most especially confidence in the government’s handling of food
safety. The Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) crisis high-
lighted disagreements among experts. Some official scientists claimed
that it was safe to eat beef, while others contested this and linked
this disease in cattle to variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease (vCJD), a
fatal brain disease in humans. Eventually it became clear that there
was indeed a link between BSE and vCJD and this undermined offi-
cial sources which had previously denied the link. Eldridge and Reilly
(2003) explain that public confidence in the credibility of experts and
the government caused by this episode influenced subsequent debates,
for example, about genetically modified organisms (GMOs) (see also
Wynne 2001).
Advances in biotechnology are perhaps among the most controver-
sial of contemporary scientific developments with genetically modified
products, stem cell and nanotechnology issues all potentially the stuff
of daily media headlines. Interestingly, nanotechnology has not yet
attracted great public or media attention. The commercial potential
of nano particles is great and it is likely that most people do not even
realise that they are in use in many of the products they use (Falkner
2008). Yet there are few signs that concern about their safety is emer-
ging; the one exception is concern about the safety of nano tubes
which it is feared may result in lung disease (Poland et al. 2008). But
regulation has so far remained self-regulatory and voluntary although
once again this is a growing subject of debate.
The Internet and television highlight scientific uncertainties
and conundrums with the temptation of stressing the sensational.
Knowledge of risk events and the possibility of their occurring are
literally brought into our living rooms through a global mass media
which is capable of transmitting visual images across the world in
real time. Many of us saw the planes fly into the Twin Towers on 9/11
Anticipating risk and organising risk regulation 7

‘as it happened’. This brought home the ease with which knowledge
of both a positive and negative kind travels. It also underlined how
political fights and terrorism are transnational and force attention on
a global stage, and become significant in demands for greater surveil-
lance and resources.

Global risks
A key feature of some twenty-first-century risks is their potential
scale and conceptualisation as global. This leads Beck (2009) in his
more recent work to coin the term ‘world risk society’. This partly
relates to the development of new technologies with global reach. For
example, some would regard nuclear power to be in this category
and the most alarmist versions of concern about genetically modified
crops, nano technologies and stem cell research focus on fears of per-
manent and widespread changes which may occur to DNA through
these interventions.
Other risks result from the increasing interdependence between
local and global processes and institutions which defines globalisation
(Dodd and Hutter 2000). There has been, for instance, an increase in
transnational economic processes as financial risk events have dem-
onstrated. In October 1987 ‘Black Friday’ in the United States saw a
dramatic fall in the US stock market which led to similar falls in share
prices elsewhere around the world. The collapse of BCCI (the Bank of
Commerce and Credit International) in 1991 had multinational ori-
gins and effects. And the credit crunch in 2007 onwards in the United
States had global repercussions as a dramatic reduction in the avail-
ability of credit, prompted by serious difficulties in the American sub-
prime mortgage market, had international consequences for national
economies and financial institutions, including some large and prom-
inent multinational banks.
Another category of global risk is the realisation that some risks,
hitherto regarded as local in their effects, are in fact global. Climate
change and global warming would fall into this category. Some would
also regard human viruses in this category. While these have always
existed and there have been pandemics throughout history, argu-
ably the ease with which we can travel around the modern world
has facilitated unprecedented global aspects to these diseases. These
risks do not fall within the traditional remit of ‘risk society’ theories
8 Bridget M. Hutter

where the main emphasis was typically upon manufactured risks. But
more recent writings by these theorists posit a change in our atti-
tudes towards natural risks. Beck (2006:€ 332), for instance, argues
that ‘even natural hazards appear less random than they used to’.
The expectation is that their occurrence may be anticipated and how
to react to them determined through emergency planning. Tierney et
al. (2001) observe that a fusion of disaster and hazards research has
brought a new focus on pre-event mitigation and preparedness. While
this has mainly been with respect to natural hazards, it has not been
exclusively so, as major events such as Three Mile Island and Bhopal
have focused on the need to plan for high-technology disasters too.
The emphasis in this literature is on how to think ahead and mitigate
damage, for example, through planning laws and also by establishing
and implementing construction standards so that buildings can with-
stand earthquakes.
Some authors do believe that reacting to natural risks, and manu-
factured risks, may be exacerbated by social and spatial aspects of
twenty-first-century living, namely high concentrations of resources
and power. Increasingly infrastructures involving transport and the
utilities are the subject of high-level-risk concerns. They may com-
prise highly concentrated nodes which supply large, even trans-
national, areas. Accordingly the risks posed are potentially large scale
and varied. For example, national and international infrastructures
may become terrorist targets€ – stations, energy sources, telecom-
munications and so on. Critical infrastructures may also be vulner-
able to more routine political or technical failures where problems in
one nation may render others vulnerable:€ witness, for example, the
effects of an overload in Germany’s power network in 2006 which
triggered outages leaving millions of homes without electricity in
Germany, France, Italy, Spain and Austria and parts of Belgium, the
Netherlands and Croatia. Or they may be vulnerable to natural haz-
ards as in the Louisiana example discussed below, or the UK floods of
2007 (Pitt 2008). This is a major concern of Perrow (2007), namely
that a growing concentration of economic power, hazards and popu-
lations makes disasters more consequential. This includes the effects
of natural disasters where he cites the example of Hurricane Katrina
which caused such damage in New Orleans, Louisiana, an area of
high population proximate to accumulations of hazardous material.
It also makes the effects of ‘deliberate disasters’, such as 9/11, more
Anticipating risk and organising risk regulation 9

critical as one might expect that terrorists would target areas where
maximum damage could be caused, where modern societies are most
vulnerable (Perrow 2007:€70). As 9/11 demonstrated, mega-structures
and large-scale national projects may be especially vulnerable both in
terms of their actual effects and also their symbolic value.

New risks?
A variety of ‘new risks’ are discussed in this volume with authors tak-
ing differing perspectives on the usefulness of the risk society thesis
and in particular whether or not we really are encountering new risks
or new approaches to handling risks. A number of authors believe that
there is a volatility attaching to risks in modern society. Lezaun (this
volume), discussing new scientific developments, argues that these
issues are highly volatile with new developments being heralded as
a success one day and hazardous shortly afterwards. He refers to the
case of ‘frontier research’ on gene therapy. This emerged in the 1980s
when it was regarded as revolutionary and people were optimistic
about its possible benefits but by the 1990s it was being criticised for
failing to realise those benefits and by the early twenty-first century
raising some concerns.
Several authors discuss the emergence of the ‘public’ as a threat.
Jones and Irwin (this volume) explain that deliberations about sci-
ence and technological innovations have construed the public as a
‘new’ risk and one which it is feared may be activated through their
exposure to various media outlets. And Lloyd-Bostock (this volume)
discusses how public perceptions of risk have themselves become a
potential source of risk and also of growing political concern, par-
ticularly in relation to debates about the compensation culture.
Jennings and Lodge (this volume) discuss the risks attaching to
mega-projects, most particularly the 2012 London Olympics, where
a variety of political interests and political risks interplay with oper-
ational and economic risk management. An important aspect of
mega-events, such as the Olympics, is the provision of critical infra-
structures such as stadia, accommodation and crucial transport links.
Jennings and Lodge discuss how the risks of failing are especially
high profile as the event will take place on the world stage.
The global and transnational aspects of contemporary risks are
addressed by a number of chapters. Hofmann (this volume) discusses
10 Bridget M. Hutter

the risks attaching to the depletion of internet addresses, risks that

are without national and organisational boundaries, risks which are
decentralised, and outside of direct organisational and state con-
trol. Boin (this volume) argues that crises are becoming increasingly
transboundary, partly because of the tight coupling of contemporary
social technical systems. This, argues Boin, poses serious difficulties
for crisis management as crises are increasingly difficult to detect and
as national regimes are ill-equipped to manage such transboundary
events. And Briault (this volume) argues that while there have always
been risks and crises in financial markets, recent crises are marked by
an over reliance on science throughout the global financial sector thus
rendering the system vulnerable to greater shocks than have hitherto
been experienced. Indeed Briault believes that the risk society thesis
does add to our understandings of financial crises, most especially
overconfidence in the ability of financial institutions to anticipate and
to control risks.
These authors do see something distinctive about late twentieth-
century and twenty-first-century understandings of risk. But Bartrip
(this volume) questions the claims that the risk society is a post-1970s
phenomenon. He argues that whether we are any better equipped to
manage risks now than we were in previous generations, is unclear.
This is largely because of the dearth of historical work on the topic.
Bartrip traces the history of the 1950s outbreak of myxomatosis
and argues that in many respects this has many of the characteris-
tics associated with the risk society. He regards myxomatosis as a
manufactured risk to the extent that this animal disease crisis was
partly caused by humans moving rabbits across continents and expos-
ing them to the virus, this sometimes being an intentional exposure
to control rabbit populations. He identifies precautionary policies
predating the risk society era€ – with respect to pathogens in 1930s
Australia and also in the UK with respect to other animal diseases,
for example, anthrax. Bartrip argues that anthrax and rabies were the
cause of scares and strict regulation, akin to those associated with the
risk society. And in 1953, when myxomatosis did enter the UK, a dis-
juncture emerged between the experts and lay opinion. The experts
could see the advantages of the disease in pest control terms, but also
recognised the political risks attaching to the very different stance of
the public who were outraged by the suffering the disease involved and
also were concerned about the possibility of transmission to humans.
Anticipating risk and organising risk regulation 11

Bartrip argues that this disjuncture, and the difficulties the experts
had in allaying fears of transmission, are very typical of accounts of
the risk society.

Anticipating risk:€social, organisational and regulatory

actions and reactions
Part III of this book focuses on social, organisational and regulatory
sources of resilience and safety. The notions of safety and resilience
are inextricably related to the notion of risk. The concept of resili-
ence emerged in the late 1960s/early 1970s in relation to the resilience
of ecosystems (Folke 2006) where the focus was upon the ability of
systems to cope with change and still persist (Petak 2002). From the
mid 1980s resilience referred increasingly to human environmental
interactions, exemplified in discussions of sustainability (Lélé 1998)
and in the late 1970s/early 1980s it appeared in behavioural studies
where it referred to an individual’s ability to withstand and rebound
from crisis (Walsh 1996). The concept was first used with respect to
organisations by Wildavsky in 1988 but it was not until the late 1990s
that the application of resilience to organisations gained in popular-
ity. Since then there has been discussion of resilience with respect to
disasters. For example, resilience in the face of earthquakes (Petak
2002). There have also been specific case studies, for instance, relat-
ing to Hurricane Katrina and the capacity of New Orleans to recover
(Campanella 2006), and 9/11 (Hoffer Gittel et al. 2003; Kendra and
Wachtendorf 2003; O’Brien and Read 2005). There has also been
broader discussion of resilience in relation to healthcare systems
(Mallak 1998), business supply chains (Christopher and Peck 2004),
information systems (Comfort et al. 2001) and resilience engineering
(Hollnagel et al. 2006; Woods and Wreathall 2003).
Wildavsky’s (1988) classic work Searching for Safety juxtaposes
anticipation and resilience. Wildavsky urges caution in the use of
anticipatory strategies and advocates enhancing resilience through
trial and error. He argues that anticipation can lead to a great deal of
unnecessarily wasted effort and wasted resources because of the high
volume of hypothesised risks, many of which are exaggerated or are
false predictions. Anticipatory strategies, argues Wildavsky, reduce
the ability of organisations and societies to cope with the unexpected.
Indeed, many preventive programmes have their own unexpected risks
12 Bridget M. Hutter

attaching to them. And one of the most serious risks of these strategies
is that they can lead to extreme risk aversion and thus deny oppor-
tunities for benefits for innovations not yet proven safe. Wildavsky
urges that more attention be paid to enhancing resilience, that is the
ability to learn from experience and cope with surprises, of which, he
contends, there are many. He warns against focusing too much on the
dangers of risk and not benefiting from the opportunities.
As Macrae (this volume) explains, organisational resilience is a
new and contested field of study, but at its very essence are notions
of recovery and learning from adverse events. Safety and resilience
resources have a twofold purpose:€one is to prevent a risk if at all pos-
sible and should this fail the other purpose is to ensure that there are
ways of coping with risk events and reassembling.
Organisations are critical in understanding and managing risks
in modern societies (Hutter and Power 2005a), and how risks are
responded to and managed by organisations is a key theme of this
book. And as Beck (2009:€11) argues:€‘It does not matter whether or
not we live in a world that is “objectively” more secure than has gone
before€– the staged anticipation of disasters and catastrophes obliges
us to take preventive action.’

Social and organisational aspects of anticipating risks

There is evidence that business and public sector organisations work
hard to anticipate new risks and increase resilience to problems. These
efforts are in turn monitored by state regulatory agencies which are
themselves in the business of maximising, where possible, their own
organisational resilience as well as that of those they regulate.
Organisations are implicated in both the creation and manage-
ment of risk. They are the source of disasters (Perrow 1999; Turner
1978) and according to some authors will fail however much redun-
dancy and planning is built into them. Perrow (1999), for example,
argues that complex, tightly coupled systems will inevitably fail, thus
he coins the term ‘normal accidents’ to emphasise the inevitability of
something going wrong. Referring specifically to high-risk technolo-
gies, he focuses on complex systems where the interaction of unex-
pected multiple failures can lead to catastrophe, this being most likely
where the system is tightly coupled and has no slack to cope with such
eventualities. Perrow’s theory thus focuses on properties of the system
Anticipating risk and organising risk regulation 13

as the cause of failure.1 Typically organisations do not take a fatalistic

view but work hard to try to anticipate risks and to prevent them.
Organising to anticipate risks may be reflected in a number of
developments. For example, there may be a consolidation of govern-
mental efforts to anticipate risk into specialist risk management or
contingency planning departments. Government examples include
the UK’s Civil Contingencies Secretariat and the USA’s Department
of Homeland Security both of which were established in the wake of
9/11. Their remits embrace counterterrorism and also non-terrorist
risks such as natural disasters and they are tasked with risk preven-
tion as well as planned response and recovery plans. Their existence
reflects concerns about ‘new risks’ and also growing pressures and
expectations that governments could and should anticipate risks and
take control through the planning process.
Private sector companies may also have meta-risk management or
compliance departments and staff, such as risk officers and compliance
officers, who may operate alongside specialist staff such as health and
safety or environmental officers (Power 2007). These departments
are variously responsible for risk across the organisation including
risk identification, assessment and management. They may also be in
charge of planning for emergencies and contingency planning.
Transnationally the United Nations have been active in fostering an
International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) and their focus
is global, partly encouraging developed countries to help with early
warnings in less developed areas where the effects of natural hazards
may be most acutely felt. The focus tends to be upon a responsibil-
ity to alert publics and the provision of technological developments
and equipment which can help predict an impending disaster. For
example, continuous monitoring by satellites with thermosensors
and on the ground observatories can help predict volcanic activity
(Zschau and Kuppers 2001).
The extent to which risks are anticipated depends on context and
the domain in which they are situated. For example, the importance
attaching to near misses very much depends on context. In some

1
Normal accident theory is often contrasted with high reliability theory
which maintains that organisations are capable of preventing accidents. How
compatible these theories are is the source of some debate (La Porte and
Rochlin 1994; Perrow 1994; Rijpma 1997; Sagan 1993).
14 Bridget M. Hutter

systems, such as the flight controllers studied by Vaughan (2005),

extremely high value is placed on learning about errors and near
misses, so much so that staff are threatened with loss of employment
should they fail to report anything relevant. In other systems, relevant
information may well be suppressed or go unrecognised as signifi-
cant. Vaughan (1996) again offers an example of this in her analysis
of the Challenger accident and the production pressures which min�
imised the importance of alerts about potential problems with the O
rings. In some cases there may be sheer information overload whereby
staff struggle to identify crucial information, something which is of
course always much easier to identify with the benefit of hindsight.
Alternatively the prevailing climate may be so positive and optimis-
tic that risks are underestimated and our powers of control overes-
timated, as demonstrated in the decade prior to the recent financial
crisis.
One way in which organisations try to cope is by the use of formal
risk tools and perspectives in the effort to avoid the repetition of pre-
vious risk events and to help to identify and manage new risks. There
are a number of explanations of the rise in popularity of such formal
approaches. Some argue that the ascendancy of probabilistic views
of the world is important in the development of risk ideas. Luhmann
(1993) relates this to processes of rationalisation which emphasise
governance and process (see also Power 2007). Other explanations
of the drive to anticipate and manage risks relate to moral impera-
tives which see organisations as having a duty to protect publics from
risk events wherever possible. Perhaps more powerful are the political
imperatives to act and attempt to avoid blame. Some commentators
regard blame management as a matter of growing political and bur-
eaucratic concern (Hood 2002). This may lead to risk aversion which
may make it difficult to accept resilience strategies over anticipatory
ones, thus increasing the possibility of costly error and unnecessary
expenditure. This reasoning was well understood by Wildavsky. He
regarded the politics of anticipation as centring on a governmental
bias to anticipatory strategies, writing that ‘A strategy of anticipation
is based on a fear of regret’ (Wildavsky 1988:€225).
Efforts to anticipate and plan for risk events are intended to assuage
public fears and expectations and convince audiences to believe that
organisations are in control. Indeed, reframing problems and decisions
in terms of probability reframes them as predictable and apparently
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
Shcfford and (hambly railway, operator .Montreal Telegrapn ('o.. and
express agent HOWIE FRANCIS, importer and man. ufiicturer of tin,
wooden and iron «are, wood and coal stoves, pumps, Britannia
metal goods, &c. .larry .loseph, laborer Jarry Paul, laborer Kearny
.lames, section master Stanstead, Shetford and Chambly railway
KINEHAN WILLIA.M, watchmaker, jeweller, engraver, electro-plater
and ])liotograi)her KIRK D.V Vi D, fanner, Farnham cottage Lai'o.^ite
Louis, carter Lafranchise Aime, laborer Laiiiontagne .losoh, farmer
l.unilry Jean Bapfiste, laborer Landry Joseph, laborer Liinier Joseph,
laborer lianoue Miss Aurelie, dressmaker Lapointe Joseph, laborer
Laporte Marcel Denis, laborer Lareiui Josejih, laborer Larocltc Alexis,
grocer Laviolet'e Joseph, laborer Lavoie Ciiarles, laborer 1/Ecuyer
Sifroi, tavernkeeper Leduc Hegesippc, joiner Lcduc Ignacc, laborer '
Leduc Jauvier, laborer -fti»,»«.l'«f.Wl» Vhn'iOilii^'iiHi'""
 \M wmt) »VE8-WhK DOMINION 1524 DIRECTORY.
[Provinck cy .t I Leduc Josejift, luhnrcr fjcnmirc Krancrois, laborer
Lenmirp .lean Baptiflc, laborer Lcinoitu! Alexin, laborer Lcinoliif
Hubert, laborer Le(|iiin Amodfee, laborer Leqiiin f'alixlc, laboror
Leuuin Kraru.-ois, jiiii., laborer I/e(|iiin Kranijois, 8en., biborrr Leqiiiu
Houore, salvsinaii Le(|uin Joseph, jiin., of lieqiiiii k Son Lequiii
Joseph, sen., of Lei|uiii & Son LEQITI.V (fe SOX, liiniber merdiantsi
and general dealers in dry pfoods, groceries, provisions. Iianhvari',
boot.-* and shoes, and contractors for loading railway .nrs
liesperanii' Jean Maptiate, laborer LIVKRI'OOL AND LONDdX AND
GLOKE INSUIiANCB CO., W. .t E. Dono! ue, aj^nts liizoue '?< "Tilt
Ijo-.^m, laborer ,'a riri'ide i.ifred, baker ^'a«niinde (JLivier. barber
;Vtid|ev)ii EdT.aril; sawyer , cr-'Auli Kdouard. laborer Pi^f'slue
''•■'^roise, hotelkceper I'ilfct ., t-ciiis .:.=>, fanner IMantier Antoine,
laborer Pr6vost Hubert, laborer Provost Louis, baker Provost Phil^as,
laborer Quintin Amedee, laborer Quintin Leon, laborer Racicot
Ignac.e, carriageraaker Rainville Isaie, notary, secretary-treagurer of
school coinmissionera, and agent for the Reliance Mutual Lift;
AssuraucG society Reliance Mutual Life Assurance Society, Isaie
Rainville, agent Richanl Jude Muximin, storekeeper Ripley Klijah H.,
miller Ripley Lavius, trader Robertson John, weaver Riilicrlson
William, carjienter ROBINSON REV. RICHARD, Wesleyan Roy (Jllbert.
.lawyer Siiic Gcor^rc, foreman Slierry lleniy, wheelwright Siiiiard Jean
Baiiliste. laborei' Smith ic Conitois, cabinetmakers Sniitli Exu|iiie,
black.sinith Smith Joscpli, of Smith it (.'onitois Sjioor Joseph, farmer
St .li Hii Baplistc Socic'ty of St Romuald de Karnliam, Dr A. Guertin,
president; (!. Brai.lt, secretary; Isaie Rainville. treasi."er STANSTEAD,
SHEFI'ORD k CHAMBLV RAILROAD, William Louis llibbnrd, station
ag"nt Stark Alexander, woollen mill TABER CI'RTIS P., general ilealer
in ilry goods, groceries, provisi(jn8, hardware, ready-made clothing,
boot* and shoes Thivierge Theonliile, shoemaker Tiernay Jiimes B.,
M.D. Tiriac Alexis, laborer Tiahar Auguatin, laborer Trudcau Aiuu',
salesman TRI'DEAU ALEXIS, lumber merchant, and general dealer in
tntiou of the .>ilHiisteft(l. Shell'iirti ami Ctuinibly railway. 32 miles.
Jliiil tri-weekly. I'opulatioii" about 2(X). Aiken Nelson Rarnett Cnarles.
farmer Barnett David, farmer Barnett John, farmer Barmistei'
Crauaou, fu-mer Barmistor Horace, farmer Brock Solomon B.,
storekeeper Buswell StejihenB, jun., farmer Buswell Stephens, sen.,
stoiiemasoD ELKINS (CAPTAIN MARK L., J.P., postmaster, councillor,
commis.'fioner of small causes, fanner Klkins CurtiK, drover and
farmer Elkins Mark L., sen., farmer Rlkins Samuel L., mail carrier
Gilmau Chase Ingalls George, saw mill .lacdlis Lorenzo, fanner
Leonard Joseph, m,'i8on Peck l.y-ander, fanner Peck Jared, fanner
Reynolds rev. B F. Romeo Leoiuird, carpenter and joiner Rniter
Abraham, farmer Ruiter J.iccib, farmer Ruiter Joseph, farmer
Sargeant Anson, farmer Sargeant Daniel, farmer Sargeant Rogers,
farmer Sargeant Samuel, fanner Sargeant Simon, mill owner Warner
William, farmer WEST .SHEFFOUB-AiininllvillaKP in the di»triet of
Bcclford. towii-,liip and county o( .Slielford. AFtafioii of
IheStanKttiad, Slieflord and Ctianibly railway is contiKHOus; fare to
station 2f((;. Distant from Waterloo 8 miles, fare fiOc. ; from
Swectsburj; 10 niile». fare fiOc. Mail daily. Population about 250. Bell
Richard, farmer Benham Miss Arvilla, milliner Bergeron Fram.ois,
grocer Blanrhard Maxime, blacksmith Rottelon Joseph, Idacksinith
Boucher Karcisse, harnessmaker BriggR John D., hntelkeeiier
Custonguay Hypulite, slioeinaker '"astougnay Jean Baptiste,
shoemaker Cox Thomas H., saw mill owner Cutler .Miss, milliner
Daigle Francois Xavier, cabinetirakcr Foster W. H., M.D. Gbidden
Horatio, shoemaker Hays James, saw mill owner, farmer Kilburn
Ashley, saw mill owner Liivigne Ignace, laborer Lawrence Isa^ic.
fanner McAdams Michael, trader McRae Christopher, tailor Masse
Joseydi. jun., miller Miissc Joseph, sen., miller Mills John N., trader
Mondor n^v. — R. catholic ', Rhcmiult Joseph, laborer Richardson
Robwell, joiner Roberts Duke, cattle dealer Roberts Halara, cattle
dealer Robo Dennis, mason Sav.age George Savage .Mrs. I.aura, wid
.Joseph Tait George, postmaster, storekeeper Todd James,
shoemaker Whitton rev. A. T., ch of Engl.and Wbilton Jii Roberts,
grocers Wood Joel, farmer Wood John, farmer Wood Thomas, farmer
• WHE.4TtANI»— A "mail villaffe In tliii town.slilp of Wickhnm,
("lunty of Dninitnond. Lumber and grain i« tlio principal bUKiness of
this place. DiBtant from Uicli'iioiid. a -itation of the Cirand Trunk
railway. l.S miles, fire by staffe SH.2,^>:from M>ntrenl 71 mllei.
Malldal^. Population about 100. Hlanchet Benjamin, farmer Boisvert
Alexis, painter Boisvcrt Edouard, carriagemaker * Sometimw Oidled
WickUata. V
 [Province ov uer rckoeptr , fiirmer . ^"I'lrieniflson MARK L.,
J.I'., or, coinmissioiicr iier mil fiiniuT "ariTier il oarrior lill T n cuter
and joiner r cr ler )er owner ler D— A.iner lealer dealer i Joseph T,
storekeeper ir of" England )cer3 I '■niBll villaso In kliam, fiuiifv of
and (fraln ia tlin li" place. PiBtant ii>n ot III.' Grand '•», fare liv
stage mlle«. Mail dally. mer r Qdbbec] rOMINlOxN 1525 DIRECTORY.
Wiie-Yal ftgenirtker IcUaia. BoiBvert Joseph, Inmber merchant
Boisverl Pierre, cardiii)< and grist mill Boucher Octave, cabinetmaker
Canijihell Patrick, farmer Oftte S.. bla.kBinilh Kverard Jean, carpenter
Lehair Kran(;oiHj farmer Mct'aho KdwanI, postmaster, farmer Rivard
Olivier, hoot maker Skillen Tlioinas, farmer 'WINDSOR •:TIILm - A
prorreiwln^ villatfoon the cast hank of the River St Francis, connty
ofliiclimond. This jilaee fiossDUHfS PXtiMiuive water-jiowiT privieitea,
adnilraldy adapted for inanulaeturinr. Tliuse. occur not only on Uir
^Vin({^or Brook, tint also on tho Uivcr St Francis. Here are (cvcral
(jrist and Haw mill« An extiusive |)a|ier mill, the property of An(?nii,
I.ogan k Co., of Montreal, turnn (Hit from two tn throi' ton^i of
paper a day, which are shiiij)ed to all i)art« of the Doniinlon. On the
Windsor Hrook, abont j otainlle from the station, there i»a large
powder mill. belon((in(r to an incorporotoil t'o. Their prodnction.s
are likewise shipped in every direction, and are considered to t)e •f
the best ciualitv. A aubstantinl brick town hall is erected near tile
centre of th« villafr"' Thi- whole township ID hei»K speiMlily
occupied Montreal T«le(jni|)h Co. has anollice here. It is contii
 w QnEBEC. DOMINION 1526 PIRECTORY. [PROVINCB Of
Diihaime Lmlgor, tannor Floury Kdoimnl, tjtniiur GrenuT Nflrcisne,
tmincr Lamarre Alfred, tanner Leblanc Kran(;()is, tiiiiiior MdlanI
Louis, ti)reiii.iii tanner Pithotte Oursirm", niillor Sicanl Pierre, jiin.,
tanner Sicard I'iern-, sen., t.'inner Turner Alexander, tanner VAlTf
ACHirHK~A liirge village nn.l pariuli (lu the river iit tlie xHine naniH.
near tlie Kl\er St I,nwreni-.e, »ei)(iil(iry of (iron Hois, district of llire.i
Ulvers. county ot' St Mniiriee. Jt lontftlnc (irisi ftuil saw mills ami n
wesiem- Odilou, boarding houie iind livery stable Lesieur Olivier,
agent Richelieu Cog.' SI earners Loranger Benjamin, baker and
grocer Lord L. .\., notary, secretary for county Muillel .Miss Celimi,,
school teai her .Mari hand Pramjois, wheelvvrighl .Milette Ji'an
Baptiste, organist Milette .Vapideon, architect Milette ,\orbert,
architect Alilot Adolphe, councillor, fanner .Milcil captain Prederic E.,
notary, clerk of Commissioners court .Milot Frani.ois, jun., councillor
Milot Jules, notary, .sccretary-trcasin'cr of school and municipality
MO.VTUEAL TELEGRAPH CO., Dr. E. Lacerte, agent Paiiuin Joseph,
joiner Paradis .Vlexandre, joiner Pelleriu Hyaciulhe, shoemaker
Pelh'iin Pierre, shoemaker Pichette Louis, .saddler Pronlx Horace,
mayor, farmer Rheaunie William, "shoenniker Riciird cajitain I.,ouis
()., storekeejicr Kicard Theoderation in the vicinity. \ cnnsiilcnihlc
(juiuititv ol bricks are exported iininiullv. and a liir(fe tiiido .tiiiit from
sorel, a Inndinn of the .Monlreulaud 'I'liri'e liivers steamers, 12 miles,
from M llya-iiitlie, a station enter Couturier J().se[ili, mail ilriver
Desrosiers Jean Baptiste, farnior Desrosiers Narcis.se, farmer
DeTonnancoiir (^linrles, farmer DeToiinancour Paul Roch, furnicr
Dubois Henri, carpenter Dujfri) Edouard Geileon, J.P., trader
Dutresne Fortunat, farmer Dupro Gedeon, boatman Portier Michel,
mail driver FORTIER UOCH, councillor, Btorekeeper Founpiin Noid,
farmer Foiirijuin Pierre, farmer, shipbuilder Gigui're .\ntoine, farmer
Gigu^re Basile, jun., farmer Girard JoBe|)h, blacksmith (Jirard
Narcisse, blacksmitll Godin Hercule, ferryman (ioulet Isaac,
shoemaker Guilbanlt Joseph, farmer fiuilbault Olivier, mason
Guillemette rev. Isaac, R. catholic Ilcnaiilt Antoine, farmer Labbe
Antoine, farmer and boatman Labile Loui.s, farmer Labonti'i Joseph,
farmer Latieur Louis Hercule, postmaster, councillor, sKu'ekeeper
Latieur .Mrs. .Mathilde, wid Paul Lagrave Jean Baptiste, carpenter
Landry Joseph, joiner Lantier Elise, tanner Lareau Charles, carpenter
Lasalle Pierre Antoine, boatman Lavallee cantain Hubert LETENDRE
PIERKB, councillor, storekeeper Malhiol Regis, joiner Martineau
Alexandre, carpenter Martin Ulric, cooper MIGNAULT ROCH MOISE,
M.D., councillor MONTREAL TELEGRAPH CO., H. C. Charland,
ojierator Morissette .\lexis, painter .Morissette Naiiolconfarmer
Voreaii Edouard, farmer^, dttot Michel, farmer Pai|nin Pierre, caulker
PARADIS OVIDE JOSEPH, J. P., mill owner Parent Francois, farmer
Parent Louis, inn., farmer Pareiito .foseph, farmer Parenteau Michel,
farmer Parentean Narcisse Pierre, carpenter PA VAN PAUL, J.P.,
mayor, notary Pclisser Victor, lil.icksmith Peltier Ovide, miller Pepin
Benoni, farmer I'erraiilt Olivier, jun., farmer Plessis Abixime, trader
Plessis Mrs. (Catherine, wid Pierre Richard Ludger, joiner and
plasterer liivard Frs. .\'., notary, school secretary Rousseau Mrs.
Elizubcth A., wid Leon Salva Hercule, fanner Salva Jean, farmer Salva
Joseph, bailiff Salva .Mixime, farmer Silva Olivier, fanner Salva Pierre,
farmer Senecal (iabriel, shoemaker St Germain Thomas, farmer
Vigcant Tonssaint, leather dealer Vg^anl Toudsjiiat, shoemaker
 [Province or PAIN ALFRED, HK.VKOILDE C, Tolrgrniih Co.
lift" Br :ari>enter il ilriver dtf, flirinor imitT I's, farmer looli, tanner ter
!vid Lco'n QtjEblio.] DOMINION 1527 DIRECTORY Bro-St Ba ler ler r
dealer laker PLACES, THE PROOFS OF WHICH WERE RECEIVED TOO
LATE TO ALLOW THEIR INSERTION IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER.
BROl'GIITON— A imRll vIllRgcln the towiiitlilp ot tliu 8Hino name,
oouiilvof Heiiuce. DUlHtit fruiii MetliolN mills, ii •tAtion of tlio GraaJ
Trunk railway. X) miles, t'roiii (jiiilx-o 25 iiiilu!i. Hall we«lcly.
I'opulatiou about ato. Boulette Francois, fanner Champagne Joaepli,
farmer Derwan j\l., farmer Dodier J. H., jun., farmer I)orp, county of
Beaueo. Distant from .St Henri, a station of the tirand Trunk railway.
S9 miles, from Quebec, about t)0 miles. Mail weekly. Population 60.
Bartley Georpe, postmaster, fanner tiartljv Thoii;,'".?, ^'- farmer
 w^ "i*Jfi"»,'. .tfi.'J"-,J!i»i?4'?'.»f*t'Kv.. St Hk-St Pe
DOMINION 1528 DIRECTORY. [Provincz or Qurbec. m 9T HBLENB-A
Mttleroent In th« towiuiblp uf (^honUtr Rait, roiintjr of Arthabaak*.
Distant from Qu
 otMN Vmcz OF QUKBEO. .rmcr rlog, fanmor 8., R. catholic
farmer amitr muer farmer .nuer urmfr furtiier "is, fiinnor li, jun.,
fHrmer h, sen., fanner ler , fanner 1, farmer rarraer ti, farmer aEs.
lW«iV ircdories. nonly felt and is ihabitants of the :sts to remove it
ejcperimcnt, and mmercial public :isfactorily, it is w and enlarged :
general in their unicipal, like the 'ith the greatest ing to a uniiform
onvenient reach y is intended to modes in which nse stock of the
employment as of this dcpartexpressed want Msible to attain, ter of
the work tion from mer1 be accepted aa to justify the
 vj, 3. I ^ ? ' 1 *» ^ ;« a^M faiiu'il of 1,011 Till' 111 1 inrr.
CO i llii', il-i cxpccU A very lie re. as earl Hiiiclti; ' tidii an made. been
t I'Ollipfl i.y vf Bpeoiili placo 1 U) be a ■r ently • Tlie I uucs cal
 1 L 0 V E L L ' S Pkovinceof Nova Scotia Directory For 1871.
AimiiRVIATIONK ('^f:n in the Al.l'llAnKTUAl. lUKirroRIKM or CiriKH,
Townn, lir,:— nh nbetr; av nrniHt; M» N)aiilt- ti't fvfwivn «li rhiiirit,
our ixx'urr, li luiun ; .1. 1'. Jiiftiei nf llu I'fiict ; n ntiir : iip|i i'JijkjjiIc , r
rriir , 11. cttllnilli' /{owki'i I'lK/iWir , it(|jfuiiir. wlil uuloiit Tho nnme*
In l!AriTA.L.N uro tlioae of Ailvt-rtlavn oiid Siiliirrit>nni. Tn (.'Itiin iiiij
Townii, 'Vlii're ftv, luie, or eq tint'* riDt fuMow tin rrKliloiirr. Btrrct l«
Ui.Ih' miilornUMKl ; for uxmni'lr, Uwill .lnhti, 33 St. Itlch'iliu, rrini'K t-l
Ht. Ntcluilux utri't't I'liU'iii 111 till' Iihuiil of C'liiK' Kri'ttm uro
illrttliitiiiiKliril hy llif lotWr* (I. I). Iiolnir put atU'T curli. Ouilii; tu till'
iii'D tocripi nitiiu', und an itroat paiiiH liiivn tmt^ii titknn to awurtuiii
mid Klvg UioM , t Atcroaup :o tlir- (IIINUU.AL INDEX ia apvcliilly
moniini'iulDil. TliU will iiruvunt thit leant delay in tlnitinir iiiiy |iliu:ii In
tlir work. •ABICIKHOTIHIK POINT- A hiii.ill vili.i;;;!' DM it jioiiit >ii
lauil iliviiliMK K.ii-l 1111(1 Miildlf rivcr-J, mi I'irtun )i:lllji)l. I'lWii.-fliip
ot K^aiUMi I'liiinty 1)1' I'iiliMi ll !.•' i'oiiiU'i:ii-il Willi till' town 111
rictoii liy a sU-ani ferry ni.-ilanllium I'iilim, u Htatioii of till'. Nova
Scoliu railwiiyj J^ milt':*, tart 7c, l'o|iiilalii)ii iilmut IJO. ('niiiplitll
Ali'xanili-r, laiiiiiT Piiiilmr Al''.xaii(li'r, fanner I'^Mih.ir Kdiiert, taiiucr
liiiiibar Williatii, .(I*., fanner Ihiiiliar \S illiaiii, jiiii.. faniiiU' Korli(';i
John, tanner Kia.sir ,\li'.v irnler, farmer fniaiT (Niliii, lariiier [•'laser
(!ecir(.je VV , farnii'i Kramer lliitjii, larin"r Kra.icr .l.imert, fariuur f'ra-
ier .luliii, tanner Flayer Mrs., wiil .lolin l-''r:i-er Simdii, laniier
liiirraliMiii .lolm, l.'il)orer kliDoii.iUi .loiin. laliiirer lliKay V\ illiain,
farrncr Ml Killop llufrli, tanner H.i.ltie.-4uii .Mt.vaniler, Caniier
Miiliosoii MiN , will Doualii, fanner iliiiirne Iln^rli. lahoier A niile-i of
the iron works, and the i.irs are exrecteii lo niu tliis far next suniiuer.
A very exti'iisive bed of the ore oxisU lierc. This iiiiiie attracted
attention as early u.s It^lO. It wa; oiiened ; .Rtneltin^f fnrnaies
vverc put in operation and iron of the tiiust i|uality wanidde. The
enterpri.-ie ha.-: recenlly been taken uji by an eiiterprisino eonipany.
The vein (iintains a variety of iron ores, sucli as niiignelic, Bpcoular,
hematite, 4c. ll is m one place 120 fe.e.1 thick ; its length is said t
tinially beeonii' , of gieat ''omniiul-ial iniporlanee. Dis- j lain troin
Truro, a station of the ' Nova Scotia r.iilway, 'i'-i miles, fare iil.'io:
t'rom Halifax U.I miles. Mail daily ropiilalioii about QUO. .\Uinis
.loseph, puddler and niiinufuctiirer ot \)\^l iron Aiiiiis U'iliiain. laborer
Hurry Allen, miner Hates John, laiimr Hcatoii |)anicl Idiii'l'sinith llcallic
I'Jieiie/.ir, shoemaker Hell William, laborer Hells 111 nderMin, joiner
Hetts ,lohn W , laborer Howlsby William, carpenter Hiowii .1.
Ooiiway, nianaj{er ore ^orks Itudd ^Slepllen, hiliorer ('.■iineron
Iiillii, laborer ('rowe .lames, laborer O.ivis I'avid, bliieksmith havis
William, laborer l)i'liiii"y Juliii shoemaker holt'n .losliim. laborer Dnnii
John, laborer Kvans (Uveii laboier K/,.ih Jonah, teacher ot lautfic
l''arriaiii (!eor:;e, miner F.iriiani .lolm \V., miner Farnam Owen, miner
Karrell Henry, miner lorman Henry li., M.D. Form. Ill liobert, post
master, storckenper (lalla^'li.ir lOdw.ird, miner (liiniiion ThoniaH,
laborer liilniour I'avid. laborer (Jli'iin Daniel, niason t!o\v .Me.xaiuh'r.
laborer (Irani James, fnrnaui'inan (ii';'iil Neil, clerk llaltie (irej(or,
mason llatlie Williani, lubon.T Ila/.lehnrst Abr.iliani. farmer Higpins -
Alexander, laborer Hliiil H' iil}rar. nutsiciaii Hinds Williani, shoemaker
Hingley Isaac J., clerk Hard David, laborer lumau laauc, oiunagcr 100
Joliniton .laiiies. laborer Joiii'i Fpliraini .'V., manaiter iron work*,
.loiies .lames .\., lelejiiapll operator Liiii^i II Kduaid, blaekijiuitii Leu
John, laliori:r Lewis Daniel, miner Lewis Kvan, lliiiiei Livesey John,
presidt'nl .Mining Co, Mi'Doiiald Daniel, joiner McDonald .iolin, joiner
Mcl'wK lier!i Alexander, inluer McKai hern Daniel, miner .McLailii'rn
John, niiiier Melsaac .Vrcliibiibl. miner .Milmiis Liiii).'hlili, laborer
McKen/.ie Dunc.in, tailor McKenzie John, miner McLean D.ivid,
laborer McLean Doniild, miner McLellaii Ale.xandei'. tniner McNeil
Donald, laborer McMweeii .lolm. lal'Ui-er Maltatall Kplir.iim, laborer
Mitchell James, laborer Moi-an Jame-' fiiinaceni.ui Moran Tlionias,
iaboier .Morns 'l'lioma.S| iiiim r Morrison fioorj^e, laborer Myer,-i
lieiijamin. joimi (riloniior l'a,triek, joiner Paliiiiuin ''liarle;;, I.iboi-i r
I'atriipiin Daniel laborer I'lilriipiin .lames, miner Itobblee
Isaa(,eiij;iueer liee.)"', l.saiK'. miner lloiuans (ieorge, ca.sliicr iron
mines |{o>:< William H., teacher IttHlilon H in i.s, joiner Schnrm.in
.Major, miner Shaxlead Clement, miner Simp.son ,1 ime.s, i.iiliond
conlnictor Slack Jacob, laborer Slack Woodbury, laborer Smith
Mitchell, "miner Steel Alexande;, liiiuor dealer Stephens Alexander,
laborer .Stephens William, laboier Thomas David, maidiinisl Thotnasi
John, machinist, Thomas Tliomius, machinist Tolton ,)ame3 F..
farmer Totlen Thoinns, fanner Tucker John A., overseer car wheel
foundry
 Aoa-Alb DOMINION 1530 DIRECTORY. [Provinor ot fjJoV
l'(ihiiii) !•' r |>linii> U' ri(|ulmil rniuliiirl I iciulmi t r.'iiulmrl l'r((iiluirl
Vipoii 'I'll Wiuwirk Williii.iiis \Villi:i!ii,-< WilUiiiiis Williams
VViUiiuii,Wilsiin (' Wilson (i VVilscin ,)i W ilsDii ,1 •Wilson .1 ivirt,
InriiiiT iluM't, f'.iriru'i' AI''XiUi(l(ir, joiner DmiUi'I. tiiiiicr Jiiliii, jrmior
Sinioii. joiiuT 'rhoina.-., joiner oiiia.s, iiiiniT ./oliii, l;il)ori!r Joliii. miner
,lo,-i'|ih. miiiiT .lo-:c|ili. piiildli'.r Thiiiiiiis, iniimr Wilii.uii, miller nai'liis.
|iii(|ijh;r ■ort,'!', luljorer iiiu--" lii^f 111 liic Wf.il rivi'i, lowii«liip 11
[).iiilii>sU'r, comity o! Aiitigou'.ih. Distaiil li'om Aiitii^oiiisli 7 mile?,
fare fiOc; troin New liUi..st;ow, 11 station of the Nfovii Heolia
railway, "t;! nillis. fare IglJ ; f'rurii f ictou .'i:i mile-. tV'ini Ilalitax 147
mili'-i. Mail bi-weekly I'opiilatioii about 100. Huter Alexaniler, tkriu^'r
Hn.xl^'r .loliu, tniiiu'r lirail.^hiiw Jainis, tanner (.'ameroii Alixamii'r,
slorekcepi'r (,'aineron llngli, tiiriner (.'am|iU'tl .lotni, ■'lioi-maker
Cliislioliii Koil'iiek. : Mi'Doiialil Noi'iiuiii. sctiool teacher Mcllniiaia
D.jiiahl, hlaoksraith Mrl>oii;ilil |) Mie.ui, farmer MiUoiiiild .M.iriiii,
e.irpenter ililiiiii- Dviuaiil, lailor Weljemi Donald, larpenler HcLeiin
.laiiH'S. iMi'peiiler MeKae John, lihickijniitli McRae ,Mi!;dorl.,
earviag'Uiaker Pii.j|iee Mis., d csiiiaker A nVOunii Andreu-, master
loariuer j.-IUoit III nry. Joiner Ijilioti VViliiuui, ship car|wnler llallii Id
Hi^iijainin, master mariner llill Ceorge K., .J.i>, Keitli Abram ('.,
teacher Kelly .lolin W., shi|> i ai'peiite.r Kelley Timothy, sliij) owner
Kiiiiwltoii .\braliam, master rnariiuT Kiiowhon Alfred, master mariner
KiiowllDii Amos, master mariner Kiiowlton Asa, farmer Knowliori
("luirles T , mariner Kuowltoii Diiniel, masier mariner Know Itoii
(ieorge, J.I'. Kiiouhon .Facob, faimer Kiiowllon .lames .\., mariner
Knowlion James D , farmer Knowlton .bimrs W., shin c.ir)ieiil.or
Knowltoii John, sen., birraer KiiovnIIoii John W., mariner Knowlton
Ijewis, farmer Knowlton William, master mariner Knowlton Williain,
jiili., farmer bank KchvMrd. biborer l,ivillg^loIl .Mrs. Alice, wid
Abraham biviiig~ioii lieorge, mariner Livingston Robert, joiner Li\
iiigstoii Thomas, .diiji carpenter Jioomer (iideon, fanner boomer
John, fanner Lovi ly .Maurice, i oojier biinn Joseph, fanner
.Mld.eiiiian Arc.hiiiabI, joiner .Millberry Daviil, tnariiier Milllieri'y
W'illiiim, biborer Mills Daniel, masliM mariner Mills RolKrI, fanner
Mills Willi.un, farnvr Moore William, ship car|iont«r .Moiris lieiijiirnin.
fanicr .\b>rris Caleb, fanmr Morris Charles, titniier Morris Knoch,
farmer .Mo'-'-is Krii.-tus, faini"r .Morris, (leorge b., innriner Moii'.~
(ieorge II., binni'i Morns (ieorge K.. fainicr .Morri.^ Henry, fanner
Moir s .b.'ss' K., sliip carpenter Morri> .loliii K.. faiiner Morris John
W., firmer Moiii.r .loslina, farmer Morris liemidei. mariner Morris
l.uther, ship cariienter Morris .Natluin I!., postmaster, storekeeper
Mo'ri-1 .Nalliatiiel, caulker Morris Randolpli. jnn., mast.ev mariiier
Morris Randolph, sen., J.I'. Morris Roberi M., ship carpenter Murri.s
riaininl, fanner Moiris Silas, ship carpenter Mori'i.s Tiiomas 1...
farmer .Morris William, farmer Morris William W., mariner iMorwick
Mr.s. M.iry. wid (leorge Reed .binies, ship car|ietitHr R •111 William,
I'lrmer Reid Kdnuind, fanner licid Judson, uitiriiier Kdbcrts Charles I'.,
school teacher R.)l)erts John, imv-ter mariner Smith .Sydney, ship
carjienter Smith W.lliam, master mariner Spicer Roliert, farincr
Snthergreen .lohii R., shipowner SiitluMv/reeii Wcdey, master
mariner Tnrple William, ship carpenter Ward (/harles, J.l'., collcutor
of customs Ward James, farmer Weaver reiry, shiii carpenter Winters
Kdward, mariner Winters William, luarinur •AliHANV, M?W — A smttil
villHRO .)n the I'orl Me.lway river, about 10 miles from its month,
norili districlof the ooiinty (if Queen's The surrounding c'.ninlry is
pioturesipic. Distant from Kempt '! miles, from Liverpool .if) miles,
from Annapolis, the terminus of the Wiiidiorand Annapoliif railway,
-11) miles, fare ii. l'oi)uU tion about 75. Delonir David, fanner
D.'lon,^ .lohii, bunier Di b)iig John W . farmer Didonc Simon, farmer
Delong Th"iii,'is. tanner Deloiig William, farmer Kreeman binies 1)..
farmer Keinpton .biiiallian, fanner Keiiiptoh Stephen, farmer Rowding
Austin, farmer Rowding Josejdi, larmer Worrnhult Charles, farmer
AI.BKKT BUinOR, C.B. -A farmi'.ig settlement o i Mira river, .O miles
trom Mira Bay, to\viishi[i of Sydney, county .-.lield A< 'J.'uni.iii ri
b'.opliy IM {' • (■ ' (' ■ c c V (' ,(■ : I' .).iley
 lovA Scotia.] DOMINION 1531 DIRECTORY. AlilllON MiNKH.
on thfl 111, I'oim|);lit of [irty of ntiim of seiini.-; ul itc lliick('(•tivol^.
c;i(i for point ion. I'it, IllLS ilimiilitj It i.o.oo'o !•< II .still ■nr IHriH, le
laHinl foihcinie VLM-fi I'X,178 toil* liu"' coU oniiis, and the (iiiaiitil.y
of slack coiil misi-ii w;is pinpoi-tiiitiiitPly largp ; in lHii4 ovt-r 2()i),0(iii
loll^^ wimv rai.'J.'il. The ortinr.^ of tin- (KmutuI .Minint;
.Vssociati.m, ami of llie AciiiliaCo. arc kt Hti'llarton Tlmre is li«'if «
^'a'ion orihi_'.\ova.Sc,(;tiaiMilWiiyi'alluil ("oal .Miii'^'-i. I)i.st:int from
.Ni'W (iliisguw :i miles f""''' !H-. : f"oin I'ictuu 12 miU's, film .-iTc.:
fn)m Truro 40 iiiili>s, from Win'jsor .(uiirlioi) »H uu\i:~. from Halifax
101 miles. Mail 'laily. I'opiil.'ition about 2.")00. Acadia .Miiiiiin; On. J
lloyi, ftgfiiit lAlili-ioii William, minur jAriiistroii^> ll.u'ry, lahorer -
^.tHaiiic Thomas, lahorcr AJJariies .folin, minor *'l5aiTL'ti, I'ctor,
minor J Bayiio Daiiii'l, laborer 'Boil Haiil, .1.1' , .stationer ■iml druijs
B.Hi'lliinoii .'"'aniiK.l, miner IjJij^ny itiiviil, miiioi' lUif^uy .Jolui, minor
IBiran William, minor iBIaokor William, foroman •Bliickwooil (iooriji
minor IWaokwoo'l .lamos, minor I lilackvviiiMl .lol.ni. minor
jBlonkinsop Tliomas, oliicf engineor I liliiK litr Tliomas. minoi I
BoslioM .\(iam, minor , 'Will, in rov. (.;., oil of Kagland IKiMpliy
Ivlvvard, minor j Hriioo I'lndliy BiK liannn ./.imos, t):inor liiuliannn
,J')iin, minor .liirdoii .lanic--. minor Hiirdon William, minor Biirii.s Kol)
'rl, w,i.lolim:tn i Hiirnyoat William ('., dork ; Burrows IMward, minor i
Burrow- Mrs Kliza. wid Joriopli, itoiekoopcr ' Caklor .Moxandi'i, minor
W t'lillon Jolin, minor i t'lillon l.'olii'i't. minor ; t'lillon 'fhoniiis, minor I
fameron .Mrt.indir, liUiorer I iiniol, storekoopor ! .M,iilli''w, minor I
Clark iloiiry, lilaok^milh H'lisll .JllHl'M, slorokiviMT H'oohraii liicliard,
m'n t |;l)'rt I.)., minor sCounolly I'ornolms, oni^inocr ,t' MiiK'llv
tlornolins, latioror .. I 'iway Ijiiiio, iniiii'r |('oiiH,iv Jiimo.s, d'piity
foromnn jO'iok llamiltoii, miner jook .l.mi's, minor jorbi'l Jam '.3. jiir ,
.shoiniaVor [lorbol .lain'.-', s-n., sliooinakor Dorbi't John, sluuinakor
Tox llonry, mini r Jroijrh ll'iliorl, minor >il'on D.iviil, pholoeraplior
Jnllon .Iiimos, oaiiHiilor jiimminiri Janovs, tiiiiiT Jiimminoti Tliomas,
blaoksnvlL t).iloy Uio.tiard, laborer Davipg Riolinrd, tiroman Davi.soii
(loorijo. onpiiioor Davison (toor^;o, tiroman Davison Thomas, minor
Dobcsoii John, minor Dosmoml Doiinis, laborer I), ok William,
ontrinoor Dokio William, minor Dioiison Cliiirlos W.. olork D.oksoii
D.ivid A., aooonnt^int Diokson lioorgo A., olork Doran Thomas,
acoonnlant Acadia Coal Co. Douglas .lohn. Wnck.smith D'o.iirliis
John, furi-iniin Diiylo Kdwiud. blaok.smilh D.iylo John, oni;inoor
Doylo Boborl. bailiff Drydoii .lolm. laborer Diydon Waltor, minor
Dunbar John, minor i Dunbar I'anl. bank.^mnn I I»iinl)iir William,
minor I Dunn .\mlrow, miner [ Dunn I'Mward, miner Dunn .laiiios,
,1.1'.. agent I Kmory John, m jior I Miiori; .Moxandor, minor ; Fail
John, on^inocr Falo'inor Dimoan, mas in ; Kalooiior John, oarponlcr
Follows John, laborer I Forj.nis(m James, miner I'ey n. ■.; .lolm,
minor I File William, minor I Fil/.piilriok James, minor I Fit/patrii.'k
John, iruokiimn i Fit'/.i'alriok Riolinrd, minor \ Fii/.patriok ."^lophoii,
minor i Flomin>; J'llin, Viaiik-itian j Flinii .lames, wiuohmiin I Floyd
I'elor. minor . Foley lliiliert, laborer Foley John, minor I Foiil John,
laborer ' Forristiill Michael, laborer I i'^asor Alexander, foronian I
Fraser Alexandoi, maoliinint I Fraser Allen, minor I Fras.M- (Jharli's,
nuner ! l'"ia.ior D.iniol, minor j Fraser Cioorgo, oarpi'iiter Fraser ll'i.i?
ii, miner j Fraser James, miner ; F.a-ier .I.uius, seclion foreman
Fra;er John, niim-r FiaS'.'r ,Mis. Jes-ie, wid Hector Fraor liodoriok,
ideik I I''riisor Uonalil miner I Fr,!!'mai. Ib-nry, miner I U 'Moral
.Mining Association, J. Hudson, j 11},",; nt I (I'jnian ll'iiry, minor tHU
i-iiio .Mrs. Clirist'O, wid William (lillis llii'4h, iniioT (i His -"^im.in,
miner (i.H'don ll'i<
 Alb- Am H DOMINION 1532 DIRECTORY. [Province of lOVA
McKay John, minor McKay John, miner McKay Ji)sei)h, plasterer
McKay Uol)LTt, laborer McKay Ronald, miner McKay William,
hliicksmith McKcnzie Alexander, miner McKen/.ie Donald, miner
McKenzie (Jeorne, miner McKenzie Hector, postmaster, school
teacher McKenzie Hugh, miner McKenx.ie Thomax, laborer McKiunon
Hector, miner McKinnon Daniel, miner McKinnon Duncan, blacksmith
McLaughlim Robert, laborer Mcliauf^blan Willium, miner McLean
Alexander, laborer McLean Andrew, miner McLean Daniel, miner
McliCan Lvan, miner McLean John, miner McLean Robert, miner
McLees James, miner McLellan Donald, carpenter McLellan William,
carpenter McLeod John, engineer McLeod William, laborer McLeod \\
illiam, stoiekee|)er McMillan Andrew, miner McNeil Jiilm, miner
McNorton I'eler, miner Mcl'hail Duncan, laborer Mcl'herson Alexander,
groom Mcl'herson Allen, miner Mcl'herBon Angus, teamster
Mcl'herson Doiuild, miner McPherson John, miner Mcl'lieviion .lobn.
teamster McIMiers^on Samuel, miner Mcl'lierson Tbonuw, carpenter
Mcl'herson William, master carpenter McSween David, miner Madden
Archibald, miner Madden William, miner Maliany Daniel, miner
Maliany .loliii, laborir Maliany Matthew, laborer Marshall David, miner
Marshall Jacob, banksman Martin Michael, laborer Mason (leoifri!,
miner Matheson James, miner Mailieson John, miner Matheson
,l(din, storekeeper Maxwell Angus, miner Maxwell James, miner May
(Jeorire. miner Meiivall Tlioniiis, miner Millard John, miner Miller
William, carpenter Mills James, engineer MiinT ("liarles, miner
Mitchell James, miner Mitchell James, miner Mitchell Thomas, miner
Mooney Andrew, miner Mooney James, miner Motmcy John, miner
Mooney Richard, miner Morrison Donald, miner Morrison John, miner
Morrison Neil, miner Morton rev. Roland. Wcslcyan Mowatt rev.
Andrew J., United presby. terian Mnir Alexander, miner Muir Jaiiu'S,
miner Murklarid James, cnpmeer Murphy James, miner Murray
('eorge, miner Murray James, shoemaker Murray John, blaokamith
Neerin Norris, miner Nevin Robert, machinist Nolter Albert, miner
O'Hrien Michael, miner O'llundley Ronald, miner Oliver William,
miner Urr Samuel, miner Parsons James, miner Patterson John,
miner Perrin William, millinery Potter Henjamin, miner Potter John,
jun., miner Potter John, sen., miner Potts John, cjirpenter Purvis
Andrew, saddler Purvis John, miner Purvis William, miner Reily
.Micluul, miner Reily Patrick, miner Roach John, miner Roberts
Oeorgo, miner Roberts Henry, miner Robert-son Alexander, laborer
Roderick John, miner Rolston Rcjbert I)., clerk R(jss Daniel, laborer
Ross John, tailor Ross Tlxmias, miner Ross William, blacksmith Roy
Henry, miner Roy James, miner Roy Jolin, jun., miner Roy John, sen.,
miner Roy William, miner Russell Alexatider, miner Russell J.imes,
miner Russell .Sainuul, miner Saunders George, carpenter Savage
Luke, miner Skelly William, minor Small Andrew, miner Small
Kdward, miner Small John., miner Smith .'Mien, miner Smiili John,
b.ulili' Smith John, miner Smith John 11., miner Smith Thomas,
miner Stewart tUi.irles, miner Stewart James, miner Stewa[ t
Thomas, miner Stewart Thomas, deputy foreman Sutherland Allen,
miner Sutherland Neil, storekeeper Sutherland Robert, miner
Sutherland Willi.im Taylor Krancis, miner Thompson James, laborer
Vaux .loseph. bailill' Walker .Mrs. Martha, wid David Walsh 'I'honms,
carpenter Walters David, miner Watson James, miner Wallers James,
miner Weir J. lines, miner Wentworlh James, J. P., merchant Western
l!nion Telegraph (Jo. Weston Roliert, miner While Robert, miner
White William, miner Whyte William, laborer Nova Scotia railway
Wier David, miner Wilsoii Alexander, miner Wilson Charli's, miner
Wilson Diivid, tailor W'Ison ,lidin, miner Wilson Mrs. Marg.iret, wid
James, groceries and lii|nors Wilson Robert, miner Wilson William,
miner Wood Joseph, miner Wood William, miner Wright William,
foreman Wylie Andrew, carpenter York John, deputy foreman Young
John, miner AliinA — A small village on the Middle river, township of
Egerton, county of I'iciou. Distant from Coal .Mines, a station of the
Nova Scotia railway, 5 miles' fare .OOc. ; from Pictou 10 miles, fare
$1; from Halifax lOlJ miles, faref .'t .Mail tri-weekly. Pojudation about
100. Archibald David, farmer Archibald David AI., fanner Archibald
Kraser, farmer Archibald Levi, (armer Archibald Mrs. Janet, way
offloe Archibald Robert, farmer Hryden Edward, farmer (/ameron
Daniel, mill owner Cameron Einlay, farmer ('imnolly George,
blacksmith Cummings Peter, farmcT Douglas Hugh, farmer Douglas
John, I'armer F"raser Alexander, tailor i Fraser James McG.,
merchant Fraser Robert G., blacli(;J. A. ltlack|edit
 riNCI OF I the Middle 1, county of ,1 Mines, a railway, 5 HI
10 miles, iles, farc!f;t I about 100. )fiioe IFOVA SOOTIA.] DOMINION
1533 DIRECTORY. Amherst nt h r Ih keeper er ker and flourItween
Nova irk, at the 111, townsbii) umborlaiKl. lie Supreme ■re in Juno
•iit liiinbei Square miles (iwu The H- recently are giving loll with Ht li
Telegraph listant CroTii Ifrom Parrsfroni Truro 'ietou HO Jx ]22 aiiles,
|.Mail daily. Lamy A, lUly, annual Tlaek,Kdit()i Inso .rks m llliaro rry
William, gaoler Ba.^H George, joiner Bent Albert, farmer Bent
ederick VV., barrister nt Freeman, farmer nl Gilbert, farmer nt John,
farmer nt John H., carpenUir nt Rupert V. nt Thomas 11., farmer
'^cnt William, farmer tt.s n.uiiel, biirbi'r Its Jacob, farmer lack
Ainsloy, farmer lack A.slier, farmer lack Alexander, fanner Hack C.
.Mien, M.l). lack Calvin, farmer lack Cyril.-?, jun., farmer "ack Cyrus,
stipendiary magistrate laik George, farmer ai'k Harvi-y ()., clerk ack
Hiram J., farmer LACK J. ALBERT, editor, proprietor and printer of the
Amherst Gazette lack Josepli, farmer ack Joshua, farmer lack Joshua,
Icam.ster lack Josiah, farmer lack Martin, farmer lack Robert, farmer
llack Rupert, farmer lack 8ainiicl, furnier lack Thoma:? R., farmer
lack Wllliara, fiirmer lack William K., farmer lakney CharU':*, tanner
latch Frederick K., book agent "enkbora Amos 8.. prothonotary
leukhorn Edward, clerk leiikhoru Thomas liss Jame.-i VV. )g^cs
Richard R., agent coal mines low.-ier William G., printer ranliehl John,
tailor w n I Jforgc, oyster saloon, shoemaker wii Jauie.s, farmer
rown Rufiis, harne. Hicks Rufus. tanner Hill John, (abinetmaker
Hillson Charles, joiner Hillson John, joiner Hoar Miles, stage driver
Holmes William, carriagemaker Howard Stephen K., Ml). Howe Mrs.
Eliza, wid PMward lluestis Richard 1!., county clerk, storokeeper Jai-
kson John W.. watchmaker Kerr James J., barrister, collector of
customs Kerr J. N'. H,, miller Kerr J. W. B.,J.l'. Kinder Sidney King
James, tailor King Robert, moulder Kinnear John D., barrister Lamv
James R., of Lamv k Son LA.MV JAMES, & SON, proprieton Acailia
hotel Lamy Thomas L., clerk Layton James .M., farmer Layton John
F., carpenter Leaman Charles, registrar of Probate court Lear John,
laborer Legget John, shoemaker Logan John, farmer Lowe Clarence
A,, of W. F. (Jutten k Co. Lewis Mrs. Fanny, wid Jesse (». Lusby .Mrs.
Caroline, wid Samuel Lusby (Jeorge. tanner Lusby John, liinner,
miller Lusby Rupert, fanner Lusby Thomas, firmer Lusby Williain,
farmer Mclir'ide W. Robert, medical student Mct^ulluin Joseiib,
nuison McCully Robert, of D. F. Qnigley * (.'(>.. barrister McDo laid
Edward, blacksmith .McDonald James, laborer McDonald William A.,
fanner McKliiiou David R.. watchmaker Ml Keiinou Join laborer .M(
LauL'hliu Jail" s. jun., photographer .McLaiiiiiiliu ,Iaiih>. stoivkecjier
McLran Roderick, sherilf .McLellun .Mcximdcr, stiuieciilter McLellan
Charles, luinbernian McLennm Andrew. fiHiiier McLeod ,\ngus, & Co..
stoivkeepers McLeod Aiigiw, of A. McLeod & Co., registrar ol' deeds
McLeod Daniel. ,if A. McI,eod k Co. .McLe
 Amh-Ann DOMINION 1534 DIRECTORY. [Provinoi of Mofftttt
William I., barrister I Moffatt Jiimi's, ofiMottiilt & Smith MDtfatl &
Kmitli, storekeepers Moore Joseph, M.U., ctnigjrisit Moore Thoiuftji
i^., lianiessm;ikor Moore Williiini, tailor Moren Willimii, clerk Morse
Cliiiloii I., MI). Morse James S., barrister Morse Kohie S., barrister
Morse William .\. I)., barrister Mosher (ieor)re, stonecutter Murray
(ionleu. j(jiner Newcoiiibe Klikam, of 1). Quitrlev k Uo. O'Dounell
Samuel, crown land surveyor Paden Mr:<. mary="" wid=""
uobert="" i="" amos="" silversriiitii="" page="" j.="" kilwunl=""
farmer="" partriqueu="" meil="" slioenuiker="" patterson=""
.lauies="" tanner="" john="" tailor="" pliillilm="" miss="" kli=""
dressmaker="" pipes="" caleb="" parke.son="" porter="" charles=""
pride="" matthew="" shoemaker="" purdy="" u.s.="" m.l=""
james="" k..="" clerk="" silas="" m.f="" qui="" daniel="" co.=""
tanner.s="" quigley="" imuiel="" f.="" of="" david="" joseph=""
mason="" mrs.="" .lane="" william="" ftatchtord="" k.=""
barrister="" read="" willimn="" .="" harnessmaker="" ripley=""
painter="" ritcliey="" blacksmith="" roach="" roadi="" d.=""
laud="" surveyor="" c.="" car="" tliomas="" liobb="" alexaniler=""
iron="" founder="" rockwell="" ivhvard="" hodker="" ceoige=""
p.="" jiainter="" llogers="" ii.="" lishery="" olticer="" ross=""
schunuan="" jo..:epli="" stove="" fitter="" scoboria="" moulder=""
scott="" johnston="" sharp="" robert="" c="" saddler="" sibley=""
mr="" juhn="" simpson="" .lanich="" skimmings="" d=""
machini-.t="" sleep="" h.="" douglas="" k="" smith="" kdward=""
s.="" butcher="" itotsford="" .moffatt="" a="" llersrhel=""
fanner="" railway="" engineer="" n="" brickmiiker="" t.=""
attorney="" w.="" county="" treasuri="" r.="" smiin="" liooi="" l=""
.st="" co="" storekeepers="" and="" contractors="" r="" t=""
soutler="" alexander="" spence="" da="" .id="" moumer=""
spcnce="" tlionuia="" squire="" steeves="" ansley="" mariner=""
steele="" rev.="" allen="" maptist="" stewart="" cliarles=""
.fames="" styles="" firmer="" j="" oh="" sutherland="" kenneth=""
tna="" taylor="" kbene="" klizabeth="" cyrus="" tinglcy="" jane=""
milliner="" towiishend="" townshend="" rev="" george="" ch=""
england="" travis="" lewis="" treen="" imiss="" harriet=""
telegrajih="" operator="" tri="" stephen="" thomas="" carpenter=""
trenholm="" jidin="" constable="" tinker="" .lolin="" a.=""
bookkeeper="" tuiiper="" edgar="" tupper="" nat1i.="" m.d=""
druggist="" walsh="" jacob="" western="" union="" telegraph=""
treen.="" white="" while="" carriagemaker="" wilson=""
benjamin="" mail="" driver="" wil8="" chn-les="" wood="" alon=""
laborer="" aitthkrst="" poiivt="" small="" village="" in="" the=""
townshi="" amherst="" oi="" cumberland.="" distant="" from=""
station="" intercolonial="" miles="" halifax="" miles.="" .mail="" bi-
weekly.="" populfttimi="" about="" rrownell="" buhner=""
warren="" coats="" hood="" corbet="" .biines="" coupland=""
.nelson="" larmer="" dickson="" thonms="" b.="" doni-aster=""
forrest="" vv.="" cordon="" isaac="" n.="" nelson="" fowler=""
tjleny="" frederick="" farine:="" keilor="" lawrence="" farmei=""
parker="" hiauson="" logan="" ceorge="" .lohn.="" maltliew=""
.matthew="" long="" m="" pipe="" .louathari="" postmaster=""
jonathan="" robertson="" amilcitxt="" siioill="" thriving=""
beantifal="" on="" basin="" lown="" cumbcrlatid.="" this="" coa=""
has="" most="" piclurestpie="" scenery.="" distjint="" present=""
terminus="" way="" oflice="" is="" called="" settlement.=""
farraer="" anderson="" milton="" raxter="" richard="" baxter=""
black="" joiner="" boss="" ann="" hotclkeeptr="" bos.s=""
brown="" .mrs="" michael="" brownnell="" aaron="" .lames=""
browiimdl="" timothy="" brownson="" bugle="" ayer="" chappcl=""
marcus="" ec.kies="" samuel="" oliver="" holton="" lioltim=""
danford="" jackson="" bentley="" jeremiah="" wcldon=""
.murray="" abner="" murray="" calvin="" niles="" ogden=""
vvilliam.="" reid="" oflrcs="" ward="" burton="" andeiison=""
wocntain="" settlement="" road="" littif="" harbor="" to="" new=""
township="" egerton="" coinily="" pictou.="" there="" formation=""
freestone="" vicinity.="" nov.i="" scotia="" railway.="" pictou=""
ki="" fire="" fare="" population="" peter="" chisholm=""
.mexander="" cullins="" miner="" forbes="" .nathaniel=""
stioeniaker="" fraser="" .lohii="" llagmau="" .lohn="" fanie=""
morton="" jun.="" .morton="" sen.="" alexaiid="" siitlieilanil=""
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