KIRINYAGA UNIVERSITY

DESIGN OF AN ELEVATED PARKING FACILITY IN KERUGOYA TOWN,

KIRINYAGA COUNTY

By:

CLINTON SIMIYU

EE101/G/10109/20

A DESIGN PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF
TECHNOLOGY IN

CONSTRUCTION AND PROPERTY MANAGEMENT

APRIL, 2024
 DECLARATION

Student Declaration
I declare that this project proposal is my original work and has not been submitted before for any
award whatsoever.
Clinton Simiyu
EE101/G/10109/20
Signature……………………………………. Date…………………………………

Supervisor Declaration
This project design has been submitted with my approval as the university supervisor.
Eng. Senteu Murianka
Signature……………………………………. Date……………………………

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DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to the Kirinyaga County government and specifically to the businesspeople
and residents of Kerugoya town.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
For this project design to be the way it is it has taken the hands of God, it became possible because
He helped me. I extend my sincere gratitude to Kirinyaga University for allowing me to pursue a
Bachelor of Technology in Construction and Property Management and for creating a good
atmosphere for self-actualization in academics and other fields of human growth and achievement.
I also thank my supervisor, Eng. Ayub Senteu Murianka spent his time reflecting on the draft,
critiquing the work, and providing guidance at every turn to improve the design’s outcome. I also
owe my family and all who have been supporting me through the course of my studies, a debt of
gratitude.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION .......................................................................................................................................... ii
DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................................. iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................................... iv
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................... vii
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................. viii
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................. ix
1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Background Information ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Objectives ........................................................................................................................................... 2
1.2.1 Main Objective............................................................................................................................. 2
1.2.2 Specific Objectives ...................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Problem Statement .............................................................................................................................. 2
1.4 Justification ......................................................................................................................................... 4
1.5 Project Scope ...................................................................................................................................... 4
1.6 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 5
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................................... 6
2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 6
2.2 General Definition of Elevated Parking Facility................................................................................. 6
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS .......................................................................................................... 13
3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 13
3.2 Materials and Methods ...................................................................................................................... 13
3.2.1 Need Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 13
3.2.2 Site Analysis .............................................................................................................................. 14
3.2.3 Feasibility Analysis .................................................................................................................... 14
3.2.4 Architectural Design and Drawings ........................................................................................... 15
3.2.5 Structural Design Calculations and Drawings ........................................................................... 15
3.2.6 Bill of Quantities ........................................................................................................................ 15
3.2.7 Work Breakdown Structure and Schedule of Works ................................................................. 16
4.0 PROJECT DELIVERY PLAN AND NARRATIVE ............................................................................ 17
4.1 Needs Analysis.................................................................................................................................. 17
4.2 Site Analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 17

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 4.3 Feasibility Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 17
4.4 Architectural Design and Drawings .................................................................................................. 18
4.4 Structural Design Calculations and Drawings .................................................................................. 18
4.5 Bill of Quantities ............................................................................................................................... 18
4.6 Work Breakdown Structure and Schedule of Works ........................................................................ 18
4.7 Meeting with the Supervisor ............................................................................................................. 18
4.8 Drafting the Final Report .................................................................................................................. 18
4.9 Final Project Design Report Submission .......................................................................................... 19
4.0 PROJECT SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ 20
4.1 Process and Submission .................................................................................................................... 20
4.2 Lessons Learned................................................................................................................................ 20
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................... 22
APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................................ 23
Appendix 1- Needs Analysis Report ....................................................................................................... 23
Appendix 2- Site Analysis Report .......................................................................................................... 23
Appendix 3- Feasibility Analysis Report ................................................................................................ 23
Appendix 4- Architectural ...................................................................................................................... 23
Appendix 5- Structural ............................................................................................................................ 23
Appendix 6- Bills of Quantities .............................................................................................................. 23
Appendix 7- Work Breakdown Structure and Schedule of Works ......................................................... 23
Appendix 8- Supervisor’s Log ................................................................................................................ 23

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Congestion of Vehicles in front of Bingwa SACCO and Equity Bank........................... 3

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Automated parking systems
APS............................................................................................................................................ 12
Bill of Quantities
BOQ .......................................................................................................................................... 15
Computer-Aided Design
CAD .......................................................................................................................................... 15
Elevated Parking Facility
EPF ............................................................................................................................................ 18
Savings and Credit Cooperative
SACCO........................................................................................................................................ 2
Three Dimension
3D .............................................................................................................................................. 18
Work Breakdown Structure
WBS ............................................................................................................................................ 1

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ABSTRACT
Elevated parking facilities have undergone a transformative evolution, transitioning from
basic outdoor spaces to highly functional enclosed structures. Purposefully designed to elevate the
overall urban experience, modern parking facilities emphasize contemporary design, functionality,
and sustainability. The focus of designers has shifted towards integrating innovative features,
advanced technology, and eco-friendly elements. These parking facilities aim to facilitate the
protection of vehicles, making the town look orderly and reducing congestion in the town. In the
21st century, the varied needs of city dwellers have compelled urban planners and administrations
to prioritize the design and construction of modern elevated parking facilities.

Globally, the demand for urban parking has driven the development of standardized
designs for elevated parking facilities with similar features. These structures not only provide
ample space for the efficient operation of the town but also catalyze its overall development.
Serving as pivotal urban elements, elevated parking facilities play a crucial role in unifying city
residents and enhancing the urban experience. Evolving into indispensable urban landmarks, these
facilities are now essential for the seamless functioning and progress of urban areas, symbolizing
a contemporary approach to urban planning and infrastructure development, meeting the growing
needs of urban dwellers, and contributing to the ongoing evolution of modern cities.

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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Information
Elevated parking facilities, commonly referred to as multi-story or multi-level parking
structures, have evolved over the 20th and 21st centuries as a response to the challenges posed by
urbanization, population density, and the increasing number of vehicles in cities. Initially
conceived in the early 1900s to optimize land use, these structures have witnessed advancements
in design and construction technologies (Hutchcroft, 2018). Many cities around the world have
already started to adopt stack parking systems to create more parking availability and
increase efficiency. Materials such as precast concrete and steel have enabled the creation of
taller and more efficient parking facilities. Moreover, recent innovations, including automated
parking systems that utilize robotics and technology, further enhance space utilization.
The importance of elevated parking facilities is multifaceted. Firstly, these structures address
the critical issue of space efficiency in urban environments by stacking parking spaces vertically.
This is particularly vital in densely populated areas where horizontal space is limited (Nelson &
Webster, 2017). Secondly, by providing centralized parking solutions, multi-story facilities
contribute to reducing on-street parking, alleviating traffic congestion, and enhancing overall
traffic flow in urban centers. Additionally, the environmental impact is mitigated as elevated
parking structures reduce the need for sprawling surface parking lots, preserving green spaces, and
mitigating the heat island effect.
Moreover, these facilities increase parking capacity significantly, catering to the high
demand for parking in areas such as business districts, shopping centers, and public transportation
hubs. The aesthetic and architectural integration of elevated parking structures into urban
landscapes contributes to urban planning and design, fostering a more visually appealing and
pedestrian-friendly environment (Loeb & Kock Elman, 2019). Many modern structures are part of
mixed-use developments, combining parking with commercial, residential, or office spaces,
thereby promoting sustainable and livable urban environments. In summary, the evolution of
elevated parking facilities reflects ongoing efforts to optimize urban spaces, reduce congestion,
and contribute to the overall sustainability and aesthetics of urban landscapes.

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1.2 Objectives

1.2.1 Main Objective

To design an elevated parking facility for vehicles to reduce congestion in Kerugoya Town.

1.2.2 Specific Objectives

1. To investigate the need for designing an elevated parking facility at Kerugoya town.
2. To determine the design of par modern elevated parking facility to meet the identified
needs of the businesspeople and residents of Kerugoya town.
3. To determine the cost estimates for designing an elevated parking facility in Kerugoya
town.
4. To develop the entire design including architectural drawings, structural design
calculations, structural drawings, Bill of Quantities, and the Project schedule.

1.3 Problem statement

Vehicles require a suitable parking space for their preservation, reduction in congestion, and
appeal to the environment (Hudson & Hudson, 2017). In Kerugoya town, this statement has been
seen not applying as evidenced by the vehicles that are parked along the roads and in front of
commercial buildings and offices. On normal working days, approximately 20 vehicles will be
found parked in front and around busy buildings like Bingwa SACCO and Equity Bank (Field
study, 2023). According to Sim (2019), commercial buildings should have enough space at
entrance and exit points for quick access to customers and staff. The space that is found in front
of these buildings is not enough to accommodate many vehicles. For this reason, vehicles are
parked up to one side of the road. Some hotels like Starwood, have accommodation but vehicles
don’t have a zoned space for their parking. They are parked in front of the whole building which
slows the operation of the nearby businesses. When vehicles are congested in a town, they hinder
the maximum delivery of the town (Agyapong and Ojo, 2018).
In the Kirip building, there is the Kirinyaga County Cooperative Union which is very busy
during the working hours of the day. The vehicles of officials are parked outside the building and
some of them extend to the roadside. The operation of the town is therefore derailed by causing
delays in goods and services (Mwamba et al., 2020). Some people prefer to go to the nearby towns
which are convenient to them now to seek goods and services. This has promoted the going bad

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of some of the perishable foodstuffs like vegetables and fruits in the Kerugoya market. This is
evidenced by the overflowing dustbins having a lot of rotten foodstuffs. Some businesspeople
have incurred losses due to this reason.

Figure 1: Congestion of Vehicles in front of Bingwa SACCO and Equity Bank

Source: Author, 2023

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1.4 Justification

The project aims to address the inadequacy of zoned parking in Kerugoya town by
introducing an elevated parking facility. This multifunctional structure is designed to
accommodate a diverse range of vehicles that are spread all over the town. The chosen location,
an underutilized old market space, strategically situates the facility in a central area, facilitating
engagement with motorists who live or conduct business in the town (Bensemann et al., 2021).
One of the primary benefits of the elevated parking facility is the protection it offers to
vehicles. By providing shelter, the facility mitigates issues caused by prolonged exposure to direct
sunlight, preserving the condition of the parked vehicles (Butt et al., 2019). Additionally, the
project addresses aesthetic concerns highlighted by Abdel-Aziz et al. (2020), who argued that a
variety of vehicles with different colors parked in an open space can detract from the town's visual
appeal. The elevated structure eliminates this issue, providing an organized and visually pleasing
parking solution.
To enhance functionality and efficiency, the proposed facility incorporates modern features
such as elevator shafts, automatic lighting systems, and automatic gates (Sim, 2019). Elevators
will facilitate easy vertical movement for motorists within the facility, streamlining access to
different levels. Importantly, this inclusive design ensures accessibility for individuals with
disabilities, allowing them to utilize elevators for both ascending to retrieve their vehicles and
descending after parking. In conclusion, the elevated parking facility not only addresses the town's
parking deficiencies but also contributes to urban aesthetics, vehicle preservation, and inclusivity.
The incorporation of modern amenities reflects a forward-thinking approach to urban planning and
transportation needs.

1.5 Project Scope

The scope of the project is a vital component that gives a precise and comprehensive
explanation of the objectives of the project and what falls under its bounds. Project planning and
management depend heavily on the project scope, which makes sure that all parties involved are
aware of the goals of the endeavor and what must be achieved. This study investigates the necessity
for an elevated parking structure at Kerugoya town to address the issue of automobiles bringing
congestion in the town and provide a solution. By demonstrating the problem's validity from the
problem justification and demonstrating that the issue at hand is, in fact, one that needs to be

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solved, the need for investigation is completed.
The study also figures out how an elevated parking structure should be designed to
accommodate the fraternity at Kerugoya town. This study identifies, and displays raised parking
lot ideas that have been utilized by other researchers and inventors, along with an explanation of
how they integrated different elements into their designs to address the demands and issues they
encountered. Additionally, this study has demonstrated how these designs have evolved to
consider the community's requirements in the present. Lastly, various case studies on raised
parking lots have been incorporated into the research to aid in identifying the various trends in
parking design.
The study also has defined the design process for delivery by the established design, which
includes the methodological, structural, technological, financial, and geographical design
requirements of an elevated parking structure at Kerugoya town. To first understand the processes
that are most frequently used and the processes that will be applicable for the design of the elevated
parking, the study will first look at the already-existing design processes as case studies, including
the structural, methodological, financial, and technical design processes.
The research study has assisted in providing the complete design, including the
architectural drawings, structural calculations, structural drawings, Bill of Quantities, and project
timeline. Additionally, the bill of quantities and the project schedule have been delivered after the
floor plans, roof plan, site location, site analysis, elevations, sections, and details about the slab,
beams, columns, and foundation reinforcement are delivered. In the end, the completed project
work has been presented as one of the deliverables for the project.

1.6 Conclusion

In conclusion, the project to design an elevated parking facility in Kerugoya town addresses
a critical need to alleviate congestion caused by inadequate parking space. The detailed objectives
outline a comprehensive plan that has investigated the necessity, determined a suitable design, and
defined the delivery process. The identified problem of insufficient parking space affecting
businesses and causing traffic issues underscores the urgency of this initiative. The elevated
parking facility not only aims to provide practical solutions but also incorporates modern features
for enhanced functionality and aesthetics. This project aligns with the town's economic growth and
long-term urban planning, making it a crucial and justified undertaking.

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2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

The purpose of this chapter is to assess the value of elevated parking facilities in busy
towns. Additionally, the study attempts to evaluate the necessity for elevated parking facilities by
drawing on previous research on parking facilities conducted locally, regionally, and worldwide.
Based on the case studies, the research discussion has provided the techniques and tools that other
researchers employed to further their investigations into the elevated parking facilities in congested
towns. The critical critiques of other researchers' writings or statements regarding the facility are
found in the last section of the research review.

2.2 General Definition of Elevated Parking Facility

Elevated parking facilities, as conceptualized by various researchers, encompass a range of

definitions highlighting their unique features and functionalities. According to Sutherland and
Gropen (2020), an elevated parking facility is characterized as a structure situated above ground
level, designed specifically for parking cars. Their definition underscores the advantages of
vertical parking area utilization, enabling a greater density of parked cars within the structure.
Sperling et al. (2018), contribute to the understanding by emphasizing the raised garage aspect,
which can comprise one or more stories, catering not only to cars but also accommodating
motorcycles and bicycles. Particularly tailored for urban centers, this definition recognizes the
versatility of elevated parking in addressing the parking needs of various modes of transport.
Christiansen et al. (2017), shed light on the contextual relevance of elevated parking, framing
it as a solution in areas afflicted by congestion or limited space. Their definition underscores the
strategic role these structures play in optimizing land usage and mitigating parking challenges in
densely populated environments. Serpen & Debnath (2019), add a layer of detail, characterizing
elevated parking facilities as multi-level structures dedicated to the parking of vehicles. This
definition underscores the vertical dimension inherent in these facilities, emphasizing the
utilization of multiple floors for efficient vehicle storage. In essence, these definitions collectively
paint a comprehensive picture of elevated parking structures, capturing their diverse applications,
strategic significance, and spatial efficiency.
From the definitions above, a working definition of an elevated parking facility can be
depicted as a structured parking space situated above ground level, specifically designed to

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accommodate, and optimize the parking of cars, motorcycles, and bicycles. It encompasses a multi-
level or multi-story configuration, allowing for vertical utilization of space. This type of parking
structure is strategically implemented in urban centers to address challenges such as congestion
and limited space, offering a solution that enables a higher density of parked vehicles. In essence,
an elevated parking facility serves as a raised garage with multiple levels, serving the purpose of
efficient and organized vehicle storage in areas where spatial constraints or high demand for
parking exist.

2.3 Importance of Elevated Parking Facilities

In urban settings, elevated parking facilities are essential because they provide a vertical response
to the problems caused by constrained space and rising car demand. These buildings are especially
useful in densely populated locations where horizontal space is limited since they effectively
accommodate more vehicles by optimizing land use. Their capacity to lessen urban sprawl and
encourage compact, sustainable development is consistent with the objectives of contemporary
urban planning. In addition to improving accessibility and traffic flow, elevated parking facilities
also increase the overall effectiveness of urban transportation networks. Furthermore, these
buildings can be planned with aesthetics in mind, combining greenery and architectural
components to enhance the city's aesthetic appeal. In addition to visual appeal, these buildings'
vertical layout enables the addition of safety elements and more stringent security procedures,
guaranteeing a secure environment for both users and cars. Elevated parking structures provide a
future-proof and scalable way to meet the growing demand for parking in cities without taking up
more ground space. All things considered, these buildings are essential for forming urban
landscapes, encouraging ecological responsibility, and satisfying the changing requirements of
contemporary urban settings.

2.4 History of Elevated Parking Facilities

In May 1901, The City & Suburban Electric Carriage Company marked a historic milestone in
urban planning by establishing the first multi-story elevated parking facility at 6 Denman Street in
London. This groundbreaking structure, spanning 19,000 square feet across seven stories, could
accommodate up to a hundred vehicles. The company, pioneering not only in parking solutions
but also in electric vehicle services, focused on sales, storage, valeting, and on-demand delivery

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of electric vehicles with an impressive range of approximately 40 miles and a top speed of 20 miles
per hour (Loeb & Kock Elman, 2019). Subsequently, in 1902, the same business opened a second
site capable of housing 230 vehicles, further solidifying the importance of elevated parking in
urban environments.
In the United States, the Hotel La Salle in Chicago commissioned the construction of the nation's
first parking structure in 1918, designed by Holabird and Roche. Although the hotel was later
demolished in 1976, the parking garage retained its standing due to its provisional landmark status
and its distance from the hotel. Despite facing challenges to its historic recognition, the garage
continued to serve as a testament to the evolution of parking infrastructure in urban centers.
However, the building was eventually razed in 2005, making way for a new era in urban
development, a 49-story residential building named 215 West, accompanied by a modern parking
garage (Hutchcroft, 2018).
In Washington, D.C., the Capital Garage, constructed in 1927, claimed the title of the nation's
largest parking garage at the time, underscoring the growing significance of elevated parking
facilities in catering to the rising demand for vehicle storage and accessibility in urban areas. These
historical examples reflect the transformative impact of elevated parking structures on urban
landscapes, shaping the way cities addressed the challenges of limited space, increased vehicular
presence, and the need for efficient parking solutions throughout the 20th century.

2.5 Design Philosophies, Principles, and Design Standards

2.5.1 Design
Vehicles can traverse between floors using one of the following methods:
• common inside circular or helical express ramps are internally inclined to park and express
ramps without parking.
• outside ramps: these can be spiral or cyclic ramps.
• car lifts (or elevators) are the least prevalent automatic robotic technologies.
• ramps combined with elevators.
• if the parking lot is constructed on a sloping terrain, it might have sloped parking or be
split-level.
Parking facilities are separate, purpose-built structures, frequently with lower design loads than
the office buildings they service. As a result, the floor spans are extended to a length of 55 to 65

8
feet, enabling parking rows without the need for intermediary columns. Since the commercial,
homeowners, and business stories above need greater support, platform parking beneath high-rise
and mid-rise buildings frequently has a short span of 25 to 30 feet amid columns. Short-span
construction columns are less efficient than long-span designs and impede row-based parking
spots. Modern construction has seen the addition of parking structures, frequently underground as
part of the basement, to larger complexes. This is hidden from view, more affordable and useful
than a separate structure, and conserves area for additional uses. Buyers and their automobiles are
shielded from adverse weather that can cause a vehicle's interior temperature to rise with this
strategy.
Designer Louis Lesser built a two-story subterranean parking facility beneath six high-rise
residence halls at California State University, Los Angeles, in 1964. However, the building
required additional space for horizontal development. This straightforward two-story parking
facility was one of the biggest in the entire globe and was regarded as an inventive idea. For simpler
access to parking and stores on each floor, parking structures serving retail centers can be
constructed next to the center. A few examples are the Oracle in Reading, the Festival Place in
Basingstoke, and the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota. The top space of parking
garages without mixed use can be put to great use for movies and aquariums, as
Parking garages having a single purpose, like The Grove Parking Garage for movies, The
Aquarium of the Pacific Parking Garage for the Long Beach, California Grand Prix, and The Pike
Parking Garage for large gatherings, can make great use of the roof space. The height clearances
of these lot spaces are frequently low, making it difficult for full-size vans and other large cars to
enter. Subterranean parking costs approximately $35,000 per spot while parking lots in the US are
expected to cost between $25,000 and $35,000 for each space.

2.5.2 Structural Integrity

Parking structures are normally exempt from building examinations once their original usage
permit has been verified, as they are built to endure the weighty and shifting loads of moving
automobiles. If there is a risk of quakes, seismic retrofits can be implemented. Some parking lots
have collapsed partly years after they were built or during building. Over thirty vehicles were
destroyed in July 2009 when a fourth-floor part of the Centergy building in Atlanta failed. Two
automobiles below were completely damaged in a minor fall that resulted from a car hitting the

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roof wall at Charlotte, North Carolina's South Park Mall in December 2007. A deck in Montreal
fell in November 2008 because of water leaks, cracks, and warning signals. Two people were killed
when the upper vehicle deck of the Algo Centre Mall collapsed in June 2012. A parking facility
that was being built at Miami-Dade College in Florida fell in October 2012; it was purportedly
caused by an incomplete column. Nineteen people were murdered when the main building of the
Surfside apartment collapsed.

2.5.3 Precast parking structures

With the rise in popularity of multi-story parking lots since the mid-1900s, precast concrete has
been used in many of these projects to speed up construction. Parking structure components are
assembled as part of the design. Precast concrete components comprise structural wall panels with
several stories, girders, wall panels, staircases, external and interior columns, and structural floors.
Utilizing flatbed semi-trailers, the precast concrete components are delivered to the locations.
When being transported on roads, the structural floor modules may need to be positioned at an
angle to maximize the amount of floor space covered. Precast concrete lifting anchor systems are
used at the assembly sites to raise the modules. The use of coverings is one way to decorate.

2.5.4 Architectural value

The architectural significance of these buildings is mostly unknown. Parking garages are lurking
somewhere near jails and toll plazas in the Pantheon of Building Types, as Architectural Record
has pointed out. Parking garages are dubbed "the grim afterthought of American design" by the
New York Times. Some buildings' designs have garnered significant recognition, such as:
• 1111 Lincoln Road is in the South Beach neighborhood of Miami Beach, Florida Designed
by the well-known Swiss architectural firm Herzog & de Meuron.
• The UK's Brutalist Preston bus station, which has a multilevel parking structure.
• United Kingdom's Edinburgh's Castle Terrace Car Park
• Several in the US, like Boston's North Terminal Garage, are included on the National
Register of Historic Places. More recently, International Parking Design and Bomel
Construction Company Inc. designed and constructed the Queensway Bay Parking Garage
in Long Beach, California, which won accolades in 1992 for its distinctive exterior.

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2.5.5 Construction Types
• Steel structure
• Concrete Construction
• Mechanically operated.
2.5.5.1 Steel structure
Parking lots are constructed with structural steel elements that are joined to support weight and
offer complete rigidity as a structure. Steel is highly durable and uses less material than other
building materials like concrete and wood. Features of steel design:
• Savings: Compared with standard building methods, it is less expensive to make and erect
and requires less upkeep.
• Speed: Enables quick installation on-site after construction on another site or
prefabrication. Building in days is a claim made by certain providers.
• Durability: 50+ year lifespan is claimed by suppliers.
• Removability: The steel framework of the parking lot may be intended for eventual
removal.
• Expandability: Steel parking buildings will be readily expandable in the future.
• Ingenuity: Long spans without columns are possible with steel.
Typically, composite materials like concrete and corrugated steel sheets are used to construct the
ceiling slab of a steel structure parking lot. First-floor parking surfaces can be coated with tarmac
or epoxy, or they can be kept bare.

2.5.5.2 Foundationless Module

A foundationless, modular, detachable steel parking structure has been developed due to demand,
steel features, and invention. The need for parking increases frequently, dramatically, and
occasionally unpredictably. When building a multi-story parking structure is impractical or when
the existing surface area is insufficient and can be increased upward, modular steel parking lots
may be the best option. Using the modular assembling method for vertical and horizontal elements
(such as columns and beams), the building concept of modular car parks was developed. Modular
parking structures are adaptable; they can be constructed in sections or various dimensions. The
following features of the approach allow the development of a parking structure even in the

11
presence of specific conditions or constraints, such as city centers or archaeological sites:
• to almost increase the parking area without typical foundations or excavations, leaving no
trace on the earth.
• The use of a light steel single-deck car park system can double the area of the parking
surface.
• The system's prefabricated modular components give each project versatility and suitability
for a range of sizes of spaces.
To avoid choosing to permanently turn a surface into a parking space, these parking structures may
usually be disassembled and moved. They are designed to be temporary parking facilities for short-
term parking demand demands, but they could also be utilized as permanent constructions. After
a few years, some parking decks have been removed to make way for the construction of a
permanent structure and moved to accommodate the demand for parking in the area.

2.5.5.3 Automated Parking

Automated parking systems (APS) have been in use since 1905, with the first example being in
Paris at the Garage Rue de Ponthieu. These systems use a multi-story concrete structure with an
internal elevator to transport cars to upper levels, where attendants park them. The total cost of
ownership of automated parking is typically higher than conventional structures, but this can be
offset by higher space efficiency and reduced excavation waste. The cost of mechanical equipment
needed to transport cars needs to be added to the building cost, along with operation and
maintenance costs.
Automated car parks rely on similar technology to mechanical handling and document retrieval,
with the driver leaving the car in an entrance module and transporting it to a parking spot by a
robotic trolley. However, peak periods may cause waits, making them not recommended for high
peak hour volume facilities. Factors such as fear of breakdowns and maintenance contracts with
suppliers also need to be considered. Automated car parks are popular for multistorey residential
buildings in New York City and Paris, and in Toronto, they are increasingly being used in
downtown core condominium developments since the 2010s due to city-mandated minimum
parking space requirements.

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3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Introduction

This chapter outlines the materials and methods that have been employed to conduct this project
design. It details the research design, data collection procedures, data analysis techniques, and
ethical considerations. The methodological approach aligned with the research objectives and
ensured the validity and reliability of the findings.

3.2 Materials and Methods

3.2.1 Need Analysis
3.2.1.1 Writing Materials

Various writing resources were essential at different points in the endeavor. Among the necessities
used were pencils, rulers, exercise books, and pens. With the use of these tools, creating the
questionnaire's questions was made easier and more thoughtfully thought out. They also played a
crucial role in maintaining accuracy and organization throughout the process by accurately
recording the names and relevant details of the participants. Every component fulfilled a specific
function, enhancing the project's overall efficacy and efficiency. Their combined use demonstrated
how important careful planning and documentation are to meeting project goals.

3.2.1.2 Data Collection

3.2.1.2.1 Questionnaire
A questionnaire consisting of 27 items separated into two sections was created by the researcher
specifically for the demands of the Kerugoya town community in building an elevated parking
facility. In Part 1, employment type and age were assessed, and demographic information was
gathered. With this data, the construction community's requirements for a course on building
elevated parking facilities were intended to be better understood.
The second section was devoted to determining preferences for the parking structure and service
delivery method. Participants used the Likert scale to express how much they agreed or disagreed.
Furthermore, they invited you to suggest extra characteristics for parking lots that weren't
addressed in the survey. The questionnaire had no time restriction, so participants were encouraged
to answer all questions completely.

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3.2.1.2.2 Focus Group Interview

A focus group interview was employed to explore the community’s needs in more depth at one
time. It is an economical way to gather a relatively large amount of qualitative data. The interview
data could complement data on the community’s needs obtained from the questionnaire. Thus, an
interview guided by a list of questions was prepared.

3.2.2 Site Analysis

A comprehensive site analysis was conducted to assess the suitability of potential locations for
the elevated parking facility, considering factors such as accessibility, land use, and
environmental considerations. Materials like maps, master plans, and blueprints were among the
site analysis tools that collected data on the physical attributes and limitations of the suggested
location at Kerugoya town. Additionally, the devices aided in the physical inspections, mapping,
and evaluation of environmental conditions, space limitations, and accessibility of the suggested
location.

3.2.3 Feasibility Analysis

A wide range of resources was needed for feasibility studies to conduct thorough analyses. These
consist of studies on market research, financial modeling software, surveys, and questionnaires,
data and maps related to specific regions, technical specifications, instruments for estimating costs,
evaluations of the effects of the environment, legal and regulatory paperwork, and expert views.
Financial modeling software helps with cost and revenue projections, while market research papers
offer insights into the competition and demand. Stakeholder input is gathered via questionnaires
and surveys. Site appropriateness is informed by geographic data. Engineering evaluations are
guided by technical specifications. Tools for cost estimating measure project expenses.
Sustainability is assessed by environmental impact assessments. Compliance is guaranteed by
legal documentation. Professional judgments provide specific knowledge. Taken together, these
resources facilitate well-informed decision-making when assessing the viability of a project.

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3.2.4 Architectural Design and Drawings

Different materials were used to create different drawings, such as floor plans, elevations, sections,
and 3D representations. These items included sketch pads, pens, rulers, rubbers, and pencils. These
technologies gave the conceptual designs the accuracy and adaptability needed to be translated
into concrete visual representations. Pens were used to outline fine lines and detailed details, and
sketch pads were used for the first rough drawings. While rubbers made error correction easy,
rulers guaranteed measurement accuracy. Drawings with subtleties and polish were made possible
by the ability to shade and make fine alterations using pencils. The careful production of
architectural blueprints and drawings was made possible by the combination of these elements.
ArchiCAD 24, and AutoCAD 2022 were the software used in architectural and structural drawing.
Twin Motion software was used to do rendering.

3.2.5 Structural Design Calculations and Drawings

Thorough calculations to find load distributions, stresses, and forces by using engineering
calculators and consulting structural design norms and standards were. Intricate calculations and
diagrams on graph paper and engineering pads using precision drafting pencils and pens, being
sure to use scale rulers for precise measurements. Industry rules and safety requirements were
followed at every stage by adhering to the set procedures. The production of thorough structural
drawings was made easier by this methodical approach that combined sophisticated computation
tools with conventional drafting procedures. The structural framework's integrity and safety were
guaranteed by the careful execution of every stage, from the original concept to the completed
design.

3.2.6 Bill of Quantities

The Bill of Quantities (BQ) was created using a variety of resources and methods, including
reference books on construction materials and techniques; cost estimating software; construction
drawings; specifications documents; quantity surveying software; measurement instruments like
scales and rulers; and pricing databases. These supplies made it possible to measure quantities,
calculate expenses, and break down project components in a methodical manner. Software for
quantity surveying and cost estimation expedited the procedure, and building drawings and
specifications offered the crucial information needed for precise quantification. Measurement

15
instruments guaranteed accuracy, and reference books and pricing databases provided information
for cost estimations. By combining these resources, a thorough and trustworthy BQ was produced,
which made project management and budgeting easier.

3.2.7 Work Breakdown Structure and Schedule of Works

The Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) and Schedule of Works were created using a variety of
materials and methods, such as Gantt charts, Excel spreadsheets, construction drawings,
specifications documents, resource allocation databases, emails, and project management
platforms. Project management software such as Microsoft Project or Primavera was also used.
These resources made it easier to allocate resources, create task dependencies and durations, and
systematically break down project activities into manageable components. Gantt charts gave a
visual timetable, and templates and project management software expedited the procedure. Task
specifics were guided by construction drawings and requirements, guaranteeing precision. A
thorough WBS and Schedule of Works were created by integrating these resources, which aided
in project planning and execution.

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4.0 PROJECT DELIVERY PLAN AND NARRATIVE
The academic development of the semester was marked by an active dedication to satisfying
expectations and the demands of the organization. Promising to do more than just fulfill the
lecturer's expectations because they were anticipated. Every assignment was carried out with great
care, guaranteeing compliance with guidelines and standards of quality. It was successfully
overcoming the hurdles of the semester by working hard and paying close attention to detail.
Maintaining a standard of excellence and demonstrating commitment to academic endeavors by
constantly completing assignments on time and precisely. Expecting to turn in work at the end of
the semester that not only met but exceeded the lecturer's requirements.

4.1 Needs Analysis

In the first two weeks of the semester, efforts focused on understanding the needs of Kerugoya
residents through direct engagement via interviews and questionnaires. Through these interactions,
it became evident that the town was in dire need of a parking facility. This identification emerged
from a thorough exploration of the community's perspectives and challenges, highlighting the
critical importance of addressing this issue in project initiatives. Recognizing the impact such a
facility would have on enhancing local infrastructure and convenience, prioritized its inclusion in
plans as a response to the pressing needs of the community.

4.2 Site Analysis

Site analysis commenced in the third and fourth weeks of the semester. After identifying the site,
a thorough analysis was conducted to understand its environmental conditions and characteristics.
This assessment aimed to gain insights into the overall environment within the site and guide
subsequent project decisions effectively.

4.3 Feasibility Analysis

Feasibility studies were conducted in the first week of February to assess the project's viability.
These studies aimed to evaluate various factors and determine if the project was feasible. The
findings confirmed that the project was indeed viable, providing a green light for further
development and implementation.

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4.4 Architectural Design and Drawings
During the second week of February, the architectural design phase was initiated, encompassing
the creation of floor plans, elevations, sections, and 3D renderings. These drawings were crucial
for visualizing the project's design and provided a blueprint for construction. This marked the
transition from conceptualization to detailed planning, setting the trajectory for subsequent
construction activities.

4.4 Structural Design Calculations and Drawings

In the third week of February, the structural design phase commenced, focusing on essential
elements such as slabs, columns, beams, foundation footings, and column bases. Detailed
structural drawings were created to ensure the stability and integrity of the building's framework,
laying the groundwork for construction execution.

4.5 Bill of Quantities

In the second week of March, the process of creating the bill of quantities commenced by
estimating the quantities of materials needed for the project. Following this initial assessment, the
actual bill of quantities was prepared, detailing the specific quantities required for each component,
facilitating procurement and cost management.

4.6 Work Breakdown Structure and Schedule of Works

In the final month of March, the work breakdown structure and schedule of work were
meticulously crafted. This comprehensive planning ensured that every aspect of the project, from
inception to completion, was meticulously organized and aligned. It provided a roadmap for
efficient project management, guiding activities from start to finish with clarity and precision.4

4.7 Meeting with the supervisor

he supervisor meetings occurred in person three times, while all other interactions were conducted
electronically. Project supervision followed the same pattern, ensuring consistency in
communication channels. Feedback received consistently reflected positivity, indicating effective
collaboration and progress alignment throughout the project duration.

4.8 Drafting the Final Report

Physical meetings with the supervisor were held three times, with all other interactions conducted
electronically. Project supervision followed a similar model. Throughout, feedback has been
consistently positive, indicating effective collaboration and alignment of progress. This approach

18
ensured efficient communication and maintained project momentum, contributing to the project's
overall success and satisfactory progress.

4.9 Final project design report submission

Submission of the final report occurred during the last week of the semester. Every requirement
was meticulously reviewed to ensure alignment with the lecturer's expectations. The report was
professionally bound and sealed within a sleek black book cover, presenting a polished and
professional appearance. This attention to detail underscored the commitment to quality and
excellence in delivering the project outcomes.

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4.0 PROJECT SUMMARY
4.1 Process and Submission
The submission process for the proposed project involves several key steps aimed at delivering a
comprehensive design for an elevated parking facility in Kerugoya Town. Initially, thorough
research will be conducted to investigate the necessity for such a facility and to understand the
specific requirements of the town's residents and businesses. This research will inform the design
process, ensuring that the proposed facility meets the identified needs effectively. Subsequently,
the design phase will commence, incorporating architectural and structural considerations,
technological advancements, and aesthetic elements to develop a practical and visually appealing
parking structure. Throughout the design process, consultations with stakeholders and experts will
be conducted to gather feedback and ensure alignment with project objectives.
Once the design is finalized, detailed architectural drawings, structural calculations, and technical
specifications will be prepared. The project timeline and cost estimates will also be determined to
facilitate effective project management and resource allocation. The submission will include a
comprehensive package consisting of architectural drawings, structural designs, a bill of quantities,
and a project schedule, reflecting the culmination of extensive planning and analysis.

4.2 Lessons Learned

The process of conceptualizing and planning an elevated parking facility for Kerugoya Town has
provided valuable insights into urban infrastructure development and project management. One
key lesson learned is the importance of thorough research and needs assessment in understanding
the specific requirements and challenges of the target community. Engaging with stakeholders and
conducting field studies have proven instrumental in gaining valuable insights and ensuring that
the proposed solution addresses the identified issues effectively.
Additionally, the project has highlighted the significance of interdisciplinary collaboration in
designing complex infrastructure projects. Integrating architectural, structural, technological, and
environmental considerations requires expertise from various fields, emphasizing the importance
of teamwork and effective communication throughout the design process.
Furthermore, the project has underscored the importance of flexibility and adaptability in project
planning. As new information emerges and project requirements evolve, the ability to adjust plans
and incorporate feedback becomes essential for ensuring project success and stakeholder
satisfaction.

20
Overall, the process of developing an elevated parking facility for Kerugoya Town has provided
valuable lessons in research, collaboration, and project management, laying the groundwork for
future urban development initiatives.

21
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APPENDICES

Appendix 1- Needs Analysis Report

Appendix 2- Site Analysis Report
Appendix 3- Feasibility Analysis Report
Appendix 4- Architectural
Appendix 5- Structural
Appendix 6- Bills of Quantities
Appendix 7- Work Breakdown Structure and Schedule of Works
Appendix 8- Supervisor’s Log

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