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Database Systems 2nd Edition S. K. Singh Digital Instant
Download
Author(s): S. K. Singh
ISBN(s): 9788131760925, 8131760928
Edition: 2
File Details: PDF, 24.88 MB
Year: 2011
Language: english
 DATABASE SYSTEMS
Concepts, Design and Applications

Second Edition

S. K. SINGH
Head
Maintenance Engineering Department (Electrical)
Tata steel Limited
Jamshedpur

Delhi • Chennai • Chandigarh

 Contents

Foreword

Preface to the Second Edition

Preface

About the Author

PART I: DATABASE CONCEPTS

Chapter 1 Introduction to Database Systems

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Basic Concepts and Definitions

1.2.1 Data

1.2.2 Information

1.2.3 Data Versus Information

1.2.4 Data Warehouse

1.2.5 Metadata

1.2.6 System Catalog

1.2.7 Data Item or Fields

1.2.8 Records

1.2.9 Files

1.3 Data Dictionary

1.3.1 Components of Data Dictionaries

 1.3.2 Active and Passive Data Dictionaries

1.4 Database

1.5 Database System

1.5.1 Operations Performed on Database Systems

1.6 Data Administrator (DA)

1.7 Database Administrator (DBA)

1.7.1 Functions and Responsibilities of DBAs

1.8 File-oriented System versus Database System

1.8.1 Advantages of Learning File-oriented System

1.8.2 Disadvantages of File-oriented System

1.8.3 Database Approach

1.8.4 Database System Environment

1.8.5 Advantages of DBMS

1.8.6 Disadvantages of DBMS

1.9 Historical Perspective of Database Systems

1.10 Database Language

1.10.1 Data Definition Language (DDL)

1.10.2 Data Storage Definition Language (DSDL)

1.10.3 View Definition Language (VDL)

1.10.4 Data Manipulation Language (DML)

1.10.5 Fourth-generation Language (4GL)

1.11 Transaction Management

Review Questions

Chapter 2 Database System Architecture

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Schemas, Sub-schemas, and Instances

2.2.1 Schema

2.2.2 Sub-schema

2.2.3 Instances

2.3 Three-level ANSI-SPARC Database Architecture

2.3.1 Internal Level

2.3.2 Conceptual Level

2.3.3 External Level

2.3.4 Advantages of Three-tier Architecture

2.3.5 Characteristics of Three-tier Architecture

2.4 Data Independence

2.4.1 Physical Data Independence

2.4.2 Logical Data Independence

2.5 Mappings

2.5.1 Conceptual/Internal Mapping

2.5.2 External/Conceptual Mapping

2.6 Structure, Components, and Functions of DBMS

2.6.1 Structure of a DBMS

2.6.2 Execution Steps of a DBMS

2.6.3 Components of a DBMS

2.6.4 Functions and Services of DBMS

2.7 Data Models

2.7.1 Record-based Data Models

2.7.2 Object-based Data Models

2.7.3 Physical Data Models

 2.7.4 Hierarchical Data Model

2.7.5 Network Data Model

2.7.6 Relational Data Model

2.7.7 Entity-Relationship (E-R) Data Model

2.7.8 Object-oriented Data Model

2.7.9 Comparison between Data Models

2.8 Types of Database Systems

2.8.1 Centralized Database System

2.8.2 Parallel Database System

2.8.3 Client/Server Database System

2.8.4 Distributed Database System

Review Questions

Chapter 3 Physical Data Organisation

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Physical Storage Media

3.2.1 Primary Storage Device

3.2.2 Secondary Storage Device

3.2.3 Tertiary Storage Device

3.2.4 Cache Memory

3.2.5 Main Memory

3.2.6 Flash Memory

3.2.7 Magnetic Disk Storage

3.2.8 Optical Storage

3.2.9 Magnetic Tape Storage

3.3 RAID Technology

 3.3.1 Performance Improvement Using Data Stripping (or Parallelism)

3.3.2 Advantages of Raid Technology

3.3.3 Disadvantages of Raid Technology

3.3.4 Reliability Improvement Using Redundancy

3.3.5 RAID Levels

3.3.6 Choice of RAID Levels

3.4 Basic Concept of Files

3.4.1 File Types

3.4.2 Buffer Management

3.5 File Organisation

3.5.1 Records and Record Types

3.5.2 File Organisation Techniques

3.6 Indexing

3.6.1 Primary Index

3.6.2 Secondary Index

3.6.3 Tree-based Indexing

Review Questions

PART II: RELATIONAL MODEL

Chapter 4 The Relational Algebra and Calculus

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Historical Perspective of Relational Model

4.3 Structure of Relational Database

4.3.1 Domain

4.3.2 Keys of Relations

4.4 Relational Algebra

 4.4.1 Selection Operation

4.4.2 Projection Operation

4.4.3 Joining Operation

4.4.4 Outer Join Operation

4.4.5 Union Operation

4.4.6 Difference Operation

4.4.7 Intersection Operation

4.4.8 Cartesian Product Operation

4.4.9 Division Operation

4.4.10 Examples of Queries in Relational Algebraic using Symbols

4.5 Relational Calculus

4.5.1 Tuple Relational Calculus

4.5.2 Domain Relational Calculus

Review Questions

Chapter 5 Relational Query Languages

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Codd’s Rules

5.3 Information System Based Language (ISBL)

5.3.1 Query Examples for ISBNL

5.3.2 Limitations of ISBL

5.4 Query Language (QUEL)

5.4.1 Query Examples for QUEL

5.4.2 Advantages of QUEL

5.5 Structured Query Language (SQL)

5.5.1 Advantages of SQL

 5.5.2 Disadvantages of SQL

5.5.3 Basic SQL Data Structure

5.5.4 SQL Data Types

5.5.5 SQL Operators

5.5.6 SQL Data Definition Language (DDL)

5.5.7 SQL Data Query Language (DQL)

5.5.8 SQL Data Manipulation Language (DML)

5.5.9 SQL Data Control Language (DCL)

5.5.10 SQL Data Administration Statements (DAS)

5.5.11 SQL Transaction Control Statements (TCS)

5.6 Embedded Structured Query Language (SQL)

5.6.1 Advantages of Embedded SQL

5.7 Query-By-Example (QBE)

5.7.1 QBE Queries on One Relation (Single Table Retrievals)

5.7.2 QBE Queries on Several Relations (Multiple Table Retrievals)

5.7.3 QBE for Database Modification (Update, Delete & Insert)

5.7.4 QBE Queries on Microsoft Access (MS-ACCESS)

5.7.5 Advantages of QBE

5.7.6 Disadvantage of QBE

Review Questions

Chapter 6 Entity-Relationship (ER) Model

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Basic E-R Concepts

6.2.1 Entities

6.2.2 Relationship
 6.2.3 Attributes

6.2.4 Constraints

6.3 Conversion of E-R Model into Relations

6.3.1 Conversion of E-R Model into SQL Constructs

6.4 Problems with E-R Models

6.5 E-R Diagram Symobls

Review Questions

Chapter 7 Enhanced Entity-Relationship (EER) Model

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Subclasses, Subclass Entity Types and Super-classes

7.2.1 Notation for Superclasses and Subclasses

7.2.2 Attribute Inheritance

7.2.3 Conditions for Using Supertype/Subtype Relationships

7.2.4 Advantages of Using Superclasses and Subclasses

7.3 Specialisation and Generalisation

7.3.1 Specialisation

7.3.2 Generalisation

7.3.3 Specifying Constraints on Specialisation and Generalisation

7.4 Categorisation

7.5 Eample of EER Diagram

Review Questions

PART III: DATABASE DESIGN

Chapter 8 Introduction to Database Design

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

 8.2.1 Software Development Cost

8.2.2 Structured System Analysis and Design (SSAD)

8.3 Database Development Life Cycle (DDLC)

8.3.1 Database Design

8.4 Automated Design Tools

8.4.1 Limitations of Manual Database Design

8.4.2 Computer-aided Software Engineering (CASE) Tools

Review Questions

Chapter 9 Functional Dependency and Decomposition

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Functional Dependency

9.2.1 Functional Dependency Diagram and Examples

9.2.2 Full Functional Dependency (FFD)

9.2.3 Armstrong’s Axioms for Functional Dependencies

9.2.4 Redundant Functional Dependencies

9.2.5 Closures of a Set of Functional Dependencies

9.3 Decomposition

9.3.1 Lossy Decomposition

9.3.2 Lossless-Join Decomposition

9.3.3 Dependency-Preserving Decomposition

Review Questions

Chapter 10 Normalization

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Normalization

10.3 Normal Forms

 10.3.1 First Normal Form (1NF)

10.3.2 Second Normal Form (2NF)

10.3.3 Third Normal Form (3NF)

10.4 Boyce-Codd Normal Forms (BCNF)

10.5 Multi-valued Dependencies and Fourth Normal Forms (4NF)

10.5.1 Properties of MVDs

10.5.2 Fourth Normal Form (4NF)

10.5.3 Problems with MVDs and 4NF

10.6 Join Dependencies and Fifth Normal Forms (5NF)

10.6.1 Join dependency (JD)

10.6.2 Fifth Normal Form (5NF)

Review Questions

PART IV: QUERY, TRANSACTION AND SECURITY MANAGEMENT

Chapter 11 Query Processing and Optimization

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Query Processing

11.3 Syntax Analyzer

11.4 Query Decomposition

11.4.1 Query Analysis

11.4.2 Query Normalization

11.4.3 Semantic Analyzer

11.4.4 Query Simplifier

11.4.5 Query Restructuring

11.5 Query Optimization

11.5.1 Heuristic Query Optimization

 11.5.2 Transformation Rules

11.5.3 Heuristic Optimization Algorithm

11.6 Cost Estimation in Query Optimization

11.6.1 Cost Components of Query Execution

11.6.2 Cost Function for SELECT Operation

11.6.3 Cost Function for JOIN Operation

11.7 Pipelining and Materialization

11.8 Structure of Query Evaluation Plans

11.8.1 Query Execution Plan

Review Questions

Chapter 12 Transaction Processing and Concurrency Control

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Transaction Concepts

12.2.1 Transaction Execution and Problems

12.2.2 Transaction Execution with SQL

12.2.3 Transaction Properties

12.2.4 Transaction Log (or Journal)

12.3 Concurrency Control

12.3.1 Problems of Concurrency Control

12.3.2 Schedule

12.3.3 Degree of Consistency

12.3.4 Permutable Actions

12.3.5 Serializable Schedule

12.4 Locking Methods for Concurrency Control

12.4.1 Lock Granularity

 12.4.2 Lock Types

12.4.3 Deadlocks

12.5 Timestamp Methods for Concurrency Control

12.5.1 Granula Timestamps

12.5.2 Timestamp Ordering

12.5.3 Conflict Resolution in Timestamps

12.5.4 Drawbacks of Timestamp

12.6 Optimistic Methods for Concurrency Control

12.6.1 Read Phase

12.6.2 Validation Phase

12.6.3 Write Phase

12.6.4 Advantages of Optimistic Methods for Concurrency Control

12.6.5 Problems of Optimistic Methods for Concurrency Control

12.6.6 Applications of Optimistic Methods for Concurrency Control

Review Questions

Chapter 13 Database Recovery System

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Database Recovery Concepts

13.2.1 Database Backup

13.3 Types of Database Failures

13.4 Types of Database Recovery

13.4.1 Forward Recovery (or REDO)

13.4.2 Backward Recovery (or UNDO)

13.4.3 Media Recovery

13.5 Recovery Techniques

 13.5.1 Deferred Update

13.5.2 Immediate Update

13.5.3 Shadow Paging

13.5.4 Checkpoints

13.6 Buffer Management

Review Questions

Chapter 14 Database Security

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Goals of Database Security

14.2.1 Threats to Database Security

14.2.2 Types of Database Security Issues

14.2.3 Authorisation and Authentication

14.3 Discretionary Access Control

14.3.1 Granting/Revoking Privileges

14.3.2 Audit Trails

14.4 Mandatory Access Control

14.5 Firewalls

14.6 Statistical Database Security

14.7 Data Encryption

14.7.1 Simple Substitution Method

14.7.2 Polyalphabetic Substitution Method

Review Questions

PART V: OBJECT-BASED DATABASES

Chapter 15 Object-Oriented Databases

15.1 Introduction
 15.2 Object-Oriented Data Model (OODM)

15.2.1 Characteristics of Object-Oriented Databases (OODBs)

15.2.2 Comparison of an OOMD and E-R Model

15.3 Concept of Object-Oriented Database (OODB)

15.3.1 Objects

15.3.2 Object Identity

15.3.3 Object Attributes

15.3.4 Classes

15.3.5 Relationship or Association among Objects

15.3.6 Structure, Inheritance, and Generalisation

15.3.7 Operation

15.3.8 Polymorphism

15.3.9 Advantages of OO Concept

15.4 Object-Oriented DBMS (OODBMS)

15.4.1 Features of OODBMSs

15.4.2 Advantages of OODBMSs

15.4.3 Disadvantages of OODBMSs

15.5 Object Data Management Group (OMDG) and Object-Oriented Languages

15.5.1 Object Model

15.5.2 Object Definition Language (ODL)

15.5.3 Object Query Language (OQL)

Review Questions

Chapter 16 Object-Relational Database

16.1 Introduction

16.2 History of Object-relational DBMS (ORDBMS)

 16.2.1 Weaknesses of RDBMS

16.2.2 Complex Objects

16.2.3 Emergence of ORDBMS

16.3 ORDBMS Query Language (SQL3)

16.4 ORDBMS Design

16.4.1 Challenges of ORDBMS

16.4.2 Features of ORDBMS

16.4.3 Comparison of ORDBMS and OODBMS

16.4.4 Advantages of ORDBMS

16.4.5 Disadvantages of ORDBMS

Review Questions

PART VI: ADVANCE AND EMERGING DATABASE CONCEPTS

Chapter 17 Parallel Database Systems

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Parallel Databases

17.2.1 Advantages of Parallel Databases

17.2.2 Disadvantages of Parallel Databases

17.3 Architecture of Parallel Databases

17.3.1 Shared-memory Multiple CPU Parallel Database Architecture

17.3.2 Shared-disk Multiple CPU Parallel Database Architecture

17.3.3 Shared-nothing Multiple CPU Parallel Database Architecture

17.4 Key Elements of Parallel Database Processing

17.4.1 Speed-up

17.4.2 Scale-up

17.4.3 Synchronization
 17.4.4 Locking

17.5 Query Parallelism

17.5.1 I/O Parallelism (Data Partitioning)

17.5.2 Intra-query Parallelism

17.5.3 Inter-query Parallelism

17.5.4 Intra-Operation Parallelism

17.5.5 Inter-Operation Parallelism

Review Questions

Chapter 18 Distribution Database Systems

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Distributed Databases

18.2.1 Difference between Parallel and Distributed Databases

18.2.2 Desired Properties of Distributed Databases

18.2.3 Types of Distributed Databases

18.2.4 Desired Functions of Distributed Databases

18.2.5 Advantages of Distributed Databases

18.2.6 Disadvantages of Distributed Databases

18.3 Architecture of Distributed Databases

18.3.1 Client/Server Architecture

18.3.2 Collaborating Server System

18.3.3 Middleware Systems

18.4 Distributed Database System (DDBS) Design

18.4.1 Data Fragmentation

18.4.2 Data Allocation

18.4.3 Data Replication

 18.5 Distributed Query Processing

18.5.1 Semi-JOIN

18.6 Concurrency Control in Distributed Databases

18.6.1 Distributed Locking

18.6.2 Distributed Deadlock

18.6.3 Timestamping

18.7 Recovery Control in Distributed Databases

18.7.1 Two-phase Commit (2PC)

18.7.2 Three-phase Commit (3PC)

Review Questions

Chapter 19 Decision Support Systems (DSS)

19.1 Introduction

19.2 History of Decision Support System (DSS)

19.2.1 Use of Computers in DSS

19.3 Definition of Decision Support System (DSS)

19.3.1 Characteristics of DSS

19.3.2 Benefits of DSS

19.3.3 Components of DSS

19.4 Operational Data versus DSS Data

Review Questions

Chapter 20 Data Warehousing and Data Mining

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Data Warehousing

20.2.1 Evolution of Data Warehouse Concept

20.2.2 Main Components of Data Warehouses

Another Random Scribd Document
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 236 MINNESOTA HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS. station and
prerogatives of chiefs — the authority of the old chiefs put at
defiance. This was the status of things when their new agent
assumed the direction of their affairs; hence it required time and
prudence to consolidate these off- shoots and give confidence and
more authority to the hereditary chiefs. It was necessary in aid of
this effort to secure as fast as possible a delivery up of all these
foreign marks — so much esteemed by their possessors Success
attended the efforts of the policy silently adopted, and the agent, in
two years, received thirty- six medals of George III; twenty-eight
flags and eighteen gorgets. Of American medals and flags, he
replaced only such as might enhance his own influence with his
people. It was some length of time before he could induce the
Indians to respect the Sabbath-day — all days being alike to them. It
so happened that hundreds of important peace conventions were
made and confirmed by the hostile tribes on the Lord's day. But time
and patience brought them to reason, and for years they respected
the white man's great *' medicine day." The sign given for the day of
rest was the agency flag floating from the flag- staff, at the agency
council house. For a time it was deemed pardonable to apparently
give in to their various superstitious ceremonies — appear to be
interested in all their dogmas of religious ceremonies — initiations
into the medicine family, dances, songs, etc. The agent in the winter,
February, 1846, witnessed the initiation ceremony on Pike's Island,
when Little Crow's grandson — Little Crow, and two young women
became members of the medicine family. The Grand Master, Little
Crow, a venerable chief, officiated. He advanced to
 AUTO-BIOGRAPHY OF MAJ. TALIAFERRO. 237 the
inclosure, asking the agent how he liked the ceremony. ''I would
invite you within, but it is against our rules.' Of course he was told
that it was grand and sublime, for I was a mason and could
comprehend much that the uninitiated could not. He said: "at this
time we could not make you a brother member of our order, but at
another time if you wish it, though no white was ever permitted to
unite with us; but if you were to apply it would be hard to refuse
you; you are as good as an Indian in our minds." The agent was at
the height of his usefulness at this period, with not only the Sioux —
his special charge — but the Chippewas, from Chippewa river to the
Pillagers of Otter Tail lake. When chiefs died, and others were to be
installed, the parties were uniformly compelled to designate their
choice by a simple process. The committee were given a full suit of
American uniform, and told that the chief selected in council by the
band, on reporting to the agent with that uniform on would at once
be recognized, and respected by him. This course of action uniformly
gave entire satisfaction — if not, it was no fault of their friend. As to
displacing or making chiefs of towns, the agent well knew would
prove an unpopular assumption of power and affect his standing
with all the tribes. Not one man in five thousand understands the
savage heart; to soften this and control it for good, his power must
be given him from on high. That power enables an humble
instrument to face all dangers, to stop war parties, often from three
hundred to eight hundred strong, to bring offenders to justice
hundreds of miles off — all by the aid of a moral -14
 238 MINNESOTA HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS influence,
which they did not resist. All evil influences brought to bear on the
minds of the Indians by the traders and others, were promptly met,
and foiled in a manner that they could not comprehend. As the
agent had his spies upon their conduct as well as theirs upon his.
Messrs. Samuel and Gideon Pond, two young christian men from
Connecticut, and to whom the agent gave his quarters and
encouragement, were of inestimable service. So was the Rev Dr.
Williamson, Dr. Riggs, Mr. Stevens, Gavin, and others of their
respective missions ; also the Rev. Alvan Coe, who suffered much in
the Chippewa country. We would gladly pass over the name of the
Rev. A. Brunson of the Methodist Mission, without comment, but it
must in truth be said, he gave both the Indians and the agent
trouble with his complaints and demands the most unreasonable.
The Government could not be induced to permit the agent to use
funds applicable under the treaty of 1837, to schools and missions —
in this his hands were tied, after an expenditure for these important
objects, of only $1,500. But few unbiased living men know of the
fiery ordeals through which he had to pass, from 1819 to 1840.
Volumes of official and other correspondence shows more than the
world will, perhaps, ever know; and, finally becoming satisfied that
serving to the close of his sixth term would not only endanger his
reputation, but his life, from the influx of bad men into the country,
and this for his incorruptible devotion to his charge and the true
interest of the government, he left with sorrow his doomed people,
with the hearty concurrence of his friend, I. N. Nicollet, who said:
"You have
 AUTO BIOGRAPHY OF MAJ. TALIAFERRO. 239 done your
best fearlessly, devotedly, nobly; you are among thieves and
murderers; the Indians are a doomed race; save your reputation."
Thus closed the life of the agent among the several tribes of
Minnesota. In 1856 he was in Minnesota, and present at the laying
of the corner stone of the St. Paul Historical Society. He found none
to know him — not an invitation did he get to "break bread" with
any of the poor, made quickly rich, nor could he get the agents of
the American Fur Company on their bond indemnifying and
forthcoming, drawn by Joseph Rolette and witnessed by Henry H.
Sibley, to free him from the cost of a suit brought by Alexis Bailly,
their agent, for six barrels of whiskey, seized in 1834 — was referred
to Hercules Dous man as a put off— no redress, hence the remark of
General Z. Taylor becomes applicable: "Take the American Fur
Company in the aggregate, and they are the greatest set of
scoundrels the world ever knew." After a lapse of years the late
agent re-entered the army of the United States in March, 1857, was
ordered to San Antonio, Texas, then to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas,
thence to Pittsburgh, Penn., where he lived some four years. At the
opening of the rebellion, with the approbation and approval of his
superiors, the President was pleased, on the 27th of August, 1863,
to have his name placed on the retired list of the army, with his pay
proper. Republics have been pronounced ungrateful, but now, at the
full age of seventy, he is an exception. The upper Mississippi became
a place of considerable resort during the spring and summer
months, after steam navigation became fairly to be safe and
expeditious. No
 240 MINNESOTA HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS. only our
citizens from the States, but from foreign countries, England, France,
Italy, Russia, Switzerland, visited the Falls of St. Anthony, Minnehaha
and beautiful surrounding country. Among the latter was Capt.
Marryatt, of the Royal Navy, a famous author, a rough, self-conceited
John Bull. He visited the nearest trading post to see the Indians,
announced himself an Englishman to them, through quite willing
interpreters; spoke of their great nation; that he was going through
their country as their friend; that their great British father had never
forgotten them. This interview of the sailor was of course at once
made known to the agent, and it was delicately intimated to the
captain that his exploration of the country closed at Fort Snelling.
And ' ' Snarleyyow or the Dog Fiend," or rather, its author, left soon
for ihe lower Mississippi. C. G. Beltrami, was an Italian passenger
with the agent from Pittsburgh to Fort Snelling, in the steamer
Virginia, Captain Pemberton, with stores for the army contractor, and
this was the first boat that had had the temerity to make the effort.
On the route up the Father of waters, the agent and a fireman were
on the hurricane deck, one fair day, firing with a rifle at a mark, 25
cents per shot, western frontier fashion, when friend Beltrami arrived
at the scene, and soon a scene followed. The Italian, while my
opponent the fireman was adjusting the target for my shot in turn,
picked up the rifle, struck the breech suddenly on the deck and off it
went, the ball cutting through his right whisker. No further damage,
but his rage was terrible. He was about to hit my friend the fireman,
but my arm interposed. "Man-ny," said Jones, "If you had
 AUTO-BIOGRAPHY OF MAJ. TALIAFERRO. 241 hit me with
that gun I would have given you the worst beating you ever had in
all your born days." This brought the exclamation "Too much king in
America! too much king!" The response was, "Yes, sir, we are all
kings here, no distinction." The Count's better nature soon prevailed,
when he apologized to the fireman for his rashness, who said,
"Stranger, it's all well, but if you had of hit me with that gun you
would have wished you never had." After this episode we passed to
our destination through a brilliant light many miles of the way, for
the bordering hills were all on fire. Shortly after Beltrami domiciled at
the fort. Col. Long with his scientific expedition arrived, composed of
Mr. Calhoun, Prof, Saye and Mr. Seymour. Mr. B. asked and obtained
leave to accompany the expedition to Pembina. I gave him my noble
steed ' ' Cadmus " with full equipments and provisions for the
journey overland. He left in good spirits but finally quarreled with
Colonel Long, separated from his party, and alone started in quest of
the sources of the Mississippi. He has in his letters to his "dear
Countess" given some facts of his tour, interspersed with ideal
egotistical fiction: Yet he was a man of talent and deserves credit for
the information imparted to the country as far as it goes. He knew
but little of Indian habits or character. His temper could not brook
the tardy movements of this people. He could not let patience have
its perfect work, and so he and Cloudy Weather, a Pillager sub-chief
well known to the agent, and under whose safe guard he then was,
hundreds of miles off, had a falling out, so that the Cloud had to
strike the Count with his pipe stem to keep him quiet, and
 242 MINNESOTA HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS. our Italian
had sense enough to take the hint. After this Cloudy Weather with a
few young men escorted their charge in safety to Fort Snelling.
Beltrami speaks truly of his ardent reception on his return, but he
kept dark as to his troubles with the Cloud. But the old man gave
the agent all the particulars. "When I met him," said the Cloud, "and
he mentioned your name — pointing down the Mississippi — I
determined to see him safe to your house." The chief was thanked
and rewarded for his fidelity. The most interesting explorer to the
upper Mississippi was I. N. Nicollet, a distinguished French
astronomer, a gentleman of general scientific information. He had
landed at New Orleans from France and while there fell through the
observatory breaking two of his ribs. He was known to Chief Justice
Catron, and kindly taken into his family and cared for until able to
move without pain, when he, with letters from the Judge, wended
his way to St. Louis. Here he was given letters of introduction to the
agent at St. Peter and his lady, who invited him to their residence,
furnished him with pleasant quarters and a place at their table,
Virginia fashion, a call six months, a visit one year. Soon many
questions were put as to the probable accomplishment of the object
of his visit to St. Peter's. Could he go to the settlement of Selkirk?
Yes. Could he go to the source of the Mississippi? Yes, sir. "Well,"
said he, with a pleasant smile, ' ' you American beat de dev. Suppose
I say can I go to h — ell, you say yes." Here his friend Mrs. T.
remarked, ' ' None of us will send you that route if we can prevent
it." "Well, then,
 AUTO-BIOGRAPHY OF MAJ. TALIAFERRO. 243 madam,
change my route to the upper Mississippi." And with the aid of Benj.
F. Baker, a teacher at the post, and the agent, he soon had his bark
boat, crew and proper stores and left us in good spirits, with his load
of scientific instruments for his tedious exploration. He succeeded
well and returned with a map of the country, and though drawn with
a pen, presented a beautiful picture of lakes, land and rivers. This
original map was presented to Mrs. Taliaferro after he had finished it
at the agency in the fall and winter of 1836-7. It was deemed of
great importance after this, by the agent, that we should get Mr.
Nicollet to explore the country generally to the north and west in
Minnesota, and the Missouri. The Indian agents sounded Mr. N. on
this idea. He responded quickly: "I have received so much
unexpected kindness and hospitality from the people of the United
States thus far, that if requested he would not say no. This was
enough and Maj. Taliaferro at once addressed the Secretary of War,
Mr, Poinsett, on the vast importance of a more perfect knowledge of
one of the finest and most productive portions of our vast territories.
The proposition was met in due season and Mr. N. with his associate
John C. Fremont, entered upon the great exploration and survey,
and the result of their labors was a large and correct map of
Minnesota, Dakota, &c. The long and dreary winters spent by Mr.
Nicollet in the family of Maj. Taliaferro at the agency were relieved in
the long nights of some 16 hours duration, by music, (Mr. N. was an
accomplished violinist, Mrs. T. on the piano,) for hours each night.
On closing them came his
 244 MINNESOTA HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS. last supper of
wild rice, mush and milk, then to his rest in the storehouse. When
Mrs. T. left for her home in Bedford, Pennsylvania, Mr. Nicollet and
Mr. Fremont were entertained by Mr. Sibley at Mendota, his trading
post, near the entry of the Minnesota River. Mr. N., when low
spirited, did not forget his sister, as he called her, Mrs. Taliaferro, as
he found her at Bedford and passed the winter with us; and it was
well he did. for he had to be carefully nursed and had the best
medical attendance, Mrs. T. dressing his blisters and acting faithfully
the good Samaritan. On the opening of spring we all went on in
company to Washington city, there to renew his official labors. The
small map presented to Mrs. T. was found indispensable to the
completion of his large map, and this was promptly given him, but
after his death was never recovered. This map I desired, of all
things, to put in the archives of the Historical Society, at St. Paul, as
also a copy of the grant, on parchment, of Carver's claim, signedby
Snake and Turtle. We visited Mr. N. at St. Mary's College, Baltimore,
where all his geographical specimens and other specimens were
stored; also at Dr. Ducatel's, in the same city, where he found in the
person of the doctor's lady another sister. Never was any foreign
gentleman more esteemed than was Mr. N, by all who ever knew
him. He was a man of fine heart, congenial, winning companion.
When last in Washington we visited, at his request, the French
Minister, M. Pontiva, and on being introduced by Mr. N. was forced to
sit in his chair of office. The minister was very profuse in thanks for
the many kind
 AUTO BIOGRAPHY OF MAJ. TALIAFERRO. ' 245 attentions
to his esteemed countryman's wants. He was informed that I had
done nothing more than was my duty. "And nobly did you perform
that duty," said the minister. "Well," said I to the minister, "I can this
night say what no other man can say." "What is that?" said several
voices, for the room was full by this time. "I have been Secretary of
State of the United States and Minister Plenipotentiary from France
to the United States." "How is that?" "Easily explained, gentlemen.
When I was a green second lieutenant in the army my father gave
me a letter to James Monroe, Secretary of State. On delivering this
letter I was asked to take a seat, and, ass like, I found myself in my
confusion in a large red morocco chair, his state chair; now I pay my
respects to the Minister from France and he forces me to take his
chair of office." The point was seen, and produced some merriment.
Nicollet said, "You are a bad boy; you will pass, however." It was the
earnest hope of Mr. N., often expressed as his health failed him, that
he could live to finish his great work, and out of gratitude dedicate it
to the people of the United States. Into whose hands his papers fell
I know not, though application was made to the office of
topographical engineers. Of mementoes of this distinguished man,
more than one remain in the family of Major Taliaferro, and whose
memory is affectionately cherished and will continue as long as they
live. Of Mr. Featherstonhaugh — a long name — but little can be said
as to his explorations of the Minnesota. His report does not give
evidence of a master mind, as it was made up mostly from
construction and not from actual
 246 • MINNESOTA HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS. observation
or geological research. He was obviously not flattered with his
reception at Fort Snelling, or in the Indian country. He attempted to
pass current for that which he possessed not — superior talent and
modesty in his profession. Lieut. Mather, of the army, his associate,
was of a different stamp. Solid, clear-headed, scientific, with a
modest, unassuming gentlemanly bearing, he should have led the
English gentleman into one of the finest fields for topographical
research in any portion of the world. The notes of Lieut. Mather on
this expedition were filed in the office of the topographical engineer
at the seat of government. APOLOGY. My age is now — April, 1864
— over three score years and ten. So afflicted and nervous, attended
with severe pains at times and general debility, that I fear these
seventy five pages, so full' of omissions, ^mistakes and bad
chirography and worse orthography — this portion, for it is only a
portion— will prove of but little interest to my kind friend and
brother in Christ. LAWRENCE TALIAFERRO, M. S. K., United States
Army. Rev. Edward D. Neill, Sec'y Historical Society, St. Paul, Minn. P.
S. — Should a large number of autograph letters of distinguished
persons bearing on Indian affairs be needed as reference for
authority, you can have them.
 AUTO-BIOGRAPHY OF MAJ. TALIAFERRO. 247 OMISSIONS
NOT BEFORE NOTED ON INDIAN AFFAIRS, MILITARY OFFICERS,
INDIAN TRADE AND TRADERS, LAWS OF CONGRESS, FOREIGN
POPULATION, HABITS, ETC. Fresh from the army, the school of
honor, and thrown at once into a new sphere of action, a young man
of ac • knowledged military tact and firmness, it became his duty in
his important, delicate and dangerous position as agent for Indian
affairs at the Falls of St. Anthony, for the northern and western
tribes of Indians, to learn their habits, manners and customs
practically by a full and free intercourse with all that could be
reached. He found the old Indian department without form or
councilings, but chaotic, rotten to the core. British influence had kept
for years the minds and bodies of the poor Indian, by evil councils,
in entire subjection, hence the officials of the United States,
especially before and during the war of 1812, found their efforts for
good worse than useless to the government. It was left for the year
1819, to stay the tide of "John Bull's " supremacy over the various
tribes, not only within the new territories, but also throughout our
entire Indian country. Joseph Rolette, Col. Robert Dickson, Duncan
Graham and others active in marshaling the Indians to join with
England, had been proscribed the country. Congress had passed
laws too tame for the times; arrogance and presumption of old
British traders had not been sufficiently checked. Agents had granted
at Mackinac, a general license to the American Fur Company, under
which sub-licenses were signed in blank by George Boyd, and these
were filled
 248 MINNESOTA HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS. up in the
Indian country by traders, for trade at any point selected by them.
This completely neutralized the law which designated points at which
the trade should be conducted. Hence, the agent at St. Peter's for a
time had to respect the action of the agent at Mackinac as to the
granting indiscriminately licenses for trade on the Mississippi and
River St. Peter's. All this had to be met and corrected however,
censured by the fur traders. All the acts of the new agent were
carefully considered and faithfully and truly reported to the
government. As early as 1820, the officers of Fort Snelling, in an
official form, unanimously approved the action of the Indian agent,
and their entire confidence in his ability to continue, not only the
Indian tribes, but the fur trade and traders. Subsequently, the fact
that British influence had received a heavy blow. In due course of
time it was found that the- persons proscribed at an early day, might
be permitted to join their families in the Indian country. The War
Department was consulted. The agent gave a letter to Col. Robert
Dickson for the Secretary of War, and a note also to the British
minister, Mr. Canning, as to Col. D.'s honor and faithfulness, the
minister paid him his pension of £300 sterling, the last he ever
received, and the president after an interview with Dickson, directed
the Secretary of War, J. C. Calhoun, to leave the case of the old
Scotchman entirely to the direction of the agent at St. Peter's, as he
alone was responsible for the conduct of his agency. Of course the
old offender had full permission to join his family at Lac qui Parle.
This act of the agent gave some offence to his venerable
superintendent of Indian affairs. General Wm. Clark, but the agent
not only assumed this responsibility but he recalled Duncan
 AUTO-BIOGRAPHY OP MAJ. TALIAFERRO. 249 Graham, and
others, admonishing Mr. Rolette, who seemed astonished at the
decision made so speedily after the former decisions of the
government. It was fortunate for the official harmony of the country,
as the agent by his decided action made hosts of friends speedily. It
was at this period that he received an additional name, Chunta-
topah, or the Pour hearts, French, Scotch, Sioux, American; also
Muscoe G. Taliaferro, sub-agent, a younger brother, was named
Mah-za-su-tah, or "Strong Iron," and quite popular with Indians
generally, being an M. D. Medicine man. After Colonel Leavenworth
came Colonel Snelling, Colonel Mor gan, Major Fowle, Colonel Case,
Colonel Bliss, Captain Gale, Captain Vail, Captain Martin Scott,
Colonel Taylor, Major Jouett, Major Plympton; of traders licensed
from 1819 to 1840, these were Alexis Bailly, J. B. Faribault, Philander
Prescott, Wright Prescott, Jos. Renville, Louis Provincaille, Daniel
Lamont, Benjamin F. Baker, Duncan Campbell, Alexander Faribault,
Hazen Mooers, Alexander Culbertson, A. Ryzane, Laframboise
Rocque, Ezekiel Lockwood, Jean Baptiste Mayrand, H. H. Sibley, Rix
Robinson, Dun can Graham, Joseph R. Brown, James Wells, Joseph
Laframboise, Joseph Snelling, Francois Labathe, Augustin Grignon, J.
P. Tilton and others. Most of these traders, and many of their hands,
had the use of Indian women as long as it suited their convenience,
and children were born to them. In purchasing women from their
parents, a price more or less had to be paid by the clerks of the
respective companies. Their women must be dressed, and most of
this extravagance charged on a per cent, of their hunters, as lost
credits on making their returns to their agents. The traders licensed
at Mackinac by George Boyd and
 250 MINNESOTA HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS. Henry R.
Schoolcraft for the Chippewas on the upper Mississippi lakes and
rivers, were Wm. A. Aitkin, the father of twenty-five Indian children,
Morrison, Holiday, Chapman, Cotee, Dingley and Warren. It was in
this section that traders from below met the most strenuous
opposition, decreed all goods as dirty, thin American goods,
blankets, only fit to dart straws through; theirs were British goods
from England, heavy, strong and cheap, their guns would not burst.
This was only one of a hundred devices to prevent Indians from
obtaining credit from their competitors. Stealing each other's credit
was a common occurrence, deemed no discredit in the nature of
their business, only sharp practice overreaching cunning. The British
naturalized traders let loose their venom on the presumption of the
authorities at Port Snelling; the vilest abuse being of the innocent
agent at St. Peter's. He was called all sorts of names by Aitkin sind
others, in their councils with the Chippewas, ail of which was yearly
made known to him by the chiefs, and had men visiting annually at
his agency. All this folly made no difference in the line of his duty,
but he pursued a fearless and independent course of action both
public and private which put to shame his maligners. One great
difficulty in the way of an honest adjustment of Indian claims under
special treaties from beginning to end, was the treaty making power
in the superintendency of General Cass. A precedent was
established, the most fatal and dishonest, that of granting Indians
and whites, reservations of land under treaty stipulations and
recognizing the claims of traders for lost credits. In their dealings
with the Indian tribes, no commercial in 
 AUTO BIOGRAPHY OF MAJ. TALIAFERRO. 251 terest on
earth was so recognized or guarded. It seems wonderful to honest
men that the President, and Congress could not, or would not at
once reject such palpable bare faced frauds, but so it was, and so it
continued to be the rule under several successive administrations of
the government. The efforts of several agents to correct these
palpable acts of injustice to both the United States, and the Indians
proved powerless. Political advancement of certain ordinary men in
the west, proved finally sufficient to become identified with the
cupidity of the fur traders and land speculators. This was made their
pecuniary interest. Hence the interest of the government, and the
Indian tribes had, as it were to go to the wall. Indian agents that
could be influenced proved recreant to their several charges. The
Indians finally lost confidence in all white men, and well they might,
in reference to Indian treaties, and their fulfilment. Under solemn
stipulations the heart of the honest man is made sick. However,
there lies in all wrong a germ of retribution, that will punish the
wrong deed sooner or later. But for the treaty of 1857, the Sioux
bands of the Dakota nation would have been a peaceable, and
thriving people, but the wrongs perpetuated by white men under
that treaty, mainly caused the murder of many innocent people in
1862. The Crow, and his Indians realized their fate in 1858, at
Washington, at the last treaty with the government; they were as
children led to the slaughter, no man seemed to care for them, and
they became desperate. The young men could no longer be con.
trolled, their lands were sold and the traders got the proceeds
through the connivance of men called respect
 252 MINNESOTA HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS. able citizens
by evil doers. Contracts for the removal of Indians was among the
number of stupendous frauds practiced on the government. Some
commissioners of Indian affairs, either knaves or fools, entered into
the wildest contracts, one as a sample of the rest. Commissioner
Brown, contracted with some one, for the removal of the
Winnebagoes from Iowa reservation to the Crow River, beyond the
Falls of St. Anthony, for one hundred and five thousand (105,000)
dollars. H. H. Sibley, said he would perform that duty for twenty-five
thousand (25,000) dollars. Commissioner Brown resigned his office
because of being overreached, or with a well lined pocket. A
proposal was also made after the treaty of Sept. 29th, 1837, to
remove the Sioux from the east of the Mississippi to the west, for
the sum of 150,000. Fortunately the agent was in Washington, he
called at the Indian office, and prevailed on the secretary of war to
postpone action in this case until he could return to his agency and
make to the department his report. The agent lost no time, and on
the 15th of June, 1838, reported that he had called the few Sioux
east of the Miss- ' issippi, to a council west of "Olive Grove," and for
less than 1500, secured their full consent to remain west, and they
faithfully adhered to our agreement. The department could not but
commend this prompt action of their resident agent, but he gained
no friends by thus summarily thwarting designing knaves. At a later
period had the government used the experience and influence of
their first old agent, either as a commissioner or council, Minnesota
would have had long peace and prosperity; the Dakotas said as
much more
 AUTO-BIOGRAPHY OF MAJ. TALIAFERRO. 253 than once.
Not until after the year 1840, did the government become
unfortunate in the selection of their agents for Indian affairs.
Previous to this date, men of distinction had sought perseveringly a
position in it; ex-ministers, governors, members of congress, and
other citizens of high standing. The office of Indian affairs had
grown from two rooms to thirty, so rapid was the increase of official
intercourse with the various Indian tribes. It may be as well here at
the close of this sketch of the experience of Major Taliaferro during
some twentytwo years as agent for Indian affairs in Minnesota, and
after he had returned to the army in 1857, March 14th, ^to record
the remarks of Little Crow, and confirmed by Wabasha and
Shakopee, TJie Six, in June, 1858, at Washjington City. These chiefs
and the boys with them, called bt the quarters of their old friend and
Father, at the [corner of 112 E street, with their interpreter, Joseph
[Campbell, eldest son of Scott Campbell, the faithful inter[preter of
the United States, at the agency at St. Peters, |irom 1822 to 1840.
The Little Crow said: "My old Father, I we have called upon you; we
love you; we respect you; [we are here none but children; our old
chiefs are all ,gone; we don't know what to do; they want us to
divide our lands and live like white people. Since you left us :a dark
cloud has hung over our nation. We have lost iconfidence in the
promises of our Great Father, and his (people; bad men have nearly
destroyed us. You took my grandfather with you to this great city in
1824; you took my father also to this city in 1837; he did good Lot
our [people; he made a good treaty, because you stood by him; [he
told me so, and that I must always mind your talk -15
 254 MINNESOTA HIETORICAL COLLECTIONS. for it was
good and true. 'No sugar in your mouth;' the nation had no better
friend. My grandfather repeated the same words to us— in my ears.
I loved you from my youth, and my nation will never forget you. If
ever we act foolish and do wrong, it is because you are not with us.
How is it. You counciled our nation for more than twenty-one years,
and since you left we have had five agents as our Fathers; a man
took your place, A. I. Bruce, he was a fool, and had to leave soon;
then came another, and so on. We failed to get a friend in any one,
like you; they all joined the traders. We know your heart, it feels for
your old children." Wabasha followed, confirmatory of the Crow's
remarks, and asked, saying: "My Father, I am, as you know, a man
of few words. My friend has spoken my mind, the mind of all present
here this day. How is it that J. R. Brown, an old trader, is in your
place? We are Indians, but we have no confidence in Mr, Brown. I
hold your hand for the last time." My poor, helpless friends were
advised to make the best treaty possible, and try to live in peace
with the whites near them, for their own sakes, and more especially
for the peace and security of their wives and helpless children. To go
to war with the whites was of no use in redressing supposed or real
wrongs; that war would surely destroy their nation forever; on this
they now had the solemn word of their old friend — one that had
never deceived them, and never would; bear all things, hope all
things, and the Great Spirit will never leave you in the hands of bad
men long. The Crow, in a speech at Redwood, in sparing the lives of
one or two families, Mrs. Woodbury and children being
 AUTO-CIOGRAPHY OF MA J. TALIAFERRO. 255 of the
number, said: "I did not wish to go to war; but my young men forced
me to it; we have begun and must do the best we can. I spare the
lives of some of you for the sake of our good old Father, Mah-sa-
husca: his words are this day in my ears; had he been here this war
would not have been." Mrs. Woodbury is our authority for the Crow's
remarks, when all supposed that they would be murdered. We bring
this imperfect sketch of one that uniformly tried to do his duty to
God and his fellow man, to a close, only adding that neither in war
nor peace had he a serious personal difficulty with his mess mates;
is a member of the order of F. and A. Masons; a Deacon in the "Old
School Presbyterian Church," of Bedford, Pa.; in good standing; and
now in his seventy-first year, placed by the President, in August,
1863, on the retired list of the army, for long and faithful service to
the Republic.
The text on this page is estimated to be only 5.00%
accurate

I
 HENRY HASTINGS SIBLEY, A MEMOIR, By J. Fletcher
Williams, Secretary of the Minnesota Historical Society. Henry
Hastings Sibley, the oldest living pioneer of our state at the time of
his death, died at his residence, 417 Woodward avenue, St. Paul, on
February 18th, at 4:30 o'clock a. m., in the eightieth year of his age.
Many just and eloquent eulogies to the memory of the deceased
have been pronounced since his death, in the various bodies and
societies of which he was a member. The object of this paper is not
to add to these, but simply to give a plain, unvarnished narrative of
his public and private life.* ANCESTRY. The Sibley family came from
England with the early settlers of New England. The name is
undoubtedly Saxon, signifying, according to Arthur, in his ' '
Derivation of Names," Sib, peaceful or quiet; ley, lea, legh or leigh,
signifying a pasture, field or commons. Lie, in Welsh, signifies "a
place." This, says Burke, in his "Landed *The greater part of this
paper was published in the St. Paul Daily Pioneer Press Feb. 17,
1891.
 258 MINNESOTA HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS. Gentry," is
one of that large class of Saxon names derived from localities or
places. Lower, in his "Patronymica Britannica," traces the name back
to the twelfth century, and quoted one Sibaldus (the Latinized name)
as a tenant - in - chief in Northamptonshire, given in the "
Domesday Book, " which was written eight centuries ago. Savage, in
his "Genealogical Dictionary of the First Settlers of New England,"
states that John Sibley (spelled also Sebley and Sybley in early
records) came over in 1629, and settled at Salem. From this
ancestor all the Sibley family in America have sprung. The name,
however, is not a common one, either in this country or in England,
A genealogy of the family in America is in preparation. Solomon
Sibley (father of H. H.) was born at Sutton, Mass. Oct. 7, 1769. He
studied law and removed to Ohio in 1795, establishing himself first
at Marietta and subsequently at Cincinnati in the practice of his
profession. He removed to Detroit in 1797, and in 1799 was elected
to the first Territorial Legislature of the Northwestern Territory at
Cincinnati. Judge Burnet, in his work, " Notes on the Northwestern
Territory," says: '*Mr. Sibley was a man of high standing, and was
considered one of the most talented men of the House. He
possessed a sound mind, improved by liberal education, and a
stability and firmness of character which commanded general
respect, and secured to him the confidence and the esteem of his
fellow-members." He was elected to Congress in 1820, and in 1824
was appointed Judge of the Supreme Court, which post he held until
1836, when he resigned on account of increas 
 MEMOIR OF HENRY HASTINGS SIBLEY. 259 ing deafness.
He was also United States Commissioner, and in company with Lewis
Cass, made a treaty with the Indians for most of the territory which
was included in the peninsular portion of Michigan. He was also, for
a time, United States District Attorney. He died at Detroit, April 4,
1840, universally respected for his talents and virtues. The mother of
General Sibley was a Miss Sarah W. Sproat, daughter of Colonel
Ebenezer Sproat, a revolutionary soldier, and of his wife, formerly
Miss Catherine Whipple, daughter of Commodore Abraham Whipple,
of the revolutionary navy. She was born at Providence, R. I., Jan. 28,
1782. In 1788 her parents removed to Marietta, Ohio, so that her
whole life, almost, was spent on the frontier. Colonel Sproat, her
father, was a man of great bravery and commanding stature.
Hildreth, in his " Lives of the Pioneers of Ohio," states that he " was
six feet four inches in height, with limbs formed in nature's most
perfect model. His social habits, pleasant, agreeable manners and
cheerful disposition rendered him a general favorite with the officers
as well as with the private soldiers." After he settled at Marietta he
held the office of sheriff fourteen years, and opened, as such, the
first court ever held in Ohio. His experience in military matters was
of great advantage during the border warfare with the Indians in
those days, and he bore a full share of danger and hardship. He died
of apoplexy in 1805, aged fifty-two years, being still in the prime of
life. Mrs. Sibley (mother of H. H.) is described by Miss Ellet, in her ''
Pioneer Women of the West," as a lady of unusual personal
 260 MINNESOTA HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS. beauty and
commanding figure. She had "a vigorous and cultivated intellect,
undaunted courage, and an intuitive and clear perception of right
and wrong. Affectionate in disposition, frank in manner, and truly
just as well as benevolent, she was during .her whole married life
the center of an admiring circle of devoted friends. She died, as she
had always lived, without one to cast a reproach upon her elevated
and beautiful character." Her death took place at Detroit, Jan. 22,
1851. Nine children were born to Judge and Mrs. Sibley — four sons
and five daughters. BIRTH AND EARLY YEARS. Henry Hastings Sibley
was born at Detroit, Mich. , Feb. 20, 1811. The history of the
Northwest at that time, the perilous condition of the frontier, the
savage warfare which desolated the region, the siege and surrender
of Detroit, etc., are too well known to need recounting. When the
subject of this memoir was only eighteen months old, the capture of
Detroit by the British and Indians took place. Judge Sibley, his father,
with his mother, were compelled to abandon their home, taking with
them only a few necessaries, and escaped to Ohio, where they re
mained a year. Thus the Sibley family bore their full share in the
trials of frontier life. Three times Mrs. Sib ley rode on horseback, by
a dim trail through the forests from Detroit to Marietta, camping out
most of the way. It would thus seem that the subject of this sketch
was launched into a career destined from the start to be one of
adventure and stirring incidents, repeating the eventful pioneer life
of his ancestors. Thus hereditarily predis 
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