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Title: Marketing health services / Richard K. Thomas.
Description: Fourth edition. | Chicago, Illinois : Health Administration Press ; Washington, DC
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BRIEF CONTENTS

Preface to the Fourth Edition......................................................................xv

Introduction............................................................................................xvii

Part I History and Concepts

Chapter 1. The Origin and Evolution of Marketing in Healthcare.......3

Chapter 2. Basic Marketing Concepts................................................35

Chapter 3. Marketing and the Healthcare Organization.....................67

Part II Healthcare Markets and Products

Chapter 4. The Nature of Healthcare Markets...................................95

Chapter 5. Healthcare Consumers and Consumer Behavior.............133

Chapter 6. Healthcare Products.......................................................169

Chapter 7. Factors in Health Services Utilization.............................197

Part III Healthcare Marketing Techniques

Chapter 8. The Changing Environment for Healthcare Marketing...229

Chapter 9. Marketing Strategies.......................................................267

Chapter 10. Health Communication..................................................305

Chapter 11. Traditional Marketing Techniques..................................347

Chapter 12. Contemporary Marketing Techniques............................387

Chapter 13. Social Media and Healthcare Marketing.........................419

Part IV The Marketing Endeavor

Chapter 14. Marketing Management.................................................449

v
 Chapter 15. Marketing Research........................................................473

Chapter 16. Marketing Planning........................................................503

Chapter 17. Marketing Data..............................................................521

Part V The Future of Healthcare Marketing

Chapter 18. A Look Ahead................................................................547

Glossary..................................................................................................561
References...............................................................................................577
Index......................................................................................................587
About the Author....................................................................................617
DETAILED CONTENTS

Preface to the Fourth Edition......................................................................xv

Introduction............................................................................................xvii

Part I History and Concepts

Chapter 1. The Origin and Evolution of Marketing in Healthcare.......3

The History of Marketing..................................................3
The Introduction of Marketing in Healthcare....................6
The Evolution of Healthcare Marketing.............................7
Why Healthcare Is Different from Other Industries..........15
Initial Barriers to Healthcare Marketing...........................23
Why Healthcare Marketing Requires a Unique
Approach.....................................................................27
Why Healthcare Should Be Marketed...............................30
Summary.........................................................................32
Key Points........................................................................32
Discussion Questions.......................................................33
Additional Resources........................................................34

Chapter 2. Basic Marketing Concepts................................................35

Defining Fundamental Concepts and Terms.....................35
Marketing Functions........................................................38
Marketing Techniques......................................................42
Case Study 2.1: Capturing the “Older Adult” Market......47
Marketing Approaches.....................................................49
Healthcare Products and Audiences.................................50
The Four Ps of Marketing................................................56
Other Marketing Processes...............................................62
Summary.........................................................................63
Key Points........................................................................64
Discussion Questions.......................................................64
Additional Resources........................................................65

vii
viii Det a iled C o n te n ts

Chapter 3. Marketing and the Healthcare Organization.....................67

Unique Attributes of Healthcare......................................67
Factors Affecting the Acceptance of Healthcare
Marketing....................................................................68
The Range of Marketing Experiences...............................71
Case Study 3.1: Low-Intensity Marketing........................77
Summary.........................................................................90
Key Points........................................................................91
Discussion Questions.......................................................92
Additional Resources........................................................92

Part II Healthcare Markets and Products

Chapter 4. The Nature of Healthcare Markets...................................95

Defining Markets.............................................................95
Delineating Market Areas...............................................106
Case Study 4.1: Capturing an Emerging Market.............108
Profiling Markets...........................................................113
From Mass Market to Micromarket................................119
Determining the Effective Market..................................120
Case Study 4.2: Determining the Effective Market.........121
The Changing Nature of Healthcare Markets.................126
Case Study 4.3: Is There Really a Market for It?.............127
Summary.......................................................................129
Key Points......................................................................130
Discussion Questions.....................................................130
Additional Resources......................................................131

Chapter 5. Healthcare Consumers and Consumer Behavior.............133

Who Are Healthcare Consumers?...................................133
The Variety of Healthcare Customers.............................136
International Healthcare Consumers..............................140
Case Study 5.1: Marketing Medical Tourism in Asia.......145
Market Segmentation for Healthcare Products...............148
Consumer Behavior........................................................155
Case Study 5.2: Using Consumer Engagement to
Encourage Wellness Behavior.....................................157
Consumer Decision-Making...........................................161
Summary.......................................................................165
Key Points......................................................................166
 D etailed C ontents ix

Discussion Questions.....................................................166
Additional Resources......................................................167

Chapter 6. Healthcare Products.......................................................169

Product Mix...................................................................169
Ways to Conceptualize Products....................................174
Case Study 6.1: Marketing an Urgent Care Center........175
Common Healthcare Products.......................................183
Summary.......................................................................194
Key Points......................................................................194
Discussion Questions.....................................................195
Additional Resources......................................................195

Chapter 7. Factors in Health Services Utilization.............................197

Conceptualizing Demand...............................................197
Factors Influencing Demand..........................................204
Measuring Utilization....................................................213
Predicting Demand........................................................218
Case Study 7.1: Using Lifestyle Analysis to Predict
the Use of Behavioral Health Services........................221
Summary.......................................................................223
Key Points......................................................................224
Discussion Questions.....................................................224
Additional Resources......................................................225

Part III Healthcare Marketing Techniques

Chapter 8. The Changing Environment for Healthcare

Marketing����������������������������������������������������������������� 229
The Medical Model of Health........................................229
An Evolving Environment..............................................231
The Role of Marketing...................................................238
The Failure of the Healthcare Paradigm.........................241
The Population Health Paradigm...................................243
Case Study 8.1: Using a Community Health Needs
Assessment to Improve Patient Care..........................257
Summary.......................................................................263
Key Points......................................................................264
Discussion Questions.....................................................265
Additional Resources......................................................266
x Det a iled C o n te n ts

Chapter 9. Marketing Strategies.......................................................267

What Is Strategy?...........................................................267
The Strategic Planning Process.......................................269
Case Study 9.1: A Marketing Inventory.........................271
Case Study 9.2: The State of the Practice.......................283
Developing the Strategy.................................................285
Selecting a Strategy........................................................286
Case Study 9.3: A SWOT Analysis for a Medical Clinic...... 287
Case Study 9.4: Hospital Strategy Development...............291
Branding as a Strategy....................................................297
Case Study 9.5: Establishing a Brand.............................301
Summary.......................................................................302
Key Points......................................................................303
Discussion Questions.....................................................304
Additional Resources......................................................304

Chapter 10. Health Communication..................................................305

The Nature of Communication......................................306
Factors Affecting the Evolution of Health
Communication.........................................................309
The Variety of Healthcare Customers.............................312
Health Communication and Health Behavior.................315
Case Study 10.1: Determining Consumer
Perceptions of Obesity...............................................316
Communication Sources................................................325
Components of Communication....................................327
The Communication Process..........................................329
Barriers to Communication............................................330
Approaches to Effective Communication........................333
The Health Communication Process..............................334
Summary.......................................................................343
Key Points......................................................................344
Discussion Questions.....................................................344
Additional Resources......................................................345

Chapter 11. Traditional Marketing Techniques..................................347

The Promotional Mix.....................................................347
Case Study 11.1: Using Direct-to-Consumer
Advertising to Increase Drug Sales............................361
Media Options...............................................................364
 D etailed C ontents xi

Social Marketing............................................................372
Case Study 11.2: The Texas WIC Program....................378
Integrated Marketing.....................................................380
Case Study 11.3: Integrated Marketing Strategy.............381
Summary.......................................................................383
Key Points......................................................................384
Discussion Questions.....................................................385
Additional Resources......................................................386

Chapter 12. Contemporary Marketing Techniques............................387

The New Approaches.....................................................387
Case Study 12.1: Using Business-to-Business Marketing
to Promote an Occupational Health Program............392
Internal Marketing.........................................................394
Case Study 12.2: Internal Marketing at SouthCoast
Rehabilitation Center................................................395
Case Study 12.3: Promoting Heart Health Using
Customer Relationship Management.........................405
Case Study 12.4: Hospital Takes Its Grand Opening
to Second Life...........................................................410
Consumer Engagement..................................................412
Limitations of Contemporary Marketing Techniques......415
Summary.......................................................................416
Key Points......................................................................416
Discussion Questions.....................................................417
Additional Resources......................................................418

Chapter 13. Social Media and Healthcare Marketing.........................419

The Basics of Social Media.............................................419
A Healthcare Consumer’s Tool......................................421
Case Study 13.1: Virginia Blood Services’
Facebook Events........................................................424
A Modern Marketer’s Medium.......................................425
Healthcare Consumers’ Use of Social Media..................430
Patient-Oriented Websites..............................................431
The Value of Social Media Engagement.........................433
Case Study 13.2: Hello Health: A Successful
Cybermedicine Model...............................................439
Monitoring Social Media................................................440
Social Media and Ethical Issues in Healthcare................440
xii Det a iled C o n te n ts

Summary.......................................................................443
Key Points......................................................................444
Discussion Questions.....................................................445
Additional Resources......................................................445

Part IV The Marketing Endeavor

Chapter 14. Marketing Management.................................................449

The Importance of Marketing Management . ................449
Steps in a Marketing Campaign......................................450
Participants in the Marketing Management Process........458
Departments in the Marketing Function........................463
The Marketing Budget...................................................464
Return on Investment....................................................466
Case Study 14.1: Measuring ROI for a Marketing
Campaign..................................................................468
Summary.......................................................................469
Key Points......................................................................471
Discussion Questions.....................................................471
Additional Resources......................................................472

Chapter 15. Marketing Research........................................................473

The Scope of Marketing Research..................................473
Steps in the Marketing Research Process........................479
Case Study 15.1: Market Share Analysis for a
Physician Practice......................................................483
Primary Research Methods.............................................489
Case Study 15.2: Applying Quantitative and Qualitative
Research to a Community Health Initiative...............490
Summary.......................................................................499
Key Points......................................................................500
Discussion Questions.....................................................500
Additional Resources......................................................501

Chapter 16. Marketing Planning........................................................503

The Nature of Marketing Planning.................................503
Levels of Planning..........................................................504
The Marketing Planning Process....................................505
Case Study 16.1: Sample Goals, Objectives,
and Actions...............................................................512
 D etailed C ontents xiii

Case Study 16.2: Marketing Planning for a New

Program....................................................................514
Summary.......................................................................518
Key Points......................................................................518
Discussion Questions.....................................................519
Additional Resources......................................................519

Chapter 17. Marketing Data..............................................................521

The Data Challenge.......................................................521
Data Dimensions............................................................523
Data Generation Methods..............................................527
Case Study 17.1: Generating Population Data for
Marketing Planning...................................................534
Case Study 17.2: Methodology for Estimating Health
Services Demand.......................................................536
Sources of Data for Healthcare Marketing......................539
Summary.......................................................................542
Key Points......................................................................542
Discussion Questions.....................................................543
Additional Resources......................................................543

Part V The Future of Healthcare Marketing

Chapter 18. A Look Ahead................................................................547

Where Healthcare Marketing Is Today...........................547
Current Trends That Could Affect Future Practices.......549
Seizing Market Opportunities........................................554
Anticipated Growth Areas..............................................555
Summary.......................................................................558
Key Points......................................................................559
Discussion Questions.....................................................559
Additional Resources......................................................560

Glossary..................................................................................................561
References...............................................................................................577
Index......................................................................................................587
About the Author....................................................................................617
PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION

S
ince the publication of the third edition of Marketing Health Services
five years ago, the world of healthcare has changed significantly—and
with it, the practice of healthcare marketing. At that time, healthcare
had just entered the era of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), the most signifi-
cant healthcare reform in decades. Since then, the healthcare arena has seen
the emergence of value-based reimbursement, with all that implies. Simulta-
neously, population health management has come to the fore, with its
emphasis on community health rather than individual patient care. All of
these developments have served to turn the healthcare system on its head.
At the same time, the role of marketing has changed in response, dem-
onstrating once again its indispensability during the uncertain times between
the implementation of new rules and processes and the rush to adopt compli-
ant strategies and adjust existing practices. In each case, the paradigm shifts
in healthcare marketing have offered an opportunity to adapt to a changing
environment.
This book, like the first three editions, enumerates the forces that are
changing the healthcare environment and challenging the healthcare estab-
lishment. It chronicles the evolution of healthcare marketing—from a field
purely associated with advertising and promotion to one that counts research,
education, and strategy formulation as major responsibilities.
Since the 1970s when marketing was first introduced into healthcare,
the field has gone through a series of highs and lows. The acceptance of
marketing as a legitimate activity by healthcare organizations in the 1980s
represented a milestone. At that time, healthcare organizations began to
establish marketing departments, set marketing budgets, create new positions
dedicated to marketing functions, and adopt marketing concepts and meth-
ods from other industries while realizing that the marketing of healthcare was
much different from the marketing of other goods and services.
Through the 1990s and 2000s, healthcare marketing continued to
prove itself a legitimate organizational function. More full-service marketing
departments were being established in-house, and a cadre of professional
marketers was elevated to the board room as partners in administration.

xv
xvi Prefa c e t o th e Fo u r th E d i ti o n

Sophisticated and healthcare-specific marketing techniques were developed

and implemented. This proliferation of marketers dedicated to the business of
healthcare imparted several lessons that still resonate today. First, marketing
is so much broader than mass media advertising. Second, understanding the
market in which the business operates, the customers who live in that market
area, and those customers’ needs, wants, behaviors, and motivations is criti-
cal. Third, marketing should drive the strategic direction of the organization
and not vice versa, as was historically the case.
Although healthcare marketing has adopted concepts and methods
from other industries, it continues to be distinguished from the marketing
that takes place in other sectors. Its methods must be unique and appropriate
for healthcare products and their consumers—not a copy of the prevailing
techniques used in other industries. This book walks readers through the tra-
ditional and contemporary approaches that healthcare marketers rely on and
that enable healthcare organizations to rise above current trends and turmoil
to position themselves for the future healthcare environment.

Instructor Resources

This book’s instructor resources include an instructor’s manual,

updated and enhanced PowerPoint slides, answers to selected case
study questions, and a test bank.
For the most up-to-date information about this book and its
instructor resources, go to ache.org/HAP and search for the book’s
order code (2404I).
This book’s instructor resources are available to instructors who
adopt this book for use in their course. For access information, please
email [email protected].
INTRODUCTION

T
his book explores the history, perspectives, concepts, processes, and
role of marketing in the healthcare industry—particularly the health
services delivery setting. This fourth edition retains the features that
readers found useful in previous editions, such as the examples, case studies,
discussion questions, key points, and additional resources. In this edition,
new examples, exhibits, recommendations, and statistics have been added;
some case studies have been revised; and updated resources have been
included. Definitions of important terms and concepts appear in the margins,
supplementing the full-length discussions.
The content—although it remains true to its original intent of being
a comprehensive guide—has been updated at every possible turn to reflect
the changes that have taken place in the healthcare environment. The Afford-
able Care Act (ACA) has been the law of the land for a decade, and that
initiative continues to have implications for healthcare marketing. The use of
social media, described in the previous edition, has exploded, with an ever-­
increasing number of social media channels.
Of particular importance has been the emergence of a new paradigm
that is upending the healthcare system. The population health model is
gaining momentum, and it will have significant implications for healthcare
marketing. This model promises to transform healthcare marketing as it shifts
the emphasis among healthcare providers from quantity to quality, from sick
people to well people, from individual patients to groups of consumers, and
from treatment to prevention.

The Target Audience

Students in healthcare administration and healthcare marketing programs as

well as students in business administration programs with a healthcare market-
ing component make up the primary audience for this book. It can also serve
as a reference text for professors or instructors of healthcare administration

xvii
xviii I n t ro d u c t i o n

or marketing courses and for academicians who conduct research on these

topics but are not marketing practitioners themselves.
Health professionals (including physicians, nurses, and other clini-
cians) represent the secondary audience for this book, as well as healthcare
executives and administrators, health planners, and other facility staff involved
in marketing activities. In today’s ultracompetitive environment, most health
professionals—regardless of official title or span of r­ esponsibilities—are
expected to be at least familiar with marketing concepts.
The third category of audience is composed of marketing p ­ rofessionals—
whether they work for a marketing agency or related consulting firm or as
independent agents—who intend to do business in the healthcare arena.
Whether they are new to the marketing field or are seasoned marketing vet-
erans, they will find something in the book that will prove useful for their
healthcare clients.

The Content

At times, the topics covered in the chapters overlap or appear in more than
one chapter. That is intentional—to emphasize and review the basic points
or to put them in context. The following sections summarize the content of
each chapter.

Part I: History and Concepts

• Chapter 1 presents an overview of the history of marketing—from its
introduction to healthcare to its contemporary incarnation. The ways
in which healthcare differs from other industries and the ways in which
healthcare marketing is different from other types of marketing are
examined. In addition, the chapter sheds light on the factors that have
helped marketing become accepted in healthcare and the contribution
that marketing can make to the industry. Finally, it reviews current
developments in healthcare and their implications for marketing.
• Chapter 2 defines the key terms and concepts that form the foundation
of marketing and reviews their application to healthcare. The “four Ps”
of marketing and their expansion to the seven Ps (for the healthcare
industry) are discussed. Marketing functions, techniques, and
approaches are enumerated, and the challenge of adapting marketing
processes from other industries to healthcare is addressed.
• Chapter 3 focuses on marketing as a function in healthcare
organizations. It identifies the types of marketing techniques typically
used by different types of organizations. The factors that influenced
 Introduc tion xix

healthcare’s adoption of marketing are reviewed, along with the factors

that are affecting the contemporary nature of healthcare marketing.

Part II: Healthcare Markets and Products

• Chapter 4 discusses how a healthcare market is described and
delineated. Among the concepts addressed are geographic and
nongeographic boundaries, consumer demand, market profiling, mass
marketing and micromarketing, and effective markets.
• Chapter 5 answers the questions “Who are healthcare customers?”
and “How are they similar and dissimilar from other customers?” It
explains consumer behavior and attitudes, the different types of market
segmentation (e.g., geographic, demographic, psychographic), and the
consumer decision-making process.
• Chapter 6 is all about the healthcare product—the goods sold and
services provided by healthcare organizations. The product mix is
explained, as well as the different types of goods and services available
in the market. The common classifications and coding systems used in
healthcare are highlighted.
• Chapter 7 addresses the factors that contribute to the demand
for health services. It touches on healthcare wants and needs,
recommended standards for healthcare, and utilization patterns.
It also proposes methods marketers can use to measure demand
and introduces various indicators of health services utilization.
The numerous factors that determine the demand for and ultimate
consumption of health services are identified.

Part III: Healthcare Marketing Techniques

• Chapter 8, new in this edition, sets the stage for subsequent chapters
dealing with strategy development, health communications, traditional
and contemporary marketing techniques, and the use of social media
in marketing. This chapter reviews the changes taking place in the
healthcare environment and outlines the implications of those changes
for healthcare marketing.
• Chapter 9 focuses on marketing strategies. The need to align marketing
strategies with the organization’s overall strategic plan is emphasized.
It summarizes the steps in strategic planning, the processes for
developing and selecting a strategy, and the strategic approaches that
may be taken. Branding as a strategy is discussed as well. The possible
implications for healthcare marketing of the ACA and the emerging
population health model are highlighted.
xx I n t ro d u c t i o n

• Chapter 10—new to this edition—addresses the topic of health

communication and its crucial role in healthcare marketing. This
chapter reviews the nature of communication, its function, and
the process of developing a communication plan. The attributes of
effective communication initiatives are described, along with the
variety of ways in which communication may be employed within the
healthcare setting.
• Chapter 11 details the traditional marketing techniques commonly
used by healthcare marketers, such as public relations, advertising,
personal sales, sales promotion, and direct marketing. It provides an
overview of media options, social marketing, and integrated marketing.
It also explains the modifications marketers must make to adapt
traditional promotional approaches to the healthcare arena.
• Chapter 12 presents contemporary marketing techniques. One set of
techniques is based on traditional marketing programs and includes
direct-to-consumer marketing, business-to-business marketing, internal
marketing, and affinity marketing. The other set of techniques is based
on technology and includes database marketing, customer relationship
management, and internet marketing. Consumer engagement as an
emerging theme in marketing is addressed.
• Chapter 13 focuses on social media and their application to healthcare
marketing. It identifies the common types of social media, their value
to consumers and marketers, and their healthcare-specific uses.

Part IV: The Marketing Endeavor

• Chapter 14 explores the ins and outs of managing a marketing
campaign. It breaks down the steps involved—from concept to plan to
implementation to evaluation. It pinpoints the players (including both
internal and external marketing agents, suppliers, and consultants) and
departments (including creative, production, and media planning and
buying departments) of the marketing function. The financial aspects—
the marketing budget and return on investment—are also described.
• Chapter 15 presents an overview of the healthcare marketing research
process. It describes the types, steps, and methods researchers
undertake to collect data and information on markets, products,
prices, promotions, and distributions. Geographic information systems,
quantitative and qualitative research, and surveys and interviews are
among the tools discussed.
• Chapter 16 offers a comprehensive look at marketing planning. It
presents the common steps in the planning process and examples of
how the steps are applied in real-world marketing scenarios.
 Introduc tion xxi

• Chapter 17 examines the various types of marketing data and the

sources of such data. It discusses the complications of mining and using
patient and customer information under Health Insurance Portability
and Accountability Act rules as well as the dimensions and traits that
make data useful to healthcare marketers. Methods for generating
population data and estimating demand in the absence of actual data
are included, along with data compendia collected and released by the
federal government.

Part V: The Future of Healthcare Marketing

• Chapter 18 summarizes where healthcare marketing is at present and
where it is headed in the near future. The discussion revolves around
the current trends and factors that are likely to influence the future
characteristics of both healthcare and marketing.
 PART

I
HISTORY AND CONCEPTS
Part I places the field of marketing and its applications to healthcare in a his-
torical context and introduces basic marketing concepts. Chapter 1 presents
the history of healthcare marketing, chapter 2 introduces the terms and con-
cepts used throughout the book, and chapter 3 describes the role of market-
ing in healthcare organizations.
 CHAPTER

THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF

MARKETING IN HEALTHCARE
1
S
ince the notion of marketing was introduced to healthcare providers
during the 1970s, the field has experienced periods of growth, decline,
retrenchment, and renewed growth. This chapter reviews the history
of marketing in the US economy and traces its evolution in healthcare over
the second half of the twentieth century and the first two decades of the
twenty-first century. The chapter then turns to the challenges marketers have
faced in their efforts to gain a foothold in healthcare.

The History of Marketing

Marketing, as the term is used today, is a modern concept. The term was
first used around 1910 to refer to what is now called sales. Marketing is also
a uniquely American concept; the word has been adopted into the vocabular-
ies of other languages that lack a word for this activity. Although the 1950s
mark the beginning of the marketing era in the United States, the marketing
function took several decades (in stages) to become established in the US
economy, and marketers had to overcome a number of factors that slowed
the field’s development.
Many of these factors reflected economic characteristics carried over
from the World War II period. In the 1950s, America was still in the Indus-
trial Age, and the economy was production oriented until well after the war.
Because all aspects of the economy were geared to production, the prevail- production
ing mind-set emphasized the producer’s interests over the consumer’s. This A focus on
generating (rather
production orientation assumed that producers already knew what consumers than distributing)
needed. Products were made to the manufacturer’s specifications, and then goods that
customers were sought. A “here is our product—take it or leave it” approach deemphasizes the
characterized most industries during this period. role of marketing.

The evolution of marketing took place in four stages.

Stage 1: The Rise of Product Differentiation and Consumerism

A wide variety of new products and services emerged during the postwar
period, particularly in consumer goods industries. Newly empowered con-
sumers demanded a growing array of goods and services. This development

3
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 THE SHOTWELL FAMILY. 195 The Friends are divided into 4
bodies, popularly distinguished as the Orthodox, Hickaite, Wilburite,
and Primitive. FRIENDS (orthodox). These constitute by far the most
numerous branch. In 1887, at a general conference of Orthodox
Friends, held in Richmond, Ind., a " Declaration of Christian Doctrine
" was adopted as an expression of " those fundamental doctrines of
christian truth that have always been professed by our branch of the
church of Christ." This declaration sets forth the evangelical view of
the trinity, the scriptures, the fall of man, justification and
regeneration, the resurrection and the final judgment, the issues of
which are eternal. In the article on the Holy Spirit these sentences
appear: We own no principle of spiritual light, life, or holiness
inherent by nature in the mind or heart of man. We believe in no
principle of spiritual light, life, or holiness but the influence of the
Holy Spirit of God bestowed on mankind in various measures and
degrees through Jesus Christ our Lord. The article on public worship
recognizes " the value of silence not as an end but as a means
toward the attainment of the end; a silence not of listlessness or of
vacant musing, but of holy expectation before the Lord." The
discipline of the western yearly meeting makes as "disownable
ofiFenses," for which members are disowned, or excommunicated,
denial of the divinity of Christ, the revelation of the Holy Spirit, the
divine authority of the scriptures, engaging in the liquor traffic,
drunkenness, profanity, joining the army, or encouraging war,
betting, participating in \ lotteries, dishonesty, taking or
administering oaths, etc. Each yearly meeting has its own discipline,
but fellowship is maintained between them by epistolary
correspondence. There is also a general agreement between them
on the fundamentals of doctrine and discipline. The Philadelphia
yearly meeting, which is the oldest, has a discipline incorporating
various decisions and advices adopted since its organization in 1681.
There are 10 yearly meetings, with 794 organizations, 725 church
edifices, church property valued at $2,795,784, and 80,635
members. FRIENDS (hICKSITE). . This body of Friends is so named
from Elias Hicks, a minister who was foremost in preaching doctrines
which became a cause of separation. They object to being called
Hicksites. Elias Hicks was born in 1749 and died in 1830. He
emphasized the principle of " obedience to the light within," and so
stated the doctrines of the pre-existence, deity, incarnation, and
vicarious atonement of Christ, of the personality of Satan, and of
eternal punishment that he was charged with being more or less in
sympathy with unitarianism. Those identified with this body of
Friends insist that Mr. Hicks' views were "exactly those of Robert
Barclay," an English Friend of the seventeenth century, whose "
Apology for the True Christian Divinity " is still regarded as a fair
exposition of the doctrinal views of Friends, They decline to make
orthodox theology a test of membership. The separation took place
in the Philadelphia yearly meeting in 1827, and in New York,
Baltimore, Ohio, and Indiana in 1828. There was no separation in
New England or North Carolina. The Genesee, in western New York,
and the Illinois yearly' meeting were formed many years later. They
have 7 yearly meetings, with 201 organizations, 213 church edifices,
church property valued at 11,661,850, and 21,992 members.
FRIENDS (wilburite). The Wilburite Friends are thus called because
John Wilbur, of New England was their principal leader in opposing
Joseph J. Gurney and his teaching. They separated from the
orthodox body in the New England yearly meeting in 1845, in the
Ohio in 1854, and in the Western, Iowa and Kansas in 1877. They
are very conservative, and are unwilling to adopt the new methods
devised, as the church became aggressive in evangelistic and
missionary work. They make much of the doctrine of the light within,
holding that every man, by reason of the atonement, has an inward
seed or light given him, which, as it is heeded, will lead him to
salvation. They deny instantaneous conversion and the resurrection
of the body. The controlling portion of the Philadelphia yearly
meeting hold to the views of Wilbur, but have never separated from
the body of the church further than to decline epistolary
correspondence with all branches. They are counted as orthodox,
though not affiliating with that body. They have 5 yearly meetings,
with 52 organizations, 52 church edifices, church property valued at
S67,000, and 4,329 members. They are represented in the states of
Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Massachusetts, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and
Rhode Island.
 196 GENEALOGICAL ANNALS OP FRIENDS (primitive). The
Primitive Friends are in faith and practice Wilburite. They separated
from the Philadelphia yearly meeting because that body refused to
correspond with the New England and Ohio (Wilbur) yearly
meetings, and they do not affiliate with the latter, because they
recognize the Philadelphia meeting by ministerial visitations and by
exchanging certificates of membership. They have 9 organizations, 5
church edifices, church property valued at $16,700, and 2'62
members. They are found only in Massachusets, New York,
Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island. NEW JERSEY IN 1675. EXTRACTS
FROM A LETTER WRITTEN BY RICHARD HARTSHORNE OF
MIDDLETOWN, MONMOUTH COUNTY, N. J., TO A FRIEND IN
ENGLAND. Dear Friend: My love is to thee and thy wife, desiring
your welfare, both inward and outward: and that we may be found
steadfast in that truth which is saving, for the welfare of our
immortal souls. Now, friend, I shall give thee some information
concerning New Jersie, but time will not permit me to write at
length. Thou desirest to know how I live. Through the goodness of
the Lord I live very well, keeping between 30 and 40 head of cows
and 7 or 8 horses and mares to ride upon, etc. There are 7 Towns
settled in this Province, (Viz.) Shrewsbury and Midletown on the
seaside, and along the riverside and up the creeks there is
Piscattaway and Woodbridge, Elizabeth, Newark and Bergane. Most
of these towns have about 100 families, and the least 40. The
country is very healthful. In Midletown, where I live, in 6 years and
upwards there have died but one woman about 80, one man about
60, a boy about 5 years old, and one little infant or 2. There are in
this town, in twenty-five families, about 95 children, most of them
under 12 years of age, and all of them lusty children. The produce of
the Province is chiefly wheat, barley, oates, beans, beef, pork, pease,
tobacco, Indian corn, butter, cheese, hemp and flax, French beans,
Strawberries, carrots, cabbidges, parsnips, turnips, radishes, onions,
cucumbers, watermellons, mushmellons, squashes; also the soil is
very fertile for apples, pears, plums, quinces, currans, red and white,
gooseberries, cherries and peaches in abundance; having all sorts of
green trash [truck] in Summer time; and the country is greatly
supplied with creeks and rivers, which aiford stores of fish, perch,
roach, baste, sheepshead, oysters, clams, crabs, sturgeon, eels, and
many other sorts of fish that I do not name. You may buy as much
fish of an Indian for half a pound of powder as will serve 6 or 8 men.
Deer are also very plenty in this Province. We can buy a big buck of
the Indians much bigger than the English deer for a pound and a
half of powder, or lead, or any other trade equivolent ; and a peck of
strawberries the Indians will gether and bring home to us for the
value of 6d; and our beef and pork is very fat and good. The natural
grass of the country is very much like that which grows in the woods
in England, which is food enough for our cattle; but by the waterside
we have fresh meadows and salt marshes. We make English mead
and beer; besides we have several sorts of drink; and travelling in
the country and coming to any house, they will generally ask you to
eat and drink and take tobacco; and their several sorts of drink they
will offer you as confidently as if it were sack. There are abundance
of chestnuts, walnuts, mulberries and grapes, red and white. Our
horses and mares run in the woods, and we give them no meat
winter or summer, unless we work them; but our cows must be
looked after. Our timber stands for fences about the land we
manure. We plough our land with oxen for the most part. A
husbandman here and in Old
 THE SHOTWELL FAMILY. 197 England is all one, making
most of our utensils of husbandry ourselves; and a man that has 3
or i sons or servants that can work along with him will down with
timber amain, and get corn quickly. The best coming to this country
is at spring or fall. We make our soap and candles and all such
things ourselves. In the winter we make good fire and eat good
meat, and our women and children are healthy. Sugar is cheap;
Venison, geese, turkies, fowls, and fish plenty; and one great
happiness we enjoy, which is we are very quiet. I could give thee
more information concerning this country, but time will not leave. In
short, this is a rare place for any poor man, or others; and I am
satisfied that people may live better here than they can in Old
England, and eat more good meat. The vessel is going away. I have
no time to copy this over; therefore take the sense of it. My love
salutes thee. Farewell, ElCHARD HaRTSHORNE. New Jersie,
Midletown, 12th of the 9th month, 1675, Very many — probably a
large majority — of the compiler's living relatives registered in this
volume are descendants of the writer of the foregoing letter. Of his
private life very little is known. Since the brief sketch at page 16 was
put in type, we have obtained the following additional particulars
from Mr. H. D. Vail of Santa Barbara, Cal. : Richard Hartshorne was
born, at a small town called Hathern — about 4 miles from
Loughborough and 10 from Leicester — in Leicestershire, England, in
1641, came to East Jersey in 1669, and settled at Middletown. Sandy
Hook was first held under a grant to him in 1677, Being a member of
the Society of Friends, he was visited in 1672 by George Fox, who
says in his journal: "Richard Hartshorne received us gladly at his
house, where we refreshed ourselves; and thence he carried us and
our horses in his own boat across a great water and set us on Long
Island." He was appointed by William Penn and his associates one of
the commissioners to lay out West Jersey, but whether he acted in
that capacity or not is uncertain. In 1684 he was one of Gov. Laurie's
council, in 1685 he was elected to represent Middletown in the
Assembly ; was chosen speaker of Assembly in 1686, when also he
was again appointed a member of the Council. He retained his seat
in the Assembly, and continued to hold both positions until the
surrender of the Proprietary Government to the crown in 1702.* *
Richard' and Margaret (Oarr) Hart.shorne's daughter ('atbarine
married Edwards Fitz R'lndolph, [of Nathaniels, Edwarrt'J and had
Edward* whrite eon John'J Fi'z Randolph married Mary King,
daughter of Nathan* and Sarah (Moore) King. [See p, 17, ante.]
HISTORICAL OUTLINE OF THE ORIGIN OF PLAINFIELD FRIENDS'
MEETING, BY O. B. L. Among the earliest pioneers comprising the
first English speaking settlement on New Jersey soil in 1665, were a
few ardent followers of George Fox. But not till about twenty years
after, when East Jersey was sold at public auction, did any
considerable number of " Friends " make this part of the province
their permanent home. The purchasers at this auction sale in
London, on the 2d of February, 1682, were twelve Quakers headed
by William Penn, who bought the land for the sum of 3,400 pounds
sterling. The same year twelve others invested in equal shares with
the original buyers, making 24 proprietors in all, who became the
sole owners of East Jersey. There was already a population of about
3,500 living in the few small towns along the salt water frontage
from Shrewsbury to Hoboken. On scattered plantations just outside
of these settlements, there were probably 1,000 more people, all of
whom claimed title to their property (some 300,000 acres) by deeds
from original i^atentees of the Lords Prop rit^ tors, Sir George
Carteret and Lord John Berkley. To these two gentlemen the Duke of
York had granted this and adjacent territory by virtue of a Royal
Charter from his brother. King Charles II, dated March 12, 1663. This
Quaker syndicate, headed by William Penn, was not slow in soliciting
settlers thither,
 GENRALOGICAL ANNALS OF especially those of their own
religious sect. Their migration by thousands to the shores of the
Jerseys, their occupation of the soil and management of the civil
government became one of the most notable events in the closing
years of the seventeenth century. Under their peaceful dispensation,
the province greatly improved in commercial and agricultural
advancement. They had always been foremost as advocates of free
opinion, in the old world, and were no less inclined to independent
thinking on religious subjects in the new world. Their meetings in
this province were early established at Shrewsbury in 1G69, where
the settlement was made up almost entirely of Quaker element, and
at Amboy in 1686, where hold meetings at the house of Nathaniel
Fitz Randolph, in Woodbridge. Here they continued to meet till his
death in 1713, during the fall of which year a meeting house was
completed in the town. For the convenience of many scattered
members of the communion, meetings were permitted at the
dwellings of several influential Friends in different localities. For
those iu the outskirts of Kahway they gathered at the house of
William Robinson in 1707. Once in a while meetings were held in
1710, at John Shotwell's on Staten Island. In the village of Rahway,
as early as 1742, Friends began to hold meetings at the dwelling of
Joseph JShotwell, and frequented his home FRIENDS MEETING
HOUSE \T PL^INFIPLD N J ERECTED IN 1788 the disciples of the "
Silent Communion " held influential power in local affairs. The official
minutes of the Society state that in October, 1689: " It was agreed
that the monthly meeting should be kept the third 5th day in every
month, at Benjamin Griffith's in Woodbridge." Trouble occurred
among the more worldly ambitious, who, not taking heed to the
measure of grace in mercy, departed from the doctrines and
discipline of the Society, as the following minutes confirm: "The
aforesaid Monthly Meeting fell from ye year 1689 to ye year 1701, by
reason of George Keith's separation." In this year, November 16,
1704, Friends began to for religious services till 1757, when a
meeting house was completed on the Main street. Then for the
convenience of the more inland plantations beyond the hills in Morris
county, there was a meeting occasionally at Mendham, where
Richard Dell lived. For the accommodation of several families living
on farms along Greenbrook and Cedarbrook, there were meetings at
the house of John Laiug on Short Hills, near present city of
Plainfield, in 1721, and till his death. At a meeting at Woodbridge,
1731, third month 27th day, the minutes record that " The Friends
belonging to the meeting held at John Laing's, deceased,
 THE SHOTWELL FAMILY. 199 desire liberty to build a
meeting house on the land given, by the said John Laing for that
purpose; this 'meeting grants their desire and orders that John
Kinsey pay the money given by John Shotwell, deceased, to that
use." The said house was built under the direction of Abraham
Shotwell and Benjamin Smith, during the following months, and was
known as the " Plainfield meeting house in the woods." The
diminutive structure was " 24 foot square and 14 foot between
joynts." It accommodated the worshipers for two generations, when
it was torn down, and some of its timbers used in the erection of a
new and enlarged meeting house on the plains. This memoralble
event occurred in 1787-8, when Plainfield was a small hamlet with
less than two hundred souls living within a radius of three miles. The
bailding is still standing, as originally built, in an excellent state of
preservation, and near the center of the city now numbering almost
20,000 people.* The Eahway and Plainfield meetings were
permanently established and continued to increase, while the
Society at Wcidbridge, though the oldest and parent body, went into
* The accompanyiDg zinc etching of a view of Plainfield Friends'
meeting-house is from a sketch drawn f
 200 GENEALOGICAL ANNALS OP month Longer than
appointment which this meeting grants." Under date of 9th Mo.
17th, 1743, "Rahway friends Requests of this Meeting the Liberty of
keeping a meeting at ye house of Joseph Shotwell from this Time to
ye middle of the Second Month which Request was Taken under
consideration and granted that the Meeting may be held Twice a
weak on ye first and fourth D/iys of the weak for ye Time aforesaid."
In 8th Mo., 1744, the same arrangement was made, "and whereas it
is one month sooner in ye year than heretofore the reason whereof
is that Divers friend are Infirm and Incapable of cuming so far." On
the 17th of 5th Mo., 1746, we had, "A Meeting is concluded to be
held at the house of Joseph Shotwell at Rahway to begin half after
three in the afternoon on first days from the middle of the 2nd
month to the middle of the 8th month and at 12 o'clock from the
middle of the 8th month to the middle of the 2nd month and a
meeting on fourth days from the middle of the 8th mo. to the middle
of the 2nd mo. which meetings are to continue till this meeting
thinks proper to alter or drop them." On the 16th of 5th Mo., 1747, it
is stated that " Sum friends are desirous that a meeting house
should be Erected at Rahway and some others are not easy
therewith therefore this meeting Submits the consideration thereof
to the quarterly Meeting And Sum friends at Woodbridge are not
easy that the afternoon Meetings appointed at Rahway Should
continue which is also Submitted." On the 15th of 8th Mo., '47, "
Sum friends at Woodbridge Requests that the Meetings appointed to
be held at the house of Joseph Shotwell at Rahway and the quarterly
Meeting held at the house of John Shotwell (since 17 — ) Shall be all
dropt except the quarterly Meeting Should be Removed to
Woodbridge which Request is Referred to the consideration of next
Monthly Meeting." On the 21st of 11th Mo., 1747-8, the subject was
again considered. " Friends at Rahway & Plainfield JeneraUy think
proper To Continue the Meetings at Rahway according to the
appointment made in the year 1746 at the house of Joseph Shotwell
and that the quarterly meeting at John Shotwells Should be also
continued. Friends in and about Woodbridge are oneasy and applies
to the quarterly Meeting at Shrosbury." The Quarterly Meeting
concluded, " tbat it will be moste to the advantage of Truth for to
waite the building of the Meeting house until they are more
unanimous amongst themselves & that the Meetings be contiaued as
they are." Uader date of 2nd Mo. 21st, 1748, we fiad the following:
"The Report of the overseers to this Meeting are that friends are
mostly in loave and unity and Meetings at Rahway and plainfield are
pretty well kep up but those at Woodbridge are not so well attended
as could be desired. This meeting have unanimously agreed to drop
the afternoon Meeting at the house of Joseph Shotwell and that
meetings shall be continued at S'd house on first and fourth days
from ye 1st [of] 9th Mo. To ye 1st [of] 2nd Mo. yearly." The
Philadelphia yearly Meeting in 1755, " Ordered that a Meeting of
Ministers and Elders Should be Established to be held once a month.
Agreeable thereto it is agreed [by Woodbridge Monthly Meeting lltli-
19th, 1755], to Establish such a Meeting to be held at Rahway and
appoint John Shotwell, Joseph Shotwell, & John Webster, Mary
Shotwell, Ame Shotwell, Elinor Shotwell, & Elizabeth Lewis for Elders
to attend S'd Meeting and it is to be held at the house of John Vail
on the third 2nd day of the week [Monthly] at Eleven O clock " And
one month later, 12-18, '55, " The following Ministering Friends are
appointed for Members of the Meeting of Ministers & Elders laitely
Established to wit John Vail, Wm. Morriss, Sarah Shotwell, Robert
Willis, and Abner Hamton." On "the 20th [of] 1st Month 1757.—
Friends at Rahway have Kepeatedly made application to the Monthly
Meeting for leave to build a Meeting house at that place which
friends at Woodbridge are oneasy with and to put an end thereto it
is Refered to the consideration of the Quarterly Meeting." That body
accordingly " declared it to be the Solid Sense of that Meeting that a
Meeting house ought to be built at Rahway." The minutes of
Woodbridge Monthly Meeting of 2nd Mo. 17th, 1757, proceed thus:
— " This meeting desires Solomon Hunt, Samuel Marsh, Abraham
Shotwell, & Benjamin Shotwell to purchase a lot of land at Rahway
to build a Meeting house on and take a deed of Trust for it in the
Meetings behalf Frances Bloodgood, Abner Hamton, & Robert Willis
are desired to assist the friends in veyiug the ground and agreeing
on the Quantity of land which they are to purchase. John Vail,
Samuel Marsh, Joseph Shotwell, & Benjamin Moore are appointed to
consider the Size of the house and compute the cost & promote
Subscriptions & make Report thereof to next Monthly Meeting." One
mo. later 3-17, '57, "The friends appointed to take a deed for the
land to build a Meeting house on at Rahway Report they have Taken
a deed of Joseph Shotwell for one acre of land which he gave the
Meeting for that Service and they have given a deed to this Meeting
wherein they declare themselves Trustees therein. The Clerk is
desired to take the care of the deed. The friends appointed to Size
the Meeting house at Rahway * * * * agree that it Shall be 34 foot
long & 30 foot wide which this Meeting concurs with * * * Samuel
Marsh, Abraham Shotwell, Samuel
 THE SHOTWELL FAMILY. Shotwell, and Benjamin Shotwell
are appointed to agree with tradesmen and provide materials for
building ye Meeting house at Rahway and Joseph Shotwell is
appointed to Receive the Subscriptions and pay for the Materials and
the workmen Imployed therein as he shall be directed by the S'd
friends." On 4th mo. 21st, 1757, " A motion was made to this [the
Woodbridge Monthly] Meeting for liberty to hold a meeting in the
afternoon at Rahway on first days to begin at four O'clock which is
agreed to." On the 20th of 8th mo. 1761, we find—" The
Establishing preparative Meetings has been weightily Considered and
it is the Sense & Judgment of this Meeting that one should be held
at Plainfield on the last week Day Meeting Preseding the Monthly
Meeting and one at Woodbridge for Woodbridge & Rahway on the
close of the week Day Meeting presediag the Monthly Meeting
during the Time that Woodbridge & Rahway friends Meetes Together
And one at Rahway for Woodbridge and Rahway friends During the
Time that Rahway friends meets there separate from Woodbridge
friends at the close of the week Day Meeting preseding the Monthly
Meeting. On the "27th 1st Mo. 1763, The Consideration of the Mo.
Meeting being held Circular between Woodbridge, Plainfield and
Rahway being Revived it is agreed on and Concluded to be
Submitted to ye Quarterly Meeting for the approbation thereof. "The
representatives to the Quarterly Meeting reported on the 19 th of of
5th Mo. 1763 that they had ' Brot from thence the Judgment of that
Meeting Respecting the holding our Monthly Meeting in future Viz to
be held at Woodbridge the third fourth day of the fourth Month fifth
Month Seventh Month and Eighth Month; at Plainfield the third
fourth day in the third Month Sixth Month Ninth Month and Twelfth
Month; at Rahway the third fourth Day in the first Month Second
Month Tenth Month and Eleventh Month. And it is agreed there Shall
be no weak Day Meeting held at Plainfield Woodbridge & Rahway on
the weak that the Monthly Meeting is held Except that." "Att our
Monthly Meeting held att Rahway the 19th 10th Mo. 1763 * _ * * *
It is agreed that the winter Meetings at Rahway This winter Shall
begin at Ten and Two Oclock on first days." In response to a request
from the preparative Meeting at Rahway, the Monthly RIeeting on
19th of 2nd Mo. 1766, did agree that two Meetings a day on the first
days of the week be held at Rahway the one to begin at the
Eleventh Hour and the other at three and that a Meeting be held on
the fourth days of the week to begin at the Eleventh hour and it is
Recommended to the preparative Meetings at Rahway and plainfield
from time to time to appoint Some of their Members to Visit the
Meetings of Woodbridge." At the Monthly Meeting held at
Woodbridge 19th of 4th Mo. 1769, pursuant to a recommendation
from the Woodbridge Preparative Meeting, v it was "agreed by this
Meeting that the pre- Y parative Meeting Should accordingly be Re- /
> moved there [to Rahway] and the Removal of the Monthly
Meeting from thence is Submitted to the Quarterly Meeting Eyther to
be Settled at Rahway or Circular between Rahway and Plainfield."
The Quarterly Meeting "ordered the Monthly Meeting Should be held
next at Rahway and So held alternately at Rahway and Plainfield till
next Quarterly Meeting." On the 15th of 8th Mo. 1770, "The Friends
appointed to Enlarge the Meeting House at Rahway Reporte it is
Completed and that the Expense thereof is one Hundred & Sixty-One
Pounds four Shillings & Sixpence which this Meeting desires the
Quarterly Meeting to discharge." On the 21st of 11th Mo. '70, the
Representatives Report that the Quarterly Meeting had agreed that
Shrewsbury Monthly Meeting Should Pay the Sum of £46, 1. 4. &
that Rahway & Plainfield Monthly Meeting the Sum of £115. 2. 8 for
inlarging Rahway Meeting House in order to accommodate the
Quarterly Meeting & have recommended to the Monthly Meetings to
Discharge the On the 21st of 10th Mo. 1778, the Monthly Meeting
"Orders that the Week day Meeting at Rahway shall be held in future
on the fifth day of the week And Likewise the Monthly Meetings
there on the third fifth day of the Month and the Preparative
Meetings at each place the week Preceding the Monthly Meeting."
MENDHAM MEETING. At Woodbridge Monthly Meeting 3rd Mo. loth
1740, "Sum friends in Morris County Request of this Meeting To
grant them the Liberty of holding a Meeting once in three Months at
the house of AVilliam Schooly in the county aforesaid, which Request
is granted and concluded that S'd Meetings Shall be held on the
Second first Dayes of the fourth Seventh Tenth & first Months." At a
Monthly Meeting at Woodbridge on the 18th of 7th Mo. 1746, "Sum
friends from Hanover Township Requests To hold a Meeting on the
first dayes of the weak at the house of William Schooley which this
Meeting approves of." This was at Mendham; and on the 19th of
11th Mo. 1756, it was "agreed that a Week Day Meeting should be
held there on the 5th Day of the Week aud that a Preparative
Meeting should be held once in three Months on the second day of
the Week following the Circular Meeting there to begin at the Tenth
Hour And on ye
 GENEALOGICAL ANNALS OF THE SHOTWELL FAMILY. [16th
of] 6 Mo. 1758 it was agreed that a Meeting house should be built at
Mendam which was Performed." "Attour Monthly Meeting held at
Woodbridge the 19th 4th Mo. 1758 * * * * It is Requested that a
Meeting house be built at Mendam and it is proposed to Set it on
land belonging to Robert Schooley. John Vail Samuel Marsh Abraham
Shotwell Robert Schooley Hartshorn Fitz Randolph & Jacob Laing are
appointed to conclude on the Size of ye house & the manner of
building it the quantity of land & when to be erected and compute
the cost & promote Subscriptions & leigh it before the succeeding
Mo. Meeting." Two Mos. later, 6th 16th, '58, they "Report they think
proper it should be 26 foot wide & 25 long & that it will Cost £73 or
Sumthing over and that a Subscription is Raised that will be
Sufficient to Compleat it which this meeting agrees to. James
Brotherton & Jacob Laing are appointed to take a deed for the land
where the Meeting house is to be built and to have the oversight of
the building S'd house. And James Brotherton is desired to Collect
the Subscription FRIENDS ON LONG ISLAND. In the [Hicksite]
Friends' safe in 15th Street I meeting house in New York, there are
records ] of what is now New York Monthly Meeting from 1703 to
the present time. Thirty years since an earlier book [1671-1703] was
discovered in a garret in Flushing, which is now in the [Orthodox]
Friends' safe at 20th St. meeting-house. George W. Cocks, of Glen
Cove, L. I., and John Cox, Jr., of 308 W. 19th St., New York, are
making an exact copy thereof for the 15th St. depository ; and
through their kindness, we here present a copy of the whole of page
2, as a picture of the times and life of our ancestors.* The first page
[now remaining] has a deed of gift from Anthony Wright to the
Quakers, of land for a meeting-house and burying-ground at Oyster
Bay. This second page has the specification and contract for the
house; also one of the earliest appearances of discipline and
organization. This was in 1672, the year of George Fox's visit to
Long Island. He spent the latter years of his life in getting the
Society organized on the system he had thought out, largely,
perhaps, during his last imprisonment. This paragraph on page 2 of
the old record shows the effect of his presence here. The Quarterly
Meeting, so organized, met about every two months for several
years, before Monthly Meetings were established and the Quarterly
Meeting was settled at fixed intervals of three months Its present
name is Westbury Quarter in the [Hicksite] body and New York
Quarter in the [Orthodox] body. The minutes of the Yearly Meeting
[now New York Y. M.] from 1696 to 1720 and of the Quarterly
Meeting from 1671 to 1720 are recorded in this and the following
books of the Monthly Meeting, which, with several mutations of
name became in time 'New York Monthly Meeting. After 1720 th->
Yearly Meeting and Quarterly Meeting records were * The words aad
parts of words within brackets are restored, partly by the aid of
Henry Onderdonk, Jr.'s " Annals of Hempstead and the Society of
Friends on Long Island." kept separate from those of the Monthly
Meeting. The " strong & Sufficient frame " which was erected at
Oyster Bay in 1672 was taken down in 1693. — John Cox, Jr.f [At a
me]n & W[omens meeting at y house of] [Matthew Priar] in
Kiii[nin]g[ worth' [It w]as then & there Orde[red that y]
meetinghouse Jntended to be [built for y use] of ffriends in
Oysterbaye shall be m[ade] 36[foote long] & 24 foote wide & 12
foote y" stoodeAnd Allsoe itt is by ffriends agreed that Samm[uell
Andrewes & John ffeakes shall make & Sett a strong & SufiBoient
frame every waye Sui[tablel and Answerable for the End & use
affore sd [and] they are to have the Summe of fifteene po[unds]
which Summ is to be p'' in wheate att i-.G"^ pease att 3':6"' Jndian
att 2*:6* porke att [4" per lb] to all w^ y* si John ffeakes &
Sammuell [Andrews] . are Contented with and promise they s[hall
endeavor] to have itt upp for the further fi[nishing by] y 30^ daye of
the first^ mon'Ji : 73: Jt is further agreed That for y sd [sum
Samuel] and John shall make: 8: windowes [2 on] one side the
house, & 2 one the other side & 2 [in the] ends belowe all made fitt
for glasse, togeather [with] window shutts & 2 windowes in the
Gable ends [with] Shutts likewise they are to make 2 Doors One in
one side of itt &, the other in y" o[ther side] Jtt is to bee understood
both these doors a[re pro] ber* duble doors with 2: dorment
windowes & for makeing all these they to have 5£ mor[e which]
makes y^ Sum: 20£ To begin heare, Concluding that all meetings
Called men & womens JenErall meetings ware Quarter ly meetings
wheather So named or No Until Monthly meetins be named. t For a
more detailed account of " Early Long Island Records." the reader is
referred to the five weekly issues of Frienns' Intelligewer and Journal
from 1st mo 30. to 2d mo. 27, 1897.— Editor. 1 Killioifworth,
afterward called Matineoock. the Indian name for ■' the land that
overlooks "the aJjaceat country. 2 12 feet in the stnil. i. e. height of
frami. 3 Uarch. * Proper i. e. complete.
 JOHN BOWNE OF FLUSHING, 1627-1695. IH A SHORT
ACCOUNT OF THE BI-CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY OF THE NEW
YORK Y'EARLY MEETING OF FRIENDS, 1(595-1895, AS OBSERVED
AT FLUSHING. LONG ISLAND, IN FIFTH MONTH, 1895. [Excerpts
from pamphlet report ot proceedings, published at expense of both
yearly meetings, by Friends Book & Tract Committee, 45 East Tenth
street, New York.] In 1894 the Yearly Meetings of the two bodies of
Friends in New York decided to observe with suitable exercises, in
1895, the two hundredth anniversary of the establishment of New
York Yearly Meeting, and each referred the matter to its
Representative Committee. Each of these appointed Special
Committees with authority to arrange for a joint celebration. The
meetings of these committees were characterized by much kindness
and courtesy, and it was arranged to hold the celebration on the
29th of Fifth month, at Flushing, where the Yearly Meeting was held
during its first eighty-two years. The Town Hall, having the largest
audience room in the place, was secured for the purpose of the
meeting. It was arranged that the exercises should consist of an
historical address, a poem, and addresses upon "What Friends Have
Done for the World" and "Woman's Position in the Society of
Friends." The meeting was held at the time designated. The
attendance was very large, and the occasion proved of great
interest. Robert S. Haviland, of Chappaqua, N. Y., presided, by the
appointment of the Committee of Arrangements, and at the opening
of the meeting made some appropriate remarks and read the 90th
Psalm. After a time of silence, prayer was offered by Ruth 8. Murray,
of New England Yearly Meeting. The program was then carried out
as arranged. Opening Address. One of our wise men has said that if
we are to hold a man to strict account for all his actions, he should
have been allowed to choose his grandparents. We have not been
thus privileged, but it is our privilege to-day to ratify the choice that
has been made for us and to rejoice in the memory of a godly
ancestry, whose earnest efforts in the cause of truth have enriched
our lives with so much that makes life of value. Two hundred years
of Minding the Light ought to have rewarded us with a strengthened
and enlarged vision. That the eye has been sufficiently single to
eiTect these results we may well question of ourselves today. We
welcome you, Friends, all, to this joint celebration of the two
hundredth anniversary of the establishment of New York Yearly
Meeting of Friends. We welcome you to this historic ground, where
for nearly the first century of its existence the Yearly Meeting had its
home, and from out whose peaceful shades the settlers early went
forth to found new settlements of Friends in the wilds of
Westchester and Dutchess and northerly to within the Canadian
border. We welcome you as Friends in fact as well as in Extracts
from an Historical Sketch. by .tames wood. The progress of Christian
doctrine in the Protestant Reformation in Great Britain was by slow
and irregular stages. During the reign of Henry VIII, the departure
from Rome was more in outward form and government than in real
principles, and much that was gained under Edward VI. was lost
during the reigu of Mary. As freedom of thought and discussion
asserted themselves during the following three-quarters of a century,
there was great commotion in religious affairs, and a multitude of
sects sprang into existence. The national church of England at first
took but a short step in the new direction, and afterward increased
the distance with great caution. The new sects took their stand with
more or less disregard of the past, some upon one doctrine or
practice, some upon another; but they were all, though in varying
degrees, compromises with Rome, each retaining some doctrine or
practice, some ordinances or ritual, that still identified it with the
system of the old hierarchy.
 204 GENEALOGICAL ANNALS OP If the crucial distinction
between Catholicism and Protestantism is correctly expressed in the
formula of Schleiermacher, that "Catholicism makes the believer's
relation to Christ depend upon his relation to the church, while
Protestantism makes the relation of the believer to the church
depend upon his relation to Christ," then a remnant of Catholicism,
more or less pronounced, was found wherever any churchly rite or
ceremony was required, or wherever any trace of sacerdotalism was
continued. It was not until one hundred years had expired after the
Keformation began, that it reached its culmination in the progress of
doctrine by a severance from Catholicism that was complete and
absolute. It was given to George Pox to see and to declare that the
troubled soul can find access to and acceptance with God without
the intervention of any human priest, or ordinance, or ceremony
whatsoever. His presentation of the doctrine of the abiding of the
Holy Spirit in the soul of the believer contained the most exalting
truth ever announced to man as pertaining to his existence here.
Thomas Carlyle has called this a revelation of "the divine idea of the
universe," and it led him to declare that the preaching of Fox was
"the most remarkable incident in modern history." With the spread of
the new doctrine in nearly all ranks of sociely in England, and the
growth of the new organization until the kingdom swarmed with its
adherents, it is not our present purpose to deal. It was not long
before the advocates of the new doctrine crossed the Atlantic, and
the history of Friends in America began. As is well known, its earliest
chapters were darkened by persecution and blood, but they were
made brilliant by steadfast faith and holy endurance. In considering
these persecutions we must remember the times in which they
occurred. Justice requires that we shall bear in mind how lightly
human life was regarded, how little personal liberty was esteemed,
and how hard was the public sense in regard to corporal
punishment. In England there were almost numberless offenses
punishable with death; and the stocks, the pillory and the whipping-
post found victims with trivial excuse. It is not necessary to speak in
detail of the reception given them iu Massachusetts. There were two
sides to the dispute. From the Puritan standpoint the Quaker had no
right to go there. The Puritans had come to Massachusetts to
establish a religious, not a civil, commonwealth. Only members of
their church were eligible to citizenship; all others were merely
tolerated. The teachings of the Quaker were subversive of their
order, and therefore he was excluded. The Quakers took broader
ground. They claimed that as Englishmen they had the legal right to
visit or to live wherever the English flag proclaimed English
jurisdiction. This claim rested upon that clause in the Massachusetts
charter which expressly guaranteed "all liberties and immunities of
free and natural subjects of the realm; to all Englishmen which shall
go to and inhabit Massachusetts," or "which shall happen to be born
there, or on the seas in going thither or returning from thence." The
Quaker stood upon the higher moral and legal ground — the Puritan
had the physical power. The result was one of those sad episodes in
history over which, in this age, it is better to throw the mantle of
charity, with devout thankfulness that our lot is cast in better times.
The persecutions of the Quakers in Massachusetts turned the stream
that continued to cross the Atlantic, and led to the settlement upon
Long Island. Very naturally the Friends looked to the Dutch for
religious toleration. The Puritans themselves had gone to Holland to
find religious liberty when they had been compelled to flee from
England. Many others besides Friends came to Long Island from
Massachusetts to escape the religious restraint there. The first who
afterward became connected with Friends was Lady Deborah Moody.
She settled in Lynn, Massachusetts, in 1640, and received a grant of
four hundred acres of land. "She was a woman of consequence, and
was treated with great respect till she fell under discipline and was
excommunicated from the church for religious sentiments deemed
heretical." Governor Winthrop thus speaks of her in his journal: "In
1643 Lady Moody was in the colony of Massa- ' chusetts, a wise and
anciently religious woman; and being taken with the error of denying
baptism to infants was dealt withal by many of the elders and
others, and admonished by the church of Salem, whereof she was a
member; but persisting still, and to avoid further trouble, etc., she
removed to the Dutch against the advice of her friends." On Dec. 19,
1645, Gov. Kieft, of New Amsterdam, issued a general patent for the
town of Gravesend, Long Island, to Lady Deborah Moody, Sir Henry
Moody her son, George Baxter and James Hubbard, their heirs i and
successors, "to have and enjoy free liberty \ of conscience, according
to the customs and manners of Holland, without molestation."
Gravesend was planted entirely by English settlers from
Massachusetts, and, unlike the "five Dutch towns," which constituted
the rest of the county, the records were kept from the
commencement of the settlement in the English language. The town
was laid out on a very liberal scale, with streets radiating from a
central square. For forty years it was the capital of Kings county, and
there the courts were i held. Friends came to Gravesend in
considerable numbers in 1656 and '57, and their views met with
favor. "Many of the inhabitants readily embraced their doctrines and
discipline, and the first regular meeting on the island was organized
 THE SHOTWELL FAMILY. and maintained here." Naturally,
the views upon the rite of baptism which Lady Moody, and probably
many of her associates, entertained, strengthened in their minds by
the harsh treatment they had received both in Massachusetts and in
Connecticut, when on their way to Long Island, prepared many of
them to adopt the Quaker system when it was introduced among
them. Croese says, "Meetings were held at the house of Lady Moody,
who managed all things with such prudence and observance of time
and place as to give no offense to any person of any other religion,
so she and her people remained free from all molestation." Lady
Moody received courteous consideration from the Dutch Governors,
and for many years had the naming of the Gravesend magistrates.
Wm. Boione, a Friend, was a magistrate there in 16.57. Flushing was
settled from the east, probably by dissenters who were impatient of
religious restraint in Massachusetts, and who sought a larger liberty
under the Dutch. They were carefiil to have inserted in their charter
granted by Governor Kieft, October 10, 1645, a clause permitting
them "to have and enjoy the liberty of conscience according to the
manner and custom of Holland without molestation from any
magistrate or any ecclesiastical minister that may pretend
jurisdiction over them." For two years they had no minister. When
Stuyvesant succeeded Kieft in the Dutch governorship in 1647, he
urged upon their attention the propriety of cilling a minister, and
recommended the Kev. Francis Doughty. He soon settled there, but
the people refused to pay his salary of 600 guilders, so that he was
compelled to leave, and finally went to Virginia. It has been stated
that he subsequently united with Friends, but I can find no evidence
of his having done so. For many years there was no regular
preaching at Flushing. The state of religion was thus, described by
the Dutch ministers, Megapolensis and Drisius, in 1657: "At Flushing
they have heretofore had a Presbyterian preacher who conformed to
our church, but many of the people became endowed with divers
opinions, and it was with them qiiot homines tot sententiw" {&B
many creeds as men). It was in Eighth month, 1657, just ten years
after George Fox began to preach in England, that ministering
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