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THE RADICAL AMERICAN
JUDAISM OF
Mordecai M. Kaplan
 The Moder n Jew ish Exper ience
Deborah Dash Moore and Marsha L. Rosenblit, editors
Paula Hyman, founding coeditor

Mordecai M. Kaplan in his office at the seminary.

Courtesy of the Library of the Jewish Theological Seminary
THE RADICAL AMERICAN
JUDAISM OF
Mordecai M. Kaplan

Mel Scult

Indi a na Univer sit y Pr ess

Bloomington & Indianapolis
This book is a publication of Information Sciences—Permanence of
Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI
Indi a na U ni v er sit y Pr ess Z39.48-1992.
Office of Scholarly Publishing
Herman B Wells Library 350 Manufactured in the United States of
1320 East 10th Street America
Bloomington, Indiana 47405 USA
Library of Congress
iupress.indiana.edu Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Telephone orders 800-842-6796 Scult, Mel.

Fax orders 812-855-7931 The radical American Judaism of
Mordecai M. Kaplan / Mel Scult.
© 2014 by Mel Scult pages cm. — (The modern Jewish
All rights reserved experience)
Includes bibliographical references and
No part of this book may be reproduced index.
or transmitted in any form or by any ISBN 978-0-253-01075-9 (cloth : alk. paper)
means, electronic or mechanical, includ- — ISBN 978-0-253-01088-9 (e-book)
ing photocopying, recording or by any 1. Kaplan, Mordecai Menahem, 1881–1983.
information storage and retrieval system 2. Reconstructionist Judaism. I. Title.
without permission in writing from the BM755.K 289S395 2014
Publisher. 296.8’344—dc23
2013019522
The paper used in this publication
meets the minimum requirements of
the American National Standard for 1 2 3 4 5 19 18 17 16 15 14
 As for me, I shall behold thy face in righteousness.
Psalms 17:15 *
‫ואני בצדק אחזה פניך‬

In gratitude to Rabbi Neil Gillman, for his generous appreciation,

and to my brother,
Allen Scult, my most significant intellectual Other

*Biblical verse on a stained-glass window at the Society for the

Advancement of Judaism, Kaplan’s Congregation.
This page intentionally left blank
 CONTENTS

· Acknowledgments ix

· Preface xiii

Introduction 1

1 Excommunications: Kaplan and Spinoza 7

2 Self-Reliance: Kaplan and Emerson 28

3 Nationalism and Righteousness:

Ahad Ha-Am and Matthew Arnold 46

4 Universalism and Pragmatism: Felix Adler,

William James, and John Dewey 66

5 Kaplan and Peoplehood: Judaism as a

Civilization and Zionism 88

6 Kaplan and His God: An Ambivalent Relationship 110

7 Kaplan’s Theology: Beyond Supernaturalism 132

8 Salvation: The Goal of Religion 157

9 Salvation Embodied: The Vehicle of Mitzvot 177

10 Mordecai the Pious: Kaplan and Heschel 206

11 The Law: Halakhah and Ethics 226

12 Kaplan and the Problem of Evil: Cutting the Gordian Knot 249

Conclusion 267

· Appendix: “Thirteen Wants” of Mordecai Kaplan Reconstructed 277

· Notes 279

· Selected Bibliography and Note on Sources 325

· Index 329
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

There are always many people to thank when one writes a book, and this
book is no exception. I am grateful to Professor David Kraemer, librarian
at the Jewish Theological Seminary, for permission to quote from the
diaries of Mordecai Kaplan, the originals of which are at the Seminary.
I also want to express my thanks to Rabbi Deborah Waxman, director
of the Eisenstein Archives at the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College,
for permission to quote from the Kaplan papers.
I want first to thank people who have edited my work. At the top of
the list stands my wife Barbara, whose sense of style and perfection are
evident throughout this book. She is a hard critic, but the end product
more than justifies the difficulties in getting there. David Lobenstine
was enormously devoted in editing this work, and for that I cannot thank
him enough. He is the most careful reader that I have ever dealt with,
and I am grateful for his skill and effort. Next is Rabbi Richard Hirsh,
director of the Reconstructionist Rabbinical Association. Richard is
a good friend and colleague with whom I have spent countless hours
on the phone discussing Mordecai Kaplan and the many issues raised
by this work. In addition, he has also edited a significant number of
chapters in this book. I told Richard rather early on that, in the event
of my death or incapacity, I wanted him to finish the book. I have great
faith in him, in his writing ability, in his intelligence, and in his knowl-
edge of Kaplan and Reconstructionism. Amy Gottlieb has also edited
a number of chapters with great skill and thoroughness. Others who
have edited various parts of this work include Robert Seltzer, Barbara
Heyman, Marilyn Silverstein, and Baila Shargel. My thanks also go to

ix
x Ack now l e dgm e n ts

Professor Lenny Levin for his help in connection with transliterations.

Any inaccuracies are my own.
Among my academic colleagues, there are many with whom I have
shared my thoughts on Kaplan. Foremost is Neil Gillman. With his help
I was able to teach a course at the Jewish Theological Seminary on the
philosophy of Mordecai Kaplan. This course mobilized my efforts and
motivated me to organize my Kaplan material. The organization for that
course is the organization for this book. Arnie Eisen, now chancellor at
the Jewish Theological Seminary, has been a friend for a long time. Not
only has he been encouraging and supportive, but the conference that he
organized at Stanford University in 2004 was a landmark in my career.
The conference was devoted exclusively to Kaplan, and the proceedings
were eventually published. Professor Robert Seltzer, colleague and long-
time friend, has read parts of this manuscript and is always encouraging.
I have also shared parts of this book with Professor Shaul Magid of In-
diana University, Nancy Fuchs-Kreimer of the Reconstructionist Rab-
binical College, Yossi Turner of Schechter Institute in Jerusalem, and
Rabbi Jack Cohen of Jerusalem, z”l. Professor Yehoyada Amir of Hebrew
Union College, Jerusalem, has also been consistently encouraging in all
my work on Kaplan.
Others who have read selected chapters include Rabbi Shel Schiff-
man, Jane Susswein, Anne Eisenstein, and Miriam Eisenstein. Both
Miriam and Anne have been very generous with their help, and their
close-up insights have been invaluable. Paula Eisenstein Baker, a fellow
scholar, has also been helpful through the years. I am indebted to the
extended family of Mordecai Kaplan, especially Hadassah Musher and
her son Daniel, for their support.
In addition to the people named above, I am much in debt to cer-
tain individuals who have supported me from the beginning. At the
top of this list are Jack and Kaye Wolofsky of Montreal, loyal disciples
of Mordecai Kaplan and continually helpful in my work. The members
of my congregation, West End Synagogue—A Reconstructionist Con-
gregation, have been unfailingly encouraging over the years. They have
afforded me a continuous opportunity to share and refine my ideas. Their
positive response is dear to me. I want to single out my WES friends Joe
Gurvets and Jerry Posman.
 Ack now l e dgm e n ts xi

I am profoundly grateful to my fellow board members at the Ka-

plan Center for Jewish Peoplehood. The efforts and ongoing concern of
Dan Cedarbaum, Eric Caplan, and Jack Wolofsky are of fundamental
importance in helping people understand the message and relevance
of Mordecai M. Kaplan. I want to thank Ellen Kastel, former archivist
at the Jewish Theological Seminary, whose help and encouragement I
value very much. In addition, I am grateful to the members of my book
club with whom I have shared my concerns during the past fifteen years.
My Florida friends, Bill, Molly, Henry, Jim, Sherry, and Linda, have been
with me over the long haul and their companionship has been extremely
valuable.
Last but certainly not least is my brother, Allen Scult, Professor
Emeritus of philosophy at Drake University. Allen is my constant con-
versational other about Kaplan and many other intellectual matters. His
suggestions always lift my work to a higher level.
This page intentionally left blank
 P R E FAC E

I have been studying Mordecai Kaplan, his life and his thought, contin-
ually since 1972. One might reasonably ask, as my wife often has, how
someone could remain with one subject for so long. Part of the answer
lies in the wealth of material Kaplan left behind. In addition to the books
and articles that appeared during his lifetime, there is a mass of un-
published material. The Reconstructionist Rabbinical College in Phil-
adelphia, which I have been affiliated with, houses a very large Kaplan
archive, containing box after box of everything from sermon notes to
lecture notes, personal letters to comments on the Torah, and much else
in between.1
But beyond the almost infinite paper trail, other, more potent rea-
sons draw me to Kaplan. I have for much of the past six decades struggled
to define the exact meaning of my Jewishness. Midway through this
journey, Kaplan came along. He told me, both in person and through his
books and articles, that being a Jew was not primarily about accepting a
particular belief system. Rather, being a Jew was a matter of biography
and community. “Belonging is more important than believing,” as Re-
constructionists like to say.2 His perspective has been revelatory and
liberating. If my relationship to the Jewish people is a matter of biogra-
phy—if my Jewishness, in other words, is a question of my life story and
the life story of the Jewish people—then I am free to evaluate any and
all traditional beliefs and reject what makes no sense to me. There is no
way in which my being a Jew could be undermined.
Within the liberation that Kaplan has fostered, there are other intel-
lectual and philosophical issues that attract me to him. For many years

xiii
xiv Pr e face

I have been interested in the thought of Friedrich Nietzsche; his ideas

about “overcoming,” or personal transcendence in particular, have been
enormously inspiring for me. After studying Kaplan for some time, it
dawned on me that his notions of salvation and personal fulfillment were
strikingly similar to Nietzsche’s.
Some years later, I also discovered a connection between Kaplan
and Ralph Waldo Emerson, which paralleled my interest in Nietzsche.
Despite their major differences, Nietzsche and Emerson share some
important convictions, particularly the notions of fulfillment and self-
transcendence. 3 Kaplan and Emerson and their ideas of self-fulfillment
all fit beautifully together as a way to live a Jewish life. Kaplan actually
crafted a prayer based on an essay by Emerson,4 and as we shall see, he
intended to insert this Emerson prayer into the Sabbath morning ser-
vices. Thus, as a Kaplanian, I could pray from Emerson.
Kaplan additionally attracted me because of his help in resolving
certain theological problems, which went back to my study with Abra-
ham Joshua Heschel (1907–72). 5 In my youth, I studied at the Jewish
Theological Seminary; Heschel was my professor in Jewish philosophy
for three consecutive years. Although the curriculum called for us to
study medieval Jewish philosophy, we only studied Heschel. Man Is
Not Alone, Heschel’s first theological work, had just appeared. I remem-
ber quite distinctly our discussions about the matter of wonder, radical
amazement, and the mystery of the human condition and of the uni-
verse altogether. I was enthralled. After the mystery, in Heschel’s words,
came what he called “the meaning beyond the mystery.” But, enthralled
though I was, the meaning beyond the mystery eluded me. I could never
understand what Heschel meant. Many years later, Kaplan’s naturalistic
theology came to my rescue, resolving much of my confusion on this and
other religious problems.6
As Kaplan helped me decode ideas that had stumped me for so long,
I felt an urgent need to understand the way in which Kaplan related to
Heschel. To my amazement, I found that Kaplan was instrumental in
bringing Heschel to the Jewish Theological Seminary. I also discovered
a prayer that Kaplan had crafted based on a Heschel essay. Kaplan, it
seemed, was exhorting me to pray from Heschel, just as he had urged
me to pray from Emerson. Sometime afterward, as if some power were
 Pr e face xv

guiding me, while researching the papers of Rabbi Ira Eisenstein, Ka-
plan’s primary disciple and his son-in-law, I discovered an early loose-leaf
prayer book of the Society for the Advancement for Judaism, Kaplan’s
original congregation.7 To my astonishment, I found that the Emerson
prayer and the Heschel prayer were on facing pages. Heschel and Em-
erson, united by Kaplan in his Sabbath prayer book—I was moved to
tears.8
As I explain my interest in Kaplan, the above list of reasons feels
only partial. If nothing else, Kaplan is multidimensional. He thought
broadly; he was unafraid to express his thoughts. And he had thoughts,
it seems, about pretty much everything. The result is that he is both mad-
dening and mesmerizing. Quite the opposite of a traditional philosopher,
who aims for consistency, who attempts to resolve all uncertainties, he
seemed to revel in life’s ambiguities. Such multiplicity, as we shall see,
plagued him for much of his life and is a large part of his legacy today.
Kaplan is easily misunderstood because often he will stand on both sides
of an issue; it is always a challenge to try to clarify his ambivalence. As we
approach and try to analyze Kaplan’s thinking, we should keep in mind
Walt Whitman’s famous assertion in Song of Myself: “I contradict myself,
I am large, I contain multitudes.” Though such complexity has damaged
his stature within Judaism, Kaplan’s “multitudes” and contradictions
have provided me with a seemingly boundless framework for self- and
community exploration.

* * *
There are no limits, it seems, to the ways in which Kaplan has been mis-
understood. Here let one example suffice—a recent celebration at the
Park Avenue Synagogue, the home for many years of Rabbi Milton Stein-
berg [1903–50]. The purpose of the gathering was to mark the publica-
tion of Steinberg’s posthumous novel The Prophet’s Wife.9 Steinberg, a
preeminent conservative rabbi in his time, was decisively influenced
by Kaplan, his teacher and hero. Practically every speaker at the event
mentioned Kaplan in one connection or another. Steinberg, who had
also written As a Driven Leaf, the novel about the heretical ancient rabbi
Elisha ben Avuya, was Kaplan’s most outstanding student at the Jewish
Theological Seminary. While it was not surprising that all the speakers
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 IRC:SP:84-2014 Fig. 3.10 Junction Layout for Medium
Traffic Volume (Single Span Flyover & Control by Priority or Traffic
Signal Fig. 3.11 Junction Layout for Medium Traffic Volume (Flyover
with Viaduct Spans & Traffic Regulation by Roundabout). Fig. 3.12
Junction Layout for High Traffic Volume (Flyover with Viaduct Spans
& Traffic Control by Signalization Fig. 3.13 Junction below a Half
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LocalGradeSeparationforanlmportantSideRoad(Twolanebridgeover At-
grade Project Highway) 3.3.2 Geometric standards for design The
geometric design standards for various elements of grade separators
shall be as given in IRC:92. Gradient for approaches shall not be
steeper than 2.5 percent (1 in 40). 3.3.3 Design of structures Design
of structures shall conform to Section 7 of this Manual. Minimum
length of viaduct and that of and RCC Retaining Wall/RE wall
required to be provided shall be specified in Schedule 'B'. In case
length of Retaining/RE wall is not specified the same shall be
deemed to be included in the scope of work and shall be provided as
per site requirements. 3.3.4 Lighting Lighting requirement shall be
as per Section 12 of this Manual. The top and underside of the grade
separated structures and interchange area at the ground level upto
50 m beyond the point from where flaring of the main carriageway
takes place shall be provided with lighting. 3.4 Detailed Design and
Data for Review by the IE The Concessionaire shall submit the
details of the ground surveys, traffic data, traffic forecast, design
and drawings of the intersections and interchanges showing all
safety features to the Independent Engineer for review and
comments, if any. 41
 IRC:SP:84-2014 SECTION - 4 EMBANKMENT & CUT
SECTIONS 4.1 General 4.1.1 The design and construction of the road
in embankment and in cuttings shall be carried out in accordance
with Section 300 of MORTH Specifications and the requirements, and
standards and specifications given in this Section. This Section also
covers specifications for sub-grade and earthen shoulders. 4.1.2
Efforts should be made to remove the inherent deficiencies in plan
and profile of the existing road. The final centre line of the road and
the road levels shall be fixed duly considering all the relevant factors
covering structural soundness, safety and functional requirements as
per relevant IRC Codes and provisions of this Manual. 4.1.3 The
existing road embankment shall be widened/modified to the
specified crosssectional details. 4.2 Embankment 4.2.1 The height of
the embankment shall be measured with respect to the finished road
levels. The following principles shall be kept in view while fixing the
road level : i) No section of the road is overtopped. Top of subgrade
shall be at least 0.5 m above the general ground level. ii) The
bottom of sub-grade shall be 1 .0 m above the High Flood Level
(HFL)/ level of water table. The HFL should be decided by intelligent
inspections, local observations, enquiries and studying the past
records. This shall be relevant to situations where road alignment is
sited within the flood plain or in the vicinity of water bodies or where
ponding of water is encountered and cannot be efficiently drained. If
raising of any section(s) of the existing road is required, the same
shall be specified in Schedule 'B' of the Concession Agreement. 4.2.2
Materials and physical requirements 4.2.2.1 Sourcing of materials far
embankment and sub-grade construction, as well as compliance with
environmental requirements in respect of excavation and barrow
areas under the applicable laws shall be the sole responsibility of the
Concessionaire. 4.2.2.2 The material to be used in sub-grade shall
satisfy the design California Bearing Ratio (CBR) at the specified
density and moisture content. 4.2.2.3 The embankment and sub-
grade shall be compacted to satisfy the minimum compaction
requirements given in Clause 305 of MORTH Specifications. 42
 IRC:SP:84-2014 4.2.3 Structural features and design of
embankment '"^ 4.2. 3. 1 Embankment with height 6.0 m more
above shall be designed in accordance with IRC:75 taking into
account slope stability, bearing capacity, consolidation, settlement
and safety considerations based on geotechnical and investigation
data. Where the embankment is to be supported on a weak stratum,
appropriate remedial/ground improvement measures shall be taken.
4.2.3.2 Side slopes shall not be steeper than 2H:1 V unless soil is
retained by suitable soil retaining structures. 4.2.3.3 The side slopes
and the earthen shoulders shall be protected against erosion by
providing a suitable vegetative cover, kerb channel, chute,
stone/cement concrete block pitching or any other suitable
protection measures depending on the height of the embankment
and susceptibility of soil to erosion. Drainage arrangement shall be
provided as per Section 6 of this Manual. In high rainfall areas and
where soil is susceptible to erosion, before providing turfing on
slopes and shoulders, a coir or jute blanket shall be placed on such
slopes and shoulders immediately after completion of work and in
any event before onset of first monsoon after completion of work in
that reach. 4.2.4 Use of pond ash for embankment construction
Where pond ash is used for embankment construction in pursuance
of the instructions of the Ministry of Environment and Forests or
otherwise, the embankment shall be designed and constructed in
accordance with IRC:SP:58. 4.3 Roadway in Cutting ^^^^^^^^^ /
The road level shall be fixed, keeping in view the provisions of
relevant IRC Codes. 4.4 Soil investigations and Design Report 4.4.1
General The Concessionaire shall carry out necessary soil surveys,
and field and laboratory investigations for selecting appropriate
borrow pits, identifying and treating problematic ground locations, if
any, and for finalizing structural features and design of the
embankment and cut sections and establishing improved ground
properties. A report on the soil investigation shall be furnished along
with the design. 4.4.2 Soil investigations for embankment Soil
investigations shall cover the following: a) Soil investigations and
tests in accordance with the requirements specified in IRC:SP:19 and
shall be reported in the Proforma given in Table 1 of IRC:SP:19. In
addition to this, all tests as per the requirements of MORTH
Specifications shall be reported. b) In respectof embankments with
heightmorethan 6 m, additional investigations and soil tests as per
IRC:75 and Appendix 10 of IRC:SP:19. ;1; 43
 IRC:SP:84-2014 c) Information regarding the topography,
high flood level, natural drainage conditions, highest sub-soil water
level, and the nature and extent of inundation, if any. . - . d) The
characteristics of embankment foundation including the presence of
any unsuitable/weak strata, marshy areas, waterlogged areas, etc.
e) Along the alignment of the road, where unstable strata, soft
material or poor subsoil conditions have been met with at the
foundation level, the soil profile shall be drawn after determining
through borings, the type of soil at different levels. The borings shall
be at maximum interval of 100 m to a depth of 2 m or more below
the existing ground as necessary. In the case of high embankments,
the borings shall be taken down to a depth equal to twice the height
of the embankment. f) Any particular construction problems of the
area or other important features. g) Geotechnical properties of pond
ash, covering parameters specified in Table 1 of IRC:SP:58 and
Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) - dry density relationship for
heavy compaction. This information shall be furnished, in case pond
ash is used in embankment construction. 4.4.3 Soil investigations for
cut sections Soil investigations and tests shall be carried out in
accordance with the requirements specified in IRC:SP:19 and
information regarding depth of water table, seepage flow, presence
of any weak, unstable or problematic strata. 4.4.4 Design report The
Concessionaire shall prepare the design report with all relevant
details including the following: i) Road Embankment a) , The
detailed design of the embankment, remedial/ground improvement
treatment where required. For embankments with height more than
6 m, construction methodology should also be included. b) Design of
retaining walls/reinforced earth structures. c) Design of protection
measures for embankment slope and drainage arrangement. d)
Design of pond ash embankment in case use of pond ash is
proposed. e) Any additional information relevant to the design of
embankment. ii) Cut Section ' ■ a) Type of cutting involved and
proposed cut slopes shall be provided in accordance with the nature
of the soil encountered. Where required, 44
 IRC:SP:84-2014 benching including use of slope stability
measures like pitching, breast walls, etc. shall be adopted to make
the slopes stable and safe Design and details of erosion control,
slope protection measures, etc. In cut sections in hilly terrain, the
problem of seepage flow is common. Where such conditions exist,
necessary measures shall be taken including provision of deep side
drains to intercept the seepage flow and discharge the drained water
into suitable outlets to avoid any damage to road and cut slopes.
Design and details of drainage arrangement for sub-soil and surface
water shall be furnished. It should be ensured that rain water and
seepage water is quickly drained out. The gradient of drain shall not
be flatter than 1 in 200. Any other additional information relevant to
the design of cut slopes. 45
 IRC:SP:84-2014 SECTION — 5 PAVEIiENT DESIGN f^ji^i 8d
s General 5.1.1" The design and construction of new pavement
sections, and of strengthening measures (overlay) for the existing
pavement shall be carried out in accordance with the criteria,
standards and specifications given in this section. Where alternative
specifications or materials are proposed to bring in innovation in
design etc., provisions of Paras 1.9 and 1.11 of this Manual shall
apply. 5.1.2 The design of new pavement sections or strengthening
of existing pavements shall take into account all relevant factors for
assuring reliable performance and shall also satisfy the specified
minimum performance requirements. 5.1.3 The Concessionaire shall
undertake the necessary soil, material and pavement investigations,
traffic volume and axle load studies in accordance with the good
industry practice for preparing detailed designs. 5.1.4 The materials,
mixes and construction practice shall meet the requirements
prescribed in the MORTH/IRC Specifications. 5.1.5 Where
problematic conditions such as expansive soils, swamps or marshes,
flooding, poor drainage, frost susceptible areas etc. are found to
exist, adequate measures shall be adopted to deal with such site
conditions. 5.2 Type of Pavement 5.2.1 Unless otherwise specified in
Schedule 'B', the Concessionaire may adopt any type (flexible/rigid)
of pavement structure for new construction. 5.2.2 Strengthening of
the existing flexible pavement will be carried out by providing
appropriate bituminous overlay, unless specified otherwise in
Schedule 'B' of the Concession Agreement. 5.2.3 The Authority may
require provision of cement concrete pavement on the new
carriageway and/or replacement of existing pavement depending
upon specific site conditions. Such requirements shall be as specified
in Schedule 'B' of the Concession Agreement. The minimum design,
construction, performance and maintenance requirements for
cement concrete pavements will be specified by the Authority and
Schedule 'K' of the Concession Agreement will be modified
accordingly. 5.3 Method of Design - New Pavements 5.3.1 Method of
design of flexible pavement The new pavement shall be designed in
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