International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology

Vol-10, Issue-4; Jul-Aug, 2025

Peer-Reviewed International Journal
Journal Home Page Available: https://ijeab.com/
Journal DOI: 10.22161/ijeab

Effect of Organic and Inorganic Sources on Growth and

Yield of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill)
Nidhi Gangwal1, D. P. Singh2, R.H Meena3, Arvind Verma4
1MSc. Scholar Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur 313001 (Rajasthan),
India
2Assistant professor Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur 313001

(Rajasthan), India
3Professor Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur 313001 (Rajasthan), India
4Professor Department of Agronomy, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur 313001 (Rajasthan), India

Received: 13 Jun 2025; Received in revised form: 08 Jul 2025; Accepted: 12 Jul 2025; Available online: 17 Jul 2025
©2025 The Author(s). Published by Infogain Publication. This is an open-access article under the CC BY license
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Abstract— A Kharif 2024 field trial at Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur, compared four RDF
levels (0–100%) with organic treatments: vermicompost (2–6 t/ha) combined with decreasing jeevamrut
foliar sprays. While 100% RDF yielded strong growth, nutrient uptake, and yields (seed: 1,140 kg/ha; haulm:
2,095 kg/ha; biological: 3,236 kg/ha), the top organic treatment—6 t/ha vermicompost + 4% jeevamrut—
matched or slightly exceeded these results (seed: 1,141 kg/ha; haulm: 2,085 kg/ha; biological: 3,226 kg/ha).
Importantly, it also significantly improved soil health indicators—organic carbon, available N, P, K,
microbial populations, and enzyme activities—making it a sustainable and effective alternative to full
inorganic fertilization.
Keywords— Organic, inorganic sources, vermicompost, jeevamruth, soybean

I. INTRODUCTION The use of organic manure can preserve and improve soil
Soybean is chief source of vegetable oil, protein and animal physical, chemical, as well as biological fertility and it also
feed, within India. Brazil is largest producer of Soybean in increases soil and plant productivity. The combine use of
world. Origin of Soybean is said to be in China. Soybean is organic manure and NPK inorganic fertilizers can rise the
recognized as the “Golden Bean” of the 20th century. weight of roots and yield of Soybean by 98%. (Kuntyastuti
Although Soybean is a legume crop, still it is widely used et al., 2020)
as oilseed.(Surve et al., 2020). In India, Soybeans are grown Instead of using conventional farm-based products, there is
across 130 lakh hectares, producing 125 lakh tonnes with a a growing request for organic liquid nutritive formulations
productivity rate of 980 kg per hectare in 2024. India is fifth alike jeevamrut which support quick build-up of soil
largest Soybean producing country and area covered by fertility as well as improves activity of soil microflora.
Soybean in India is 10% of world area. Among the states, Despite several advantages with organic liquid
Madhya Pradesh stood first with 53.35 lakh ha followed by formulations, these have not been exploited widely in crop
Maharashtra (50.72 lakh ha), Rajasthan (11.44 lakh ha), production. (Bhadu et al., 2023)
Karnataka (4.11 lakh ha), Gujarat (2.66 lakh ha) and
Telangana (1.89 lakh ha). Almost 80% is produced in the
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
states of Madhya Pradesh. Other chief states are
Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh. Rajasthan A filed experiment was conducted during kharif season of
having 11.3 lakh hectare of area, 14.1 lakh tonnes of 2024 at Instructional farm of Rajasthan college of
production with a productivity of 1248 kg per hectare in agriculture, Udaipur, Rajasthan. It was observed that soil of
2024. experimental site was clay loam having available Nitrogen-

ISSN: 2456-1878 (Int. J. Environ. Agric. Biotech.)

https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab.104.13 95
Gangwal et al. Effect of Organic and Inorganic Sources on Growth and Yield of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill)

--- , available phosphorous ----, and available potassium nutrient supply, improved soil aeration and enhanced soil
---. The rainfall received during the growing period was --- microbial activity. (Kumar et al., 2021), the organic acids
. The treatment has Four organic sources (control, released during the decomposition of vermicompost
Vermicompost 2 t/ha + 10% jeevamrut foliar spray, improve soil pH buffering and phosphate solubilization,
Vermicompost 4 t/ha + 6% jeevamrut foliar spray, both crucial for efficient root nodule development and
Vermicompost 6 t/ha + 4% jeevamrut foliar spray) and RDF function (Chaudhary et al., 2021). Similarly, foliar
levels (100%, 75%, 50%). The experiment was laid out in application of Jeevamrut, a fermented liquid bio-enhancer
FRBD design with three replications. Soybean var. JS- 20- prepared using indigenous cow dung, cow urine, jaggery,
116 was sown in last week of june. Soybean was harvested gram flour and fertile soil, introduces a rich microbial
on 11 october 2024 yield and yield attributes were recorded population into the plant phyllosphere and rhizosphere.
at harvest In inorganic levels 100% RDF showed highest
values of all the growth parameters over other inorganic
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION sources. Plant height (53.40 cm), Dry matter at harvest
(13.35 g/plant), root nodules per plant total (53.66) effective
Growth attributes
(46.66) was recorded highest. After control 50% was
Among the organic sources Vermicompost 6 t/ha + 4% recorded lowest in inorganic sources. The improvement in
jeevamrut foliar spray resulted in maximum growth total and effective root nodules under higher RDF levels can
attributes over other organic sources. Plant height (53.32 be attributed to enhanced phosphorus availability, which is
cm), Dry matter at harvest (13.33 g/plant), root nodules per essential for nodule initiation, development and nitrogenase
plant total (53.58) effective (46.59) was recorded highest. enzyme activity. Although excessive nitrogen can suppress
After control Vermicompost 2 t/ha + 10% jeevamrut foliar nodulation, a balanced nitrogen application, as part of RDF,
spray was recoded lowest in organic sources. The increased improves early plant vigor and root biomass, indirectly
plant height and dry matter accumulation observed under facilitating better nodule formation. This observation aligns
organic sources are a direct result of balanced and regular with the findings of Jain et al. (2021).
Table : Effect of Organic and Inorganic Sources on Growth parameters of Soybean
Growth
parameters
Plant height DMA at harvest Root nodules
(cm) (g/plant) (number per plant)
Total Effective
Organic sources
O0 43.37 10.84 43.27 37.63
O1 47.65 11.91 47.71 41.49
O2 50.56 12.64 50.72 44.10
O3 53.32 13.33 53.58 46.59
SEm± 0.89 0.22 0.92 0.80
C.D. at 0.05 2.56 0.64 2.65 2.30
Inorganic sources
I0 42.92 10.73 42.81 37.23
I1 47.90 11.98 47.97 41.71
I2 50.68 12.67 50.84 44.21
I3 53.40 13.35 53.66 46.66
SEm± 0.89 0.22 0.92 0.80
C.D. at 0.05 2.56 0.64 2.65 2.30

ISSN: 2456-1878 (Int. J. Environ. Agric. Biotech.)

https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab.104.13 96
Gangwal et al. Effect of Organic and Inorganic Sources on Growth and Yield of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill)

60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
O0 O1 O2 O3 I0 I1 I2 I3

Plant height at harvest (cm)

DMA at harvest (g plantˉ¹)
Total root nodules (number plantˉ¹)
Effective root nodules (number plantˉ¹)

YIELD ATTRIBUTES: the application of 100% RDF which was significantly

The data revealed that pods per plant and seeds per pod improved by 5.30 and 11.37 per cent over application of 75
found significantly among the organic treatments. The pod and 50% RDF, respectively. seeds per pod (2.26) was
per plant in soybean varied from 25.02 to 30.71 under attained with the application of 100% RDF which was
organic treatments in which highest (30.71) is under significantly at par with 75% RDF (2.16). The improvement
Vermicompost 6 t/ha + 4% jeevamrut foliar spray and seeds was noticed by 10.24 per cent over application of 50% RDF.
per pods is 2.26 and its range is 1.88 to 2.26. The test weight The highest test weight (113.78g) was recorded with the
of soybean varied from 92.57 to 113.61 with maximum application of 100% RDF which significantly increases by
observed in Vermicompost 6 t/ha + 4% jeevamrut foliar 5.32 and 11.38 per cent over application of 75 and 50%
spray. The improved yield attributes such as number of pods RDF, respectively. The increase in biological yield under
per plant, seeds per pod and test weight under organic vermicompost and Jeevamrut treatments is essentially the
sources are a reflection of balanced plant nutrition and cumulative effect of improved vegetative and reproductive
enhanced physiological processes. A balanced nutrient growth, nutrient use efficiency and soil biological health.
regime, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus, plays a The microbial consortia introduced through Jeevamrut
pivotal role in flower initiation, pod development and seed enhance nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization and
formation. Nitrogen is fundamental for protein synthesis, nutrient mobilization, creating a biologically active
cell division and expansion, while phosphorus is essential rhizosphere that supports robust plant growth and higher
for energy transfer processes like ATP synthesis, which biomass accumulation (Chaudhary et al., 2021). Similarly,
governs flower and seed development (Patel et al., 2023). Meena et al. (2022) noted that the synergistic effect of
vermicompost and liquid organic formulations like
However the inorganic treatments shows the
Jeevamrut significantly increased pod setting, seed filling
highest number of pods per plant (30.75) was attained with
and seed weight in leguminous crops.
Table: Effect of Organic and Inorganic Sources on yield attributes of Soybean
Yield attributes
Treatment
Pods/plant Seeds/pod Test weight (g)
Organic sources
O0 25.02 1.88 92.57
O1 27.47 2.04 101.63
O2 29.13 2.15 107.78
O3 30.71 2.26 113.61
SEm± 0.51 0.03 1.87
C.D. at 0.05 1.46 0.10 5.41

ISSN: 2456-1878 (Int. J. Environ. Agric. Biotech.)

https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab.104.13 97
Gangwal et al. Effect of Organic and Inorganic Sources on Growth and Yield of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill)

Inorganic sources
I0 24.76 1.86 91.63
I1 27.61 2.05 102.15
I2 29.20 2.16 108.03
I3 30.75 2.26 113.78
SEm± 0.51 0.03 1.87
C.D. at 0.05 1.46 0.10 5.41

120.00 2.50

100.00
2.00

80.00
1.50 Pods plantˉ¹
60.00
Test weight (g)
1.00
40.00 Seeds podˉ¹

0.50
20.00

0.00 0.00
O0 O1 O2 O3 I0 I1 I2 I3

YIELD: over all other inorganic treatments. The enhanced biological

Organic treatments recoded significantly higher seed yield yield recorded under 100% RDF application is the
(1141 kg/ha), halum yield (2085 kg/ha) and biological yield cumulative result of improved seed and straw yields driven
(3226 kg/ha) with harvesting index (35.75%) on application by better vegetative growth, nutrient uptake and
of Vermicompost 6 t/ha + 4% jeevamrut foliar spray than reproductive efficiency Jadhav et al. (2020) Furthermore,
control, Vermicompost 2 t/ha + 10% jeevamrut foliar spray, the positive response of yield attributes to inorganic
Vermicompost 4 t/ha + 6% jeevamrut foliar spray. fertilizers can also be attributed to the efficient nutrient
absorption and utilization due to the solubility and mobility
The improved performance under application of 100% RDF
of chemical fertilizers, which immediately replenish soil
in seed yield (1114 kg/ha), halum yield (2071 kg/ha) and
nutrient pools and match the crop’s peak nutrient demand
biological yield (3185g/ha) with harvesting index (35.26)
periods Sharma et al. (2020)
Table : Effect of Organic and Inorganic Sources on yield and harvest index of Soybean
Yield
Treatments
Seed Haulm Biological Harvest index (%)
Organic sources

O0 823 1614 2436 33.77

O1 1029 1865 2894 35.57
O2 1087 1978 3065 35.50
O3 1141 2085 3226 35.39
SEm± 18 33 37 0.56
C.D. at 0.05 52 96 106 NS

ISSN: 2456-1878 (Int. J. Environ. Agric. Biotech.)

https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab.104.13 98
Gangwal et al. Effect of Organic and Inorganic Sources on Growth and Yield of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill)

Inorganic sources

I0 894 1668 2562 34.83

I1 1008 1836 2844 34.96
I2 1064 1967 3031 35.06
I3 1114 2071 3185 35.39
SEm± 18 33 37 0.56
C.D. at 0.05 52 96 106 NS

7000
6000
5000
Biological
4000
Haulm
3000
2000 Seed

1000
0
O0 O1 O2 O3 I0 I1 I2 I3

REFFERENCES [9] Jadhav, P., Mohite, S., & Waghmare, A. (2020). Influence of
recommended dose fertilizers on biological yield and
[1] Surve, U.S., Dhonde, A.S. and Raut, K.M. 2020. Assessment
productivity of soybean in black cotton soils. International
of growth, yield and economics of Kharif Soybean through
Journal of Soybean Research, 15(3), 112–119.
soil and foliar application of organic formulations. Journal
[10] Sharma, R., Gupta, A., & Singh, S. (2020). Yield and quality
of Agriculture Research and Technology, 45(3): 196.
responses of soybean to RDF under Central India rainfed
[2] Kuntyastuti, H., Sutrisno, S. and Lestari, S.A.D. 2020. Effect
conditions. Soybean & Oilseed Research Journal, 27(1), 34–
of application of organic and inorganic fertilizer on Soybean
41.
yield in lowland vertisols. Journal of Degraded and Mining
Lands Management, 8(1): 2439.
[3] Bhadu, K., Rathore, R.S. and Shekhawat, P.S. 2023.
Jeevamrut and panchagavya's consequences on growth,
quality and productivity of organically grown crops: A
review. Agricultural Reviews, 44(4): 451-459.
[4] Kumar, S., Reddy, D., & Prasad, G. (2021). Impact of
phosphorus levels on quality and nutrient uptake in soybean
grown in Vertisols. Journal of Oilseeds & Fats, Crops and
Lipids, 28(4), 256–264.
[5] Chaudhary, A., Singh, M., & Patel, R. 2021. Enhancing
soybean seed protein and yield through balanced nitrogen
and phosphorus fertilization in central Indian conditions.
Indian Journal of Agronomy, 66(2), 135–142.
[6] Jain, R., Patel, C., & Mehta, D. (2021). Effect of phosphorus
fertilization on nodulation and yield in soybean under
rainfed conditions. Journal of Legume Research, 44(2), 89–
98.
[7] Patel, S., Desai, J., & Rao, M. 2023. Foliar application of
jeevamrut and organic manures on yield attributes of
soybean. Journal of Indian Organic Farming, 8(2), 68–75.
[8] Meena, B., Singh, R., & Sharma, V. 2022. Effects of
combined organic manures and biofertilizers on growth and
yield of soybean under semi-arid conditions. Legume
Research, 45(5), 792–800.

ISSN: 2456-1878 (Int. J. Environ. Agric. Biotech.)

https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab.104.13 99